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Allman BR, McDonald S, May L, Børsheim E. Resistance Training as a Countermeasure in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Literature and Future Directions. Sports Med 2022; 52:2871-2888. [PMID: 35810251 PMCID: PMC10043826 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses a significant health concern for both mother and offspring. Exercise has emerged as a cornerstone of glycemic management in GDM. However, most research regarding this topic examines aerobic training (AT), despite substantial evidence for the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) in improving dysregulated glucose in other groups of people with diabetes, such as in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review research that examined the impact of RT on markers of glucose management in GDM, and to discuss future research directions to determine the benefits of RT in GDM. Based on the current evidence, RT is effective in reducing insulin requirement, especially in overweight women, reducing fasting glucose concentrations, and improving short-term postprandial glycemic control. However, the number of studies and findings limit conclusions about the impact of RT on risk of GDM, fasting insulin concentrations, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and intra-exercise glucose management. Overall, current evidence is accumulating to suggest that RT is a promising non-pharmacological tool to regulate circulating glucose concentrations in women with GDM, and a potential alternative or supplement to AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Allman
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Samantha McDonald
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Linda May
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, ECU, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Departments of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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2
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Hogg DW, Reid AL, Dodsworth TL, Chen Y, Reid RM, Xu M, Husic M, Biga PR, Slee A, Buck LT, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Locke M, Lovejoy DA. Skeletal muscle metabolism and contraction performance regulation by teneurin C-terminal-associated peptide-1. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031264. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regulation is responsible for voluntary muscular movement in vertebrates. The genes of two essential proteins, teneurins and latrophilins (LPHN), evolving in ancestors of multicellular animals form a ligand-receptor pair, and are now shown to be required for skeletal muscle function. Teneurins possess a bioactive peptide, termed the teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) that interacts with the LPHNs to regulate skeletal muscle contractility strength and fatigue by an insulin-independent glucose importation mechanism in rats. CRISPR-based knockouts and siRNA-associated knockdowns of LPHN-1 and-3 in the C2C12 mouse skeletal cell line shows that TCAP stimulates an LPHN-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ signal transduction cascade to increase energy metabolism and enhance skeletal muscle function via increases in type-1 oxidative fiber formation and reduce the fatigue response. Thus, the teneurin/TCAP-LPHN system is presented as a novel mechanism that regulates the energy requirements and performance of skeletal muscle.
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Barbosa H, Ramadan W, Matzenbacher dos Santos J, Benite-Ribeiro SA. Effects of Physical Exercise on Mitochondrial Biogenesis of Skeletal Muscle Modulated by Histones Modifications in Type 2 Diabetes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification in skeletal muscle induced by environmental factors seems to modulate several metabolic pathways that underlie Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) development. Mitochondrial biogenesis is an important process for maintaining lipid metabolism homeostasis, as well as epigenetic modifications in proteins that regulate this pathway have been observed in the skeletal muscle of T2DM subjects. Moreover, physical exercise affects several metabolic pathways attenuating metabolic deregulation observed in T2DM. The pathways that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis are one of the key components for understanding such physical exercise beneficial effects. Thus, in this study, we investigate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle in T2DM, focusing on histone modifications and the possible mechanisms by which physical exercise delay or inhibit T2DM onset. The results indicate that exercise promotes improvements in cellular metabolism through increasing enzymes of the antioxidant system, AMPK and ATP-citrate lyase activity, Acetyl-CoA concentration, and enhancing the acetylation of histones. A key mediator of mitochondrial biogenesis such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC1) seems to be upregulated by exercise in T2DM and such factor positively regulates the skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, which improves energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis inhibiting or delaying insulin resistance and further T2DM.
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Liu Y, Hu YJ, Fan WX, Quan X, Xu B, Li SZ. O-GlcNAcylation: The Underestimated Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111789. [PMID: 35681484 PMCID: PMC9180116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic, reversible and atypical glycosylation that regulates the activity, biological function, stability, sublocation and interaction of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation receives and coordinates different signal inputs as an intracellular integrator similar to the nutrient sensor and stress receptor, which target multiple substrates with spatio-temporal analysis specifically to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions. Our review gives a brief description of O-GlcNAcylation and its only two processing enzymes and HBP flux, which will help to better understand its physiological characteristics of sensing nutrition and environmental cues. This nutritional and stress-sensitive properties of O-GlcNAcylation allow it to participate in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This review discusses the mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation to alleviate metabolic disorders and the controversy about the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The level of global O-GlcNAcylation is precisely controlled and maintained in the “optimal zone”, and its abnormal changes is a potential factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes and diabetic complications. Although the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle physiology has been widely studied and recognized, it still is underestimated and overlooked. This review highlights the latest progress and potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Xu
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (S.-Z.L.)
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5
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Marš T, Miš K, Meznarič M, Prpar Mihevc S, Jan V, Haugen F, Rogelj B, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Pirkmajer S, Nikolić N. Innervation and electrical pulse stimulation — in vitro effects on human skeletal muscle cells. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:299-308. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Contraction-induced adaptations in skeletal muscles are well characterized in vivo, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Cultured human myotubes represent an essential model system for human skeletal muscle that can be modulated ex vivo, but they are quiescent and do not contract unless being stimulated. Stimulation can be achieved by innervation of human myotubes in vitro by co-culturing with embryonic rat spinal cord, or by replacing motor neuron activation by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Effects of these two in vitro approaches, innervation and EPS, were characterized with respects to the expression of myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) and metabolism of glucose and oleic acid in cultured human myotubes. Adherent human myotubes were either innervated with rat spinal cord segments or exposed to EPS. The expression pattern of MyHCs was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence, while the metabolism of glucose and oleic acid were studied using radiolabelled substrates. Innervation and EPS promoted differentiation towards different fiber types in human myotubes. Expression of the slow MyHC-1 isoform was reduced in innervated myotubes, whereas it remained unaltered in EPS-treated cells. Expression of both fast isoforms (MyHC-2A and MyHC-2X) tended to decrease in EPS-treated cells. Both approaches induced a more oxidative phenotype, reflected in increased CO2 production from both glucose and oleic acid. Novelty: Innervation and EPS favour differentiation into different fiber types in human myotubes. Both innervation and EPS promote a metabolically more oxidative phenotype in human myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Marš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Meznarič
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Jan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, STAMI - The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute (BRIS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Jones J, Reneau P, Dos Santos JM. Metabolically healthy obese vs. Metabolic syndrome - The crosslink between nutritional exposure to bisphenols and physical exercise. Med Hypotheses 2021; 149:110542. [PMID: 33662862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide pandemic as well as a major contributing factor to the increasing rate of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is an intriguing variance demonstrated by a subset of obesity defined as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). MHO individuals are less prone to develop obesity-related metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and further T2D. The exact reason why an MHO person does not present the cluster of risk factors associated with insulin resistance is unknown due to the challenge to mimic MHO in experimental settings. However, MHO individuals present lower sedentary behaviors in comparison to individuals with MetS, which might indicate that an adaptation to skeletal muscle, such as increased insulin sensitivity and glucose transporter (GLUT4), could play a major role in their healthy characteristics. The hypothesis invoked in this paper is that lower exposure to bisphenol together with increased levels of physical exercise underlie the physiological aspects behind MHO characteristics. Evidence suggests that exposure to "obseogens," such as bisphenol A (BPA), appears to impair insulin secretion and insulin response in cells containing GLUT4. Epidemiological studies have associated higher levels of BPA, as well as bisphenol S and F, in children with a risk for MetS development. Therefore, the combination between low bisphenol exposure and increased physical exercise may not necessarily affect body weight, but it could modify several metabolic pathways inhibiting insulin resistance, which characterize the heathy status of the MHO. If confirmed, this hypothesis could lead to therapeutic approaches to reverse MetS and inhibit T2D onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jones
- School of Education Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, United States
| | - Paul Reneau
- School of Education Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, United States
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Wongpipit W, Zhang X, Miyashita M, Wong SHS. Interrupting Prolonged Sitting Reduces Postprandial Glucose Concentration in Young Men With Central Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e791-e802. [PMID: 33186451 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prolonged sitting elevates postprandial metabolic markers, resulting in increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Interrupting prolonged sitting may reduce these risks. However, more information is needed to understand the patterns of interrupting prolonged sitting to obtain metabolic health benefits. OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with different intensities and durations of walking with an equivalent energy expenditure on postprandial metabolic responses in young Chinese men with central obesity. DESIGN A randomized crossover experimental trial was conducted. SETTING Participants underwent three 6-hour experiments with a 7-day washout period between each experiment: prolonged sitting, 3 min of light-intensity walking every 30 minutes, and 1.5 minutes of moderate-intensity walking every 30 minutes. PARTICIPANTS AND SAMPLES Baseline (fasting) and 6-hour postprandial metabolic glucose and lipid levels were analyzed among 18 young Chinese men with central obesity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Generalized estimating equations (adjusted for the potential confounders explaining residual outcome variance (body mass index) and age), trial order, preprandial values, and lead-in activity) were used, and the incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) of each outcome were compared between prolonged sitting and interrupted prolonged sitting conditions. RESULTS Compared with prolonged sitting, both interrupting prolonged sitting conditions reduced the iAUCs for glucose (P < .05) but not insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, or nonesterified fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Both conditions of interrupted prolonged sitting reduced postprandial glucose concentrations in young Chinese men with central obesity when the energy expenditure was equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waris Wongpipit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., The People's Republic of China
- Division of Health and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., The People's Republic of China
| | | | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., The People's Republic of China
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8
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Transcription of mtDNA and dyslipidemia are ameliorated by aerobic exercise in type 2 diabetes. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7297-7303. [PMID: 32804305 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity and unhealthy food intake are strongly associated with the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dyslipidemia, a characteristic of T2D patient, contributes to an increase in intra-myocellular lipid accumulation and mitochondria dysfunction, in skeletal muscle cells and further to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on dyslipidemia, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription in T2D- induced animals. Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were fed a diet containing 60% fat over 9 weeks, at day 14 a single injection of STZ (25 mg/kg) was administered (T2D-induced). At week 3 of the experiment half of the animals started on an aerobic exercise 5-days/week. Blood and soleus muscle were collected at 9th experimental week. Abdominal fat, blood glucose, triglyceride, low-density-lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and cellular mtDNA copy number, cytochrome b (cytb) mRNA and 8-isoprostane were measured. T2D-induced animals exhibited changes in blood glucose, weight gain, abdominal fat, LDL and muscular 8-isoprostane, mtDNA copy number and cytb mRNA. Aerobic exercise attenuated the increase in weight gain and abdominal fat and the decreased cytb mRNA, and increased HDL. Our results suggest that aerobic exercise might not affect all characteristics related to the development of T2D in the same way. However, since T2D is a multifactorial disease, improvement in parameters such as HDL levels, abdominal fat and weight gain induced by aerobic exercise might delay or inhibit the onset of T2D.
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9
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Wade M, Delawder V, Reneau P, Dos Santos JM. The effect of BPA exposure on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes - The impact of muscle contraction. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109675. [PMID: 32200183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In addition to physical inactivity and obesity, established risk factors for T2D, chemical contaminants consumed in industrialized food such as BPA might also be a contributor to the development of T2D. Epidemiological studies have shown that BPA concentrations are higher in human specimens of T2D when compared to healthy subjects, while experimental studies suggested that bisphenol A (BPA) impairs the pathway by which insulin stimulates glucose uptake. In skeletal muscle and adipocytes, insulin resistance is developed by the impairment of the insulin pathway to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the cell membrane. Recent results demonstrated that BPA impairs several components of insulin-induced glucose uptake pathway and affect the expression of GLUT4. Regular physical exercise delays or inhibits the development of T2D due to the physiologic processes taking place during muscle contraction, and the fact that skeletal muscle is the site for almost 80% of the glucose transported under insulin stimulation. In fact, the mechanism by which contraction induces glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is partially independent of the insulin pathway, therefore, the effect of BPA on this mechanism is unknown. We hypothesize that during the development of insulin resistance, BPA contributes to the impairment of the molecular pathway by which insulin induces glucose uptake while contraction-induced glucose uptake is not impaired. At the late stages of T2D, BPA may affect GLUT4 expression that will decrease the ability of muscle contraction to induce glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Wade
- School of Education, Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, United States
| | - Virginia Delawder
- School of Education, Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, United States
| | - Paul Reneau
- School of Education, Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, United States
| | - Julia M Dos Santos
- School of Education, Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, United States; Detroit R&D, Inc, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Al-Bayati A, Brown A, Walker M. Impaired enhancement of insulin action in cultured skeletal muscle cells from insulin resistant type 2 diabetic patients in response to contraction using electrical pulse stimulation. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:107412. [PMID: 31575461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of contraction on insulin action using electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) in cultured skeletal muscle cells from insulin resistant type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS Skeletal muscle cell cultures were established from 6 insulin resistant type 2 diabetic subjects and age and BMI matched non-diabetic control subjects. Day 7 differentiated myotubes were treated with or without EPS for 16 h, after which glucose uptake and AS160 phosphorylation were measured in the presence or absence of insulin. RESULTS In control myotubes, EPS resulted in increased phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 (vs no EPS; p < 0.01), and this was associated with increased glucose uptake (p < 0.05). Insulin in the absence of EPS increased glucose uptake and AS160Thr642 phosphorylation, and both effects were significantly enhanced by prior EPS. In the absence of EPS, AMPK activation was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the diabetic vs control myotubes. Despite a comparable degree of AMPK activation following EPS, the action of insulin on glucose uptake (p < 0.05) and AS160Thr642 phosphorylation (p < 0.001) was decreased in the diabetic vs control myotubes. CONCLUSION EPS mediated AMPK activation enhances the effect of insulin on glucose uptake and AS160Thr642 phosphorylation in control myotubes replicating key metabolic benefits of exercise on insulin action in man. Conversely, insulin mediated glucose uptake and AS160Thr642 phosphorylation remain significantly decreased in diabetic vs control myotubes despite a comparable degree of AMPK activation following EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Bayati
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Mustansiriyah University, College of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Audrey Brown
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Allehdan SS, Basha AS, Asali FF, Tayyem RF. Dietary and exercise interventions and glycemic control and maternal and newborn outcomes in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes: Systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2775-2784. [PMID: 31405707 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complication of pregnancy and can lead to significant perinatal mortalities as well as long term risk of comorbidities for both mother and her offspring. This systematic review aimed to explore whether combined diet and exercise interventions are associated with improved glycemic control and/or improved maternal and newborn outcomes in women with GDM when compared to dietary interventions. A search on combined diet and exercise interventions during pregnancy in women with GDM was performed in 3 electronic databases: PubMed (NCBI), ScienceDierct, and the Cochrane Library. Evaluated outcomes were fasting blood glucose levels, postprandial blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin percentages, total weight gain during pregnancy, proportion of caesarean delivery, proportion of patients needing insulin, neonatal birth weight, proportion of macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and preterm birth. This systematic review identified eight randomized, controlled trials involving 592 pregnant women and 350 infants. The risk of bias of the included trials ranged from high to low. The combined diet and exercise interventions reduced fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels when compared to dietary interventions. No significant differences were reported in the selected trials regarding total weight gain during pregnancy, cesarean section, neonatal birth weight, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and preterm birth between diet plus exercise and diet groups. The combination of diet and exercise interventions help to control postprandial blood glucose concentration in women diagnosed with GDM, but did not change either maternal or newborn outcomes. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018109896.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabika S Allehdan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asma S Basha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fida F Asali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Reema F Tayyem
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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12
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Ahmad AM. Moderate-intensity continuous training: is it as good as high-intensity interval training for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes? J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:327-333. [PMID: 31111021 PMCID: PMC6509469 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836648.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Egypt, type 2 diabetes is higher in females than in males. Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) has been the most widely used exercise form in type 2 diabetes. This study aims to compare the classical MICT to the newly popular high intensity interval training (HIIT) with regard to changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated average glucose (eAG) in female type 2 diabetics. Twenty-six female patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned into three groups: a control group (n=9), a MICT group (n=9), and a HIIT group (n=8). Patients in both groups exercised on treadmill three days/week for 8 weeks. Patients in MICT exercised continuously for about 40 min at 65%–75% of peak heart rate (HRpeak). Patients in HIIT exercised for 4×4 min at 85%–90% of HRpeak with 3-min recovery in between at 65%–75% of HRpeak. Results showed that HbA1c was reduced significantly from 8.2% (7.45%–8.65%) to 6.9% (6.6%–7.15%) in MICT and from 8.23% (7.94%–8.85%) to 6.25% (6.1%–6.89%) in HIIT after interventions. Likewise, eAG was significantly reduced from 188.64 mg/dL (167.11–201.55 mg/dL) to 151.33 mg/dL (142.72–158.50 mg/dL) in MICT and from 189.64 mg/dL (181.18–207.29 mg/dL) to 136.69 mg/dL (128.37–151.04 mg/dL) in HIIT. No significant difference was found between HIIT and MICT in the measured variables. It is concluded that the less physically demanding MICT is as good as HIIT for normalizing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic females. Therefore, recent interests surrounding HIIT should not overemphasize it compared to the traditional MICT for improving glycemic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mahdi Ahmad
- Department of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Dos Santos JM, Tewari S, Mendes RH. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Development of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:4189813. [PMID: 31192263 PMCID: PMC6525877 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4189813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Dos Santos
- School of Education, Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, West Virginia, USA
- Henry Ford College, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
| | - Shikha Tewari
- Department of Pathology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Roberta H. Mendes
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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14
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The role of mitochondrial DNA damage at skeletal muscle oxidative stress on the development of type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 449:251-255. [PMID: 29679277 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced cellular response to insulin in skeletal muscle is one of the major components of the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Mitochondrial dysfunction involves in the accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the involvement of mitochondrial DNA damage at ROS generation in skeletal muscle during development of T2D. Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 60% fat over 8 weeks and at day 14 a single injection of STZ (25 mg/kg) was administered (T2D-induced). Control rats received standard food and an injection of citrate buffer. Blood and soleus muscle were collected. Abdominal fat was quantified as well as glucose, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol in plasma and mtDNA copy number, cytochrome b (cytb) mRNA, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and 8-isoprostane (a marker of ROS) in soleus muscle. T2D-induced animal presented similar characteristics to humans that develop T2D such as changes in blood glucose, abdominal fat, LDL, HDL and cholesterol total. In soleus muscle 8-isoprostane, mtDNA copy number and 8-hydroxyguanosine were increased, while cytb mRNA was decreased in T2D. Our results suggest that in the development of T2D, when risks factors of T2D are present, intracellular oxidative stress increases in skeletal muscle and is associated with a decrease in cytb transcription. To overcome this process mtDNA increased but due to the proximity of ROS generation, mtDNA remains damaged by oxidation leading to an increase in ROS in a vicious cycle accounting to the development of insulin resistance and further T2D.
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15
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Brinkmann C, Bloch W, Brixius K. Exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia - novel treatment strategies for type 2 diabetic patients?! Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017. [PMID: 28649714 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both hypoxia (decreased oxygen availability) and hyperoxia (increased oxygen availability) have been shown to alter exercise adaptations in healthy subjects. This review aims to clarify the possible benefits of exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is evidence that exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia can acutely increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake more than exercise in normoxia, and that post-exercise insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients is more increased when exercise is performed under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, interventional studies show that glycemic control can be improved through regular physical exercise in short-term hypoxia at a lower workload than in normoxia, and that exercise training in short-term hypoxia can contribute to increased weight loss in overweight/obese (insulin-resistant) subjects. While numerous studies involving healthy subjects report that regular exercise in hypoxia can increase vascular health (skeletal muscle capillarization and vascular dilator function) to a higher extent than exercise training in normoxia, there is no convincing evidence yet that hypoxia has such additive effects in T2DM patients in the long term. Some studies indicate that the use of hyperoxia during exercise can decrease lactate concentrations and subjective ratings of perceived exertion. Thus, there are interesting starting points for future studies to further evaluate possible beneficial effects of exercise in short-term hypoxia or hyperoxia at different oxygen concentrations and exposure durations. In general, exposure to hypoxia/hyperoxia should be considered with caution. Possible health risks-especially for T2DM patients-are also analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - W Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Brixius
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Lenasi H, Klonizakis M. Assessing the evidence: Exploring the effects of exercise on diabetic microcirculation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 64:663-678. [PMID: 27767975 DOI: 10.3233/ch-168022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with cardiovascular complications. Impairment of glycemic control induces noxious glycations, an increase in oxydative stress and dearangement of various metabolic pathways. DM leads to dysfunction of micro- and macrovessels, connected to metabolic, endothelial and autonomic nervous system. Thus, assessing vascular reactivity might be one of the clinical tools to evaluate the impact of harmful effects of DM and potential benefit of treatment; skin and skeletal muscle microcirculation have usually been tested. Physical exercise improves vascular dysfunction through various mechanisms, and is regarded as an additional effective treatment strategy of DM as it positively impacts glycemic control, improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the target tissues, thus affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and increases the endothelium dependent vasodilation. Yet, not all patients respond in the same way so titrating the exercise type individualy would be desirable. Resistance training has, apart from aerobic one, been shown to positively correlate to glycemic control, and improve vascular reactivity. It has been prescribed in various forms or in combination with aerobic training. This review would assess the impact of different modes of exercise, the mechanisms involved, and its potential positive and negative effects on treating patients with Type I and Type II DM, focusing on the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Markos Klonizakis
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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Kobayashi Y, Hara N, Sugimoto R, Mifuji-Moroka R, Tanaka H, Eguchi A, Iwasa M, Hasegawa H, Iwata K, Takei Y, Taguchi O. The Associations between Circulating Bile Acids and the Muscle Volume in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Intern Med 2017; 56:755-762. [PMID: 28381740 PMCID: PMC5457917 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Bile acids (BAs) bind to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), which are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. The present study aimed to determine associations between the circulating BAs and the skeletal muscle volume (SMV), and lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with NAFLD. Methods Serum BAs and metabolic parameters were measured in 55 patients with NAFLD (median age, 55 years). The changes (Δ) in serum BA (ΔBA) and metabolic parameters were determined in 17 patients (male, n=10; female, n=7) who received nutritional counseling for 12 months. Results Spearman's test revealed that the levels of 12α-hydroxysterol (12α-OH) BAs, including deoxycholic acid (DCA), were inversely correlated with the SMV of the upper and lower limbs and the total SMV. A multivariate analysis revealed that the level of DCA was correlated with a reduced total SMV, whereas non-12α-OH BAs, including chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), were correlated with an increased SMV of the lower limbs. Changes in CDCA were positively correlated with the ΔSMV of the lower limbs, and inversely correlated with the Δwaist-hip ratio and Δtotal cholesterol. Changes in the total non-12α-OH BA level were positively correlated with the ΔSMV of the lower limbs. Conclusion Circulating BAs were associated with SMV. The 12α-OH BAs, including DCA were associated with reduced SMV levels, whereas non-12α-OH BAs including CDCA were associated with increased SMV levels. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between the BA levels and the SMV remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Kobayashi
- Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, Frawley HC. Exercise improves glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Physiother 2016; 62:188-96. [PMID: 27637772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION Does exercise improve postprandial glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus? DESIGN A systematic review of randomised trials. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. INTERVENTION Exercise, performed more than once a week, sufficient to achieve an aerobic effect or changes in muscle metabolism. OUTCOME MEASURES Postprandial blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, requirement for insulin, adverse events and adherence. RESULTS This systematic review identified eight randomised, controlled trials involving 588 participants; seven trials (544 participants) had data that were suitable for meta-analysis. Five trials scored ≥ 6 on the PEDro scale, indicating a relatively low risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that exercise, as an adjunct to standard care, significantly improved postprandial glycaemic control (MD -0.33mmol/L, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.17) and lowered fasting blood glucose (MD -0.31 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.05) when compared with standard care alone, with no increase in adverse events. Effects of similar magnitude were found for aerobic and resistance exercise programs, if performed at a moderate intensity or greater, for 20 to 30minutes, three to four times per week. Meta-analysis did not show that exercise significantly reduced the requirement for insulin. All studies reported that complications or other adverse events were either similar or reduced with exercise. CONCLUSION Aerobic or resistance exercise, performed at a moderate intensity at least three times per week, safely helps to control postprandial blood glucose levels and other measures of glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015019106. [Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, Frawley HC (2016) Exercise improves glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.Journal of Physiotherapy62: 188-196].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Harrison
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University; Physiotherapy Department, Werribee Mercy Hospital
| | - Nora Shields
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University; Northern Health
| | - Nicholas F Taylor
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University; Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health
| | - Helena C Frawley
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University; Centre for Allied Health Research and Education, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Benite-Ribeiro SA, Putt DA, Soares-Filho MC, Santos JM. The link between hypothalamic epigenetic modifications and long-term feeding control. Appetite 2016; 107:445-453. [PMID: 27565376 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, one of the main risks for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, has been rising, and changes in eating behavior are associated with this increasing rate. Body weight is maintained via a complex integration of endocrine and neuronal inputs that regulate the control of orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Overfeeding may disrupt the mechanisms of feeding control, increasing orexigenic peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), and/or decreasing the anorexigenic peptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC) leading to a change in energy balance and body-weight index. Despite of the great interest in this field, the mechanism by which expression of POMC and NPY is modified is not entirely clear. Over the past decades, studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification and changes in miRNA dynamics, could be modulated by external stimuli and these could affect protein expression in different cells. Therefore, this review discusses the recent reports that link epigenetic modifications in the hypothalamus to changes on long-term feeding control and its role in the onset of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Júlia Matzenbacher Santos
- Federal University of Goiás, Regional Jataí, Bioscience Institute, Jataí, GO, Brazil; Detroit R&D, Research Department, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Sethi P, Sacre JW, Straznicky NE, Cohen ND, Cerin E, Lambert GW, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting With Brief Bouts of Light Walking or Simple Resistance Activities. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:964-72. [PMID: 27208318 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light-intensity walking (LW) or simple resistance activities (SRA) improves postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, 24 inactive overweight/obese adults with T2D (14 men 62 ± 6 years old) underwent the following 8-h conditions on three separate days (with 6-14 days washout): uninterrupted sitting (control) (SIT), sitting plus 3-min bouts of LW (3.2 km · h(-1)) every 30 min, and sitting plus 3-min bouts of SRA (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 min. Standardized meals were consumed during each condition. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglycerides were compared between conditions. RESULTS Compared with SIT, both activity-break conditions significantly attenuated iAUCs for glucose (SIT mean 24.2 mmol · h · L(-1) [95% CI 20.4-28.0] vs. LW 14.8 [11.0-18.6] and SRA 14.7 [10.9-18.5]), insulin (SIT 3,293 pmol · h · L(-1) [2,887-3,700] vs. LW 2,104 [1,696-2,511] and SRA 2,066 [1,660-2,473]), and C-peptide (SIT 15,641 pmol · h · L(-1) [14,353-16,929] vs. LW 11,504 [10,209-12,799] and SRA 11,012 [9,723-12,301]) (all P < 0.001). The iAUC for triglycerides was significantly attenuated for SRA (P < 0.001) but not for LW (SIT 4.8 mmol · h · L(-1) [3.6-6.0] vs. LW 4.0 [2.8-5.1] and SRA 2.9 [1.7-4.1]). CONCLUSIONS Interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of LW or SRA attenuates acute postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglyceride responses in adults with T2D. With poor adherence to structured exercise, this approach is potentially beneficial and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn N Larsen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Parneet Sethi
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian W Sacre
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nora E Straznicky
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neale D Cohen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gavin W Lambert
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David W Dunstan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The effect of physical exercise on orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides and its role on long-term feeding control. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:30-3. [PMID: 27372853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, life-styles changing have led to exacerbated food and caloric intake and a reduction in energy expenditure. Obesity, main outcome of these changes, increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, the leading cause of death in adult and middle age population. Body weight and energy homeostasis are maintained via complex interactions between orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides that take place predominantly in the hypothalamus. Overeating may disrupt the mechanisms of feeding control, by decreasing the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and increasing orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which leads to a disturbance in appetite control and energy balance. Studies have shown that regular physical exercise might decrease body-weight, food intake and improve the metabolic profile, however until the currently there is no consensus about its effects on the expression of orexigenic/anorexigenic neuropeptides expression. Therefore, we propose that the type and length of physical exercise affect POMC/αMSH and NPY/AgRP systems differently and plays an important role in feeding behavior. Moreover, based on the present reports, we hypothesize that increased POMC/αMSH overcome NPY/AgRP expression decreasing food intake in long term physical exercise and that results in amelioration of several conditions related to overweight and obesity.
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22
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Dos Santos JM, Moreli ML, Tewari S, Benite-Ribeiro SA. The effect of exercise on skeletal muscle glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: An epigenetic perspective. Metabolism 2015; 64:1619-28. [PMID: 26481513 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in eating habits and sedentary lifestyle are main contributors to type 2 diabetes (T2D) development, and studies suggest that epigenetic modifications are involved with the growing incidence of this disease. Regular exercise modulates many intracellular pathways improving insulin resistance and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, both early abnormalities of T2D. Mitochondria dysfunction and decreased expression of glucose transporter (GLUT4) were identified as main factors of insulin resistance. Moreover, it has been suggested that skeletal muscle of T2D subjects have a different pattern of epigenetic marks on the promoter of GLUT4 and PGC1, main regulator of mitochondrial function, compared with nondiabetic individuals. Recent studies have proposed that regular exercise could improve glucose uptake by the attenuation of such epigenetic modification induced at GLUT4, PGC1 and its downstream regulators; however, the exact mechanism is still to be understood. Herein we review the known epigenetic modifications on GLUT4 and mitochondrial proteins that lead to impairment of skeletal muscle glucose uptake and T2D development, and the effect of physical exercise at these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shikha Tewari
- Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
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23
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Breaking up of prolonged sitting over three days sustains, but does not enhance, lowering of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in overweight and obese adults. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:117-27. [PMID: 25731923 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To compare the cumulative (3-day) effect of prolonged sitting on metabolic responses during a mixed meal tolerance test (MTT), with sitting that is regularly interrupted with brief bouts of light-intensity walking. Overweight/obese adults (n=19) were recruited for a randomized, 3-day, outpatient, cross-over trial involving: (1) 7-h days of uninterrupted sitting (SIT); and (2) 7-h days of sitting with light-intensity activity breaks [BREAKS; 2-min of treadmill walking (3.2 km/h) every 20 min (total: 17 breaks/day)]. On days 1 and 3, participants underwent a MTT (75 g of carbohydrate, 50 g of fat) and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated from hourly blood samples. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were adjusted for gender, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, treatment order and pre-prandial values to determine effects of time, condition and time × condition. The glucose iAUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 and 1.5 ± 0.5 mmol·h·l(-1) (mean differences ± S.E.M.) higher in SIT compared with BREAKS on days 1 and 3 respectively (condition effect: P=0.001), with no effect of time (P=0.48) or time × condition (P=0.8). The insulin iAUC was also higher on both days in SIT (day 1: ∆151 ± 73, day 3: ∆91 ± 73 pmol·h·l(-1), P=0.01), with no effect of time (P=0.52) or time × condition (P=0.71). There was no between-treatment difference in triglycerides (triacylglycerols) iAUC. There were significant between-condition effects but no temporal change in metabolic responses to MTT, indicating that breaking up of sitting over 3 days sustains, but does not enhance, the lowering of postprandial glucose and insulin.
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ALVIM RAFAELO, CHEUHEN MARCELR, MACHADO SILMARAR, SOUSA ANDRÉGUSTAVOP, SANTOS PAULOC. General aspects of muscle glucose uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:351-68. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is dependent on the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. Studies have shown the existence of two major signaling pathways that lead to the translocation of GLUT4. The first, and widely investigated, is the insulin activated signaling pathway through insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The second is the insulin-independent signaling pathway, which is activated by contractions. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle due to the phenomenon of insulin resistance. However, those individuals have normal glucose uptake during exercise. In this context, physical exercise is one of the most important interventions that stimulates glucose uptake by insulin-independent pathways, and the main molecules involved are adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide, bradykinin, AKT, reactive oxygen species and calcium. In this review, our main aims were to highlight the different glucose uptake pathways and to report the effects of physical exercise, diet and drugs on their functioning. Lastly, with the better understanding of these pathways, it would be possible to assess, exactly and molecularly, the importance of physical exercise and diet on glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it would be possible to assess the action of drugs that might optimize glucose uptake and consequently be an important step in controlling the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, in addition to being important to clarify some pathways that justify the development of drugs capable of mimicking the contraction pathway.
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The chaperone balance hypothesis: the importance of the extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio to inflammation-driven type 2 diabetes, the effect of exercise, and the implications for clinical management. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:249205. [PMID: 25814786 PMCID: PMC4357135 DOI: 10.1155/2015/249205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows divergence between the concentrations of extracellular 70 kDa heat shock protein [eHSP70] and its intracellular concentrations [iHSP70] in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A vital aspect regarding HSP70 physiology is its versatility to induce antagonistic actions, depending on the location of the protein. For example, iHSP70 exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, while eHSP70 activates proinflammatory pathways. Increased eHSP70 is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions, whereas decreased iHSP70 levels are related to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Serum eHSP70 concentrations are positively correlated with markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, monocyte count, and TNF-α, while strategies to enhance iHSP70 (e.g., heat treatment, chemical HSP70 inducers or coinducers, and physical exercise) are capable of reducing the inflammatory profile and the insulin resistance state. Here, we present recent findings suggesting that imbalances in the HSP70 status, described by the [eHSP70]/[iHSP70] ratio, may be determinant to trigger a chronic proinflammatory state that leads to insulin resistance and T2DM development. This led us to hypothesize that changes in this ratio value could be used as a biomarker for the management of the inflammatory response in insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Santos JM, Benite-Ribeiro SA, Queiroz G, Duarte JA. The interrelation between aPKC and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle during contraction and insulin stimulation. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:621-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Santos
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Federal University of Goiás; Jataí Brazil
- Detroit R&D Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - S. A. Benite-Ribeiro
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Federal University of Goiás; Jataí Brazil
| | - G. Queiroz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs Sciences, REQUI M TE, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - J. A. Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
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Gender-dimorphic regulation of muscular proteins in response to high fat diet and sex steroid hormones. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Kasprzak Z, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł. Effects of regular physical exercises in the water on the metabolic profile of women with abdominal obesity. J Hum Kinet 2014; 41:71-9. [PMID: 25114733 PMCID: PMC4120466 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recreational physical exercise in the water is predominantly based on aerobic metabolism. Since it involves both carbohydrate and lipid sources of energy, aqua aerobics has a beneficial effect on metabolism of these substrates. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a 3 month aqua aerobics training program on the metabolic profile of women with abdominal obesity. The study sample comprised 32 women aged 41-72 years. Somatic characteristics and variables characterizing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were measured before the commencement and after the completion of the training program. During the 2nd measurement all mean anthropometric variables were found to be significantly lower (p≤0.01). In the blood lipid profile, the concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HOMAIR were significantly lower (p<0.01). Furthermore, the levels of fasting triglycerides, glucose and insulin were reduced significantly (p≤0.05) after the training program. The aqua aerobics program contributed to positive changes in lipid metabolism, anthropometric variables, as well as the fasting insulin, glucose levels and insulin resistance index in women with abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Kasprzak
- Department of Hygiene, Chair of Physiology, Biochemistry and Hygiene, University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Poland
| | - Łucja Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak
- Department of Hygiene, Chair of Physiology, Biochemistry and Hygiene, University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Poland
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Santos JM, Tewari S, Benite-Ribeiro SA. The effect of exercise on epigenetic modifications of PGC1: The impact on type 2 diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:748-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Intensive cardiac rehabilitation improves glucometabolic state of non-diabetic patients with recent coronary artery bypass grafting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcme.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kumar M, Prasad SK, Krishnamurthy S, Hemalatha S. Antihyperglycemic Activity of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014; 2014:809438. [PMID: 24707284 PMCID: PMC3953599 DOI: 10.1155/2014/809438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study is an attempt to investigate plausible mechanism involved behind antidiabetic activity of standardized Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The plant is used as a medicinal salad for lowering blood sugar level in North-Eastern parts of India. Oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg dose level daily for 21 days showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in fasting plasma glucose and also elevated insulin level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It also significantly reversed all the alterations in biochemical parameters, that is, total lipid profile, blood urea, creatinine, protein, and antioxidant enzymes in liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue of diabetic rats. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the extract significantly reversed the expression patterns of various glucose homeostatic enzyme genes like GLUT-2, GLUT-4, and caspase-3 levels but did not show any significant effect on PPAR- γ protein expressions. Additionally, the extract positively regulated mitochondrial membrane potential and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in diabetic rats. The findings justified the antidiabetic effect of H. cordata which is attributed to an upregulation of GLUT-4 and potential antioxidant activity, which may play beneficial role in resolving complication associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Hamilton DL, Beall C, Jeromson S, Chevtzoff C, Cuthbertson DJ, Ashford MLJ. Kv1.3 inhibitors have differential effects on glucose uptake and AMPK activity in skeletal muscle cell lines and mouse ex vivo skeletal muscle. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:13-20. [PMID: 24043354 PMCID: PMC10717203 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knockout of Kv1.3 improves glucose homeostasis and confers resistance to obesity. Additionally, Kv1.3 inhibition enhances glucose uptake. This is thought to occur through calcium release. Kv1.3 inhibition in T-lymphocytes alters mitochondrial membrane potential, and, as many agents that induce Ca(2+) release or inhibit mitochondrial function activate AMPK, we hypothesised that Kv1.3 inhibition would activate AMPK and increase glucose uptake. We screened cultured muscle with a range of Kv1.3 inhibitors for their ability to alter glucose uptake. Only Psora4 increased glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. None of the inhibitors had any impact on L6 myotubes. Magratoxin activated AMPK in C2C12 myotubes and only Pap1 activated AMPK in the SOL. Kv1.3 inhibitors did not alter cellular respiration, indicating a lack of effect on mitochondrial function. In conclusion, AMPK does not mediate the effects of Kv1.3 inhibitors and they display differential effects in different skeletal muscle cell lines without impairing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Hamilton
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK,
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Benite-Ribeiro SA, Santos JMD, Duarte JAR. Moderate physical exercise attenuates the alterations of feeding behaviour induced by social stress in female rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:142-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Matzenbacher dos Santos
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport-University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Wayne State University; School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
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Riquelme MA, Cea LA, Vega JL, Boric MP, Monyer H, Bennett MVL, Frank M, Willecke K, Sáez JC. The ATP required for potentiation of skeletal muscle contraction is released via pannexin hemichannels. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:594-603. [PMID: 23583931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During repetitive stimulation of skeletal muscle, extracellular ATP levels raise, activating purinergic receptors, increasing Ca2+ influx, and enhancing contractile force, a response called potentiation. We found that ATP appears to be released through pannexin1 hemichannels (Panx1 HCs). Immunocytochemical analyses and function were consistent with pannexin1 localization to T-tubules intercalated with dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors in slow (soleus) and fast (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) muscles. Isolated myofibers took up ethidium (Etd+) and released small molecules (as ATP) during electrical stimulation. Consistent with two glucose uptake pathways, induced uptake of 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose derivative, was decreased by inhibition of HCs or glucose transporter (GLUT4), and blocked by dual blockade. Adult skeletal muscles apparently do not express connexins, making it unlikely that connexin hemichannels contribute to the uptake and release of small molecules. ATP release, Etd+ uptake, and potentiation induced by repetitive electrical stimulation were blocked by HC blockers and did not occur in muscles of pannexin1 knockout mice. MRS2179, a P2Y1R blocker, prevented potentiation in EDL, but not soleus muscles, suggesting that in fast muscles ATP activates P2Y1 but not P2X receptors. Phosphorylation on Ser and Thr residues of pannexin1 was increased during potentiation, possibly mediating HC opening. Opening of Panx1 HCs during repetitive activation allows efflux of ATP, influx of glucose and possibly Ca2+ too, which are required for potentiation of contraction. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Current Pharmacology of Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Riquelme
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8, Chile
| | - Luis A Cea
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8, Chile; Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José L Vega
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8, Chile; Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental (EPhyL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Department of Clinical Neurobioloy, University of Heidelberg, 6012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauricio P Boric
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8, Chile
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental (EPhyL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Department of Clinical Neurobioloy, University of Heidelberg, 6012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marina Frank
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Genetics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Willecke
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Genetics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8, Chile; Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Moreira SR, Simões GC, Moraes JFVN, Motta DF, Campbell CSG, Simões HG. Blood glucose control for individuals with type-2 diabetes: acute effects of resistance exercise of lower cardiovascular-metabolic stress. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2806-11. [PMID: 22130391 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318242a609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of resistance exercise (RE) intensities on blood glucose (GLUC) of individuals without (ND) and with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Nine individuals with T2D and 10 ND performed: (a) RE circuit at 23% of 1 maximal repetition (1RM) (RE_L); (b) RE circuit at 43% 1RM (RE_M); and (c) control (CON) session. Blood lactate (LAC) and GLUC were measured before, during, and postinterventions. Double product (DP) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. The area under the curve (AUC) revealed the effects of RE circuits in reducing GLUC in individuals with T2D (RE_L: 12,556 ± 3,269 vs. RE_M: 13,433 ± 3,054 vs. CON: 14,576 ± 3,922 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05) with a lower AUC of GLUC in RE_L in comparison to RE_M. Similarly, for ND the RE_L reduced the AUC of GLUC when compared with RE_M and CON (RE_L: 10,943 ± 956 vs. RE_M: 12,156 ± 1,062 vs. CON: 11,498 ± 882 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05). The AUC of GLUC was higher for T2D compared with ND on CON condition (p = 0.02). However, after RE circuits the difference between groups for AUC of GLUC was abolished. The RE_M for T2D was more stressful when compared with RE_L for LAC (CON: 1.3 ± 0.5 vs. RE_L: 5.5 ± 1.5 vs. RE_M: 6.8 ± 1.3 mmol·L(-1); p < 0.05), DP (CON: 8,415 ± 1,223 vs. RE_L: 15,980 ± 2,007 vs. RE_M: 18,047 ± 3,693 mmHg.bpm(-1); p < 0.05), and RPE (RE_L: 11 ± 2 vs. RE_M: 13 ± 2 Borg Scale; p < 0.05). We concluded that RE_L and RE_M were effective in reducing GLUC for individuals with T2D, with lower cardiovascular-metabolic and perceptual stress being observed for RE_L. These data suggest that acute RE sessions at light or moderate intensities are effective for controlling GLUC in individuals with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R Moreira
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), PE, Brazil.
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Kappel VD, Zanatta L, Postal BG, Silva FRMB. Rutin potentiates calcium uptake via voltage-dependent calcium channel associated with stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 532:55-60. [PMID: 23395857 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rutin is a flavonoid with several pharmacological properties and it has been demonstrated that rutin can modulate glucose homeostasis. In skeletal muscle, an increase in intracellular calcium concentration may induce glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) translocation with consequent glucose uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rutin and intracellular pathways on calcium uptake as well as the involvement of calcium in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The results show that rutin significantly stimulated calcium uptake through voltage-dependent calcium channels as well as mitogen-activated kinase (MEK) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways. Also, rutin stimulated glucose uptake in the soleus muscle and this effect was mediated by extracellular calcium and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation. In conclusion, rutin significantly stimulates calcium uptake in rat soleus muscles. Furthermore, the increase in intracellular calcium concentration is involved in DNA activation by rutin. Also, rutin-induced glucose uptake via CaMKII may result in GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane, characterizing an insulin-independent pathway. These findings indicate that rutin is a potential drug candidate for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Demarchi Kappel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Xu G, Wang Z, Li Y, Li Z, Tang H, Zhao J, Xiang X, Ding L, Ma L, Yuan F, Fei J, Wang W, Wang N, Guan Y, Tang C, Mulholland M, Zhang W. Ghrelin contributes to derangements of glucose metabolism induced by rapamycin in mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1813-23. [PMID: 22391948 PMCID: PMC3496261 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Rapamycin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Our previous study demonstrated that rapamycin significantly increases the production of gastric ghrelin, which is critical in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Here, we investigated whether ghrelin contributes to derangements of glucose metabolism induced by rapamycin. METHODS The effects of rapamycin on glucose metabolism were examined in mice receiving ghrelin receptor antagonist or with Ghsr1a gene knockout. Changes in GLUT4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) were investigated by immunofluorescent staining or western blotting. Related hormones were detected by radioimmunoassay kits. RESULTS Rapamycin impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity not only in normal C57BL/6J mice but also in both obese mice induced by a high fat diet and db/db mice. This was accompanied by elevation of plasma acylated ghrelin. Rapamycin significantly increased the levels of plasma acylated ghrelin in normal C57BL/6J mice, high-fat-diet-induced obese mice and db/db mice. Elevation in plasma acylated ghrelin and derangements of glucose metabolism upon administration of rapamycin were significantly correlated. The deterioration in glucose homeostasis induced by rapamycin was blocked by D: -Lys3-GHRP-6, a ghrelin receptor antagonist, or by deletion of the Ghsr1a gene. Ghrelin receptor antagonism and Ghsr1a knockout blocked the upregulation of JNK activity and downregulation of GLUT4 levels and translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle induced by rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The current study demonstrates that ghrelin contributes to derangements of glucose metabolism induced by rapamycin via altering the content and translocation of GLUT4 in muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Sixth Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - H Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - X Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - L Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - N Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - C Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - M Mulholland
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
- Corresponding author: Weizhen Zhang, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, No 38, Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China, Tel: 0086-10-82802183; Fax: 0086-10-82802183; Or Michael W. Mulholland, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 W Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA, Tel: 734-936-3236;
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
- Corresponding author: Weizhen Zhang, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, No 38, Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China, Tel: 0086-10-82802183; Fax: 0086-10-82802183; Or Michael W. Mulholland, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 W Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA, Tel: 734-936-3236;
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Nikolić N, Bakke SS, Kase ET, Rudberg I, Flo Halle I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Aas V. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured human skeletal muscle cells as an in vitro model of exercise. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33203. [PMID: 22457744 PMCID: PMC3310863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Physical exercise leads to substantial adaptive responses in skeletal muscles and plays a central role in a healthy life style. Since exercise induces major systemic responses, underlying cellular mechanisms are difficult to study in vivo. It was therefore desirable to develop an in vitro model that would resemble training in cultured human myotubes. Methods Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) was applied to adherent human myotubes. Cellular contents of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate were determined. Glucose and oleic acid metabolism were studied using radio-labeled substrates, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Mitochondrial content and function were measured by live imaging and determination of citrate synthase activity, respectively. Protein expression was assessed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Results High-frequency, acute EPS increased deoxyglucose uptake and lactate production, while cell contents of both ATP and PCr decreased. Chronic, low-frequency EPS increased oxidative capacity of cultured myotubes by increasing glucose metabolism (uptake and oxidation) and complete fatty acid oxidation. mRNA expression level of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 4 (PDK4) was significantly increased in EPS-treated cells, while mRNA expressions of interleukin 6 (IL-6), cytochrome C and carnitin palmitoyl transferase b (CPT1b) also tended to increase. Intensity of MitoTracker®Red FM was doubled after 48 h of chronic, low-frequency EPS. Protein expression of a slow fiber type marker (MHCI) was increased in EPS-treated cells. Conclusions Our results imply that in vitro EPS (acute, high-frequent as well as chronic, low-frequent) of human myotubes may be used to study effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Śliwicka E, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł, Nowak A, Zieliński J. Resistin, visfatin and insulin sensitivity in selected phases of annual training cycle of triathletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 99:51-60. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Santos JM, Benite-Ribeiro SA, Queiroz G, Duarte JA. The effect of age on glucose uptake and GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:191-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Queiroz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs Sciences, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Portugal
| | - J. A. Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Portugal
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Jorge MLMP, de Oliveira VN, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz ALD, Resende ES, Ropelle ER, Carvalheira JB, Espindola FS, Jorge PT, Geloneze B. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2011; 60:1244-52. [PMID: 21377179 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different modalities of exercise on metabolic control, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and tissue expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 after 12 weeks of training among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to 4 groups of training (3 times a week, 60 minutes per session): aerobic group (n = 12), resistance group (n = 12), combined (aerobic and resistance) group (n = 12), and control group (n = 12). Fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), adipocytokines (adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin), tumor necrosis factor, interleukin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Patients also underwent a muscle microbiopsy before and after training to quantify IRS-1 expression. All 4 groups displayed decreases in blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, lipid profile, and hs-CRP (P < .05); and there was no difference across the groups. After training, the IRS-1 expression increased by 65% in the resistance group (P < .05) and by 90% in the combined group (P < .01). Exercise training favorably affects glycemic parameters, lipid profile, blood pressure, and hs-CRP. In addition, resistance and combined training can increase IRS-1 expression.
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Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, Baker MK, Singh MAF, Coombes JS. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: a position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 15:25-31. [PMID: 21621458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetic conditions such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are rapidly increasing in prevalence. There is compelling evidence that T2DM is more likely to develop in individuals who are insufficiently active. Exercise training, often in combination with other lifestyle strategies, has beneficial effects on preventing the onset of T2DM and improving glycaemic control in those with pre-diabetes. In addition, exercise training improves cardiovascular risk profile, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness, all strongly related to better health outcomes. Based on the evidence, it is recommended that patients with T2DM or pre-diabetes accumulate a minimum of 210 min per week of moderate-intensity exercise or 125 min per week of vigorous intensity exercise with no more than two consecutive days without training. Vigorous intensity exercise is more time efficient and may also result in greater benefits in appropriate individuals with consideration of complications and contraindications. It is further recommended that two or more resistance training sessions per week (2-4 sets of 8-10 repetitions) should be included in the total 210 or 125 min of moderate or vigorous exercise, respectively. It is also recommended that, due to the high prevalence and incidence of comorbid conditions in patients with T2DM, exercise training programs should be written and delivered by individuals with appropriate qualifications and experience to recognise and accommodate comorbidities and complications.
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Stretching skeletal muscle in vitro: does it replicate in vivo physiology? Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1513-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brinkmann C, Schwinger RHG, Brixius K. [Physical activity and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients: the role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 161:305-14. [PMID: 21360292 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-011-0868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic patients have an increased level of systemic free radicals, which severely restrict the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and thus contribute to the development of an endothelial dysfunction. This review analyses the influence of physical training on molecular development mechanisms of the endothelial dysfunction and determines the significance of regular physical exercise for the endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients. Systematic training reinforces the endogenic antioxidative capacity and results in a reduction in oxidative stress. Training - also combined with a change in diet - furthermore reduces hyperglycaemic blood sugar levels, thus curbing a major source of free radicals in diabetes. Moreover, physical exercise enhances vascular NO synthesis through an increased availability/activity of endothelial NO synthases (eNOS). Endurance, as well as resistance training with submaximal intensity or a combination of both forms of training is suitable to effectively improve the endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brinkmann
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Zelluläre Sportmedizin, Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Germany.
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Lee YC, Li TM, Tzeng CY, Chen YI, Ho WJ, Lin JG, Chang SL. Electroacupuncture at the Zusanli (ST-36) Acupoint Induces a Hypoglycemic Effect by Stimulating the Cholinergic Nerve in a Rat Model of Streptozotocine-Induced Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:650263. [PMID: 21799686 PMCID: PMC3136799 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST-36) and Zhongwan (CV-12) acupoints reduces plasma glucose concentrations in rats with type II diabetes. However, whether EA reduces plasma glucose levels in type I diabetes is still unknown. In this study, we explore the various non-insulin-dependent pathways involved in EA-induced lowering of plasma glucose. Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg kg−1, i.v.) was administered via the femoral vein to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in non-adrenalectomized and in adrenalectomomized rats. EA (15 Hz) was applied for 30 min to bilateral ST-36 acupoints after administration of Atropine (0.1 mg kg−1 i.p.), Eserine (0.01 mg kg−1 i.p.), or Hemicholinium-3 (5 μg kg−1 i.p.) in non-adrenalectomized rats. Rats administered acetylcholine (0.01 mg kg−1 i.v.) did not undergo EA. Adrenalectomized rats underwent EA at bilateral ST-36 acupoints without further treatment. Blood samples were drawn from all rats before and after EA to measure changes in plasma glucose levels. Expression of insulin signaling proteins (IRS1, AKT2) in atropine-exposed rats before and after EA was measured by western blot. Atropine and hemicholinium-3 completely blocked the plasma glucose lowering effects of EA, whereas eserine led to a significant hypoglycemic response. In addition, plasma glucose levels after administration of acetylcholine were significantly lower than the fasting glucose levels. In STZ-adrenalectomized rats, EA did not induce a hypoglycemic response. EA stimulated the expression of IRS1 and AKT2 and atropine treatment blocked the EA-induced expression of those insulin signaling proteins. Taken together, EA at the ST-36 acupoint reduces plasma glucose concentrations by stimulating the cholinergic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Garcia-Cazarin ML, Fisher TM, Andrade FH. Glucose uptake in rat extraocular muscles: effect of insulin and contractile activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6364-8. [PMID: 20702816 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Extraocular muscles show specific adaptations to fulfill the metabolic demands imposed by their constant activity. One aspect that has not been explored is the availability of substrate for energy pathways in extraocular muscles. In limb muscles, glucose enters by way of GLUT1 and GLUT4 transporters in a process regulated by insulin and contractile activity to match metabolic supply to demand. This mechanism may not apply to extraocular muscles because their constant activity may require high basal (insulin- and activity-independent) glucose uptake. The authors tested the hypothesis that glucose uptake by extraocular muscles is not regulated by insulin or contractile activity. METHODS Extraocular muscles from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with 100 nM insulin or were electrically stimulated to contract (activity); glucose uptake was measured with 2-deoxy-d[1,2-(3)H]glucose. The contents of GLUT1, GLUT4, total and phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) underwent Western blot analysis. RESULTS Insulin and activity increased glucose uptake over the basal rate to 108% and 78%, respectively. GLUT1 and GLUT4 were detectable in extraocular muscles. Phosphorylated AKT/total AKT increased by twofold after insulin stimulation, but there was no change with activity. AMPK phosphorylation increased 35% with activity. Phosphorylated-GSK3/total GSK3 did not change with insulin or activity. CONCLUSIONS Glucose uptake in extraocular muscles is regulated by insulin and contractile activity. There is evidence of differences in the insulin signaling pathway that may explain the low glycogen content in these muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Garcia-Cazarin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Burch N, Arnold AS, Item F, Summermatter S, Brochmann Santana Santos G, Christe M, Boutellier U, Toigo M, Handschin C. Electric pulse stimulation of cultured murine muscle cells reproduces gene expression changes of trained mouse muscle. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10970. [PMID: 20532042 PMCID: PMC2881042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate levels of physical activity are at the center of a healthy lifestyle. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of exercise remain enigmatic. This gap in knowledge is caused by the lack of an amenable experimental model system. Therefore, we optimized electric pulse stimulation of muscle cells to closely recapitulate the plastic changes in gene expression observed in a trained skeletal muscle. The exact experimental conditions were established using the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) as a marker for an endurance-trained muscle fiber. We subsequently compared the changes in the relative expression of metabolic and myofibrillar genes in the muscle cell system with those observed in mouse muscle in vivo following either an acute or repeated bouts of treadmill exercise. Importantly, in electrically stimulated C2C12 mouse muscle cells, the qualitative transcriptional adaptations were almost identical to those in trained muscle, but differ from the acute effects of exercise on muscle gene expression. In addition, significant alterations in the expression of myofibrillar proteins indicate that this stimulation could be used to modulate the fiber-type of muscle cells in culture. Our data thus describe an experimental cell culture model for the study of at least some of the transcriptional aspects of skeletal muscle adaptation to physical activity. This system will be useful for the study of the molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise adaptation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Burch
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Arnold
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, Department of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serge Summermatter
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, Department of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martine Christe
- Biozentrum, Department of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Boutellier
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Handschin
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, Department of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Hovind P, Simonsen L, Bülow J. Decreased leg glucose uptake during exercise contributes to the hyperglycaemic effect of octreotide. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 30:141-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2009.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kokubun E, Hirabara SM, Fiamoncini J, Curi R, Haebisch H. Changes of glycogen content in liver, skeletal muscle, and heart from fasted rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27:488-95. [PMID: 19711486 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen content of white and red skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and liver was investigated in conditions where changes in plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) occur. The experiments were performed in fed and 12 and 48 h-fasted rats. The animals were also submitted to swimming for 10 and 30 min. Glycogen content was also investigated in both pharmacologically induced low plasma NEFA levels fasted rats and pharmacologically induced high plasma NEFA levels fed rats. The participation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in the changes observed was investigated. Plasma levels of NEFA, glucose, and insulin were determined in all conditions. Fasting increased plasma NEFA levels and reduced glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles. However, an increase of glycogen content was observed in the heart under this condition. Akt and GSK-3 phosphorylation was reduced during fasting in the liver and skeletal muscles but it remained unchanged in the heart. Our results suggest that in conditions of increased plasma NEFA levels, changes in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3 and glycogen content vary differently in liver, skeletal muscles, and heart. Akt and GSK-3 phosphorylation and glycogen content are decreased in liver and skeletal muscles, but in the heart it remain unchanged (Akt and GSK-3 phosphorylation) or increased (glycogen content) due to consistent increase of plasma NEFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Kokubun
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Abstract
Effects and mechanisms of a single bout of physical load and of the regular exercise (training) on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism are reviewed. During exercise and in the following couple of hours sugar utilization improves, "activity functions like insulin". Proper exercise contributes to using up the fat reserves, and slimmer body, fat reduction can be maintained by the combination of exercise and diet-control. Instructions in "exercise for everybody" and particularly for both type diabetics are detailed. In prevention of cardio-metabolic pathologies the most important measure were avoiding the overweight state by rational alimentation and regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Apor
- Semmelweis Egyetem Testnevelés- és Sporttudományi Kar Budapest Czakó u. 9. 1016
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