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Solosky AM, Claudio IM, Chappel JR, Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Janech MG, Bland AM, Gulland FMD, Neely BA, Baker ES. Proteomic and Lipidomic Plasma Evaluations Reveal Biomarkers for Domoic Acid Toxicosis in California Sea Lions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592757. [PMID: 38766156 PMCID: PMC11100735 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Domoic acid is a neurotoxin secreted by the marine diatom genus, Pseudo-nitzschia, during toxic algal bloom events. California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) are exposed to domoic acid through ingestion of fish that feed on toxic diatoms, resulting in a domoic acid toxicosis (DAT), which can vary from mild to fatal. Sea lions with mild disease can be treated if toxicosis is detected early after exposure, therefore, rapid diagnosis of DAT is essential but also challenging. In this work, we performed multi-omics analyses, specifically proteomic and lipidomic, on blood samples from 31 California sea lions. Fourteen sea lions were diagnosed with DAT based on clinical signs and postmortem histological examination of brain tissue, and 17 had no evidence of DAT. Proteomic analyses revealed three apolipoproteins with statistically significant lower abundance in the DAT individuals compared to the non-DAT individuals. These proteins are known to transport lipids in the blood. Lipidomic analyses highlighted 29 lipid levels that were statistically different in the DAT versus non-DAT comparison, 28 of which were downregulated while only one was upregulated. Furthermore, of the 28 downregulated lipids, 15 were triglycerides, illustrating their connection with the perturbed apolipoproteins and showing their potential for use in rapid DAT diagnoses. SYNOPSIS Multi-omics evaluations reveal blood apolipoproteins and triglycerides are altered in domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions.
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Xing M, Yang X, Jin S, Xu X. Inhibition of neuronal pentraxin 2 relieved epileptic seizure via reducing GluA1 phosphorylation. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4003. [PMID: 38597235 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal pentraxin 2 (Nptx2), a member of the synaptic protein family linked to excitatory synaptic formation, is found to be upregulated in epileptic mice, yet its role in epilepsy has been unclear. In vivo, we constructed a mouse model of epilepsy by using kainic acid induction. In vitro experiments, a Mg2+-free medium was used to induce epileptiform discharges in neurons. The results showed that the Nptx2 was upregulated in epileptic mice. Moreover, Nptx2 knockdown reduced the number of seizures and seizure duration. Knocking down Nptx2 not only reduced the number and duration of seizures but also showed a decrease in electroencephalogram amplitude. Behavioral tests indicated improvements in learning and memory abilities after Nptx2 knockdown. The Nissl staining and Timms staining revealed that Nptx2 silencing mitigated epilepsy-induced brain damage. The immunofluorescence staining revealed that Nptx2 absence resulted in a reduction of apoptosis. Nptx2 knockdown reduced Bax, cleaved caspase3, and cleaved caspase9 expression, while increased Bcl-2 expression. Notably, Nptx2 knockdown inhibited GluA1 phosphorylation at the S831 site and reduced the GluA1 membrane expression. The PSD95 expression declined in the epilepsy model, while the Nptx2 knockdown reversed it. Collectively, our study indicated that Nptx2 silencing not only alleviated brain damage and neuron apoptosis but also improved learning and memory ability in epileptic mice, suggesting Nptx2 as a promising target for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- Animal Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sinan Jin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangping Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Lee MJ, Henderson SB, Clermont H, Turna NS, McIntyre L. The health risks of marine biotoxins associated with high seafood consumption: Looking beyond the single dose, single outcome paradigm with a view towards addressing the needs of coastal Indigenous populations in British Columbia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27146. [PMID: 38463841 PMCID: PMC10923677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
People who consume high quantities of seafood are at a heightened risk for marine biotoxin exposure. Coastal Indigenous peoples may experience higher levels of risk than the general population due to their reliance on traditional marine foods. Most evidence on the health risks associated with biotoxins focus on a single exposure at one point in time. There is limited research on other types of exposures that may occur among those who regularly consume large quantities of seafood. The objective of this review is to assess what is known about the unique biotoxin exposure risks associated with the consumption patterns of many coastal Indigenous populations. These risks include [1]: repeated exposure to low doses of a single or multiple biotoxins [2]; repeated exposures to high doses of a single or multiple biotoxins; and [3] exposure to multiple biotoxins at a single point in time. We performed a literature search and collected 23 recent review articles on the human health effects of different biotoxins. Using a narrative framework synthesis approach, we collated what is known about the health effects of the exposure risks associated with the putative consumption patterns of coastal Indigenous populations. We found that the health effects of repeated low- or high-dose exposures and the chronic health effects of marine biotoxins are rarely studied or documented. There are gaps in our understanding of how risks differ by seafood species and preparation, cooking, and consumption practices. Together, these gaps contribute to a relatively poor understanding of how biotoxins impact the health of those who regularly consume large quantities of seafood. In the context of this uncertainty, we explore how known and potential risks associated with biotoxins can be mitigated, with special attention to coastal Indigenous populations routinely consuming seafood. Overall, we conclude that there is a need to move beyond the single-dose single-outcome model of exposure to better serve Indigenous communities and others who consume high quantities of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joseph Lee
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Holly Clermont
- Environmental Public Health Services, First Nations Health Authority, Snaw-naw-as Territory, Nanoose Bay, Canada
| | - Nikita Saha Turna
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Lorraine McIntyre
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
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Brunson JK, Thukral M, Ryan JP, Anderson CR, Kolody BC, James C, Chavez FP, Leaw CP, Rabines AJ, Venepally P, Zheng H, Kudela RM, Smith GJ, Moore BS, Allen AE. Molecular Forecasting of Domoic Acid during a Pervasive Toxic Diatom Bloom. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565333. [PMID: 37961417 PMCID: PMC10635071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the largest recorded harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurred in the Northeast Pacific, causing nearly 100 million dollars in damages to fisheries and killing many protected marine mammals. Dominated by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis , this bloom produced high levels of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Through molecular and transcriptional characterization of 52 near-weekly phytoplankton net-tow samples collected at a bloom hotspot in Monterey Bay, California, we identified active transcription of known DA biosynthesis ( dab ) genes from the three identified toxigenic species, including P. australis as the primary origin of toxicity. Elevated expression of silicon transporters ( sit1 ) during the bloom supports the previously hypothesized role of dissolved silica (Si) exhaustion in contributing to bloom physiology and toxicity. We find that co-expression of the dabA and sit1 genes serves as a robust predictor of DA one week in advance, potentially enabling the forecasting of DA-producing HABs. We additionally present evidence that low levels of iron could have co-limited the diatom population along with low Si. Iron limitation represents a previously unrecognized driver of both toxin production and ecological success of the low iron adapted Pseudo-nitzschia genus during the 2015 bloom, and increasing pervasiveness of iron limitation may fuel the escalating magnitude and frequency of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms globally. Our results advance understanding of bloom physiology underlying toxin production, bloom prediction, and the impact of global change on toxic blooms. Significance Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms form oceanic harmful algal blooms that threaten human health through production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). DA biosynthetic gene expression is hypothesized to control DA production in the environment, yet what regulates expression of these genes is yet to be discovered. In this study, we uncovered expression of DA biosynthesis genes by multiple toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species during an economically impactful bloom along the North American West Coast, and identified genes that predict DA in advance of its production. We discovered that iron and silica co-limitation restrained the bloom and likely promoted toxin production. This work suggests that increasing iron limitation due to global change may play a previously unrecognized role in driving bloom frequency and toxicity.
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Giovannini M, Beken B, Buyuktiryaki B, Barni S, Liccioli G, Sarti L, Lodi L, Pontone M, Bartha I, Mori F, Sackesen C, du Toit G, Lopata AL, Muraro A. IgE-Mediated Shellfish Allergy in Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 37375617 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., mussels, clams, and oysters) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, prawn, lobster, and crab), have been a keystone of healthy dietary recommendations due to their valuable protein content. In parallel with their consumption, allergic reactions related to shellfish may be increasing. Adverse reactions to shellfish are classified into different groups: (1) Immunological reactions, including IgE and non-IgE allergic reactions; (2) non-immunological reactions, including toxic reactions and food intolerance. The IgE-mediated reactions occur within about two hours after ingestion of the shellfish and range from urticaria, angioedema, nausea, and vomiting to respiratory signs and symptoms such as bronchospasm, laryngeal oedema, and anaphylaxis. The most common allergenic proteins involved in IgE-mediated allergic reactions to shellfish include tropomyosin, arginine kinase, myosin light chain, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, troponin c, and triosephosphate isomerase. Over the past decades, the knowledge gained on the identification of the molecular features of different shellfish allergens improved the diagnosis and the potential design of allergen immunotherapy for shellfish allergy. Unfortunately, immunotherapeutic studies and some diagnostic tools are still restricted in a research context and need to be validated before being implemented into clinical practice. However, they seem promising for improving management strategies for shellfish allergy. In this review, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of shellfish allergies in children are presented. The cross-reactivity among different forms of shellfish and immunotherapeutic approaches, including unmodified allergens, hypoallergens, peptide-based, and DNA-based vaccines, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Giovannini
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Burcin Beken
- Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Buyuktiryaki
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simona Barni
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Liccioli
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Sarti
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Immunology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Pontone
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Bartha
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Francesca Mori
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cansin Sackesen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - George du Toit
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre, Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Pidoplichko VI, Figueiredo TH, Braga MFM, Pan H, Marini AM. Alpha-linolenic acid enhances the facilitation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the BLA and CA1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:596-604. [PMID: 37208920 PMCID: PMC10350796 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231165010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitability is a major mechanism implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as organophosphate-induced status epilepticus (SE), primary epilepsy, stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Underlying mechanisms are diverse, but a functional impairment and loss of GABAergic inhibitory neurons are common features in many of these disorders. While novel therapies abound to correct for the loss of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, it has been difficult at best to improve the activities of daily living for the majority of patients. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in plants. ALA exerts pleiotropic effects in the brain that attenuate injury in chronic and acute brain disease models. However, the effect of ALA on GABAergic neurotransmission in hyperexcitable brain regions involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, is unknown. Administration of a single dose of ALA (1500 nmol/kg) subcutaneously increased the charge transfer of inhibitory postsynaptic potential currents mediated by GABAA receptors in pyramidal neurons by 52% in the BLA and by 92% in the CA1 compared to vehicle animals a day later. Similar results were obtained in pyramidal neurons from the BLA and CA1 when ALA was bath-applied in slices from naïve animals. Importantly, pretreatment with the high-affinity, selective TrkB inhibitor, k252, completely abolished the ALA-induced increase in GABAergic neurotransmission in the BLA and CA1, suggesting a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated mechanism. Addition of mature BDNF (20 ng/mL) significantly increased GABAA receptor inhibitory activity in the BLA and CA1 pyramidal neurons similar to the results obtained with ALA. ALA may be an effective treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders where hyperexcitability is a major feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymir I Pidoplichko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Maria FM Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hongna Pan
- Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Marine Biotoxins in Whole and Processed Scallops from the Argentine Sea. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100634. [PMID: 36286458 PMCID: PMC9604692 DOI: 10.3390/md20100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are an increasing worldwide threat to the seafood industry and human health as a consequence of the natural production of biotoxins that can accumulate in shellfish. In the Argentine Sea, this has been identified as an issue for the offshore fisheries of Patagonian scallops (Zygochlamys patagonica), leading to potentially harmful effects on consumers. Here we assess spatial and temporal patterns in marine biotoxin concentrations in Patagonian scallops harvested in Argentinian waters between 2012–2017, based on analyses for paralytic shellfish toxins, lipophilic toxins, and amnesic shellfish toxins. There was no evidence for concentrations of lipophilic or amnesic toxins above regulatory acceptance thresholds, with trace concentrations of pectenotoxin 2, azaspiracid 2 and okadaic acid group toxins confirmed. Conversely, paralytic shellfish toxins were quantified in some scallops. Gonyautoxins 1 and 2 dominated the unusual toxin profiles (91%) in terms of saxitoxin equivalents with maximum concentrations reaching 3985 µg STX eq/kg and with changes in profiles linked in part to seasonal changes. Total toxin concentrations were compared between samples of the adductor muscle and whole tissue, with results showing the absence of toxins in the adductor muscle confirming toxin accumulation in the digestive tracts of the scallops and the absence of a human health threat following the processing of scallop adductor meat. These findings highlight that paralytic shellfish toxins with an unusual toxin profile can occur in relatively high concentrations in whole Patagonian scallops in specific regions and during particular time periods, also showing that the processing of scallops on board factory ships to obtain frozen adductor muscle is an effective management process that minimizes the risk of poisonings from final products destined for human consumption.
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Weir MJ, Kourantidou M, Jin D. Economic impacts of harmful algal blooms on fishery-dependent communities. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102321. [PMID: 36195417 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recreational razor clam fishery is the largest recreational bivalve fishery in the Pacific Northwest and a major source of tourism-related income to small communities in the region. Delays and closures of recreational shellfisheries due to the increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten to have significant negative impacts on fishery dependent communities. Coupling previous recreational shellfishing expenditure estimates from the literature with a novel dataset of daily visits to local businesses, we estimate a range of economic impacts resulting from the cancellation of razor clam digs at Long Beach, WA, the most popular beach in the State for recreational clam diggers. Our results indicate that a full season closure can lead to lost sales revenues of $16,875 for gas stations, $117,600 for food stores, $217,800 for accommodations and $491,400 for food service places for a total lower bound economic impact of $843,675. We discuss the opportunity for early warning systems, like the Pacific Northwest HAB Bulletin, to guide policy and facilitate business decisions that hedge the risk of revenue losses associated with dig cancellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weir
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - Melina Kourantidou
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Di Jin
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
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Grattan LM. Invited Perspective: The Relevance of Animal Models of Domoic Acid Neurotoxicity to Human Health. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:91302. [PMID: 36102794 PMCID: PMC9472781 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Grattan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Petroff RL, Williams C, Li JL, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Richards T, English CN, Baldessari A, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Harry GJ. Prolonged, Low-Level Exposure to the Marine Toxin, Domoic Acid, and Measures of Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:97003. [PMID: 36102641 PMCID: PMC9472675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excitotoxic molecule, domoic acid (DA), is a marine algal toxin known to induce overt hippocampal neurotoxicity. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies suggest adverse neurological effects at exposure levels near the current regulatory limit (20 ppm, ∼0.075-0.1mg/kg). At these levels, cognitive effects occur in the absence of acute symptoms or evidence of neuronal death. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify adverse effects on the nervous system from prolonged, dietary DA exposure in adult, female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. METHODS Monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075, and 0.15mg/kg per day for an average of 14 months. Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were analyzed in the blood. In-life magnetic resonance (MR) imaging assessed volumetric and tractography differences in and between the hippocampus and thalamus. Histology of neurons and glia in the fornix, fimbria, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus was evaluated. Hippocampal RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Enrichment of gene networks for neuronal health, excitotoxicity, inflammation/glia, and myelin were assessed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were not altered with DA exposure in nonhuman primates. Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus yielded 748 differentially expressed genes (fold change≥1.5; p≤0.05), reflecting differences in a broad molecular profile of intermediate early genes (e.g., FOS, EGR) and genes related to myelin networks in DA animals. Between exposed and control animals, MR imaging showed comparable connectivity of the hippocampus and thalamus and histology showed no evidence of hypomyelination. Histological examination of the thalamus showed a larger microglia soma size and an extension of cell processes, but suggestions of a GFAP+astrocyte response showed no indication of astrocyte hypertrophy. DISCUSSION In the absence of overt hippocampal excitotoxicity, chronic exposure of Macaca fascicularis monkeys to environmentally relevant levels of DA suggested a subtle shift in the molecular profile of the hippocampus and the microglia phenotype in the thalamus that was possibly reflective of an adaptive response due to prolonged DA exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Williams
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Free CM, Moore SK, Trainer VL. The value of monitoring in efficiently and adaptively managing biotoxin contamination in marine fisheries. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 114:102226. [PMID: 35550293 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can produce biotoxins that accumulate in seafood species targeted by commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries and pose an increasing risk to public health as well as fisher livelihoods, recreational opportunities, and food security. Designing biotoxin monitoring and management programs that protect public health with minimal impacts to the fishing communities that underpin coastal livelihoods and food systems is critically important, especially in regions with worsening HABs due to climate change. This study reviews the history of domoic acid monitoring and management in the highly lucrative U.S. West Coast Dungeness crab fishery and highlights three changes made to these programs that efficiently and adaptively manage mounting HAB risk: (1) expanded spatial-temporal frequency of monitoring; (2) delineation of clear management zones; and (3) authorization of evisceration orders as a strategy to mitigate economic impacts. Simulation models grounded in historical data were used to measure the value of monitoring information in facilitating efficient domoic acid management. Power analysis confirmed that surveys sampling 6 crabs (the current protocol) have high power to correctly diagnose contamination levels and recommend appropriate management actions. Across a range of contamination scenarios, increasing the spatial-temporal frequency of monitoring allowed management to respond more quickly to changing toxin levels and to protect public health with the least impact on fishing opportunities. These results highlight the powerful yet underutilized role of simulation testing and power analysis in designing efficient biotoxin monitoring programs, demonstrating the credibility of these programs to stakeholders, and justifying their expense to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Free
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
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Auer RN. Stirling Carpenter, MD February 27, 1929–February 19, 2021. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Auer
- Professor, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Room 2843A, Royal University Hospital 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W8
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13
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Sinno-Tellier S, Abadie E, de Haro L, Paret N, Langrand J, Le Roux G, Labadie M, Boels D, Bloch J, Delcourt N. Human poisonings by neurotoxic phycotoxins related to the consumption of shellfish: study of cases registered by the French Poison Control Centres from 2012 to 2019. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:759-767. [PMID: 35130811 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2034840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In June 2019, a paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) case related to the consumption of mussels contaminated by saxitoxins at a concentration below the regulatory threshold came to the attention of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). This pointed to probable undetected human cases of poisoning by neurotoxic phycotoxins. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of poisoning cases by bivalve shellfish (oysters, mussels and scallops) recorded by the French Poison Control Centres (PCC) from 2012 to 2019. All medical records were reviewed by a toxicologist.Cases that could be related to neurotoxic phycotoxins were selected and described. Diagnosis was based on symptoms compatible with ingestion of contaminated shellfish and on contamination data for the shellfish production area (analysed by the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Ifremer), or notifications to the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed when the origin of the shellfish was known. RESULTS Among the 619 shellfish poisoning cases recorded by the PCCs from 2012 to 2019, 22% (n = 134) had reported at least one neurological symptom (headache, dizziness or paraesthesia). Review of medical records for the 134 patients led to suspicion of 14 cases of PSP and one case of amnesic shellfish poisoning. Five patients experienced persistent neurological symptoms. Marine toxins were not tested for in the blood or urine of these patients. CONCLUSION This retrospective identification of cases strongly suspected of being related to neurotoxic phycotoxins led ANSES, PCCs and Ifremer to develop a specific questionnaire and to recommend actions to take when neurological symptoms related to shellfish consumption are reported to a PCC. Daily monitoring of shellfish poisoning cases registered in the national PCCs database was also implemented in order to rapidly detect any suspicious cases, alert the competent authorities, and warn the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sinno-Tellier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Sète, France
| | - Luc de Haro
- Poison Control Centre, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Paret
- Poison Control Centre, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Langrand
- Poison Control Centre, Paris University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Le Roux
- Poison Control Centre, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Magali Labadie
- Poison Control Centre, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Boels
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Juliette Bloch
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicolas Delcourt
- Poison Control Centre, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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14
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Henley JM, Nair JD, Seager R, Yucel BP, Woodhall G, Henley BS, Talandyte K, Needs HI, Wilkinson KA. Kainate and AMPA receptors in epilepsy: Cell biology, signalling pathways and possible crosstalk. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108569. [PMID: 33915142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is caused when rhythmic neuronal network activity escapes normal control mechanisms, resulting in seizures. There is an extensive and growing body of evidence that the onset and maintenance of epilepsy involves alterations in the trafficking, synaptic surface expression and signalling of kainate and AMPA receptors (KARs and AMPARs). The KAR subunit GluK2 and AMPAR subunit GluA2 are key determinants of the properties of their respective assembled receptors. Both subunits are subject to extensive protein interactions, RNA editing and post-translational modifications. In this review we focus on the cell biology of GluK2-containing KARs and GluA2-containing AMPARs and outline how their regulation and dysregulation is implicated in, and affected by, seizure activity. Further, we discuss role of KARs in regulating AMPAR surface expression and plasticity, and the relevance of this to epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - Kainate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jithin D Nair
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Seager
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Busra P Yucel
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gavin Woodhall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Benjamin S Henley
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karolina Talandyte
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hope I Needs
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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15
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Panlilio JM, Jones IT, Salanga MC, Aluru N, Hahn ME. Developmental Exposure to Domoic Acid Disrupts Startle Response Behavior and Circuitry in Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:310-326. [PMID: 34097058 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce potent neurotoxins that accumulate in seafood and are hazardous to human health. Developmental exposure to the harmful algal bloom toxin, domoic acid (DomA), has behavioral consequences well into adulthood, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DomA developmental neurotoxicity are largely unknown. To assess these, we exposed zebrafish embryos to DomA during the previously identified window of susceptibility and used the well-known startle response circuit as a tool to identify specific neuronal components that are targeted by exposure to DomA. Exposure to DomA reduced startle responsiveness to both auditory/vibrational and electrical stimuli, and even at the highest stimulus intensities tested, led to a dramatic reduction of one type of startle (short-latency c-starts). Furthermore, DomA-exposed larvae had altered kinematics for both types of startle responses tested, exhibiting shallower bend angles and slower maximal angular velocities. Using vital dye staining, immunolabeling, and live imaging of transgenic lines, we determined that although the sensory inputs were intact, the reticulospinal neurons required for short-latency c-starts were absent in most DomA-exposed larvae. Furthermore, axon tracing revealed that DomA-treated larvae also showed significantly reduced primary motor neuron axon collaterals. Overall, these results show that developmental exposure to DomA targets large reticulospinal neurons and motor neuron axon collaterals, resulting in measurable deficits in startle behavior. They further provide a framework for using the startle response circuit to identify specific neural populations disrupted by toxins or toxicants and to link these disruptions to functional consequences for neural circuit function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Panlilio
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Ian T Jones
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Matthew C Salanga
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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16
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Moriarty ME, Miller MA, Murray MJ, Duignan PJ, Gunther-Harrington CT, Field CL, Adams LM, Schmitt TL, Johnson CK. Exploration of serum cardiac troponin I as a biomarker of cardiomyopathy in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:529-537. [PMID: 34166086 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.7.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations between sea otters with and without cardiomyopathy and describe 2 cases of cardiomyopathy with different etiologies. ANIMALS 25 free-ranging southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) with (n = 14; cases) and without (11; controls) cardiomyopathy and 17 healthy managed southern sea otters from aquariums or rehabilitation centers (controls). PROCEDURES Serum cTnI concentration was measured in live sea otters. Histopathologic and gross necropsy findings were used to classify cardiomyopathy status in free-ranging otters; physical examination and echocardiography were used to assess health status of managed otters. Two otters received extensive medical evaluations under managed care, including diagnostic imaging, serial cTnI concentration measurement, and necropsy. RESULTS A significant difference in cTnI concentrations was observed between cases and both control groups, with median values of 0.279 ng/mL for cases and < 0.006 ng/mL for free-ranging and managed controls. A cutoff value of ≥ 0.037 ng/mL yielded respective sensitivity and specificity estimates for detection of cardiomyopathy of 64.3% and 90.9% for free-ranging cases versus free-ranging controls and 64.3% and 94.1% for free-ranging cases versus managed controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cardiomyopathy is a common cause of sea otter death that has been associated with domoic acid exposure and protozoal infection. Antemortem diagnostic tests are needed to identify cardiac damage. Results suggested that serum cTnI concentration has promise as a biomarker for detection of cardiomyopathy in sea otters. Serial cTnI concentration measurements and diagnostic imaging are recommended to improve heart disease diagnosis in managed care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moriarty
- From the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Melissa A Miller
- From the Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA 95060
| | | | | | - Catherine T Gunther-Harrington
- From the Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Cara L Field
- From the Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965
| | - Lance M Adams
- From the Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA 90802
| | - Todd L Schmitt
- From the SeaWorld Animal Health and Rescue Center, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Christine K Johnson
- From the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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17
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Grattan LM, Kaddis L, Tracy JK, Morris JG. Long Term Memory Outcome of Repetitive, Low-Level Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Native Americans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083955. [PMID: 33918677 PMCID: PMC8069405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine-based neurotoxin that, if ingested via tainted shellfish, is associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). These acute effects of elevated DA exposure in humans have been well described. In contrast, the long-term impacts of lower level, repetitive, presumably safe doses of DA (less than 20 ppm) are minimally known. Since Native Americans (NA) residing in coastal communities of the Pacific NW United States are particularly vulnerable to DA exposure, this study focuses on the long-term, 8-year memory outcome associated with their repeated dietary consumption of the neurotoxin. Measures of razor clam consumption, memory, clerical speed and accuracy, and depression were administered over eight years to 500 randomly selected adult NA men and women ages 18–64. Data were analyzed using GEE analyses taking into consideration the year of study, demographic factors, and instrumentation in examining the association between dietary exposure and outcomes. Findings indicated a significant but small decline in total recall memory within the context of otherwise stable clerical speed and accuracy and depression scores. There is reason to believe that a continuum of memory difficulties may be associated with DA exposure, rather than a unitary ASP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Kaddis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - J. Kate Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emergency Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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18
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Xu L, Cai J, Gao T, Ma A. Shellfish consumption and health: A comprehensive review of human studies and recommendations for enhanced public policy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4656-4668. [PMID: 33527847 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., clams, oysters, and mussels) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp and crab), have been a cornerstone of healthy dietary recommendations. However, beyond providing basic nutrition needs, their health-promoting effects have been suggested to include inflammation reduction and prevention of various chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, studies on the association between shellfish consumption and health outcomes have reported conflicting results. The present comprehensive review summarized the latest studies on shellfish consumption and synthesized the available evidence on the potential health benefits or risks of shellfish consumption. The findings demonstrated that shellfish consumption may increase the risk of hyperuricemia and gout but may not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and thyroid cancer. Adequate evidence is lacking on the association between shellfish consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, oral cancer, endometriosis, hip fracture, cognitive function, wheeze, eczema and food allergy. Raw shellfish consumption may cause gastroenteritis and other diseases infected by bacteria or viruses. This review thus provides consumers and other relevant stakeholders with the latest evidence-based information on the potential benefits and risks of shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
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19
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Moriarty ME, Tinker MT, Miller MA, Tomoleoni JA, Staedler MM, Fujii JA, Batac FI, Dodd EM, Kudela RM, Zubkousky-White V, Johnson CK. Exposure to domoic acid is an ecological driver of cardiac disease in southern sea otters ✰. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101973. [PMID: 33526183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce toxins that bioaccumulate in the food web and adversely affect humans, animals, and entire marine ecosystems. Blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia can produce domoic acid (DA), a toxin that most commonly causes neurological disease in endothermic animals, with cardiovascular effects that were first recognized in southern sea otters. Over the last 20 years, DA toxicosis has caused significant morbidity and mortality in marine mammals and seabirds along the west coast of the USA. Identifying DA exposure has been limited to toxin detection in biological fluids using biochemical assays, yet measurement of systemic toxin levels is an unreliable indicator of exposure dose or timing. Furthermore, there is little information regarding repeated DA exposure in marine wildlife. Here, the association between long-term environmental DA exposure and fatal cardiac disease was investigated in a longitudinal study of 186 free-ranging sea otters in California from 2001 - 2017, highlighting the chronic health effects of a marine toxin. A novel Bayesian spatiotemporal approach was used to characterize environmental DA exposure by combining several DA surveillance datasets and integrating this with life history data from radio-tagged otters in a time-dependent survival model. In this study, a sea otter with high DA exposure had a 1.7-fold increased hazard of fatal cardiomyopathy compared to an otter with low exposure. Otters that consumed a high proportion of crab and clam had a 2.5- and 1.2-times greater hazard of death due to cardiomyopathy than otters that consumed low proportions. Increasing age is a well-established predictor of cardiac disease, but this study is the first to identify that DA exposure affects the risk of cardiomyopathy more substantially in prime-age adults than aged adults. A 4-year-old otter with high DA exposure had 2.3 times greater risk of fatal cardiomyopathy than an otter with low exposure, while a 10-year old otter with high DA exposure had just 1.2 times greater risk. High Toxoplasma gondii titers also increased the hazard of death due to heart disease 2.4-fold. Domoic acid exposure was most detrimental for prime-age adults, whose survival and reproduction are vital for population growth, suggesting that persistent DA exposure will likely impact long-term viability of this threatened species. These results offer insight into the pervasiveness of DA in the food web and raise awareness of under-recognized chronic health effects of DA for wildlife at a time when toxic blooms are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moriarty
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States; Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Tomoleoni
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | | | - Jessica A Fujii
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Francesca I Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Erin M Dodd
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Zubkousky-White
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Management Branch, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
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20
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Schmidt S. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Domoic Acid: Evidence for a Critical Window of Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:124002. [PMID: 33347336 PMCID: PMC7751768 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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21
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Domínguez HJ, Cabrera-García D, Cuadrado C, Novelli A, Fernández-Sánchez MT, Fernández JJ, Daranas AH. Prorocentroic Acid, a Neuroactive Super-Carbon-Chain Compound from the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum hoffmannianum. Org Lett 2020; 23:13-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto J. Domínguez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, University of La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Cabrera-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), Campus “El Cristo”, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuadrado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonello Novelli
- Department of Psychology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), Campus “El Cristo”, University of Oviedo; Institute for Sanitary Research of the Princedom of Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), Campus “El Cristo”, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José J. Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, University of La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
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22
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Panlilio JM, Aluru N, Hahn ME. Developmental Neurotoxicity of the Harmful Algal Bloom Toxin Domoic Acid: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Altered Behavior in the Zebrafish Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:117002. [PMID: 33147070 PMCID: PMC7641300 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful algal blooms (HABs) produce potent neurotoxins that threaten human health, but current regulations may not be protective of sensitive populations. Early life exposure to low levels of the HAB toxin domoic acid (DomA) produces long-lasting behavioral deficits in rodent and primate models; however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. The zebrafish is a powerful in vivo vertebrate model system for exploring cellular processes during development and thus may help to elucidate mechanisms of DomA developmental neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVES We used the zebrafish model to investigate how low doses of DomA affect the developing nervous system, including windows of susceptibility to DomA exposure, structural and molecular changes in the nervous system, and the link to behavioral alterations. METHODS To identify potential windows of susceptibility, DomA (0.09-0.18 ng) was delivered to zebrafish through caudal vein microinjection during distinct periods in early neurodevelopment. Following exposure, structural and molecular targets were identified using live imaging of transgenic fish and RNA sequencing. To assess the functional consequences of exposures, we quantified startle behavior in response to acoustic/vibrational stimuli. RESULTS Larvae exposed to DomA at 2 d postfertilization (dpf), but not at 1 or 4 dpf, showed consistent deficits in startle behavior at 7 dpf, including lower responsiveness and altered kinematics. Similarly, myelination in the spinal cord was disorganized after exposure at 2 dpf but not 1 or 4 dpf. Time-lapse imaging revealed disruption of the initial stages of myelination. DomA exposure at 2 dpf down-regulated genes required for maintaining myelin structure and the axonal cytoskeleton. DISCUSSION These results in zebrafish reveal a developmental window of susceptibility to DomA-induced behavioral deficits and identify altered gene expression and disrupted myelin structure as possible mechanisms. The results establish a zebrafish model for investigating the mechanisms of developmental DomA toxicity, including effects with potential relevance to exposed sensitive human populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Panlilio
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)–WHOI Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Stuchal LD, Grattan LM, Portier KM, Kilmon KA, Manahan LM, Roberts SM, Morris JG. Dose-response assessment for impaired memory from chronic exposure to domoic acid among native American consumers of razor clams. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104759. [PMID: 32768666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine neurotoxin that accumulates in filtering shellfish during harmful algal blooms. A health protection limit of 20 ppm DA in razor clams (RC) has been set based principally upon an episode of acute DA toxicity in humans that included Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning among survivors. The objective of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship between estimated DA exposure through RC consumption and memory loss in Washington state Native Americans from 2005 to 2015. Results from total learning recall (TLR) memory scores were compared before and after the highest DA exposures. A decrease in TLR was related to DA dose (p < 0.01) regardless whether the effect was assumed to be transient or lasting, and whether the dose was expressed as an average daily dose or an average dose per meal. Benchmark dose modeling identified BMDL10 values of 167 ng/kg-day and 2740 ng/kg-meal assuming a transient effect, and 196 ng/kg-day and 2980 ng/kg-meal assuming no recovery of function occurs. These DA dose thresholds for a measurable memory function reduction observed in this study of clam consumers are well below the safe acute dose underpinning the current regulatory DA limit of 20 ppm (ca. 60 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Portier
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kelsey A Kilmon
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Olesen AJ, Harðardóttir S, Daugbjerg N, Andersen P, Lyngsgaard M, Krock B, Lundholm N. The impact of urea on toxic diatoms - Potential effects of fertilizer silo breakdown on a Pseudo-nitzschia bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 95:101817. [PMID: 32439060 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2016, two silos containing liquid nitrogen-containing fertilizer collapsed on a harbor in Fredericia, Denmark. More than 2,750 tons of fertilizer spilled into inner Danish waters. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred approximately one month after the incident. The bloom caused a 5-week quarantine of numerous mussel-harvesting areas along the eastern coast of Jutland. The levels of domoic acid measured up to 49 mg kg-1 in mussel meat after the bloom. In the months following the event, the species diversity of phytoplankton was low, while the abundance was high comprising few dominant species including Pseudo-nitzschia. The main part of the liquid nitrogen-containing compound was urea, chemically produced for agricultural use. To investigate the potential impact of urea on Pseudo-nitzschia, four strains, including one strain of P. delicatissima, two of P. seriata and one of P. obtusa, were exposed each to three concentrations of urea in a batch culture experiment: 10 μM, 20 μM and 100 μM N urea, and for comparison one concentration of nitrate (10 μM). Nitrate, ammonium, and urea were metabolized at different rates. Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa produced domoic acid and grew best at low urea concentrations. Both P. seriata strains had a positive correlation between urea concentration and growth rate, and the highest growth rate in the nitrate treatment. One strain of P. seriata produced domoic acid peaking at low N loads (10 µM N urea and 10 µM N nitrate). In conclusion, the ability to adapt to the available nitrogen source and retain a high growth rate was exceedingly varying and not only species-specific but also strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Glaciology and Climate, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Université Laval, Département de Biologie, Pavillon C-É Marchand, G1V 0A6 Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Dept of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maren Lyngsgaard
- Orbicon, Department for Nature and Environment, Jens Juuls vej 16, 8260 Viby, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy: A Review Focusing on AMPA and NMDA Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030464. [PMID: 32197322 PMCID: PMC7175173 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that glutamate-mediated neuronal hyperexcitation plays a causative role in eliciting seizures. Among glutamate receptors, the roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in physiological and pathological conditions represent major clinical research targets. It is well known that agonists of NMDA or AMPA receptors can elicit seizures in animal or human subjects, while antagonists have been shown to inhibit seizures in animal models, suggesting a potential role for NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists in anti-seizure drug development. Several such drugs have been evaluated in clinical studies; however, the majority, mainly NMDA-receptor antagonists, failed to demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety for therapeutic use, and only an AMPA-receptor antagonist, perampanel, has been approved for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy. These results suggest that a misunderstanding of the role of each glutamate receptor in the ictogenic process may underlie the failure of these drugs to demonstrate clinical efficacy and safety. Accumulating knowledge of both NMDA and AMPA receptors, including pathological gene mutations, roles in autoimmune epilepsy, and evidence from drug-discovery research and pharmacological studies, may provide valuable information enabling the roles of both receptors in ictogenesis to be reconsidered. This review aimed to integrate information from several studies in order to further elucidate the specific roles of NMDA and AMPA receptors in epilepsy.
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26
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Anatomical imaging of the piriform cortex in epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:113013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Habtemariam S. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by Ursolic Acid: Addressing Brain Injury, Cerebral Ischemia, Cognition Deficit, Anxiety, and Depression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8512048. [PMID: 31223427 PMCID: PMC6541953 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8512048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene which is found in common herbs and medicinal plants that are reputed for a variety of pharmacological effects. Both as an active principle of these plants and as a nutraceutical ingredient, the pharmacology of UA in the CNS and other organs and systems has been extensively reported in recent years. In this communication, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory axis of UA's pharmacology is appraised for its therapeutic potential in some common CNS disorders. Classic examples include the traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral ischemia, cognition deficit, anxiety, and depression. The pharmacological efficacy for UA is demonstrated through the therapeutic principle of one drug → multitargets → one/many disease(s). Both specific enzymes and receptor targets along with diverse pharmacological effects associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling are scrutinised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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28
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Fujikawa DG. Starting ketamine for neuroprotection earlier than its current use as an anesthetic/antiepileptic drug late in refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2019; 60:373-380. [PMID: 30785224 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is currently being used as an anesthetic/antiepileptic drug in refractory status epilepticus. To validate its use, 2 clinical trials are recruiting patients. However, preclinical studies of its use in chemically induced status epilepticus in rodents have shown that it is remarkably neuroprotective, through N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor blockade, even when given after the onset of status epilepticus. Human studies have shown that status epilepticus-induced brain damage can be caused by a glutamate analogue and that it occurs in the same brain regions as in the animal studies. We therefore propose that ketamine be started early in the course of human status epilepticus as a neuroprotectant and that it be continued until epileptic discharges are eliminated. Using it as an anesthetic/antiepileptic drug late in the course of refractory status epilepticus only ensures that it is given after widespread brain damage has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denson G Fujikawa
- Neurology Department, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center and Nursing Home, North Hills, California.,Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Pérez-Gómez A, Cabrera-García D, Warm D, Marini AM, Salas Puig J, Fernández-Sánchez MT, Novelli A. From the Cover: Selective Enhancement of Domoic Acid Toxicity in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Cells by Lowering Extracellular Na+ Concentration. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:103-114. [PMID: 29029261 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DOM) is an excitatory amino acid analog of kainic acid (KA) that acts through glutamic acid (GLU) receptors, inducing a fast and potent neurotoxic response. Here, we present evidence for an enhancement of excitotoxicity following exposure of cultured cerebellar granule cells to DOM in the presence of lower than physiological Na+ concentrations. The concentration of DOM that reduced by 50% neuronal survival was approximately 3 µM in Na+-free conditions and 16 µM in presence of a physiological concentration of extracellular Na+. The enhanced neurotoxic effect of DOM was fully prevented by AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, while N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-mediated neurotoxicity did not seem to be involved, as the absence of extracellular Na+ failed to potentiate GLU excitotoxicity under the same experimental conditions. Lowering of extracellular Na+ concentration to 60 mM eliminated extracellular recording of spontaneous electrophysiological activity from cultured neurons grown on a multi electrode array and prevented DOM stimulation of the electrical activity. Although changes in the extracellular Na+ concentration did not alter the magnitude of the rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels associated to DOM exposure, they did change significantly the contribution of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VScaCs) and the recovery time to baseline. The prevention of Ca2+ influx via VSCaCs by nifedipine failed to prevent DOM toxicity at any extracellular Na+ concentration, while the reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration ameliorated DOM toxicity only in the absence of extracellular Na+, enhancing it in physiological conditions. Our data suggest a crucial role for extracellular Na+ concentration in determining excitotoxicity by DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Cabrera-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Davide Warm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Javier Salas Puig
- Unit of Epilepsy, Vall d'Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,University Institute of Biotechnology
| | - Antonello Novelli
- University Institute of Biotechnology.,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Grant KS, Crouthamel B, Kenney C, McKain N, Petroff R, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Burbacher TM. Preclinical modeling of exposure to a global marine bio-contaminant: Effects of in utero Domoic acid exposure on neonatal behavior and infant memory. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 73:1-8. [PMID: 30690118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a naturally-occurring marine neurotoxin that is increasingly recognized as an important public health issue. Prenatal DA exposure occurs through the maternal consumption of contaminated shellfish/finfish. To better understand the fetal risks associated with DA, we initiated a longitudinal, preclinical study focused on the reproductive and developmental effects of chronic, low-dose oral DA exposure. To this end, 32 adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally dosed with 0, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day DA on a daily basis prior to breeding and throughout breeding and pregnancy. The doses included the proposed human Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) (0.075 mg/kg/day) for DA. Adult females were bred to nonexposed males. To evaluate development during early infancy, offspring were administered a Neonatal Assessment modeled after the human Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale and a series of Visual Recognition Memory problems using the novelty paradigm. Results indicated that prenatal DA exposure did not impact early survival reflexes or responsivity to the environment. Findings from the recognition memory assessment, given between 1 and 2 months of age, showed that exposed and control infants demonstrated robust novelty scores when test problems were relatively easy to solve. Performance was not diminished by the introduction of delay periods. However, when more difficult recognition problems were introduced, the looking behavior of the 0.15 mg/kg DA group was random and infants failed to show differential visual attention to novel test stimuli. This finding suggests subtle but significant impairment in recognition memory and demonstrates that chronic fetal exposure to DA may impact developing cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caroline Kenney
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Effects of oral domoic acid exposure on maternal reproduction and infant birth characteristics in a preclinical nonhuman primate model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 72:10-21. [PMID: 30615984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a naturally-occurring excitotoxin, produced by marine algae, which can bioaccumulate in shellfish and finfish. The consumption of seafood contaminated with DA is associated with gastrointestinal illness that, in the case of high DA exposure, can evolve into a spectrum of responses ranging from agitation to hallucinations, memory loss, seizures and coma. Because algal blooms that produce DA are becoming more widespread and very little is known about the dangers of chronic, low-dose exposure, we initiated a preclinical study focused on the reproductive and developmental effects of DA in a nonhuman primate model. To this end, 32 adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day DA on a daily basis, prior to and during pregnancy. Females were bred to non-exposed males and infants were evaluated at birth. Results from this study provided no evidence of changes in DA plasma concentrations with chronic exposure. DA exposure was not associated with reproductive toxicity or adverse changes in the physical characteristics of newborns. However, in an unanticipated finding, our clinical observations revealed the presence of subtle neurological effects in the form of intentional tremors in the exposed adult females. While females in both dose groups displayed increased tremoring, the effect was dose-dependent and observed at a higher rate in females exposed to 0.15 mg/kg/day. These results demonstrate that chronic, low-level exposure to DA is associated with injury to the adult CNS and suggest that current regulatory guidelines designed to protect human health may not be adequate for high-frequency shellfish consumers.
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32
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Hayashi A, José Dorantes-Aranda J, Bowman JP, Hallegraeff G. Combined Cytotoxicity of the Phycotoxin Okadaic Acid and Mycotoxins on Intestinal and Neuroblastoma Human Cell Models. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120526. [PMID: 30544794 PMCID: PMC6315785 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are emerging toxins in the marine environment, which can co-occur with algal toxins to exert synergistic or antagonistic effects for human seafood consumption. The current study assesses the cytotoxicity of the algal toxin okadaic acid, shellfish, and dust storm-associated mycotoxins alone or in combination on human intestinal (HT-29) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines. Based on calculated IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) values, mycotoxins and the algal toxin on their own exhibited increased cytotoxicity in the order of sydowinin A < sydowinin B << patulin < alamethicin < sydowinol << gliotoxin ≈ okadaic acid against the HT-29 cell line, and sydowinin B < sydowinin A << alamethicin ≈ sydowinol < patulin, << gliotoxin < okadaic acid against the SH-SY5Y cell line. Combinations of okadaic acid–sydowinin A, –alamethicin, –patulin, and –gliotoxin exhibited antagonistic effects at low-moderate cytotoxicity, but became synergistic at high cytotoxicity, while okadaic acid–sydowinol displayed an antagonistic relationship against HT-29 cells. Furthermore, only okadaic acid–sydowinin A showed synergism, while okadaic acid–sydowinol, –alamethicin, –patulin, and –gliotoxin combinations demonstrated antagonism against SH-SY5Y. While diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) from okadaic acid and analogues in many parts of the world is considered to be a comparatively minor seafood toxin syndrome, our human cell model studies suggest that synergisms with certain mycotoxins may aggravate human health impacts, depending on the concentrations. These findings highlight the issues of the shortcomings of current regulatory approaches, which do not regulate for mycotoxins in shellfish and treat seafood toxins as if they occur as single toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Hayashi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 7004 Hobart, Australia.
| | | | - John P Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 7005 Hobart, Australia.
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 7004 Hobart, Australia.
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Lefebvre KA, Hendrix A, Halaska B, Duignan P, Shum S, Isoherranen N, Marcinek DJ, Gulland FMD. Domoic acid in California sea lion fetal fluids indicates continuous exposure to a neuroteratogen poses risks to mammals. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:53-57. [PMID: 30420016 PMCID: PMC7297052 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neuroexcitotoxic amino acid that is naturally produced by some species of marine diatoms during harmful algal blooms (HABs). The toxin is transferred through the food web from plantivorous fish and shellfish to marine mammals resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Due to the timing and location of DA producing HABs, it is well documented that pregnant female California sea lions (CSL) are regularly exposed to DA through their diet thereby posing exposure risks to a neuroteratogen in developing fetuses. In the present study, fluids from 36 fetuses sampled from naturally exposed pregnant CSLs were examined for DA. Domoic acid was detected in 79% of amniotic fluid (n = 24), 67% of allantoic fluid (n = 9), 75% of urine (n = 4), 41% of meconium (n = 17) and 29% of stomach content (n = 21) samples opportunistically collected from CSL fetuses. The distribution of DA in fetal samples indicates an increased prenatal exposure risk due to recirculation of DA in fetal fluids and continuous exposure to the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Alicia Hendrix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Barbie Halaska
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, United States
| | - Padraig Duignan
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, United States
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Frances M D Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, United States
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Moyer CE, Hiolski EM, Marcinek DJ, Lefebvre KA, Smith DR, Zuo Y. Repeated low level domoic acid exposure increases CA1 VGluT1 levels, but not bouton density, VGluT2 or VGAT levels in the hippocampus of adult mice. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:74-86. [PMID: 30420019 PMCID: PMC6237202 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced during harmful algal blooms that accumulates in marine organisms that serve as food resources for humans. While acute DA neurotoxicity can cause seizures and hippocampal lesions, less is known regarding how chronic, subacute DA exposure in adulthood impacts the hippocampus. With more frequent occurrences of harmful algal blooms, it is important to understand the potential impact of repeated, low-level DA exposure on human health. To model repeated, low-dose DA exposure, adult mice received a single low-dose (0.75 ± 0.05 μg/g) of DA or vehicle weekly for 22 consecutive weeks. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the effects of repeated, low-level DA exposure on hippocampal cells and synapses. Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) immunoreactivity within excitatory boutons in CA1 of DA-exposed mice was increased. Levels of other vesicular transporter proteins (i.e., VGluT2 and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)) within boutons, and corresponding bouton densities, were not significantly altered in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus. There were no significant changes in neuron density or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity following chronic, low-dose exposure. This suggests that repeated low doses of DA, unlike high doses of DA, do not cause neuronal loss or astrocyte activation in hippocampus in adult mice. Instead, these findings demonstrate that repeated exposure to low levels of DA leads to subtle changes in VGluT1 expression within CA1 excitatory boutons, which may alter glutamatergic transmission in CA1 and disrupt behaviors dependent on spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moyer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - Emma M Hiolski
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Departments of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering, University of Washington, South Lake Union Campus, 850 Republican St., Brotman 142, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States.
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E324. [PMID: 30096904 PMCID: PMC6116008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Eva Cagide
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Demars F, Clark K, Wyeth MS, Abrams E, Buckmaster PS. A single subconvulsant dose of domoic acid at mid-gestation does not cause temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:128-137. [PMID: 29625197 PMCID: PMC5940543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Harmful blooms of domoic acid (DA)-producing algae are a problem in oceans worldwide. DA is a potent glutamate receptor agonist that can cause status epilepticus and in survivors, temporal lobe epilepsy. In mice, one-time low-dose in utero exposure to DA was reported to cause hippocampal damage and epileptiform activity, leading to the hypothesis that unrecognized exposure to DA from contaminated seafood in pregnant women can damage the fetal hippocampus and initiate temporal lobe epileptogenesis. However, development of epilepsy (i.e., spontaneous recurrent seizures) has not been tested. In the present study, long-term seizure monitoring and histology was used to test for temporal lobe epilepsy following prenatal exposure to DA. In Experiment One, the previous study's in utero DA treatment protocol was replicated, including use of the CD-1 mouse strain. Afterward, mice were video-monitored for convulsive seizures from 2 to 6 months old. None of the CD-1 mice treated in utero with vehicle or DA was observed to experience spontaneous convulsive seizures. After seizure monitoring, mice were evaluated for pathological evidence of temporal lobe epilepsy. None of the mice treated in utero with DA displayed the hilar neuron loss that occurs in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in the mouse pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. In Experiment Two, a higher dose of DA was administered to pregnant FVB mice. FVB mice were tested as a potentially more sensitive strain, because they have a lower seizure threshold, and some females spontaneously develop epilepsy. Female offspring were monitored with continuous video and telemetric bilateral hippocampal local field potential recording at 1-11 months old. A similar proportion of vehicle- and DA-treated female FVB mice spontaneously developed epilepsy, beginning in the fourth month of life. Average seizure frequency and duration were similar in both groups. Seizure frequency was lower than that of positive-control pilocarpine-treated mice, but seizure duration was similar. None of the mice treated in utero with vehicle or DA displayed hilar neuron loss or intense mossy fiber sprouting, a form of aberrant synaptic reorganization that develops in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in pilocarpine-treated mice. FVB mice that developed epilepsy (vehicle- and DA-treated) displayed mild mossy fiber sprouting. Results of this study suggest that a single subconvulsive dose of DA at mid-gestation does not cause temporal lobe epilepsy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Demars
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VetAgro Sup, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lyon, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Kristen Clark
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Megan S Wyeth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emily Abrams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul S Buckmaster
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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Abstract
Acute hippocampal injury represents a relatively rare cause of amnesia. Interestingly however, between 2012 and 2017, 18 patients were reported at hospitals in Massachusetts with sudden-onset amnesia in the setting of complete diffusion-weighted hyperintensity of both hippocampi on magnetic resonance imaging. Notably, 17 of the 18 patients tested positive for opioids or had a recorded history of opioid use. This observation suggests an association between opioids and acute hippocampal injury. With particular attention to the Massachusetts cluster and data on fentanyl and its congeners, the epidemiological and pathophysiological evidence that supports this hypothesis is presented, as are potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A Barash
- a Department of Medicine , Quigley Memorial Hospital, Soldiers' Home , Chelsea , MA , USA
| | - W Andrew Kofke
- b Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Grattan LM, Boushey CJ, Liang Y, Lefebvre KA, Castellon LJ, Roberts KA, Toben AC, Morris JG. Repeated Dietary Exposure to Low Levels of Domoic Acid and Problems with Everyday Memory: Research to Public Health Outreach. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030103. [PMID: 29495583 PMCID: PMC5869391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a marine-based neurotoxin. Dietary exposure to high levels of DA via shellfish consumption has been associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, with milder memory decrements found in Native Americans (NAs) with repetitive, lower level exposures. Despite its importance for protective action, the clinical relevance of these milder memory problems remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated, lower-level exposures to DA impact everyday memory (EM), i.e., the frequency of memory failures in everyday life. A cross-sectional sample of 60 NA men and women from the Pacific NW was studied with measures of dietary exposure to DA via razor clam (RC) consumption and EM. Findings indicated an association between problems with EM and elevated consumption of RCs with low levels of DA throughout the previous week and past year after controlling for age, sex, and education. NAs who eat a lot of RCs with presumably safe levels of DA are at risk for clinically significant memory problems. Public health outreach to minimize repetitive exposures are now in place and were facilitated by the use of community-based participatory research methods, with active involvement of state regulatory agencies, tribe leaders, and local physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Carol J Boushey
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Laura J Castellon
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kelsey A Roberts
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Toben
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - J G Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Shiotani M, Cole TB, Hong S, Park JJY, Griffith WC, Burbacher TM, Workman T, Costa LG, Faustman EM. Neurobehavioral assessment of mice following repeated oral exposures to domoic acid during prenatal development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 64:8-19. [PMID: 28916171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an algal toxin which has been associated with significant neurotoxicity in humans, non-human primates, rodents, and marine mammals. Developmental exposure to DA is believed to result in neurotoxicity that may persist into adulthood. DA is produced by harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia, raising concerns about the consumption of contaminated seafood. We evaluated oral exposures to DA during pregnancy in mice. Doses of 0 (vehicle), 1 or 3mg/kg/d of DA were administered by gavage to C57BL/6J mice on gestational days 10 to 17. The offspring were tested for persistent neurobehavioral consequences during early development, adolescence and adulthood. Neurobehavioral tests revealed both dose- and gender-related differences in several neurobehavioral measures, including motor coordination in the rotarod test, behavior in the elevated plus maze, circadian patterns of activity in Phenotyper cages, gait as assessed in the Catwalk, and exploratory activity in the Morris water maze. This study demonstrated significant gender-specific and persistent neurobehavioral effects of repeated prenatal oral exposures to DA at low-dose levels that did not induce toxicity in dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Shiotani
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Toby B Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Ju Young Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Models of progressive neurological dysfunction originating early in life. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:2-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wang D, Zhao J, Li S, Shen G, Hu S. Quercetin attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:123-131. [PMID: 28277184 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1231438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is one of the best known marine toxins, causative of important neurotoxic alterations. DA effects are documented both in wildlife and experimental assays, showing that this toxin causes severe injuries principally in the hippocampal area. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in DA-induced cognitive functional impairment. Therefore, therapeutics targeted to improve mitochondrial function and increase oxidative stress defence could be beneficial. Quercetin, a bioflavanoid, has been reported to have potent neuroprotective effects and anti-oxidative ability, but its preventive effects on DA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment have not been well characterised. In this study, we evaluated the effects of quercetin on DA-induced cognitive deficits in mice and explored its potential mechanism. Our results showed that the oral administration of quercetin to DA-treated mice significantly improved their behavioural performance in a novel objective recognition task and a Morris water maze task. These improvements were mediated, at least in part, by a stimulation of PPARγ coactivator 1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis signalling and an amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, quercetin activated nuclear factorerythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated phase II enzymes and decreased reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation. Furthermore, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity significantly increased in the quercetin-treated group. Taken together, these findings suggest that a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction through the increase of AMPK activity, coupled with an increase in Nrf2 pathway mediated oxidative defence, may be one of the mechanisms by which quercetin improves cognitive impairment induced by DA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- a Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- b Department of Pathology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Guomin Shen
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Shu Hu
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
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More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK. Toxin-Induced Experimental Models of Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1447. [PMID: 27598124 PMCID: PMC5037726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for learning and memory have significantly contributed to novel strategies for drug development and hence are an imperative part in the assessment of therapeutics. Learning and memory involve different stages including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval and each stage can be characterized using specific toxin. Recent studies have postulated the molecular basis of these processes and have also demonstrated many signaling molecules that are involved in several stages of memory. Most insights into learning and memory impairment and to develop a novel compound stems from the investigations performed in experimental models, especially those produced by neurotoxins models. Several toxins have been utilized based on their mechanism of action for learning and memory impairment such as scopolamine, streptozotocin, quinolinic acid, and domoic acid. Further, some toxins like 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amyloid-β are known to cause specific learning and memory impairment which imitate the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Apart from these toxins, several other toxins come under a miscellaneous category like an environmental pollutant, snake venoms, botulinum, and lipopolysaccharide. This review will focus on the various classes of neurotoxin models for learning and memory impairment with their specific mechanism of action that could assist the process of drug discovery and development for dementia and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Vasant More
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Yo-Sep Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
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Hiolski EM, Ito S, Beggs JM, Lefebvre KA, Litke AM, Smith DR. Domoic acid disrupts the activity and connectivity of neuronal networks in organotypic brain slice cultures. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:215-224. [PMID: 27506300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid is a neurotoxin produced by algae and is found in seafood during harmful algal blooms. As a glutamate agonist, domoic acid inappropriately stimulates excitatory activity in neurons. At high doses, this leads to seizures and brain lesions, but it is unclear how lower, asymptomatic exposures disrupt neuronal activity. Domoic acid has been detected in an increasing variety of species across a greater geographical range than ever before, making it critical to understand the potential health impacts of low-level exposure on vulnerable marine mammal and human populations. To determine whether prolonged domoic acid exposure altered neuronal activity in hippocampal networks, we used a custom-made 512 multi-electrode array with high spatial and temporal resolution to record extracellular potentials (spikes) in mouse organotypic brain slice cultures. We identified individual neurons based on spike waveform and location, and measured the activity and functional connectivity within the neuronal networks of brain slice cultures. Domoic acid exposure significantly altered neuronal spiking activity patterns, and increased functional connectivity within exposed cultures, in the absence of overt cellular or neuronal toxicity. While the overall spiking activity of neurons in domoic acid-exposed cultures was comparable to controls, exposed neurons spiked significantly more often in bursts. We also identified a subset of neurons that were electrophysiologically silenced in exposed cultures, and putatively identified those neurons as fast-spiking inhibitory neurons. These results provide evidence that domoic acid affects neuronal activity in the absence of cytotoxicity, and suggest that neurodevelopmental exposure to domoic acid may alter neurological function in the absence of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hiolski
- Department of Microbiology & Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - S Ito
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J M Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - K A Lefebvre
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A M Litke
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - D R Smith
- Department of Microbiology & Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Mills BD, Pearce HL, Khan O, Jarrett BR, Fair DA, Lahvis GP. Prenatal domoic acid exposure disrupts mouse pro-social behavior and functional connectivity MRI. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:14-23. [PMID: 27050322 PMCID: PMC4918767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a toxin produced by marine algae and known primarily for its role in isolated outbreaks of Amnestic Shellfish Poisoning and for the damage it inflicts on marine mammals, particularly California sea lions. Lethal effects of DA are often preceded by seizures and coma. Exposure to DA during development can result in subtle and highly persistent effects on brain development and include behavioral changes that resemble diagnostic features of schizophrenia and anomalies in social behavior we believe are relevant to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To more fully examine this hypothesis, we chose to examine adolescent mice exposed in utero to DA for endpoints relevant to ASD, specifically changes in social behavior and network structure, the latter measured by resting state functional connectivity (rs-fcMRI). We found that male offspring exposed in utero to DA expressed reproducible declines in social interaction and atypical patterns of functional connectivity in the anterior cingulate, a region of the default mode network that is critical for social functioning. We also found disruptions in global topology in regions involved in the processing of reward, social, and sensory experiences. Finally, we found that DA exposed males expressed a pattern of local over-connectivity. These anomalies in brain connectivity bear resemblance to connectivity patterns in ASD and help validate DA-exposed mice as a model of this mental disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Mills
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hadley L Pearce
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Omar Khan
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Ben R Jarrett
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Garet P Lahvis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Tracy K, Boushey C, Roberts SM, Morris J, Grattan LM. Communities advancing the studies of Tribal nations across their lifespan: Design, methods, and baseline of the CoASTAL cohort. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:9-19. [PMID: 27616972 PMCID: PMC5016794 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The CoASTAL cohort represents the first community cohort assembled to study a HAB related illness. It is comprised of three Native American tribes in the Pacific NW for the purpose of studying the health impacts of chronic, low level domoic acid (DA) exposure through razor clam consumption. This cohort is at risk of domoic acid (DA) toxicity by virtue of their geographic location (access to beaches with a history of elevated DA levels in razor clams) and the cultural and traditional significance of razor clams in their diet. In this prospective, longitudinal study, Wave 1 of the cohort is comprised of 678 members across the lifespan with both sexes represented within child, adult and geriatric age groups. All participants are followed annually with standard measures of medical and social history; neuropsychological functions, psychological status, and dietary exposure. DA concentration levels are measured at both public and reservation beaches where razor clams are sourced and multiple metrics have been piloted to further determine exposure. Baseline data indicates that all cognitive and psychological functions are within normal limits. In addition there is considerable variability in razor clam exposure. Therefore, the CoASTAL cohort offers a unique opportunity to investigate the potential health effects of chronic, low level exposure to DA over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street MSTF 334F, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Carol Boushey
- Cancer Center Department: Epidemiology Program, University
of Hawaii Manoa, 701 Ilalo St. Rm 525, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Sparkle M. Roberts
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor,
Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - J.Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging
Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road; Box 100009,
Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor,
Baltimore, MD 21201
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48
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Abstract
The five most commonly recognized Harmful Algal Bloom related illnesses include Ciguatera poisoning, Paralytic Shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxin Shellfish poisoning, Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Amnesic Shellfish poisoning. Although they are each the product of different toxins, toxin assemblages or HAB precursors these clinical syndromes have much in common. Exposure occurs through the consumption of fish or shellfish; routine clinical tests are not available for diagnosis; there is no known antidote for exposure; and the risk of these illnesses can negatively impact local fishing and tourism industries. Thus, illness prevention is of paramount importance to minimize human and public health risks. To accomplish this, close communication and collaboration is needed among HAB scientists, public health researchers and local, state and tribal health departments at academic, community outreach, and policy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - Sailor Holobaugh
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road; Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610,
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Grattan LM, Boushey C, Tracy K, Trainer V, Roberts SM, Schluterman N, Morris JG. The association between razor clam consumption and memory in the CoASTAL Cohort. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:20-25. [PMID: 27746706 PMCID: PMC5061506 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study represents a preliminary effort to examine the possible impacts of chronic, low level Domoic Acid (DA) exposure on memory in the CoASTAL cohort. Five hundred thirteen men and women representing three Native American Tribes were studied with standard measures of cognition and razor clam consumption (a known vector of DA exposure) over a four year period. In addition, a pilot metric of DA concentration exposure was used which took into consideration average DA concentration levels in source beaches as well as consumption. Based upon GEE analysis, controlling for age, sex, race, year, education level, tribe, and employment status, findings indicated that high razor clam consumers (15 or more per month) had isolated decrements on some measures of memory (p=.02 to .03), with other cognitive functions unaffected. The relatively lower memory scores were still within normal limits, thus not clinically significant. The pilot DA exposure metric had no association with any aspect of cognition or behavior. There is a possible association between long term, low level exposure to DA through heavy razor clam consumption and memory. The availability of a reliable biological marker for human exposure to DA is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Carol Boushey
- Cancer Center Department: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Manoa, 701 Ilalo St. Rm 525, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Kate Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street MSTF 334F, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Vera Trainer
- Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112
| | - Sparkle M. Roberts
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Nicolas Schluterman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine Street MSTF 334F, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road; Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610
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50
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Tatter SB, Galpern WR, Isacson O. Neurotrophic Factor Protection against Excitotoxic Neuronal Death. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849500100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides capable of promoting neuronal survival in both the developing and the adult brain. In addition to the neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and NT-3 to -6, other neurotrophic factors include ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, members of the epidermal growth factor family, and other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukins-6 and -11. One condition under which these factors promote survival is the challenge of neurons with analogs of excitatory amino acid transmitters. Such analogs, including quinolinic acid, kainic acid, and ibotenic acid, are frequently employed as models of neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cerebellar degenerations, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excitotoxicity also plays a role in neu ronal death caused by focal ischemia, hypoglycemia, or trauma. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of both the action of neurotrophic factors and of cell death in response to excitotoxins, the mechanism of protection by these factors remains uncertain. This review explores the biochemical and phys iological changes mediated by neurotrophic factors that may underlie their ability to protect against excito toxic cell death. Second messenger pathways used degenerately by both excitotoxins and neurotrophic factors are discussed as a potential site of interaction mediating the protective effects of neurotrophic factors. Particular attention is also paid to the importance of the route of neurotrophic factor delivery in conferring neuroprotection in particular excitotoxic models. The Neuroscientist 1:286-297, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Tatter
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Wendy R. Galpern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
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