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Giraudeau B, Weijer C, Eldridge SM, Hemming K, Taljaard M. Why and when should we cluster randomize? JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION HEALTH 2024; 72:202197. [PMID: 38477478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeph.2024.202197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A cluster randomized trial is defined as a randomized trial in which intact social units of individuals are randomized rather than individuals themselves. Outcomes are observed on individual participants within clusters (such as patients). Such a design allows assessing interventions targeting cluster-level participants (such as physicians), individual participants or both. Indeed, many interventions assessed in cluster randomized trials are actually complex ones, with distinct components targeting different levels. For a cluster-level intervention, cluster randomization is an obvious choice: the intervention is not divisible at the individual-level. For individual-level interventions, cluster randomization may nevertheless be suitable to prevent group contamination, for logistical reasons, to enhance participants' adherence, or when objectives pertain to the cluster level. An unacceptable reason for cluster randomization would be to avoid obtaining individual consent. Indeed, participants in cluster randomized trials have to be protected as in any type of trial design. Participants may be people from whom data are collected, but they may also be people who are intervened upon, and this includes both patients and physicians (for example, physicians receiving training interventions). Consent should be sought as soon as possible, although there may exist situations where participants may consent only for data collection, not for being exposed to the intervention (because, for instance, they cannot opt-out). There may even be situations where participants are not able to consent at all. In this latter situation a waiver of consent must be granted by a research ethics committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Giraudeau
- Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM, SPHERE U1246, Tours, France; INSERM CIC1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Charles Weijer
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and Philosophy, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sandra M Eldridge
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
| | - Karla Hemming
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Monica Taljaard
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Sulik M, Antoszczak M, Huczyński A, Steverding D. Antiparasitic activity of ivermectin: Four decades of research into a "wonder drug". Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115838. [PMID: 37793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still pose a serious threat to human and animal health, particularly for millions of people and their livelihoods in low-income countries. Therefore, research into the development of effective antiparasitic drugs remains a priority. Ivermectin, a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone, exhibits a broad spectrum of antiparasitic activities, which, combined with its low toxicity, has allowed the drug to be widely used in the treatment of parasitic diseases affecting humans and animals. In addition to its licensed use against river blindness and strongyloidiasis in humans, and against roundworm and arthropod infestations in animals, ivermectin is also used "off-label" to treat many other worm-related parasitic diseases, particularly in domestic animals. In addition, several experimental studies indicate that ivermectin displays also potent activity against viruses, bacteria, protozoans, trematodes, and insects. This review article summarizes the last 40 years of research on the antiparasitic effects of ivermectin, and the use of the drug in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sulik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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3
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Failoc-Rojas VE, Silva-Díaz H, Maguiña JL, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Díaz-Velez C, Apolaya-Segura M, Valladares-Garrido MJ. Evidence-based indications for ivermectin in parasitic diseases: An integrated approach to context and challenges in Peru. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 23:e00320. [PMID: 37731824 PMCID: PMC10507222 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin has emerged as a therapeutic option for various parasitic diseases, including strongyloidiasis, scabies, lice infestations, gnathostomiasis, and myiasis. This study comprehensively reviews the evidence-based indications for ivermectin in treating parasitic diseases, considering the unique context and challenges in Peru. Fourteen studies were selected from a systematic search of scientific evidence on ivermectin in PubMed, from 2010 to July 2022. The optimal dosage of ivermectin for treating onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis ranges from 150 to 200 μg/kg, while lymphatic filariasis requires a higher dose of 400 μg/kg (Brown et al., 2000). However, increased dosages have been associated with a higher incidence of ocular adverse events. Scientific evidence shows that ivermectin can be safely and effectively administered to children weighing less than 15 kg. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses provide strong support for the efficacy and safety of ivermectin in combating parasitic infections. Ivermectin has proven to be an effective treatment for various parasitic diseases, including intestinal parasites, ectoparasites, filariasis, and onchocerciasis. Dosages ranging from 200 μg/kg to 400 μg/kg are generally safe, with adjustments made according to the specific pathology, patient age, and weight/height. Given Peru's prevailing social and environmental conditions, the high burden of intestinal parasites and ectoparasites in the country underscores the importance of ivermectin in addressing these health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio E. Failoc-Rojas
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Heber Silva-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Huamana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Jorge L. Maguiña
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102, Lebanon
| | - Cristian Díaz-Velez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Peru
- Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular, INCOR, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
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4
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Nolt D, Moore S, Yan AC, Melnick L. Head Lice. Pediatrics 2022; 150:189566. [PMID: 36156158 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head lice infestation is associated with limited morbidity but causes a high level of anxiety among caregivers of school-aged children and adolescents. Since the 2015 clinical report on head lice was published by the American Academy of Pediatrics, new medications have been approved, and an algorithm for management of affected patients is included. This revised clinical report clarifies current diagnosis and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Nolt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Scot Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University Health, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Albert C Yan
- Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Departments of Pediatrics and Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Melnick
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Fu YT, Yao C, Deng YP, Elsheikha HM, Shao R, Zhu XQ, Liu GH. Human pediculosis, a global public health problem. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:58. [PMID: 35619191 PMCID: PMC9134731 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pediculosis is caused by hematophagous lice, which are transmitted between individuals via direct and/or indirect contact. Despite the public health importance of louse infestation, information concerning the global burden of pediculosis and the epidemiological landscape of louse-borne diseases is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. We also discussed the latest advances in molecular taxonomy and molecular genetics of lice. Methods We searched five electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, VIP Chinese Journal Database, and Wanfang Data) and followed a standard approach for conducting scoping reviews to identify studies on various aspects of human lice. Relevant information reported in the identified studies were collated, categorized, and summarized. Results A total of 282 studies were eligible for the final review. Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial (mt) cytb gene sequences identified six distinct clades of lice worldwide. In addition to the direct effect on human health, lice can serve as vectors of disease-causing pathogens. The use of insecticides plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. Genome sequencing has advanced our knowledge of the genetic structure and evolutionary biology of human lice. Conclusions Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. More progress can be made if emphasis is placed on the use of emerging omics technologies to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of lice. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Clark JM. New chemistries for the control of human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis: A mini-review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 181:105013. [PMID: 35082036 PMCID: PMC8795694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pediculus lice represent one of the longest and most prevalent parasitic infestations of humans. Head lice are an economic and social concern whereas body lice pose a more serious public health threat. Significant progress has been made in the study of human lice over the last 10 years, allowing for new approaches in their control. An in vitro rearing system has made it possible to maintain insecticide-susceptible and -resistant reference strains, which allowed an in depth study of pediculicide resistance, including its underlying molecular mechanisms and the detection and monitoring of resistance. The generation of inbreed strains facilitated the efficient sequencing, assembly and annotation of the genomes and transcriptomes of both lice. The use of functional genomics and reverse genetics elucidated the genetics involved in the evolution of resistance and the discovery of novel target sites for the development of new pediculicides. In this review, four new effective pediculicide products, each with different mode of action and unique chemistries, will be presented. They have been found to be safe and selective, and control resistant lice. As such, they meet the criteria necessary to be used in rotations as a sustainable resistance management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
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Karthikeyan K, Aishwarya M, Elayaperumal S. Effectiveness of topical 0.5% ivermectin shampoo in the treatment of pediculosis capitis among school-going female children. Int J Trichology 2022; 14:55-59. [PMID: 35531485 PMCID: PMC9069911 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_157_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infestation in children. There are different treatment modalities that have been used in the treatment of pediculosis capitis from time immemorial, each with their own shortcomings. Increasing emergence of resistance to permethrin has led to the lookout for newer alternatives. Aims and Objectives: The role of topical ivermectin in the management of pediculosis in people with culturally different hair grooming practices is analyzed in this study. Materials and Methods: This observational open-label clinical study was conducted in September–November 2019 in the schools that were under the rural health center at South India among school-going female children aged between 13 and 16 years of age and diagnosed with pediculosis. Results: This study demonstrated that a single application of ivermectin shampoo was able to kill head lice in 86.2% of the participants. In participants with persistent infection (13.8%), a repeat application killed the entire louse and 100% efficacy was demonstrated. Topical ivermectin is devoid of systemic side effects of oral ivermectin. Topical ivermectin has found to be more effective than contemporary recommended agents such as malathion and permethrin.
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8
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Lizano-Díez I, Naharro J, Zsolt I. Indirect costs associated with skin infectious disease in children: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1325. [PMID: 34895206 PMCID: PMC8665520 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data in the literature on the indirect costs associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in the pediatric population. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the indirect costs associated with SSTIs in children. METHODS The search was conducted in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science up to January 2020. Thirteen search strategies were designed combining MeSH terms and free terms. SSTIs were defined as bacterial or viral infections, dermatomycoses, and parasitic infestations. Only primary studies were included. All analyzed costs were converted to 2020 Euros. RESULTS Thirteen of the identified publications presented indirect costs of SSTIs in children and were conducted in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Hungary, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Taiwan, and the USA. Nine studies described indirect costs associated with infection of Varicella-zoster virus: lost workdays by outpatient caregivers ranged from 0.27 to 7.8, and up to 6.14 if caring for inpatients; total productivity losses ranged from €1.16 to €257.46 per patient. Three studies reported indirect costs associated with acute bacterial SSTIs (community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in children: total productivity losses ranged from €1,814.39 to €8,224.06 per patient, based on impetigo, cellulitis, and folliculitis. One study of parasitic infestations (Pediculus humanus capitis) reported total indirect costs per patient of €68.57 (formal care) plus €21.41 due to time lost by parents in purchasing treatment. CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of SSTIs is highly relevant but underestimated due to the lack of studies reporting indirect costs. Further cost studies will allow a better understanding of the magnitude of the financial burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lizano-Díez
- Ferrer Internacional, S.A., Av Diagonal 549, 5th floor, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús Naharro
- Ferrer Internacional, S.A., Av Diagonal 549, 5th floor, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilonka Zsolt
- Ferrer Internacional, S.A., Av Diagonal 549, 5th floor, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Lice Infestations in the Pediatric Population. JOURNAL OF THE DERMATOLOGY NURSES' ASSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jdn.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Kositz C, Bradley J, Hutchins H, Last A, D'Alessandro U, Marks M. Broadening the range of use cases for ivermectin - a review of the evidence. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:201-212. [PMID: 34323283 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent that interferes with glutamate-gated chloride channels found in invertebrates but not in vertebrate species. Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin-based regimes has been a mainstay of elimination efforts targeting onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis for more than 3 decades. More recently, interest in the use of ivermectin to control other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as soil-transmitted helminths and scabies has grown. Interest has been further stimulated by the fact that ivermectin displays endectocidal efficacy against various Anopheles species capable of transmitting malaria. Therefore there is growing interest in using ivermectin MDA as a tool that might aid in the control of both malaria and several NTDs. In this review we outline the evidence base to date on these emerging indications for ivermectin MDA with reference to clinical and public health data and discuss the rationale for evaluating the range of impacts of a malaria ivermectin MDA on other NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kositz
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - John Bradley
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Harry Hutchins
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Capper Street, WC1E 6JB, London, UK
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Capper Street, WC1E 6JB, London, UK
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11
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Mathachan SR, Sardana K, Khurana A. Current Use of Ivermectin in Dermatology, Tropical Medicine, and COVID-19: An Update on Pharmacology, Uses, Proven and Varied Proposed Mechanistic Action. Indian Dermatol Online J 2021; 12:500-514. [PMID: 34430453 PMCID: PMC8354388 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_298_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug with anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effects. In this review, we discuss the history, pharmacology, multimodal actions, indications in dermatology and tropical medicine, therapeutic and prophylactic use of ivermectin in COVID-19, safety, adverse effects, special considerations, and drug interactions of ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Rose Mathachan
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kabir Sardana
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Khurana
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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12
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Chosidow O, Bernigaud C, Guillemot D, Giraudeau B, Lespine A, Changeux JP, Bourhy H, Lecuit M, Amoura Z. Ivermectin as a potential treatment for COVID-19? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009446. [PMID: 34061842 PMCID: PMC8168910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chosidow
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Groupe de recherche Dynamyc, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Groupe de recherche Dynamyc, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Didier Guillemot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti-Infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- AP-HP, Paris-Saclay, Public Health, Medical Information, Clinical Research, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion (EMAE), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Giraudeau
- UMR SPHERE Inserm U1246, Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, & INSERM CIC1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3571 Department of Neuroscience and Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus epidemiology and neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Intitut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), AP-HP, Groupement hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de médecine interne 2, Paris, France
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13
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Stevenson B, Tesfaye W, Christenson J, Mathew C, Abrha S, Peterson G, Samarawickrema I, Thomas J. Comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for treating head lice: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatr Open 2021; 5:e001129. [PMID: 34041368 PMCID: PMC8112437 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head lice infestation is a major public health problem around the globe. Its treatment is challenging due to product failures resulting from rapidly emerging resistance to existing treatments, incorrect treatment applications and misdiagnosis. Various head lice treatments with different mechanism of action have been developed and explored over the years, with limited report on systematic assessments of their efficacy and safety. This work aims to present a robust evidence summarising the interventions used in head lice. Method This is a systematic review and network meta-analysis which will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement for network meta-analyses. Selected databases, including PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be systematically searched for randomised controlled trials exploring head lice treatments. Searches will be limited to trials published in English from database inception till 2021. Grey literature will be identified through Open Grey, AHRQ, Grey Literature Report, Grey Matters, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry and International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry. Additional studies will be sought from reference lists of included studies. Study screening, selection, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality will be undertaken by two independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved via a third reviewer. The primary outcome measure is the relative risk of cure at 7 and 14 days postinitial treatment. Secondary outcome measures may include adverse drug events, ovicidal activity, treatment compliance and acceptability, and reinfestation. Information from direct and indirect evidence will be used to generate the effect sizes (relative risk) to compare the efficacy and safety of individual head lice treatments against a common comparator (placebo and/or permethrin). Risk of bias assessment will be undertaken by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations guideline for network meta-analysis. All quantitative analyses will be conducted using STATA V.16. Discussion The evidence generated from this systematic review and meta-analysis is intended for use in evidence-driven treatment of head lice infestations and will be instrumental in informing health professionals, public health practitioners and policy-makers. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017073375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Stevenson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wubshet Tesfaye
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Julia Christenson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cynthia Mathew
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Solomon Abrha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Indira Samarawickrema
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jackson Thomas
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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14
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The molecular targets of ivermectin and lotilaner in the human louse Pediculus humanus humanus: New prospects for the treatment of pediculosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008863. [PMID: 33600484 PMCID: PMC7891696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of infestation by cosmopolitan lice (Pediculus humanus) is increasingly difficult due to the transmission of parasites resistant to pediculicides. However, since the targets for pediculicides have no been identified in human lice so far, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. The macrocyclic lactone ivermectin is active against a broad range of insects including human lice. Isoxazolines are a new chemical class exhibiting a strong insecticidal potential. They preferentially act on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor made of the resistant to dieldrin (RDL) subunit and, to a lesser extent on glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) in some species. Here, we addressed the pediculicidal potential of isoxazolines and deciphered the molecular targets of ivermectin and the ectoparasiticide lotilaner in the human body louse species Pediculus humanus humanus. Using toxicity bioassays, we showed that fipronil, ivermectin and lotilaner are efficient pediculicides on adult lice. The RDL (Phh-RDL) and GluCl (Phh-GluCl) subunits were cloned and characterized by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Phh-RDL and Phh-GluCl formed functional homomeric receptors respectively gated by GABA and L-glutamate with EC50 values of 16.0 μM and 9.3 μM. Importantly, ivermectin displayed a super agonist action on Phh-GluCl, whereas Phh-RDL receptors were weakly affected. Reversally, lotilaner strongly inhibited the GABA-evoked currents in Phh-RDL with an IC50 value of 40.7 nM, whereas it had no effect on Phh-GluCl. We report here for the first time the insecticidal activity of isoxazolines on human ectoparasites and reveal the mode of action of ivermectin and lotilaner on GluCl and RDL channels from human lice. These results emphasize an expected extension of the use of the isoxazoline drug class as new pediculicidal agents to tackle resistant-louse infestations in humans. Human cosmopolitan lice are responsible for pediculosis, which represent a significant public health concern. Resistant lice against insecticides and lack of safety of the treatments for human and environment is a growing issue worldwide. Here we investigated the efficacy on lice of the classical macrocyclic lactone drug, ivermectin, and of the isoxazoline drug, lotilaner. This study was done to decipher their mode of action at the molecular and functional levels in order to propose new strategies to control lice infestation. Our bioassay results indicate that ivermectin and lotilaner were potent at killing human adult lice, with lotilaner showing a higher efficacy than ivermectin. Furthermore, we identified and pharmacologically characterized the first glutamate- and GABA-gated chloride channels ever described in human lice yet. Mechanistically, our molecular biology and electrophysiology findings demonstrate that ivermectin acted preferentially at glutamate channels, while lotilaner specifically targeted GABA channels. These results provide new insights in the understanding of the insecticide mode of action and highlight the potential of isoxazolines as a new alternative for the treatment of human lice.
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15
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Morton SK, Morton A. Skin infections in Australian Aboriginal children: a narrative review. Med J Aust 2020; 213:286-286.e1. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Morton
- Mater Misericordiae Health Services Brisbane Brisbane QLD
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16
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Davidson L, Bowen AC. Skin infections in Australian Aboriginal children: a narrative review. Med J Aust 2020; 213:287-287.e1. [PMID: 32860232 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA
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17
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Mumcuoglu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed DL, Barker SC, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan-Ozkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele RH. International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:272-280. [PMID: 32767380 PMCID: PMC7984059 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the 'no-nit' policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard J Pollack
- Harvard University, Environmental Health and Safety, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David L Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Discipline of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shirley Gordon
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Buenos Aires (CIPEIN-CITEFA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Picollo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Buenos Aires (CIPEIN-CITEFA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey.,Near-East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Habedank
- Umweltbundesamt - German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Djohan V, Angora KE, Miezan S, Bédia AK, Konaté A, Vanga-Bosson AH, Kassi FK, Kiki-Barro P, Yavo W, Menan EI. Pediculosis capitis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: Epidemiological profile and associated risk factors. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00159. [PMID: 32715112 PMCID: PMC7371914 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis (PC) is a parasitic infestation, common in children's communities caused by Pediculus humanus capitis. Various factors including infestation-related stigma, treatment cost and health risks make this infestation deserves special attention. This study aims to determine epidemiological profile of pediculosis capitis twenty years after the last study in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. An epidemiological cross-sectional survey was carried out from April to June 2018 across 40 public primary schools in the ten districts of Abidjan. Data from schoolchildren and parents and/or guardians were collected using a pretested questionnaire after agreement and signature of the informed consent form. Head lice were identified visually with a magnifying glass, and then collected using fine combs and hairbrushes. The positive diagnosis was made by the detection of living lice in the hair. Of the 4, 805 included participants, 28 (0.58%) were hosting living lice in hair. Analysis of associated factors showed that gender related-status was associated with PC. In this case, girls were more affected than boys (p=0.018). Plateau, Treichville and Port Bouët municipalities were the most affected (p=0.018). The length hair was associated with the occurrence of PC (p<0,001). Schoolchildren from families with low monthly income was most infected by PC (p=0.023). Some parameters such as promiscuity and collective use of washing facilities and bedding, were not found to be associated to head lice infestation. This study shows a drastic decrease of PC prevalence in Abidjan corresponding to 97%. This could be due to the improvement in the quality of life and education of the population of Abidjan. The establishment of hygiene committees and the teaching of basic hygiene practices from the first school years have contributed to these achievements. Maintaining these measures will contribute to the sustainable elimination of CP among children in Abidjan.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Djohan
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K E Angora
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - S Miezan
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A K Bédia
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Konaté
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A H Vanga-Bosson
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - F K Kassi
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pcm Kiki-Barro
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - W Yavo
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - E I Menan
- Département de parasitologie-mycologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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19
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Treatment of Head Louse Infestation with a Novel Mixture Made of Semi-Crystalline Polymers and Plant Extracts: Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Superiority Trial. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of head louse infestations is increasing. Most of the neurotoxic treatments are not reliably ovicidal and are faced with genetic resistance. The treatments based on a mechanical mode of action show no sufficient efficacy, transferring the chances of a cure on a tedious combing or leaving the hair fatty. This double-blinded, randomized, controlled, superiority trial evaluates the efficacy and safety of a novel mixture made of semi-crystalline polymers and plant extracts. Forty-five participants received a single application of either 1% Permethrin lotion or the novel lotion, applied for 15 minutes. Untreated and treated nits were collected and placed in an incubator during 10 days. The worst case intent-to-treat analysis found the novel lotion significantly more effective than 1% Permethrin, with 21/22 (95.5%) participants cured and 9/23 (39.1%), respectively (p < 0.0001). Rate of viable nymphs was 0.5 (2.1) for the new lotion and 40.8 (20.4) for the 1% Permethrin. The new lotion cures head louse infestations, offering an effective alternative treatment, with a high efficacy for inhibiting the hatching of eggs. Its physical actions on lice and their eggs should not be affected by resistance to neurotoxic insecticides.
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20
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Ectoparasites. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:551-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Billingsley P, Binka F, Chaccour C, Foy B, Gold S, Gonzalez-Silva M, Jacobson J, Jagoe G, Jones C, Kachur P, Kobylinski K, Last A, Lavery JV, Mabey D, Mboera D, Mbogo C, Mendez-Lopez A, Rabinovich NR, Rees S, Richards F, Rist C, Rockwood J, Ruiz-Castillo P, Sattabongkot J, Saute F, Slater H, Steer A, Xia K, Zullinger R. A Roadmap for the Development of Ivermectin as a Complementary Malaria Vector Control Tool. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:3-24. [PMID: 31971144 PMCID: PMC7008306 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of stalling progress against malaria, resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides, and residual transmission, mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin, an endectocide used for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), has emerged as a promising complementary vector control method. Ivermectin reduces the life span of Anopheles mosquitoes that feed on treated humans and/or livestock, potentially decreasing malaria parasite transmission when administered at the community level. Following the publication by WHO of the preferred product characteristics for endectocides as vector control tools, this roadmap provides a comprehensive view of processes needed to make ivermectin available as a vector control tool by 2024 with a completely novel mechanism of action. The roadmap covers various aspects, which include 1) the definition of optimal dosage/regimens for ivermectin MDA in both humans and livestock, 2) the risk of resistance to the drug and environmental impact, 3) ethical issues, 4) political and community engagement, 5) translation of evidence into policy, and 6) operational aspects of large-scale deployment of the drug, all in the context of a drug given as a prevention tool acting at the community level. The roadmap reflects the insights of a multidisciplinary group of global health experts who worked together to elucidate the path to inclusion of ivermectin in the toolbox against malaria, to address residual transmission, counteract insecticide resistance, and contribute to the end of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred Binka
- University of Health and Allied Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Last
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | | | - David Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cassidy Rist
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech
| | - Rose Zullinger
- US President’s Malaria Initiative/US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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22
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:474. [PMID: 32039050 PMCID: PMC6990135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. Phylogenetically, they are classified on six mitochondrial clades (A, B, C, D, E, and F), head louse encompasses the full genetic diversity of clades, while body louse belongs to clades A and D. Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The transcriptome analyses showed that body and head lice were almost genetically identical. Indeed, the phenotypic flexibility associated with the emergence of body lice, is probably a result of regulatory changes, perhaps epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental signals. Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. For instance, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising pediculicide. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has begun to be reported. Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. Our objective here is to review the current state of knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, disease-vector and control of this fascinating and very intimate human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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23
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Mekuriaw W, Balkew M, Messenger LA, Yewhalaw D, Woyessa A, Massebo F. The effect of ivermectin ® on fertility, fecundity and mortality of Anopheles arabiensis fed on treated men in Ethiopia. Malar J 2019; 18:357. [PMID: 31703736 PMCID: PMC6842263 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is a growing threat to malaria vector control. Ivermectin, either administered to humans or animals, may represent an alternate strategy to reduce resistant mosquito populations. The aim of this study was to assess the residual or delayed effect of administering a single oral dose of ivermectin to humans on the survival, fecundity and fertility of Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia. Methods Six male volunteers aged 25–40 years (weight range 64–72 kg) were recruited; four of them received a recommended single oral dose of 12 mg ivermectin and the other two individuals were untreated controls. A fully susceptible insectary colony of An. arabiensis was fed on treated and control participants at 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days post ivermectin-administration. Daily mosquito mortality was recorded for 5 days. An. arabiensis fecundity and fertility were measured from day 7 post treatment, by dissection to examine the number of eggs per mosquito, and by observing larval hatching rates, respectively. Results Ivermectin treatment induced significantly higher An. arabiensis mortality on days 1 and 4, compared to untreated controls (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, this effect had declined by day 7, with no significant difference in mortality between treated and control groups (p = 0.06). The mean survival time of mosquitoes fed on day 1 was 2.1 days, while those fed on day 4 survived 4.0 days. Mosquitoes fed on the treatment group at day 7 and 10 produced significantly lower numbers of eggs compared to the untreated controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively). An. arabiensis fed on day 7 on treated men also had lower larval hatching rates than mosquitoes fed on days 10 and 13 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion A single oral dose of ivermectin given to humans can induce mortality and reduce survivorship of An. arabiensis for 7 days after treatment. Ivermectin also had a delayed effect on fecundity of An. arabiensis that took bloodmeals from treated individuals on day 7 and 10. Additional studies are warranted using wild, insecticide-resistant mosquito populations, to confirm findings and a phase III evaluation among community members in Ethiopia is needed to determine the impact of ivermectin on malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondemeneh Mekuriaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI Vectorlink Project in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Woyessa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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24
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Singhasivanon OU, Lawpoolsri S, Mungthin M, Yimsamran S, Soonthornworasiri N, Krudsood S. Prevalence and Alternative Treatment of Head-Lice Infestation in Rural Thailand: A Community-Based Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:499-504. [PMID: 31715690 PMCID: PMC6851250 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Head-lice infestation, pediculosis capitis, remains a public-health burden in many countries. The widely used first-line pediculicides and alternative treatments are often too costly for use in poor socio-economic settings. Ivermectin has been considered an alternate treatment for field practice. This study was composed of 2 parts, a cross-sectional survey and an intervention study. The main objectives were to determine the prevalence and potential factors associated with head-lice infestation, and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral ivermectin administration. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 890 villagers in rural areas along Thai-Myanmar border. Females with infestations were eligible for the intervention study, and 181 participated in the intervention study. A post-treatment survey was conducted to assess acceptance of ivermectin as a treatment choice. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and a generalized-estimation-equation model adjusted for cluster effect. The study revealed the prevalence of head-lice infestation was 50% among females and only 3% among males. Age stratification showed a high prevalence among females aged <20 years, and among 50% of female school-children. The prevalence was persistent among those with a history of infestation. The major risk factors were residing in a setting with other infected cases, and sharing a hair comb. The study also confirmed that ivermectin was safe and effective for field-based practice. It was considered a preferable treatment option. In conclusion, behavior-change communication should be implemented to reduce the observed high prevalence of headlice infestation. Ivermectin may be an alternative choice for head-lice treatment, especially in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- On-uma Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surapon Yimsamran
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Srivicha Krudsood
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Levy M, Martin L, Bursztejn A, Chiaverini C, Miquel J, Mahé E, Maruani A, Boralevi F. Ivermectin safety in infants and children under 15 kg treated for scabies: a multicentric observational study. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:1003-1006. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Levy
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Children's Hospital Bordeaux University Hospital Bordeaux France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pédiatrique 1401 Module Plurithématique Bordeaux University Bordeaux France
| | - L. Martin
- Department of Dermatology Angers University Hospital Angers France
| | - A.‐C. Bursztejn
- Department of Dermatology Nancy University Hospital Nancy France
| | - C. Chiaverini
- Department of Dermatology Nice University Hospital Nice France
| | - J. Miquel
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit Saint‐Pierre University Hospital Saint‐Pierre la Réunion France
| | - E. Mahé
- Department of Dermatology Hôpital Victor Dupouy Argenteuil France
| | - A. Maruani
- Department of Dermatology Tours University Hospital Tours France
| | - F. Boralevi
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Children's Hospital Bordeaux University Hospital Bordeaux France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pédiatrique 1401 Module Plurithématique Bordeaux University Bordeaux France
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Kalari H, Soltani A, Azizi K, Faramarzi H, Moemenbellah-Fard MD. Comparative efficacy of three pediculicides to treat head lice infestation in primary school girls: a randomised controlled assessor blind trial in rural Iran. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 31510998 PMCID: PMC6739928 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-019-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Head lice infestation (Pediculosis) is one of the most important health challenges particularly in primary school-aged children. It is often present among 6–11-year-old students in various tropical and temperate regions of the world. The aim of this study was to examine epidemiologic indices and comparative analysis of two pyrethroid-based and one non-chemical pediculicide products on head lice treatment of primary school girls in a rural setting of Fars province, south Iran, as part of a randomized controlled assessor blind trial. Methods Before treatment, infested students were screened using plastic detection combs to find live head lice. Three independent parallel groups, each with about 25 participants (#77) were eventually twice with a week apart treated with either 1% permethrin, 0.2% parasidose (d-phenothrin) or 4% dimeticone lotion preparations. In each case, a questionnaire form was completed on epidemiologic factors. Data were registered after a fortnight from primary scalp treatment and re-inspection on days 2, 6, 9 and 14. Data analyses were performed using Chi-square test with a P-value < 0.05 being taken as statistically significant. Results From 3728 inspected students, 87 (2.33%) girls were infested with head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1778. Ten students dropped out pertaining to exclusion criteria. No significant correlation was found between head lice infestation level and hair length, hair style, itching, nationality, age, settlement site and baths; but there was a significant relationship between age and hair style (P = 0.027). The efficacy values on each of the above re-inspection days from each of the three treatments were 81, 74, 70 and 63% for permethrin; 83, 92, 100 and 100% for dimeticone; and 96, 88, 96 and 92% for d-phenothrin; respectively. A quartile difference in efficacy of permethrin relative to dimeticone on day 14 represented the scale of head lice resistance to permethrin treatment. There were significant statistical differences in case re-inspection days 9 (P = 0.008) and 14 (P = 0.003) post treatment. Only two dropout cases, one non-compliant and the other lost before the second-week treatment, from permethrin trial were observed following two applications a week apart. Conclusions Dimeticone lotion had the fullest efficacy (100%) among all treatments. This high cure rate was attributed to the low level of infestation and the extent of patients’ involvement. Parasidose swiftly ameliorated the infested cases by the second day since initial treatment. Female third grade students were the most infested cohort. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials- IRCT2016041627408N1, Dated: 21-08-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Kalari
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Faramarzi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Ivermectin Impairs the Development of Sexual and Asexual Stages of Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00085-19. [PMID: 31109978 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is the drug of choice for many parasitic infections, with more than one billion doses being distributed in onchocerciasis programs. The drug has been put into focus recently by the malaria community because of its potential to kill blood-sucking mosquitoes, thereby reducing malaria transmission. However, the activity of ivermectin against the malaria parasite itself has been only partly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of ivermectin against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum Both asexual and late-stage gametocytes were incubated with ivermectin and control drugs in vitro The growth-inhibiting effects were assessed for asexual stages of different Plasmodium falciparum laboratory strains and culture-adapted clinical isolates using the histidine-rich protein 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The effect against stage IV/V gametocytes was evaluated based on ATP quantification. Ivermectin showed activities at nanomolar concentrations against asexual stages (50% inhibitory concentration of ∼100 nM) and stage IV/V gametocytes (500 nM) of P. falciparum Stage-specific assays suggested that ivermectin arrests the parasite cycle at the trophozoite stage. Ivermectin might add a feature to its "wonder drug" properties with activity against asexual stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum The observed activities might be difficult to reach with current regimens but will be more relevant with future high-dose regimens under investigation. Further studies should be performed to confirm these results in vitro and in vivo.
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Krolewiecki AJ, Alvarez LI. Ivermectin for the Treatment of Soil-Transmitted Helmithiases. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Suny Coscione
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kositz
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Marks
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, Mortimer Market, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ashour DS. Ivermectin: From theory to clinical application. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:134-142. [PMID: 31071469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 250 million people have been using ivermectin (IVM) annually to combat many parasitic diseases including filariasis, onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, scabies and pediculosis. Many clinical studies have proven its efficacy against these diseases and have reported the optimum dose and duration of treatment. Moreover, its antiparasitic range has increased to cover more parasitic infections, but it still requires further exploration, e.g. for trichinosis and myiasis. Furthermore, IVM showed high efficacy in killing vectors of disease-causing parasites such as mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has managed many control programmes involving the use of IVM to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis and to reduce malaria transmission. However, IVM is not exempt from the possibility of resistance and, certainly, its intensive use has led to the emergence of resistance in some parasites. Recent research is investigating the possibility of novel drug delivery systems for IVM that increase its potential to treat a new range of diseases and to overcome the possibility of drug resistance. This review highlights the most common human uses of IVM, with special reference to the new and promising properties of IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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32
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de Pablo Màrquez B. [Update on human head lice]. Semergen 2019; 45:128-133. [PMID: 30552037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Head lice is a common condition, and it causes great concern in parents of the affected child. Resistance to the most common treatment has been reported recently, due to an indiscriminate use. A review is presented on this condition and its available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Pablo Màrquez
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa / CAP Valldoreix, Terrassa, España.
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Killing Clothes Lice by Holding Infested Clothes Away from Hosts for 10 Days to Control Louseborne Relapsing Fever, Bahir Dah, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6346454 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.181226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Louseborne relapsing fever (LBRF) was once a cosmopolitan disease, but it now occurs only in the Horn of Africa. Recent cases in refugees to Europe made LBRF topical again. Crowded boarding houses and church dwellings in Ethiopia are analogous to the crowded air-raid shelters of World War II. Thus, we might learn from experiments the London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine conducted during World War II. When the vector of Borrelia recurrentis (Pediculus humanus lice) was held away from the host for 10 days, 100% of nymphal and adult lice starved to death and 100% of eggs did not hatch. We hypothesize that holding infested clothes away from hosts in plastic shopping bags will kill enough lice to control LBRF in Ethiopia. Owning 2 sets of clothes might be useful; 1 set might be held in a plastic shopping bag for 10 days to kill lice and their eggs.
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Wang W, Yang LL, Luo SM, Ma JY, Zhao Y, Shen W, Yin S. Toxic effects and possible mechanisms following malathion exposure in porcine granulosa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:172-180. [PMID: 30445373 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malathion is a wide spectrum organophosphorothionate insecticide that is frequently found in drinking water, food and foodstuffs. Ovarian granulosa cells modulate oogenesis by providing metabolic nutrients to oocytes. They can decide the fate of folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation by supplying regulatory cues that help in reproduction. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of malathion as a reproductive toxicant in porcine granulosa cells. In the present study, we found that malathion has obvious toxic effects on cultured porcine granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Malathion exposure resulted in significantly increased oxidative stress levels and DNA damage response, which was measured by the mRNA expression levels of homologous recombination (HR) pathway and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway-related genes. Subsequently, it was found that malathion exposure could induce apoptosis and autophagy by qRT-PCR and fluorescence intensity analysis. In conclusion, malathion is a reproductive toxicant by inhibiting granulosa cell proliferation by multiple pathways connected to oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Kim JH, Moreau JA, Ali Y, Razo P, Hong KB, Yoon KS, Clark JM. RNA interference validation of detoxification genes involved in ivermectin tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:651-660. [PMID: 29888824 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we observed increased transcription levels of specific cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes in human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus, following exposure to ivermectin using the non-invasive induction assay, which resulted in tolerance. To confirm the roles of these genes in induction and tolerance, the robust genetic model insect Drosophila melanogaster was chosen. Orthologous genes corresponding to the body louse P450 (Cyp9f2, Cyp6g2 and Cyp9h1) and ABC transporter (Mrp1, GC1824 as an ABCB type and CG3327 as an ABCG type) genes were selected for in vivo bioassay. Following a brief treatment with a sublethal dose of ivermectin, the mortality response was significantly slower, indicating the presence of tolerance. Concurrently, the transcription levels of Cyp9f2 and Mrp1 at 3 h and those of Cyp6g2, Cyp9h1, Mrp1, CG1824 and CG3327 at 6 h post-treatment were upregulated, indicating gene induction. In behavioural bioassay using GAL4/UAS-RNA interference transgenic fly lines, increased susceptibility to ivermectin was observed following heat shock in the Cyp9f2 , Cyp6g2 , Cyp9h1 , Mrp1 or CG3327-knockdown flies. Considering that these five genes are orthologous to those which had the largest over-expression level following ivermectin-induced tolerance in the body louse, the current results suggest that they are also associated with ivermectin detoxification in D. melanogaster and that body lice and D. melanogaster are likely to share, in part, similar mechanisms of tolerance to ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - J A Moreau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Y Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - P Razo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - K B Hong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - K S Yoon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - J M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Impact of ivermectin administered for scabies treatment on the prevalence of head lice in Atoifi, Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006825. [PMID: 30252856 PMCID: PMC6173439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies and head lice are ubiquitous ectoparasitic infestations that are common across the Pacific Islands. Ivermectin is an effective treatment for both conditions, although the doses used vary. At a community level, mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin is an effective strategy to decrease prevalence of scabies. To what extent MDA with ivermectin will also reduce prevalence of head lice is unknown. Methodology Head lice prevalence was assessed before and after MDA with oral ivermectin (at a dose of 200 micrograms per kilogram of body weight) administered on day 1 and day 8. The primary outcome was the change in prevalence of head louse infestation at two weeks compared to baseline. Longer term efficacy was assessed three months after MDA. Results 118 participants were enrolled. Baseline prevalence of active head louse infestation was 25.4% (95% CI 18.4–34.0). At two-week follow-up, prevalence was 2.5% (95% CI 0.9–7.2), a relative reduction of 89.1% (95% CI 72.7–91.4%, p<0.001). At three-month follow-up, prevalence was 7.5% (95% CI 2.7–12.3), a relative reduction of 70.6% (95% CI 72.7%-91.4%, p <0.001). Head louse infestation was associated with younger age (age ≤10 years: prevalence 46.7%; adjusted odds ratio compared to adults of 7.2, 95%CI 2.0–25.9) and with having at least one other member of the household with active head louse infestation (adjusted odds ratio 4.3, 95%CI 1.7–11.1). Conclusions Head louse infestation is common in the Solomon Islands. This proof of principle study shows that oral ivermectin at a dose of 200 micrograms per kilogram can reduce the burden of active head louse infestation, offering an additional collateral benefit of MDA with ivermectin for scabies control. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03236168. Head lice and scabies are both caused by ectoparasites and lead to itchy skin conditions that are associated with secondary bacterial infections and social stigma. Both are common in developing countries. In the Solomon Islands, mass treatment of communities using ivermectin (at dose of 200 micrograms per kilogram) has been shown to be an effective strategy in reducing scabies prevalence. This study shows that the same dose of ivermectin and the same regime of mass drug administration is also effective at reducing the burden of head louse infestation, offering an additional benefit to community wide treatment.
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Nappez C, Ben-Amara A, Decloquement P, Azza S, Bechah Y, Chabrière E, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Complexin in ivermectin resistance in body lice. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007569. [PMID: 30080859 PMCID: PMC6108520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin has emerged as very promising pediculicide, particularly in cases of resistance to commonly used pediculicides. Recently, however, the first field-evolved ivermectin-resistance in lice was reported. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying ivermectin-resistance, we both looked for mutations in the ivermectin-target site (GluCl) and searched the entire proteome for potential new loci involved in resistance from laboratory susceptible and ivermectin-selected resistant body lice. Polymorphism analysis of cDNA GluCl showed no non-silent mutations. Proteomic analysis identified 22 differentially regulated proteins, of which 13 were upregulated and 9 were downregulated in the resistant strain. We evaluated the correlation between mRNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR and found that the trend in transcriptional variation was consistent with the proteomic changes. Among differentially expressed proteins, a complexin i.e. a neuronal protein which plays a key role in regulating neurotransmitter release, was shown to be the most significantly down-expressed in the ivermectin-resistant lice. Moreover, DNA-mutation analysis revealed that some complexin transcripts from resistant lice gained a premature stop codon, suggesting that this down-expression might be due, in part, to secondary effects of a nonsense mutation inside the gene. We further confirmed the association between complexin and ivermectin-resistance by RNA-interfering and found that knocking down the complexin expression induces resistance to ivermectin in susceptible lice. Our results provide evidence that complexin plays a significant role in regulating ivermectin resistance in body lice and represents the first evidence that links complexin to insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Nappez
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Amira Ben-Amara
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Said Azza
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Yassina Bechah
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (DR); (OM)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (DR); (OM)
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Mutations in GluCl associated with field ivermectin-resistant head lice from Senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:593-598. [PMID: 30055248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Through its unique mode of action, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising tool to fight against human lice, especially in cases of resistance to commonly used pediculicides. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has already begun to be reported. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved is a key step in delaying and tackling this phenomenon. In this study, field head lice with confirmed clinical resistance to ivermectin in rural human populations from Senegal were subjected to genetic analysis targeting the GluCl gene, the primary target of ivermectin known to be involved in resistance. Through DNA-polymorphism analysis, three relevant non-synonymous mutations in GluCl which were found only in ivermectin-resistant head lice (76 head lice tested), were identified. The A251V mutation found in the TM3 transmembrane domain was the most prevalent (allelic frequency of 0.33), followed by the S46P mutation (0.28) located at the N-terminal extracellular domain. The H272R was in the M3-M4 linker transmembrane region of GluCl and has shown the lowest frequency (0.18). Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) diagnostic assays were also developed for their accurate genotyping. Our study is the first to report the presence of GluCl point mutations in clinical ivermectin-resistant head lice occurring in rural human populations of Senegal.
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Chosidow O, Bernigaud C, Do-Pham G. High-dose ivermectin in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a new step in the development of a neglected drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:33. [PMID: 30016258 PMCID: PMC6050034 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the absence of high-level evidence from dose-ranging studies regarding the use of oral ivermectin in susceptible parasitic diseases. We provide published data supporting the use of a higher dosage regimen of ivermectin in malaria and difficult-to-treat head lice, and announce an ongoing randomized clinical trial in severe scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France - Research group EpiDermE (Epidémiologie en Dermatologie et Evaluation des Thérapeutiques) EA 7379, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France - French Satellite of the Cochrane Skin Group, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France - Research Group Dynamyc, EA7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Giao Do-Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
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Sanchezruiz WL, Nuzum DS, Kouzi SA. Oral ivermectin for the treatment of head lice infestation. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2018; 75:937-943. [PMID: 29789316 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp170464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Published literature describing the use of oral ivermectin for the treatment of head lice infestation is reviewed. SUMMARY In the United States and globally, head lice infestation, or pediculosis capitis, remains a public health issue with both social and medical implications. Treatment with oral or topical medications is typically required for head lice eradication. Resistance to traditional topical therapies for head lice infestation is increasing, creating a need for consideration of additional treatment options. A growing body of data describing the potential role of oral ivermectin for the treatment or prevention of head lice infestation is available. A literature search identified 5 clinical trials that evaluated safety and/or effectiveness outcomes of oral ivermectin use as an alternative to malathion, other topical prescription medications, and traditional, nonprescription remedies; those studies were conducted in various parts of the world (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt) and likely involved varying types and degrees of lice resistance. Clinical research findings to date, while not consistently robust, suggest that oral ivermectin is comparable or superior in effectiveness to other topical treatment options for head lice infestation while being well tolerated and favorably perceived by patients and caretakers. CONCLUSION Oral ivermectin is an option for the treatment of head lice infestation, especially in individuals who have experienced a treatment failure. Published evidence from clinical trials indicates that oral ivermectin is as effective as currently available topical treatments.
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Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Cranswick N, Gwee A. Question 1: Is it safe to use ivermectin in children less than five years of age and weighing less than 15 kg? Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:514-519. [PMID: 29463522 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Wilkins
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel Cranswick
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Gwee
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Smit MR, Ochomo EO, Aljayyoussi G, Kwambai TK, Abong'o BO, Chen T, Bousema T, Slater HC, Waterhouse D, Bayoh NM, Gimnig JE, Samuels AM, Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Kariuki SK, Wang D, Ward SA, Ter Kuile FO. Safety and mosquitocidal efficacy of high-dose ivermectin when co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Kenyan adults with uncomplicated malaria (IVERMAL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:615-626. [PMID: 29602751 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is being considered for mass drug administration for malaria due to its ability to kill mosquitoes feeding on recently treated individuals. However, standard, single doses of 150-200 μg/kg used for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis have a short-lived mosquitocidal effect (<7 days). Because ivermectin is well tolerated up to 2000 μg/kg, we aimed to establish the safety, tolerability, and mosquitocidal efficacy of 3 day courses of high-dose ivermectin, co-administered with a standard malaria treatment. METHODS We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial at the Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (Kisumu, Kenya). Adults (aged 18-50 years) were eligible if they had confirmed symptomatic uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and agreed to the follow-up schedule. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) using sealed envelopes, stratified by sex and body-mass index (men: <21 vs ≥21 kg/m2; women: <23 vs ≥23 kg/m2), with permuted blocks of three, to receive 3 days of ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day, ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day, or placebo, all co-administered with 3 days of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Blood of patients taken on post-treatment days 0, 2 + 4 h, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 was fed to laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes, and mosquito survival was assessed daily for 28 days after feeding. The primary outcome was 14-day cumulative mortality of mosquitoes fed 7 days after ivermectin treatment (from participants who received at least one dose of study medication). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02511353. FINDINGS Between July 20, 2015, and May 7, 2016, 741 adults with malaria were assessed for eligibility, of whom 141 were randomly assigned to receive ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day (n=47), ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day (n=48), or placebo (n=46). 128 patients (91%) attended the primary outcome visit 7 days post treatment. Compared with placebo, ivermectin was associated with higher 14 day post-feeding mosquito mortality when fed on blood taken 7 days post treatment (ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day risk ratio [RR] 2·26, 95% CI 1·93-2·65, p<0·0001; hazard ratio [HR] 6·32, 4·61-8·67, p<0·0001; ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day RR 2·18, 1·86-2·57, p<0·0001; HR 4·21, 3·06-5·79, p<0·0001). Mosquito mortality remained significantly increased 28 days post treatment (ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day RR 1·23, 1·01-1·50, p=0·0374; and ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day 1·21, 1·01-1·44, p=0·0337). Five (11%) of 45 patients receiving ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day, two (4%) of 48 patients receiving ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day, and none of 46 patients receiving placebo had one or more treatment-related adverse events. INTERPRETATION Ivermectin at both doses assessed was well tolerated and reduced mosquito survival for at least 28 days after treatment. Ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day for 3 days provided a good balance between efficacy and tolerability, and this drug shows promise as a potential new tool for malaria elimination. FUNDING Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R Smit
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Eric O Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Titus K Kwambai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Health, Kisumu County, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bernard O Abong'o
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Tao Chen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah C Slater
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nabie M Bayoh
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John E Gimnig
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron M Samuels
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meghna R Desai
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Simon K Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Duolao Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve A Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Chemical, physical, and mechanical methods are used to control human lice. Attempts have been made to eradicate head lice Pediculus humanus capitis by hot air, soaking in various fluids or asphyxiation using occlusive treatments. In this study, we assessed the maximum time that head lice can survive anoxia (oxygen deprivation) and their ability to survive prolonged water immersion. We also observed the ingress of fluids across louse tracheae and spiracle characteristics contrasting with those described in the literature. We showed that 100% of lice can withstand 8 h of anoxia and 12.2% survived 14 h of anoxia; survival was 48.9% in the untreated control group at 14 h. However, all lice had died following 16 h of anoxia. In contrast, the survival rate of water-immersed lice was significantly higher when compared with non-immersed lice after 6 h (100% vs. 76.6%, p = 0.0037), and 24 h (50.9% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.0003). Although water-immersed lice did not close their spiracles, water did not penetrate into the respiratory system. In contrast, immersion in colored dimeticone/cyclomethicone or colored ethanol resulted in penetration through the spiracles and spreading to the entire respiratory system within 30 min, leading to death in 100% of the lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerdalidec Candy
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France - Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée infection), Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Patrick Nicolas
- Unit of Pharmacology, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Remi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée infection), Marseille, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France - Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée infection), Marseille, France
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Kim JH, Gellatly KJ, Lueke B, Kohler M, Nauen R, Murenzi E, Yoon KS, Clark JM. Detoxification of ivermectin by ATP binding cassette transporter C4 and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 6CJ1 in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:73-82. [PMID: 28960749 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that ivermectin-induced detoxification genes, including ATP binding cassette transporter C4 (PhABCC4) and cytochrome P450 6CJ1 (CYP6CJ1) were identified from body lice following a brief exposure to a sublethal dose of ivermectin using a non-invasive induction assay. In this current study, the functional properties of PhABCC4 and CYP6CJ1 were investigated after expression in either X. laevis oocytes or using a baculovirus expression system, respectively. Efflux of [3 H]-9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl) adenine ([3 H]-PMEA), a known ABCC4 substrate in humans, was detected from PhABCC4 cRNA-injected oocytes by liquid scintillation spectrophotometric analysis and PhABCC4 expression in oocytes was confirmed using ABC transporter inhibitors. Efflux was also determined to be ATP-dependent. Using a variety of insecticides in a competition assay, only co-injection of ivermectin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane led to decreased efflux of [3 H]-PMEA. PhABCC4-expressing oocytes also directly effluxed [3 H]-ivermectin, which increased over time. In addition, ivermectin appeared to be oxidatively metabolized and/or sequestered, although at low levels, following functional expression of CYP6CJ1 along with cytochrome P450 reductase in Sf9 cells. Our study suggests that PhABCC4 and perhaps CYP6CJ1 are involved in the Phase III and Phase I xenobiotic metabolism of ivermectin, respectively, and may play an important role in the evolution of ivermectin resistance in lice and other insects as field selection occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - K J Gellatly
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - B Lueke
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - M Kohler
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - R Nauen
- Crop Science Division, R&D, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - E Murenzi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - K S Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - J M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Alter SJ, McDonald MB, Schloemer J, Simon R, Trevino J. Common Child and Adolescent Cutaneous Infestations and Fungal Infections. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2018; 48:3-25. [PMID: 29198783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous infections and infestations are common among children and adolescents. Ectoparasitic infestations affect individuals across the globe. Head lice, body lice, scabies, and infestations with bed bugs are seen in individuals who reside in both resource poor areas and in developed countries. Superficial cutaneous and mucosal candida infections occur throughout the life cycle. Dermatophyte infections of keratin-containing skin and skin structures result in tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (foot), and tinea unguium (nails). Less frequent endemic fungal infections such as blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, and histoplasmosis may present with skin findings. This article will describe the epidemiology and transmission of these conditions as well as their clinical manifestations. The approach to diagnosis will be addressed as well as primary prevention and current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherman J Alter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH; Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Megan B McDonald
- United States Air Force, OIC Pediatrics Clinic, 28 MDOS/SGOK, Ellsworth Air Force Base, SD
| | - Julie Schloemer
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Ryan Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH; Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Julian Trevino
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
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Durand R, Andriantsoanirina V, Brun S, Laroche L, Izri A. A case of severe pediculosis capitis. Int J Dermatol 2017; 57:e14-e15. [PMID: 29265348 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Durand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Valérie Andriantsoanirina
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Liliane Laroche
- Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
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Chandler RE. Serious Neurological Adverse Events after Ivermectin-Do They Occur beyond the Indication of Onchocerciasis? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:382-388. [PMID: 29210346 PMCID: PMC5929173 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious neurological adverse events have been reported from large scale community-based ivermectin treatment campaigns against Onchocerciasis volvulus in Africa. The mechanism of these events has been debated in the literature, largely focusing on the role of concomitant infection with Loa loa versus the presence of mdr-1 gene variants in humans allowing ivermectin penetration into the central nervous system. A case series of serious neurological adverse events occurring with the use of ivermectin outside of the onchocerciasis indication has been identified in VigiBase, an international database of suspected adverse drug reactions. Forty-eight cases have been reported from multiple countries in which ivermectin has been prescribed for multiple indications; clinical review excluded 20 cases with more probable explanations or other exclusion criteria. Within the remaining 28 cases, there is supportive evidence for a causative role of ivermectin including presence of the drug in brain tissue in one case and recurrence of symptoms on repeated exposure in three cases. This series suggests that serious neurological adverse events observed with the use of ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis may not be entirely explained by concomitant high burden loiasis infections. By comparison with the extensive post marketing experience with ivermectin in the successful treatment of parasitic infections, the number of reported cases suggests that such events are likely rare. However, elucidation of individual-level risk factors could contribute to therapeutic decisions that can minimize harms. Further investigation into the potential for drug–drug interactions and explorations of polymorphisms in the mdr-1 gene are recommended.
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Salavastru CM, Chosidow O, Janier M, Tiplica GS. European guideline for the management of pediculosis pubis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1425-1428. [PMID: 28714128 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pediculosis pubis is caused by Phthirus pubis. The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients main complain is of itch in the pubic area. The parasite can be spotted with the naked eye and blue macules can be observed in the pubic area. First line therapy consists of permethrin or pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide. Second line therapy contains phenothrin, malathion and oral ivermectin. Partner management needs a look-back period of time of 3 months. Pubic lice incidence is increased in populations groups living in crowded spaces with scarce sanitary conditions as in time of war or disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Salavastru
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - M Janier
- STD Clinic, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - G S Tiplica
- Department of Dermatology II, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Ivermectin susceptibility and sporontocidal effect in Greater Mekong Subregion Anopheles. Malar J 2017; 16:280. [PMID: 28687086 PMCID: PMC5501099 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel vector control methods that can directly target outdoor malaria transmission are urgently needed in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) to accelerate malaria elimination and artemisinin resistance containment efforts. Ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) to humans has been shown to effectively kill wild Anopheles and suppress malaria transmission in West Africa. Preliminary laboratory investigations were performed to determine ivermectin susceptibility and sporontocidal effect in GMS Anopheles malaria vectors coupled with pharmacokinetic models of ivermectin at escalating doses. Methods A population-based pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin was developed using pre-existing data from a clinical trial conducted in Thai volunteers at the 200 µg/kg dose. To assess ivermectin susceptibility, various concentrations of ivermectin compound were mixed in human blood meals and blood-fed to Anopheles dirus, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles sawadwongporni, and Anopheles campestris. Mosquito survival was monitored daily for 7 days and a non-linear mixed effects model with probit analyses was used to calculate concentrations of ivermectin that killed 50% (LC50) of mosquitoes for each species. Blood samples were collected from Plasmodium vivax positive patients and offered to mosquitoes with or without ivermectin at the ivermectin LC25 or LC5 for An. dirus and An. minimus. Results The GMS Anopheles displayed a range of susceptibility to ivermectin with species listed from most to least susceptible being An. minimus (LC50 = 16.3 ng/ml) > An. campestris (LC50 = 26.4 ng/ml) = An. sawadwongporni (LC50 = 26.9 ng/ml) > An. dirus (LC50 = 55.6 ng/ml). Mosquito survivorship results, the pharmacokinetic model, and extensive safety data indicated that ivermectin 400 µg/kg is the ideal minimal dose for MDA in the GMS for malaria parasite transmission control. Ivermectin compound was sporontocidal to P. vivax in both An. dirus and An. minimus at the LC25 and LC5 concentrations. Conclusions Ivermectin is lethal to dominant GMS Anopheles malaria vectors and inhibits sporogony of P. vivax at safe human relevant concentrations. The data suggest that ivermectin MDA has potential in the GMS as a vector and transmission blocking control tool to aid malaria elimination efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1923-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ullio-Gamboa G, Palma S, Benoit JP, Allemandi D, Picollo MI, Toloza AC. Ivermectin lipid-based nanocarriers as novel formulations against head lice. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2111-2117. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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