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Cherian D, Roy A, Bersellini Farinotti A, Abrahamsson T, Arbring Sjöström T, Tybrandt K, Nilsson D, Berggren M, Svensson CI, Poxson DJ, Simon DT. Flexible Organic Electronic Ion Pump Fabricated Using Inkjet Printing and Microfabrication for Precision In Vitro Delivery of Bupivacaine. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300550. [PMID: 37069480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) is an on-demand electrophoretic drug delivery device, that via electronic to ionic signal conversion enables drug delivery without additional pressure or volume changes. The fundamental component of OEIPs is their polyelectrolyte membranes which are shaped into ionic channels that conduct and deliver ionic drugs, with high spatiotemporal resolution. The patterning of these membranes is essential in OEIP devices and is typically achieved using laborious microprocessing techniques. Here, the development of an inkjet printable formulation of polyelectrolyte is reported, based on a custom anionically functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerol (i-AHPG). This polyelectrolyte ink greatly simplifies the fabrication process and is used in the production of free-standing OEIPs on flexible polyimide (PI) substrates. Both i-AHPG and the OEIP devices are characterized, exhibiting favorable iontronic characteristics of charge selectivity and the ability to transport aromatic compounds. Further, the applicability of these technologies is demonstrated by the transport and delivery of the pharmaceutical compound bupivacaine to dorsal root ganglion cells with high spatial precision and effective nerve blocking, highlighting the applicability of these technologies for biomedical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cherian
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Arghyamalya Roy
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Unit of Printed Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, 60221, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - David J Poxson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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2
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Iontronic analog of synaptic plasticity: Hydrogel-based ionic diode with chemical precipitation and dissolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211442120. [PMID: 36574693 PMCID: PMC9910479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211442120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an aqueous nonlinear synaptic element showing plasticity behavior is developed, which is based on the chemical processes in an ionic diode. The device is simple, fully ionic, and easily configurable, requiring only two terminals-for input and output-similar to biological synapses. The key processes realizing the plasticity features are chemical precipitation and dissolution, which occur at forward- or reverse-biased ionic diode junctions in appropriate reservoir electrolytes. Given that the precipitate acts as a physical barrier in the circuit, the above processes change the diode conductivity, which can be interpreted as adjusting "synaptic weight" of the system. By varying the operating conditions, we first demonstrate the four types of plasticity that can be found in biological system: long-term potentiation/depression and short-term potentiation/depression. The plasticity of the proposed iontronic device has characteristics similar to those of neural synapses. To demonstrate its potential use in comparatively complex information processing, we develop a precipitation-based iontronic synapse (PIS) capable of both potentiation and depression. Finally, we show that the postsynaptic signals from the multiple excitatory or inhibitory PISs can be integrated into the total "dendritic" current, which is a function of time and input history, as in actual hippocampal neural circuits.
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3
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Lim SM, Yoo H, Oh MA, Han SH, Lee HR, Chung TD, Joo YC, Sun JY. Ion-to-ion amplification through an open-junction ionic diode. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13807-13815. [PMID: 31221759 PMCID: PMC6628834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As biological signals are mainly based on ion transport, the differences in signal carriers have become a major issue for the intimate communication between electrical devices and biological areas. In this respect, an ionic device which can directly interpret ionic signals from biological systems needs to be designed. Particularly, it is also required to amplify the ionic signals for effective signal processing, since the amount of ions acquired from biological systems is very small. Here, we report the signal amplification in ionic systems as well as sensing through the modified design of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ionic diodes. By designing an open-junction structure, ionic signals from the external environment can be directly transmitted to an ionic diode. Moreover, the minute ionic signals injected into the devices can also be amplified to a large amount of ions. The signal transduction mechanism of the ion-to-ion amplification is suggested and clearly verified by revealing the generation of breakdown ionic currents during an ion injection. Subsequently, various methods for enhancing the amplification are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjae Yoo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ah Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 16229 Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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5
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Tybrandt K. Exploring the potential of ionic bipolar diodes for chemical neural interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8171-8177. [PMID: 29104986 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01732d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Technology interfaces which can imitate the chemically specific signaling of nervous tissues are attractive for studying and developing therapies for neurological disorders. As the signaling in nervous tissue is highly spatiotemporal in nature, an interfacing technology should provide local neurotransmitter release in the millisecond range. To obtain such a speed, the neurotransmitters must be stored close to the release point, while avoiding substantial passive leakage. Here we theoretically investigate whether ionic bipolar diodes can be used for this purpose. We find that if a sufficiently large reverse potential is applied, the passive leakage can be suppressed to negligible levels due to the high local electric field within the bipolar diode. The influences of various design parameters are studied to determine the optimal design and operation. Finally, the delivery speed of the component is evaluated using time-dependent simulations, which show that the release of neurotransmitters to physiologically relevant concentrations can be achieved in less than 10 ms. Altogether, the results suggest that ionic bipolar diodes constitute a highly attractive technology for achieving high speed low leakage addressable delivery circuits for neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
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6
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Bao B, Hao J, Bian X, Zhu X, Xiao K, Liao J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Jiang L. 3D Porous Hydrogel/Conducting Polymer Heterogeneous Membranes with Electro-/pH-Modulated Ionic Rectification. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702926. [PMID: 29024293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous membranes composed of asymmetric structures or compositions have enormous potential in sensors, molecular sieves, and energy devices due to their unique ion transport properties such as ionic current rectification and ion selectivity. So far, heterogeneous membranes with 1D nanopores have been extensively studied. However, asymmetric structures with 3D micro-/nanoscale pore networks have never been investigated. Here, a simple and versatile approach to low-costly fabricate hydrogel/conducting polymer asymmetric heterogeneous membranes with electro-/pH-responsive 3D micro-/nanoscale ion channels is introduced. Due to the asymmetric heterojunctions between positively charged nanoporous polypyrrole (PPy) and negatively charged microscale porous hydrogel poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(AAm-co-AA)), the membrane can rectify ion transmembrane transport in response to both electro- and pH-stimuli. Numerical simulations based on coupled Poisson and Nernst-Plank equations are carried out to explain the ionic rectification mechanisms for the membranes. The membranes are not dependent on elaborately fabricated 1D ion channel substrates and hence can be facilely prepared in a low-cost and large-area way. The hybridization of hydrogel and conducting polymer offers a novel strategy for constructing low-cost, large-area and multifunctional membranes, expanding the tunable ionic rectification properties into macroscopic membranes with micro-/nanoscale pores, which would stimulate practical applications of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Junran Hao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiujie Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuanbo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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7
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Arbring Sjöström T, Jonsson A, Gabrielsson E, Kergoat L, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte for Improved Selectivity and Processability of Iontronic Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30247-30252. [PMID: 28831798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On-demand local release of biomolecules enables fine-tuned stimulation for the next generation of neuromodulation therapies. Such chemical stimulation is achievable using iontronic devices based on microfabricated, highly selective ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Current limitations in processability and performance of thin film IEMs hamper future developments of this technology. Here we address this limitation by developing a cationic IEM with excellent processability and ionic selectivity: poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSS-co-MA) cross-linked with polyethylene glycol (PEG). This enables new design opportunities and provides enhanced compatibility with in vitro cell studies. PSSA-co-MA/PEG is shown to out-perform the cation selectivity of the previously used iontronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Amanda Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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8
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Chabi S, Wright AG, Holdcroft S, Freund MS. Transparent Bipolar Membrane for Water Splitting Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26749-26755. [PMID: 28762724 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of a benzimidazolium-based anion exchange membrane for creating bipolar membranes and the assessment of their suitability for solar-driven water splitting. Bipolar membranes were prepared by laminating anion exchange membrane with Nafion NR-211 membrane without modification of the interface. Under acidic and basic conditions, proton and hydroxide ion conductivities of 103 and 102 mS cm-1 were obtained for Nafion and benzimidazolium-based membranes, respectively. The fabricated bipolar membranes have an average thickness of 90 μm and show high transmittance, up to 75% of the visible light. The findings suggest that the two membranes create a sharp hydrophilic interface with a space charge region of only a few nanometers, thereby generating a large electric field at the interface that enhances water dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Chabi
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Andrew G Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael S Freund
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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9
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Simon DT, Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M. Organic Bioelectronics: Bridging the Signaling Gap between Biology and Technology. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13009-13041. [PMID: 27367172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronics surrounding us in our daily lives rely almost exclusively on electrons as the dominant charge carrier. In stark contrast, biological systems rarely use electrons but rather use ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conducting and semiconducting organic polymers and small molecules, these materials have emerged in recent decades as excellent tools for translating signals between these two realms and, therefore, providing a means to effectively interface biology with conventional electronics-thus, the field of organic bioelectronics. Today, organic bioelectronics defines a generic platform with unprecedented biological recording and regulation tools and is maturing toward applications ranging from life sciences to the clinic. In this Review, we introduce the field, from its early breakthroughs to its current results and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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10
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Malti A, Gabrielsson EO, Crispin X, Berggren M. An Electrochromic Bipolar Membrane Diode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3909-3914. [PMID: 26016815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with bipolar membranes (a complementary stack of selective membranes) may be used to rectify current. Integrating a bipolar membrane into a polymer electrochromic display obviates the need for an addressing backplane while increasing the device's bistability. Such devices can be made from solution-processable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Malti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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11
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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12
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Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M. Polyphosphonium-based ion bipolar junction transistors. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064116. [PMID: 25553192 PMCID: PMC4257969 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the field of electronics during the past few decades have inspired the use of transistors in a diversity of research fields, including biology and medicine. However, signals in living organisms are not only carried by electrons but also through fluxes of ions and biomolecules. Thus, in order to implement the transistor functionality to control biological signals, devices that can modulate currents of ions and biomolecules, i.e., ionic transistors and diodes, are needed. One successful approach for modulation of ionic currents is to use oppositely charged ion-selective membranes to form so called ion bipolar junction transistors (IBJTs). Unfortunately, overall IBJT device performance has been hindered due to the typical low mobility of ions, large geometries of the ion bipolar junction materials, and the possibility of electric field enhanced (EFE) water dissociation in the junction. Here, we introduce a novel polyphosphonium-based anion-selective material into npn-type IBJTs. The new material does not show EFE water dissociation and therefore allows for a reduction of junction length down to 2 μm, which significantly improves the switching performance of the ion transistor to 2 s. The presented improvement in speed as well the simplified design will be useful for future development of advanced iontronic circuits employing IBJTs, for example, addressable drug-delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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13
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Gabrielsson EO, Janson P, Tybrandt K, Simon DT, Berggren M. A four-diode full-wave ionic current rectifier based on bipolar membranes: overcoming the limit of electrode capacity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5143-7. [PMID: 24863171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Full-wave rectification of ionic currents is obtained by constructing the typical four-diode bridge out of ion conducting bipolar membranes. Together with conjugated polymer electrodes addressed with alternating current, the bridge allows for generation of a controlled ionic direct current for extended periods of time without the production of toxic species or gas typically arising from electrode side-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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14
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Volkov AV, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko IV. Modeling of charge transport in ion bipolar junction transistors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6999-7005. [PMID: 24854432 DOI: 10.1021/la404296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of the complex chemical microenvironment is of great importance to many fields within life science. One way to facilitate such control is to construct delivery circuits, comprising arrays of dispensing outlets, for ions and charged biomolecules based on ionic transistors. This allows for addressability of ionic signals, which opens up for spatiotemporally controlled delivery in a highly complex manner. One class of ionic transistors, the ion bipolar junction transistors (IBJTs), is especially attractive for these applications because these transistors are functional at physiological conditions and have been employed to modulate the delivery of neurotransmitters to regulate signaling in neuronal cells. Further, the first integrated complementary ionic circuits were recently developed on the basis of these ionic transistors. However, a detailed understanding of the device physics of these transistors is still lacking and hampers further development of components and circuits. Here, we report on the modeling of IBJTs using Poisson's and Nernst-Planck equations and the finite element method. A two-dimensional model of the device is employed that successfully reproduces the main characteristics of the measurement data. On the basis of the detailed concentration and potential profiles provided by the model, the different modes of operation of the transistor are analyzed as well as the transitions between the different modes. The model correctly predicts the measured threshold voltage, which is explained in terms of membrane potentials. All in all, the results provide the basis for a detailed understanding of IBJT operation. This new knowledge is employed to discuss potential improvements of ion bipolar junction transistors in terms of miniaturization and device parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Volkov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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15
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Electrochemical mechanism of ion current rectification of polyelectrolyte gel diodes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4162. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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16
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Gabrielsson EO, Berggren M. Polyphosphonium-based bipolar membranes for rectification of ionic currents. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:64117. [PMID: 24400035 PMCID: PMC3880376 DOI: 10.1063/1.4850795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BMs) have interesting applications within the field of bioelectronics, as they may be used to create non-linear ionic components (e.g., ion diodes and transistors), thereby extending the functionality of, otherwise linear, electrophoretic drug delivery devices. However, BM based diodes suffer from a number of limitations, such as narrow voltage operation range and/or high hysteresis. In this work, we circumvent these problems by using a novel polyphosphonium-based BM, which is shown to exhibit improved diode characteristics. We believe that this new type of BM diode will be useful for creating complex addressable ionic circuits for delivery of charged biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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