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Abstract
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
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Schleier D, Gerlach M, Schaffner D, Mukhopadhyay DP, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy of trimethylborane and its pyrolysis products. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4511-4518. [PMID: 36445209 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylborane (TMB) and its chemistry upon pyrolysis have been investigated by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy. TMB shows an unstructured spectrum and its adiabatic ionization energy (IEad) has been determined to be 9.93 ± 0.1 eV. Dissociative photoionization induces a methyl radical loss in TMB and the barrier to dissociation in the cation is measured to be 0.65 ± 0.1 eV. Upon pyrolysis methane loss dominates, leading to C2H5B, which can exist in five different isomeric structures. Quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate possible methane loss mechanisms as well as the isomerization pathways on the C2H5B potential energy surface. Through isomer-selective photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy (ms-TPES) the two isomers CH3BCH2 and CH3CHBH were identified by their ms-TPE spectra and IEad values of 8.55 ± 0.02 eV and 8.73 ± 0.02 eV were determined, respectively. A second channel leading to the loss of ethene from TMB forms CH2BH, which exhibits an IEad value of 9.37 ± 0.03 eV. The reaction mechanism in the literature needs to be expanded by an additional methane loss from the intermediately formed ethyl methyl borane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenik Schleier
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marius Gerlach
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Schaffner
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Deb Pratim Mukhopadhyay
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Pan Z, Bodi A, van Bokhoven JA, Hemberger P. Operando PEPICO unveils the catalytic fast pyrolysis mechanism of the three methoxyphenol isomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21786-21793. [PMID: 36082786 PMCID: PMC9491049 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02741k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of lignin valorization processes such as catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) to produce fine chemicals and fuels leads to a more sustainable future. The implementation of CFP is enabled by understanding the chemistry of lignin constituents, which, however, requires thorough mechanistic investigations by detecting reactive species. In this contribution, we investigate the CFP of the three methoxyphenol (MP) isomers over H-ZSM-5 utilizing vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation and operando photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy. All isomers demethylate at first to yield benzenediols, from which dehydroxylation reactions proceed to produce phenol and benzene. Additional pathways to form benzene proceed over cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, and fulvene intermediates. The detection of trace amounts of methanol in the product stream suggests a demethoxylation reaction to yield phenol. Guaiacol (2- or ortho-MP) exhibits slightly higher reactivity compared to 3-MP and 4-MP, due to the formation of the fulvenone ketene, which opens additional routes to benzene and phenol. When compared to benzenediol catalytic pyrolysis, the additional methyl group in MP leads to high conversion at lower reactor temperatures, which is mostly owed to the lower H3C–O vs. H–O bond energy and the possibility to demethoxylate to produce phenol. Demethylation, demethoxylation and fulvenone ketene formation determine the reactivity of methoxyphenols over H-ZSM-5 to yield phenols, benzene and toluene. Intermediates are isomer-selectively detected utilizing threshold photoelectron spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Pan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. .,Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. .,Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gong X, Çağlayan M, Ye Y, Liu K, Gascon J, Dutta Chowdhury A. First-Generation Organic Reaction Intermediates in Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14275-14345. [PMID: 35947790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite chemistry and catalysis are expected to play a decisive role in the next decade(s) to build a more decentralized renewable feedstock-dependent sustainable society owing to the increased scrutiny over carbon emissions. Therefore, the lack of fundamental and mechanistic understanding of these processes is a critical "technical bottleneck" that must be eliminated to maximize economic value and minimize waste. We have identified, considering this objective, that the chemistry related to the first-generation reaction intermediates (i.e., carbocations, radicals, carbenes, ketenes, and carbanions) in zeolite chemistry and catalysis is highly underdeveloped or undervalued compared to other catalysis streams (e.g., homogeneous catalysis). This limitation can often be attributed to the technological restrictions to detect such "short-lived and highly reactive" intermediates at the interface (gas-solid/solid-liquid); however, the recent rise of sophisticated spectroscopic/analytical techniques (including under in situ/operando conditions) and modern data analysis methods collectively compete to unravel the impact of these organic intermediates. This comprehensive review summarizes the state-of-the-art first-generation organic reaction intermediates in zeolite chemistry and catalysis and evaluates their existing challenges and future prospects, to contribute significantly to the "circular carbon economy" initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Mustafa Çağlayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiru Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Zhou Z, Yang J, Yuan W, Wang Z, Pan Y, Qi F. Probing combustion and catalysis intermediates by synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry: recent progress and future opportunities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21567-21577. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soft photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (PI MBMS) with synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet light (SVUV) has has a significant development and broad applications in recent decades. Particularly, the tunability of SVUV enables...
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Bierkandt T, Oßwald P, Gaiser N, Krüger D, Köhler M, Hoener M, Shaqiri S, Kaczmarek D, Karakaya Y, Hemberger P, Kasper T. Observation of low‐temperature chemistry products in laminar premixed low‐pressure flames by molecular‐beam mass spectrometry. INT J CHEM KINET 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bierkandt
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Combustion Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Combustion Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nina Gaiser
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Combustion Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dominik Krüger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Combustion Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Combustion Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Hoener
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows University of Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
| | - Shkelqim Shaqiri
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows University of Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
| | - Dennis Kaczmarek
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows University of Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
| | - Yasin Karakaya
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows University of Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Tina Kasper
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows University of Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
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Steglich M, Wu X, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Double-Imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy Reveals the Unimolecular Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Dimethyl Carbonate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2895-2904. [PMID: 33797917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the thermal decomposition of dimethyl carbonate (DMC, C3H6O3) in a flash vacuum pyrolysis reactor in the 1100-1700 K range. The reaction products and intermediates were probed by vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation in a photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectrometer to record isomer-specific photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron (ms-TPE) spectra. Reaction pathways were explored using quantum chemical calculations, which confirmed the experimental observation that the intramolecular migration of a methyl group, yielding dimethyl ether (DME, C2H6O) and carbon dioxide, dominates the initial unimolecular decomposition chemistry. The role of a second potentially important channel, namely, C-O bond fission to yield methyl radicals, could not be determined experimentally due to the short lifetime of the ·C2H3O3 radical and overlapping sequential decomposition products. However, potential energy surface and microcanonical rate constant calculations predict 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower rates for this channel than for decarboxylation to yield DME. Consequently, DMC pyrolysis shows bewilderingly similar products and product abundances as DME pyrolysis. This coincides with DMC combustion modeling studies, which found that DME is a key intermediate in the mechanism. Furthermore, we have detected traces of methyl formate and formaldehyde, produced after the hydrogen shift to the central carbon atom in DMC. Ethylene and acetylene could be established as bimolecular reaction products because their abundance depended strongly on the DMC concentration. It is intriguing to compare the decomposition of DMC with that of the structurally similar methylal (dimethoxymethane, DMM). While methanol and formaldehyde are produced in similar quantities in DMM, thanks to low-energy hydrogen-transfer reactions, the methanol channel is almost fully suppressed in DMC due to the absence of hydrogens at the central carbon atom and the thermodynamically favored decarboxylation. These new mechanistic insights may help the development of predictive combustion models for fuel additives and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Garcia GA, Loison JC, Holzmeier F, Gans B, Alcaraz C, Nahon L, Wu X, Zhou X, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Characterisation of the first electronically excited state of protonated acetylene C2H3+ by coincident imaging photoelectron spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1825851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Loison
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255 CNRS - Université de Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Wüzburg, Germany
| | - Bérenger Gans
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Christian Alcaraz
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Cedex, France
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Peoples Republic of China
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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Hemberger P, Pan Z, Bodi A, Bokhoven JA, Ormond TK, Ellison GB, Genossar N, Baraban JH. The Threshold Photoelectron Spectrum of Fulvenone: A Reactive Ketene Derivative in Lignin Valorization. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2217-2222. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Zeyou Pan
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Thomas K. Ormond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309-0215 United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309-0215 United States
| | - Nadav Genossar
- Department of Chemistry Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
- Israel Atomic Energy Commission Tel Aviv 61070 Israel
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department of Chemistry Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel
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Liang S, Hemberger P, Steglich M, Simonetti P, Levalois-Grützmacher J, Grützmacher H, Gaan S. The Underlying Chemistry to the Formation of PO 2 Radicals from Organophosphorus Compounds: A Missing Puzzle Piece in Flame Chemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:10795-10800. [PMID: 32428377 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species, such as . PO2 and HOPO, are considered of upmost importance in flame inhibition and catalytic combustion processes of fuels. However, the underlying chemistry of their formation remains speculative due to the unavailability of suitable analytical techniques that can be used to identify the transient species which lead to their formation. This study elucidates the reaction mechanisms of the formation of phosphoryl species from dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) and dimethyl methyl phosphoramidate (DMPR) under well-defined oxidative conditions. Photoelectron photoion coincidence techniques that utilized vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation were applied to isomer-selectively detect the elusive key intermediates and stable products. With the help of in situ recorded spectral fingerprints, different transient species, such as PO2 and triplet O radicals, have been exclusively identified from their isomeric components, which has helped to piece together the formation mechanisms of phosphoryl species under various conditions. It was found that . PO2 formation required oxidative conditions above 1070 K. The combined presence of O2 and H2 led to significant changes in the decomposition chemistry of both model phosphorus compounds, leading to the formation of . PO2 . The reaction . PO+O2 →. PO2 +O: was identified as the key step in the formation of . PO2 . Interestingly, the presence of O2 in DMPR thermolysis suppresses the formation of PN-containing species. In a previous study, PN species were identified as the major species formed during the pyrolysis of DMPR. Thus, the findings of this study has shed light onto the decomposition pathways of organophosphorus compounds, which are beneficial for their fuel additive and fire suppressant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, Switzerland.,Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, WSLA/115, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Steglich
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, WSLA/115, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Simonetti
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Levalois-Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, Switzerland
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11
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Mendez-Vega E, Sander W, Hemberger P. Isomer-Selective Threshold Photoelectron Spectra of Phenylnitrene and Its Thermal Rearrangement Products. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3836-3843. [PMID: 32208698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoionization of phenylnitrene was investigated by photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase. Flash vacuum pyrolysis of phenyl azide at 480 °C produces the nitrene, which subsequently rearranges at higher temperatures affording three isomeric cyanocyclopentadienes, in contrast to low-temperature trapping experiments. Temperature control of the reactor and threshold photoelectron spectra allows for optimizing the generation of phenylnitrene or its thermal rearrangement products, as well as obtaining vibrational information for the corresponding ions. The adiabatic ionization energies (AIE) of the triplet nitrene (3A2) to the radical cation in its lowest-energy doublet (2B2) and quartet (4A1) spin states were determined to 8.29 ± 0.01 and 9.73 ± 0.01 eV, respectively. Vibrational frequencies of ring breathing modes were measured at 500 ± 80 and 484 ± 80 cm-1 for both the [Formula: see text](2B2) and [Formula: see text](4A1) cationic states, respectively. The AIE differ from the values previously reported; hence, we revise the doublet-quartet energy splitting of the phenylnitrene radical cation to 1.44 eV, in excellent agreement with composite methods and coupled cluster calculations, but considerably higher than the literature reference (1.1 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Mendez-Vega
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Hoener M, Kaczmarek D, Bierkandt T, Bodi A, Hemberger P, Kasper T. A pressurized flow reactor combustion experiment interfaced with synchrotron double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:045115. [PMID: 32357689 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new pressurized low-temperature combustion experiment has been commissioned at the Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute. The experiment uses photoionization with tunable synchrotron radiation and double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (i2PEPICO) detection at the vacuum ultraviolet beamline. The experimental setup is described, including the high-pressure reactor experiment, sampling interface, and reactant delivery system. The CRF-PEPICO (Combustion Reactions Followed by Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence) endstation and VUV beamline are briefly elaborated. The novel aspects of the apparatus and the new components are elucidated in detail, such as the fluid supply system to the reactor and the reactor integration into the endstation. We also present a system overview of the experimental setup. The technical details are followed by a description of the experimental procedure used to operate the pressurized flow reactor setup. Finally, first experimental results demonstrating the capability of the setup are provided and analyzed. A major advantage of this new experiment is that the excellent isomer resolution capabilities of the i2PEPICO technique can be transferred to the investigation of reactions at elevated pressures of several bars. This enables the investigation of pressure effects on the reactivity of fuel mixtures and covers more realistic conditions found in technical combustors. The capability to obtain quantitative oxidation data is confirmed, and the main and certain intermediate species are quantified for a selected condition. The results show excellent agreement with a chemical kinetics model and previously published reference measurements performed with a gas chromatography setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoener
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | - D Kaczmarek
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
| | - T Bierkandt
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - A Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry - Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - P Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry - Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - T Kasper
- Mass Spectrometry in Reactive Flows - Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics (IVG), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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13
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Zichittella G, Hemberger P, Holzmeier F, Bodi A, Pérez-Ramírez J. Operando Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy Unravels Mechanistic Fingerprints of Propane Activation by Catalytic Oxyhalogenation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:856-863. [PMID: 31935108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate operando photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy as a pivotal technique for evidencing unprecedented mechanistic insights by isomer-selective radical detection within complex hydrocarbon-functionalization reaction networks, such as those of catalyzed propane oxychlorination and oxybromination. In particular, while the oxychlorination is surface-confined, we show that in oxybromination alkane activation follows a gas-phase reaction mechanism with evolved bromine and bromine radicals, favoring 2-propyl over 1-propyl radical formation, as evidenced by isomer-selective threshold photoelectron analysis. Furthermore, we provide new mechanistic insights into the cracking and coking pathways that are observed in oxybromination. The first entails propargyl radical formation from consecutive hydrogen abstraction of propyl radicals, ultimately yielding benzene. The second originates from C-C bond cleavage in propane to ethyl and methyl radicals, which produce CH4 and C2H4, or undergo chain-growth reactions, forming C4-C6 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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Bourgalais J, Gouid Z, Herbinet O, Garcia GA, Arnoux P, Wang Z, Tran LS, Vanhove G, Hochlaf M, Nahon L, Battin-Leclerc F. Isomer-sensitive characterization of low temperature oxidation reaction products by coupling a jet-stirred reactor to an electron/ion coincidence spectrometer: case of n-pentane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1222-1241. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a tunable vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron beam line and first principle computations, a jet-stirred reactor was coupled for the first time to a photoionization mass spectrometer using electron/ion coincidence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bourgalais
- LATMOS/IPSL
- UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Guyancourt
| | - Zied Gouid
- Université Gustave Eiffel
- COSYS/LISIS
- Champs sur Marne
- France
| | - Olivier Herbinet
- CNRS
- Université de Lorraine
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
- UPR 3349
- Nancy F-54000
| | - Gustavo A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L’Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | | | - Zhandong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Luc-Sy Tran
- Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère (PC2A)
- UMR 8522 CNRS
- Université de Lille
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - Guillaume Vanhove
- Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère (PC2A)
- UMR 8522 CNRS
- Université de Lille
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel
- COSYS/LISIS
- Champs sur Marne
- France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L’Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
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15
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Mercier X, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Vanhove G, Božanić DK, Hróðmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Nahon L. Selective identification of cyclopentaring-fused PAHs and side-substituted PAHs in a low pressure premixed sooting flame by photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15926-15944. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective on-line identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed in a low-pressure methane sooting flame, carried out using the double imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy method (i2PEPICO).
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Mercier
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - A. Faccinetto
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - S. Batut
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - G. Vanhove
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - D. K. Božanić
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | | | - G. A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - L. Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
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16
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Hemberger P, van Bokhoven JA, Pérez-Ramírez J, Bodi A. New analytical tools for advanced mechanistic studies in catalysis: photoionization and photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
How can we detect reactive and elusive intermediates in catalysis to unveil reaction mechanisms? In this mini review, we discuss novel photoionization tools to support this quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
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17
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Reusch E, Holzmeier F, Gerlach M, Fischer I, Hemberger P. Decomposition of Picolyl Radicals at High Temperature: A Mass Selective Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Chemistry 2019; 25:16652-16659. [PMID: 31637775 PMCID: PMC6972682 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The reaction products of the picolyl radicals at high temperature were characterized by mass-selective threshold photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase. Aminomethylpyridines were pyrolyzed to initially produce picolyl radicals (m/z=92). At higher temperatures further thermal reaction products are generated in the pyrolysis reactor. All compounds were identified by mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy and several hitherto unexplored reactive molecules were characterized. The mechanism for several dissociation pathways was outlined in computations. The spectrum of m/z=91, resulting from hydrogen loss of picolyl, shows four isomers, two ethynyl pyrroles with adiabatic ionization energies (IEad ) of 7.99 eV (2-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole) and 8.12 eV (3-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole), and two cyclopentadiene carbonitriles with IE's of 9.14 eV (cyclopenta-1,3-diene-1-carbonitrile) and 9.25 eV (cyclopenta-1,4-diene-1-carbonitrile). A second consecutive hydrogen loss forms the cyanocyclopentadienyl radical with IE's of 9.07 eV (T0 ) and 9.21 eV (S1 ). This compound dissociates further to acetylene and the cyanopropynyl radical (IE=9.35 eV). Furthermore, the cyclopentadienyl radical, penta-1,3-diyne, cyclopentadiene and propargyl were identified in the spectra. Computations indicate that dissociation of picolyl proceeds initially via a resonance-stabilized seven-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Reusch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland Süd97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133MilanoItaly
| | - Marius Gerlach
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland Süd97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland Süd97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron RadiationPaul Scherrer Institut (PSI)5232VilligenSwitzerland
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18
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Hrodmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Gans B, Loison JC. Threshold Photoelectron Spectrum of the Anilino Radical. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9193-9198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bérenger Gans
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214 CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Loison
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
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19
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Zichittella G, Scharfe M, Puértolas B, Paunović V, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Szentmiklósi L, López N, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Halogenbedingte Oberflächenbindung steuert die selektive Alkanfunktionalisierung zu Olefinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institut für Chemie- und BioingenieurwissenschaftenDepartment für Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Matthias Scharfe
- Institut für Chemie- und BioingenieurwissenschaftenDepartment für Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Begoña Puértolas
- Institut für Chemie- und BioingenieurwissenschaftenDepartment für Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Vladimir Paunović
- Institut für Chemie- und BioingenieurwissenschaftenDepartment für Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Labor für Femtochemie und SynchrotronstrahlungPaul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Andras Bodi
- Labor für Femtochemie und SynchrotronstrahlungPaul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - László Szentmiklósi
- Nuklearanalyse und Radiographie Department, Zentrum für EnergieforschungUngarische Akademie der Wissenschaften Konkoly-Thege Miklósi út 29–33 1121 Budapest Ungarn
| | - Núria López
- Institut für Chemische Forschung KatalonienBarcelona Institut für Wissenschaft und Technologie Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institut für Chemie- und BioingenieurwissenschaftenDepartment für Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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20
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Zichittella G, Scharfe M, Puértolas B, Paunović V, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Szentmiklósi L, López N, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Halogen‐Dependent Surface Confinement Governs Selective Alkane Functionalization to Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5877-5881. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Scharfe
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Begoña Puértolas
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Paunović
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron RadiationPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron RadiationPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - László Szentmiklósi
- Nuclear Analysis and Radiography DepartmentCentre for Energy ResearchHungarian Academy of Sciences Konkoly-Thege Miklósi út 29–33 1121 Budapest Hungary
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of CataloniaThe Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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21
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Reusch E, Kaiser D, Schleier D, Buschmann R, Krueger A, Hermann T, Engels B, Fischer I, Hemberger P. Pentadiynylidene and Its Methyl-Substituted Derivates: Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy of R 1-C 5-R 2 Triplet Carbon Chains. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2008-2017. [PMID: 30776230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass-selective threshold photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase was employed to characterize the dialkynyl triplet carbenes pentadiynylidene (HC5H), methylpentadiynylidene (MeC5H), and dimethylpentadiynylidene (MeC5Me). Diazo compounds were employed as precursors to generate the carbenes by flash pyrolysis. The R1-C5-R2 carbon chains were photoionized by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation in photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) experiments. High-level ab initio computations were carried out to support the interpretation of the experiments. For the unsubstituted pentadiynylidene (R1 = R2 = H) the recorded spectrum yields an adiabatic ionization energy (IEad) of 8.36 ± 0.03 eV. In addition, a second carbene isomer, 3-(didehydrovinylidene)cyclopropene, with a singlet electronic ground state, was identified in the spectrum based on the IEad of 8.60 ± 0.03 eV and Franck-Condon simulations. We found that multireference computations are required to reliably calculate the IEad for this molecule. CASPT2 computations predicted an IEad = 8.55 eV, while coupled-cluster computations significantly overestimate the IE. The cyclic isomer is most likely formed from another isomer of the precursor present in the sample. Stepwise methyl-substitution of the carbene leads to a reduction of the IE to 7.77 ± 0.04 eV for methylpentadiynylidene and 7.27 ± 0.06 eV for dimethylpentadiynylidene. The photoionization and dissociative photoionization of the precursors is investigated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Reusch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Dustin Kaiser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Domenik Schleier
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Rachel Buschmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Anke Krueger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Thomas Hermann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland D-97074 , Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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22
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Wu XK, Tang XF, Zhou XG, Liu SL. Dissociation dynamics of energy-selected ions using threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence velocity imaging. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1811257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-kun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-feng Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiao-guo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shi-lin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Paunović V, Zichittella G, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Pérez-Ramírez J. Selective Methane Functionalization via Oxyhalogenation over Supported Noble Metal Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Paunović
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Chicharro DV, Poullain SM, Bañares L, Hrodmarsson HR, García GA, Loison JC. Threshold photoelectron spectrum of the CH2OO Criegee intermediate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12763-12766. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the photoelectron spectroscopy of the simplest Criegee intermediate, CH2OO, close to the first ionization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V. Chicharro
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Sonia Marggi Poullain
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Luis Bañares
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
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25
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Dyke JM. Photoionization studies of reactive intermediates using synchrotron radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9106-9136. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00623k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoionization with synchrotron radiation enables sensitive and selective monitoring of reactive intermediates in environments such as flames and plasmas.
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26
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Chu TC, Buras ZJ, Oßwald P, Liu M, Goldman MJ, Green WH. Modeling of aromatics formation in fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion with an automatically generated pressure-dependent mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:813-832. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06097e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An automatic generated mechanism for methane-rich combustion captures the chemistry from small molecules to three-ring aromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chun Chu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Patrick Oßwald
- Institute of Combustion Technology
- German Aerospace Center (DLR)
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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27
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Schleier D, Humeniuk A, Reusch E, Holzmeier F, Nunez-Reyes D, Alcaraz C, Garcia GA, Loison JC, Fischer I, Mitric R. Diborene: Generation and Photoelectron Spectroscopy of an Inorganic Biradical. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5921-5925. [PMID: 30234995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diborenes, R-BB-R', are of current interest in inorganic chemistry because they offer the opportunity to tune the properties of a biradical by modifying the substituents of the diborene parent, HBBH. Here we synthesize the elusive diborene by H atom abstraction from diborane, B2H6, using fluorine atoms and report a vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectrum of the HBBH biradical. The spectrum is interpreted by comparison with high-level ab initio computations, taking into account the Renner-Teller splitting in the X+ 2Π ionic ground state, which show an excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum. An adiabatic ionization energy of 9.080 ± 0.015 eV was determined, and a vibrational progression in the boron-boron stretching vibration of 0.14 eV is visible. This is due to the reduction of bond order upon ionization, accompanied by an increase of the computed boron-boron bond length, RBB, from 1.514 to 1.606 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenik Schleier
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Engelbert Reusch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Bât. 520 Université Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay Cedex , France
| | - Dianailys Nunez-Reyes
- ISM-CNRS, Université de Bordeaux , 351 cours de la Libération , F-33405 Talence , France
| | - Christian Alcaraz
- LCP, UMR 800, CNRS-Univ. Paris-Sud and Paris Saclay, Bât. 350, Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud , F-91405 Orsay Cedex , France
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers , St Aubin, B.P. 48 , F-91192 Gif sur Yvette , France
| | - Jean-Christophe Loison
- ISM-CNRS, Université de Bordeaux , 351 cours de la Libération , F-33405 Talence , France
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
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28
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Paunović V, Hemberger P, Bodi A, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J. Evidence of radical chemistry in catalytic methane oxybromination. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Köhler M, Oßwald P, Krueger D, Whitside R. Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553561 DOI: 10.3791/56965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Köhler
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR);
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
| | - Dominik Krueger
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
| | - Ryan Whitside
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR)
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30
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Bouwman J, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Nitrogen matters: the difference between PANH and PAH formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29910-29917. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the large stability of the nitrile group, the N-substituted aromatic molecule quinoline does not form in the phenyl + acrylonitrile reaction, in contrast to naphthalene formation in the isoelectronic phenyl + vinylacetylene reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Bouwman
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics
- Leiden Observatory
- Leiden University
- NL 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- 5232 Villigen
- Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- 5232 Villigen
- Switzerland
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31
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Isomer Identification in Flames with Double-Imaging Photoelectron/Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy (i2PEPICO) using Measured and Calculated Reference Photoelectron Spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Double-imaging photoelectron/photoion coincidence (i2PEPICO) spectroscopy using a multiplexing, time-efficient, fixed-photon-energy approach offers important opportunities of gas-phase analysis. Building on successful applications in combustion systems that have demonstrated the discriminative power of this technique, we attempt here to push the limits of its application further to more chemically complex combustion examples. The present investigation is devoted to identifying and potentially quantifying compounds featuring five heavy atoms in laminar, premixed low-pressure flames of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels and their mixtures. In these combustion examples from flames of cyclopentene, iso-pentane, iso-pentane blended with dimethyl ether (DME), and diethyl ether (DEE), we focus on the unambiguous assignment and quantitative detection of species with the sum formulae C5H6, C5H7, C5H8, C5H10, and C4H8O in the respective isomer mixtures, attempting to provide answers to specific chemical questions for each of these examples. To analyze the obtained i2PEPICO results from these combustion situations, photoelectron spectra (PES) from pure reference compounds, including several examples previously unavailable in the literature, were recorded with the same experimental setup as used in the flame measurements. In addition, PES of two species where reference spectra have not been obtained, namely 2-methyl-1-butene (C5H10) and the 2-cyclopentenyl radical (C5H7), were calculated on the basis of high-level ab initio calculations and Franck-Condon (FC) simulations. These reference measurements and quantum chemical calculations support the early fuel decomposition scheme in the cyclopentene flame towards 2-cyclopentenyl as the dominant fuel radical as well as the prevalence of branched intermediates in the early fuel destruction reactions in the iso-pentane flame, with only minor influences from DME addition. Furthermore, the presence of ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) in DEE flames that was predicted by a recent DEE combustion mechanism could be confirmed unambiguously. While combustion measurements using i2PEPICO can be readily obtained in isomer-rich situations, we wish to highlight the crucial need for high-quality reference information to assign and evaluate the obtained spectra.
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32
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Understanding the mechanism of catalytic fast pyrolysis by unveiling reactive intermediates in heterogeneous catalysis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15946. [PMID: 28660882 PMCID: PMC5493764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a promising way to convert lignin into fine chemicals and fuels, but current approaches lack selectivity and yield unsatisfactory conversion. Understanding the pyrolysis reaction mechanism at the molecular level may help to make this sustainable process more economic. Reactive intermediates are responsible for product branching and hold the key to unveiling these mechanisms, but are notoriously difficult to detect isomer-selectively. Here, we investigate the catalytic pyrolysis of guaiacol, a lignin model compound, using photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, which allows for isomer-selective detection of reactive intermediates. In combination with ambient pressure pyrolysis, we identify fulvenone as the central reactive intermediate, generated by catalytic demethylation to catechol and subsequent dehydration. The fulvenone ketene is responsible for the phenol formation. This technique may open unique opportunities for isomer-resolved probing in catalysis, and holds the potential for achieving a mechanistic understanding of complex, real-life catalytic processes. The conversion of lignin by catalytic fast pyrolysis into useful fine chemicals is a promising route to fuel production, however selectivity and conversion are still not optimal. Here, the authors investigate the reaction mechanism by detection of reactive intermediates responsible for the formation of key products.
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Reusch E, Holzmeier F, Constantinidis P, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Isomer-Selective Generation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Picolyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8000-8003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Reusch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Present address: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay ISMO (UMR 8214 CNRS), Bâtiment 350; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Philipp Constantinidis
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation; Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI); 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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34
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Reusch E, Holzmeier F, Constantinidis P, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Isomerenselektive Erzeugung und spektroskopische Charakterisierung der Picolyl-Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Reusch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay ISMO (UMR 8214 CNRS), Bâtiment 350; Université Paris-Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex Frankreich
| | - Philipp Constantinidis
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation; Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI); 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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35
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Osborn DL. Reaction Mechanisms on Multiwell Potential Energy Surfaces in Combustion (and Atmospheric) Chemistry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2017; 68:233-260. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550
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36
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Moser M, Pregger T, Simon S, König DH, Wörner A, Dietrich RU, Köhler M, Oßwald P, Grohmann J, Kathrotia T, Eckel G, Schweitzer D, Armbrust N, Dieter H, Scheffknecht G, Kern C, Thiessen J, Jess A, Aigner M. Synthetische flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe aus erneuerbaren Energien - Ergebnisse der Helmholtz Energieallianz. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Baer T, Tuckett RP. Advances in threshold photoelectron spectroscopy (TPES) and threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:9698-9723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The history and evolution of molecular threshold photoelectron spectroscopy and threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (TPEPICO) over the last fifty years are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Baer
- Chemistry Department
- University of North Carolina
- Chapel Hill
- USA
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38
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Constantinidis P, Hirsch F, Fischer I, Dey A, Rijs AM. Products of the Propargyl Self-Reaction at High Temperatures Investigated by IR/UV Ion Dip Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 121:181-191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Constantinidis
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - F. Hirsch
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - I. Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A. Dey
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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39
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Cunha de Miranda B, Garcia GA, Gaie-Levrel F, Mahjoub A, Gautier T, Fleury B, Nahon L, Pernot P, Carrasco N. Molecular Isomer Identification of Titan’s Tholins Organic Aerosols by Photoelectron/Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy Coupled to VUV Synchrotron Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6529-40. [PMID: 27471793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cunha de Miranda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, DESIRS Beamline, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Gustavo A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, DESIRS Beamline, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - François Gaie-Levrel
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, DESIRS Beamline, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Gas
and Aerosol Metrology Department, Chemistry and Biology
Division, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais − LNE (National Metrology Institute and Testing Laboratory), 1 rue Gaston
Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ahmed Mahjoub
- Université Versailles St-Quentin; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Université Versailles St-Quentin; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Benjamin Fleury
- Université Versailles St-Quentin; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, DESIRS Beamline, L’Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Pernot
- Laboratoire de
Chimie Physique, UMR8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Carrasco
- Université Versailles St-Quentin; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard St-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics for Cleaner Processes. Chemistry 2016; 22:13390-401. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Zhou Z, Du X, Yang J, Wang Y, Li C, Wei S, Du L, Li Y, Qi F, Wang Q. The vacuum ultraviolet beamline/endstations at NSRL dedicated to combustion research. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:1035-45. [PMID: 27359154 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An undulator-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline (BL03U), intended for combustion chemistry studies, has been constructed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) in Hefei, China. The beamline is connected to the newly upgraded Hefei Light Source (HLS II), and could deliver photons in the 5-21 eV range, with a photon flux of 10(13) photons s(-1) at 10 eV when the beam current is 300 mA. The monochromator of the beamline is equipped with two gratings (200 lines mm(-1) and 400 lines mm(-1)) and its resolving power is 3900 at 7.3 eV for the 200 lines mm(-1) grating and 4200 at 14.6 eV for the 400 lines mm(-1) grating. The beamline serves three endstations which are designed for respective studies of premixed flame, fuel pyrolysis in flow reactor, and oxidation in jet-stirred reactor. Each endstation contains a reactor chamber, an ionization chamber where the molecular beam intersects with the VUV light, and a home-made reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The performance of the beamline and endstations with some preliminary results is presented here. The ability to detect reactive intermediates (e.g. H, O, OH and hydroperoxides) is advantageous in combustion chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Du
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Du
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
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42
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Kostko O, Bandyopadhyay B, Ahmed M. Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization of Complex Chemical Systems. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:19-40. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
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43
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Holzmeier F, Wagner I, Fischer I, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Pyrolysis of 3-Methoxypyridine. Detection and Characterization of the Pyrrolyl Radical by Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4702-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Holzmeier
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Germany
| | - Isabella Wagner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland D-97074, Germany
| | - Andras Bodi
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
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44
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Trevitt AJ, Goulay F. Insights into gas-phase reaction mechanisms of small carbon radicals using isomer-resolved product detection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5867-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06389b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase radical reactions of CN and CH with small hydrocarbons are overviewed with emphasis on isomer-resolved product detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Fabien Goulay
- Department of Chemistry
- West Virginia University
- Morgantown
- USA
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45
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Speciation data for fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion and reforming under prototypical partial oxidation conditions. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Voronova K, Mozaffari Easter CM, Covert KJ, Bodi A, Hemberger P, Sztáray B. Dissociative Photoionization of Diethyl Ether. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10654-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Voronova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | | | - Kyle J. Covert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Andras Bodi
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
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47
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Holzmeier F, Lang M, Fischer I, Hemberger P. The threshold photoelectron spectrum of cyanovinylacetylene leads to an upward revision of the ionization energy. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Oßwald P, Köhler M. An atmospheric pressure high-temperature laminar flow reactor for investigation of combustion and related gas phase reaction systems. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:105109. [PMID: 26520986 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new high-temperature flow reactor experiment utilizing the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique for detailed observation of gas phase kinetics in reacting flows is presented. The reactor design provides a consequent extension of the experimental portfolio of validation experiments for combustion reaction kinetics. Temperatures up to 1800 K are applicable by three individually controlled temperature zones with this atmospheric pressure flow reactor. Detailed speciation data are obtained using the sensitive MBMS technique, providing in situ access to almost all chemical species involved in the combustion process, including highly reactive species such as radicals. Strategies for quantifying the experimental data are presented alongside a careful analysis of the characterization of the experimental boundary conditions to enable precise numeric reproduction of the experimental results. The general capabilities of this new analytical tool for the investigation of reacting flows are demonstrated for a selected range of conditions, fuels, and applications. A detailed dataset for the well-known gaseous fuels, methane and ethylene, is provided and used to verify the experimental approach. Furthermore, application for liquid fuels and fuel components important for technical combustors like gas turbines and engines is demonstrated. Besides the detailed investigation of novel fuels and fuel components, the wide range of operation conditions gives access to extended combustion topics, such as super rich conditions at high temperature important for gasification processes, or the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime. These demonstrations are accompanied by a first kinetic modeling approach, examining the opportunities for model validation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oßwald
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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49
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Bouwman J, Bodi A, Oomens J, Hemberger P. On the formation of cyclopentadiene in the C3H5˙ + C2H2 reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20508-14. [PMID: 26086435 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between the allyl radical (C3H5˙) and acetylene (C2H2) in a heated microtubular reactor has been studied at the VUV beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The reaction products are sampled from the reactor and identified by their photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra (ms-TPES) by means of imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Cyclopentadiene is identified as the sole reaction product by comparison of the measured photoelectron spectrum with that of cyclopentadiene. With the help of quantum-chemical computations of the C5H7 potential energy surface, the C2H2 + C3H5˙ association reaction is confirmed to be the rate determining step, after which H-elimination to form C5H6 is prompt in the absence of re-thermalization at low pressures. The formation of cyclopentadiene as the sole product from the allyl + acetylene reaction offers a direct path to the formation of cyclic hydrocarbons under combustion relevant conditions. Subsequent reactions of cyclopentadiene may lead to the formation of the smallest polycyclic aromatic molecule, naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Bouwman
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Krüger J, Garcia GA, Felsmann D, Moshammer K, Lackner A, Brockhinke A, Nahon L, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy for multiplexed detection of intermediate species in a flame. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:22791-804. [PMID: 25237782 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complex reactive processes in the gas phase often proceed via numerous reaction steps and intermediate species that must be identified and quantified to develop an understanding of the reaction pathways and establish suitable reaction mechanisms. Here, photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy has been applied to analyse combustion intermediates present in a premixed fuel-rich (ϕ = 1.7) ethene-oxygen flame diluted with 25% argon, burning at a reduced pressure of 40 mbar. For the first time, multiplexing fixed-photon-energy PEPICO measurements were demonstrated in a chemically complex reactive system such as a flame in comparison with the scanning "threshold" TPEPICO approach used in recent pioneering combustion investigations. The technique presented here is capable of detecting and identifying multiple species by their cations' vibronic fingerprints, including radicals and pairs or triplets of isomers, from a single time-efficient measurement at a selected fixed photon energy. Vibrational structures for these species have been obtained in very good agreement with scanning-mode threshold photoelectron spectra taken under the same conditions. From such spectra, the temperature in the ionisation volume was determined. Exemplary analysis of species profiles and mole fraction ratios for isomers shows favourable agreement with results obtained by more common electron ionisation and photoionisation mass spectrometry experiments. It is expected that the multiplexing fixed-photon-energy PEPICO technique can contribute effectively to the analysis of chemical reactivity and kinetics in and beyond combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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