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Nicola S, Lo Sardo L, Borrelli R, Quinternetto A, Rashidy N, Brussino L. Beyond the appearances: exploring complexities in anaphylaxis differential diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:313-321. [PMID: 39079157 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anaphylaxis is a severe, and potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction whose diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms and their prompt recognition. The presence of mimics and unusual presentations necessitate a careful evaluation and expertise in the field, due to potential diagnostic errors and hence a delay in the treatment.The aim of this review is to analyze and make an overview of the potential differential diagnosis of anaphylaxis, focusing on the clinical challenges of recognizing these conditions effectively among similar others. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of mimics and unusual presentations of anaphylaxis necessitate a careful evaluation, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach.Tryptase is well known marker of mast cells activation, and a useful tool assisting the diagnosis of anaphylaxis, helping to differentiate it from atypical mimickers. SUMMARY The differential diagnosis of anaphylaxis comprises a very wide setting, and a systematic approach assessing different categories of cardiovascular, skin, respiratory airway, neuropsychiatric, and hematologic systems, can facilitate recognition of the correct diagnosis of this complex and life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nicola
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Mauriziano Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Sukmak M, Kyaw TS, Nahok K, Sharma A, Silsirivanit A, Lert-itthiporn W, Japrung D, Pinlaor S, Anutrakulchai S, Selmi C, Slupsky CM, Hammock BD, Cha’on U. Urinary metabolic profile and its predictive indexes after MSG consumption in rat. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309728. [PMID: 39226266 PMCID: PMC11371250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive with conflicting evidence regarding its potential effects on human health, with proposed relevance for obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) or chronic kidney disease. As being able to accurately quantify the MSG dietary intake would help clarify the open issues, we constructed a predictive formula to estimate the daily intake of MSG in a rat model based on the urinary metabolic profile. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into groups receiving different daily amounts of MSG in drinking water (0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 g%), no MSG, and MSG withdrawal after 3.0% MSG treatment for 4 weeks. We then analyzed 24-hour urine samples for chemistries and metabolites using 1H NMR spectrometry and observed a strong correlation between urine pH, sodium, bicarbonate, alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate, fumarate, glutamate, methylamine, N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, succinate, and taurine and the daily MSG intake. Following the multiple linear regression analysis a simple formula model based on urinary Na+, citrate, and glutamate was most accurate and could be validated for estimating daily MSG intake. In conclusion, we propose that the daily MSG intake correlates with urinary metabolites in a rat model and that this new tool for monitoring the impact of MSG on health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manatsaphon Sukmak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thin Su Kyaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Nahok
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Amod Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Atit Silsirivanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Worachart Lert-itthiporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Deanpen Japrung
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Anutrakulchai
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ubon Cha’on
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Chronic Kidney Disease prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Osada R, Oshikata C, Kurihara Y, Terada K, Kodama Y, Yamashita Y, Nakadegawa R, Masumitsu H, Motobayashi Y, Takayasu H, Masumoto N, Manabe S, Zhu Y, Tanaka R, Kaneko T, Sasaki A, Tsurikisawa N. A Case of Type I Food Allergy Induced by Monosodium Glutamate. J Asthma Allergy 2024; 17:161-165. [PMID: 38469567 PMCID: PMC10926854 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s451911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a salt form of a non-essential amino acid, is widely used as a food additive, particularly in Asian cuisines, due to its unique flavor-enhancing qualities. Type I allergic reactions to MSG have not previously been reported. Our patient, a 21-year-old woman, was 14 years old when she first noticed swelling of her tongue (but no oral itching, diarrhea, or abdominal pain) after eating various snack foods. Current skin prick testing elicited a weak positive reaction to MSG. We then performed an oral challenge test during which our patient ingested potato snacks. Subsequent histology showed telangiectasia of the buccal mucosa, interstitial edema in the subepithelial submucosa, and mast cell infiltration. Oral mucosal challenge tests using sodium glutamate confirmed oral swelling in this patient. This report is the first to confirm a case of type 1 allergy to MSG by combining pathology findings with the results of challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeko Osada
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chiyako Oshikata
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Respirology, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Japan
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Terada
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuka Kodama
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuga Yamashita
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakadegawa
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hinako Masumitsu
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuto Motobayashi
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takayasu
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nami Masumoto
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Saki Manabe
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yingyao Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsurikisawa
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Respirology, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Japan
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Tanaka S, Yoneoka D, Ishizuka A, Adachi M, Hayabuchi H, Nishimura T, Takemi Y, Uneyama H, Nakamura H, Lwin KS, Shibuya K, Nomura S. Modelling of salt intake reduction by incorporation of umami substances into Japanese foods: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:516. [PMID: 36935509 PMCID: PMC10024820 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has demonstrated that excess sodium intake is associated with development of several non-communicable diseases. The main source of sodium is salt. Therefore, reducing salt intake in foods is an important global public health effort to achieve sodium reduction and improve health. This study aimed to model salt intake reduction with 'umami' substances among Japanese adults. The umami substances considered in this study include glutamate or monosodium glutamates (MSG), calcium diglutamate (CDG), inosinate, and guanylate. METHODS A total of 21,805 participants aged 57.8 years on average from the National Health and Nutrition Survey was used in the analysis. First, we employed a multivariable linear regression approach with overall salt intake (g/day) as a dependent variable, adjusting for food items and other covariates to estimate the contribution of salt intake from each food item that was selected through an extensive literature review. Assuming the participants already consume low-sodium products, we considered three scenarios in which salt intake could be reduced with the additional umami substances up to 30%, 60% and 100%. We estimated the total amount of population-level salt reduction for each scenario by age and gender. Under the 100% scenario, the Japan's achievement rates against the national and global salt intake reduction goals were also calculated. RESULTS Without compromising the taste, the 100% or universal incorporation of umami substances into food items reduced the salt intake of Japanese adults by 12.8-22.3% at the population-level average, which is equivalent to 1.27-2.22 g of salt reduction. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items changed daily mean salt intake of the total population from 9.95 g to 7.73 g: 10.83 g to 8.40 g for men and 9.21 g to 7.17 g for women, respectively. This study suggested that approximately 60% of Japanese adults could achieve the national dietary goal of 8 g/day, while only 7.6% would meet the global recommendation of 5.0 g/day. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides essential information on the potential salt reduction with umami substances. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items would enable the Japanese to achieve the national dietary goal. However, the reduced salt intake level still falls short of the global dietary recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Tanaka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Ishizuka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Adachi
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hayabuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yukari Takemi
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Kaung Suu Lwin
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Nomura S, Tanaka S, Eguchi A, Kawashima T, Nakamura H, Lwin KS, Yamasaki L, Yoneoka D, Tanoe Y, Adachi M, Hayabuchi H, Koganemaru S, Nishimura T, Sigel B, Uneyama H, Shibuya K. Salt intake reduction using umami substance-incorporated food: a secondary analysis of NHANES 2017-2018 data. Public Health Nutr 2022; 26:1-8. [PMID: 36453137 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002200249x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive salt intake raises blood pressure and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD), such as CVD, chronic kidney disease and stomach cancer. Reducing the Na content of food is an important public health measure to control the NCD. This study quantifies the amount of salt reduced by using umami substances, i.e. glutamate, inosinate and guanylate, for adults in the USA. DESIGN The secondary data analysis was performed using data of the US nationally representative cross-sectional dietary survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Per capita daily salt intake corresponding to the NHANES food groups was calculated in the four hypothetical scenarios of 0 %, 30 %, 60 % and 90 % market share of low-Na foods in the country. The salt reduction rates by using umami substances were estimated based on the previous study results. SETTING The USA. PARTICIPANTS 4139 individuals aged 20 years and older in the USA. RESULTS Replacing salt with umami substances could help the US adults reduce salt intake by 7·31-13·53 % (7·50-13·61 % for women and 7·18-13·53 % for men), which is equivalent to 0·61-1·13 g/d (0·54-0·98 g/d for women and 0·69-1·30 g/d for men) without compromising the taste. Approximately, 21·21-26·04 % of the US adults could keep their salt intake below 5 g/d, the WHO's recommendation in the scenario where there is no low-Na product on the market. CONCLUSIONS This study provides essential information that the use of umami substances as a substitute for salt may help reduce the US adults' salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Tanaka
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Centre for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kaung Suu Lwin
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Yamasaki
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoe
- Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Adachi
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hayabuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shosei Koganemaru
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Byron Sigel
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Witkowski M, Grajeta H, Gomułka K. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Food Additives-Preservatives, Antioxidants, Flavor Enhancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11493. [PMID: 36141765 PMCID: PMC9517530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There have been reports of food hypersensitivity reactions to food additives (HFA) for many years. The mechanisms of HFA and their frequency are difficult to precisely define, as most of the data come from outdated studies with poor methodology. In 2020, the European Food Safety Authority completed a review of additives, examining their influence on the occurrence of HFA, but did not include all of them. The aim of this review is to systematise knowledge about selected groups of food additives (FAs) and the HFA induced by them. We also briefly discuss the issues of diagnosis and therapy in this disease. FAs are commonly used in prosscessed foods, but HFA appears to be a rare phenomenon. Identification of the FA responsible for hypersensitivity and its treatment is difficult. Diagnosis is a challenge for the clinician and for the patient. A food diary is a helpful diagnostic tool. It allows diet therapy to be monitored based on the partial or complete elimination of products containing a harmful additive. An elimination diet must not be deficient, and symptomatic pharmacotherapy may be necessary if its application is ineffective. Taking all this into account, we conclude that it is necessary to conduct randomised multicentre studies based on the double-blind placebo control protocol in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Witkowski
- Department of Dietetics and Food Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Halina Grajeta
- Department of Dietetics and Food Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gomułka
- Department of Internal Disease, Pneumology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland
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Babbel J, Ramos C, Wangberg H, Luskin K, Simon R. Adverse reactions to food additives. JOURNAL OF FOOD ALLERGY 2021; 3:8-23. [PMID: 39022633 PMCID: PMC11250194 DOI: 10.2500/jfa.2021.3.210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Food additives are naturally occurring or synthetic substances that are added to food to modify the color, taste, texture, stability, or other characteristics of foods. These additives are ubiquitous in the food that we consume on a daily basis and, therefore, have been the subject of much scrutiny about possible reactions. Despite these concerns, the overall prevalence of food additive reactions is 1-2%, with a minority of the wide variety of symptoms attributed to food-additive exposure being reproduced by double-blind placebo controlled challenges. Reactions can be broadly classified into either immunoglobulin E (IgE)- and non-IgE-mediated reactions, with natural additives accounting for most IgE-mediated reactions, and both natural and synthetic additives being implicated in the non-IgE-mediated reactions. Reactions that include asthma exacerbations, urticaria and/or angioedema, or anaphylaxis with ingestion of a food additive are most deserving of further allergy evaluation. In this article, we discussed the different types of adverse reactions that have been described to various food additives. We also reviewed the specifics of how to evaluate and diagnose a food additive allergy in a clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Babbel
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Courtney Ramos
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Hannah Wangberg
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Kate Luskin
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Ronald Simon
- Scripps Clinic Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
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Nomura S, Ishizuka A, Tanaka S, Yoneoka D, Uneyama H, Shibuya K. Umami: An Alternative Japanese Approach to Reducing Sodium While Enhancing Taste Desirability. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.136047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Tsatsakis AM, Nițulescu GM, Kouretas D, Veskoukis A, Tsoukalas D, Engin AB, Aschner M, Margină D. A review of the alleged health hazards of monosodium glutamate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1111-1134. [PMID: 31920467 PMCID: PMC6952072 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an umami substance widely used as flavor enhancer. Although it is generally recognized as being safe by food safety regulatory agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on preclinical studies and clinical trials regarding the alleged adverse effects of MSG. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the reported possible risks that may potentially arise following chronic exposure. Furthermore, we intend to critically evaluate the relevance of this data for dietary human intake. Preclinical studies have associated MSG administration with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, low-grade inflammation, metabolic disarray and premalignant alterations, along with behavioral changes. Moreover, links between MSG consumption and tumorigenesis, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as genotoxic effects in lymphocytes have been reported. However, in reviewing the available literature, we detected several methodological flaws, which led us to conclude that these studies have limited relevance for extrapolation to dietary human intakes of MSG risk exposure. Clinical trials have focused mainly on the effects of MSG on food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its well-known impact on food palatability, MSG enhances salivary secretion and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, while the impact on satiety and post-meal recovery of hunger varied in relation to meal composition. Reports on MSG hypersensitivity, also known as 'Chinese restaurant syndrome', or links of its use to increased pain sensitivity and atopic dermatitis were found to have little supporting evidence. Based on the available literature, we conclude that further clinical and epidemiological studies are needed, with an appropriate design, accounting for both added and naturally occurring dietary MSG. Critical analysis of existing literature, establishes that many of the reported negative health effects of MSG have little relevance for chronic human exposure and are poorly informative as they are based on excessive dosing that does not meet with levels normally consumed in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Zanfirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - George M. Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Aris Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens 10674, Greece
| | - Ayse B. Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10463, USA
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
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Roberts A, Lynch B, Rietjens IMCM. Risk Assessment Paradigm for Glutamate. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018; 73 Suppl 5:53-64. [PMID: 30508819 DOI: 10.1159/000494783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-evaluation of the use of glutamic acid and glutamate salts (referred to as glutamate hereafter) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. SUMMARY This ADI is below the normal dietary intake, while even intake of free glutamate by breast-fed babies can be above this ADI. In addition, the pre-natal developmental toxicity study selected by EFSA, has never been used by regulatory authorities worldwide for the safety assessment of glutamate despite it being available for nearly 40 years. Also, the EFSA ignored that toxicokinetic data provide support for eliminating the use of an uncertainty factor for interspecies differences in kinetics. Key Messages: A 3-generation reproductive toxicity study in mice that includes extensive brain histopathology, provides a better point of departure showing no effects up to the highest dose tested of 6,000 mg/kg bw/day. Furthermore, kinetic data support use of a compound-specific uncertainty factor of 25 instead of 100. Thus, an ADI of at least 240 mg/kg bw/day would be indicated. In fact, there is no compelling evidence to indicate that the previous ADI of "not specified" warrants any change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy Health, Environmental and Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy Health, Environmental and Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Scourboutakos MJ, Murphy SA, L'Abbé MR. Association between salt substitutes/enhancers and changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants: a cross-sectional analysis. CMAJ Open 2018; 6. [PMID: 29514800 PMCID: PMC5878952 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20170137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restaurant foods have high sodium levels, and efforts have been made to promote reductions. The objective of this study was to understand if salt substitutes and enhancers are associated with changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants. METHODS A longitudinal database (MENU-FLIP) containing nutrition information for Canadian chain restaurants with 20 or more locations nationally was created in 2010 and updated in 2013 and 2016. In 2016, when available, ingredient lists were collected from restaurant websites and searched for the presence of salt substitutes/enhancers. Changes in sodium levels (per serving) and the prevalence of salt substitutes/enhancers in 222 foods from 12 of the leading fast-food restaurant chains were compared across 3 time points. RESULTS Sixty-nine percent of foods contained a salt substitute/enhancer. Substitutes/enhancers were found in every restaurant chain (n = 12) for which ingredient data were available. The most common substitutes/enhancers were yeast extracts (in 30% of foods), calcium chloride (28%), monosodium glutamate (14%) and potassium chloride (12%). Sodium levels in foods that contained substitutes/enhancers decreased significantly more (190 ± 42 mg/serving) over the study period than those in foods that did not contain a substitute/enhancer (40 ± 17 mg/serving, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION Salt substitutes and enhancers are prevalent in restaurant foods and are one means by which restaurants may be lowering sodium levels in their foods. At this time, the potential consequences of these findings, if any, are uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Scourboutakos
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sarah A Murphy
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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12
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Maluly HDB, Arisseto‐Bragotto AP, Reyes FGR. Monosodium glutamate as a tool to reduce sodium in foodstuffs: Technological and safety aspects. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:1039-1048. [PMID: 29188030 PMCID: PMC5694874 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most commonly used ingredient to provide salty taste to foods. However, excess sodium in the bloodstream has been associated with the development of several chronic noncommunicable diseases. In order to limit sodium intake to levels considered safe, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends for adults a daily intake of not more than 5 g of NaCl (less than 2 g of sodium). One of the strategic actions recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to reduce sodium intake is reformulation of processed foods. This recommendation indicates there is an urgent need to find salt substitutes, and umami compounds have been pointed as an alternative strategy. Like salty, umami is also a basic taste and the major compound associated to umami is monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). The available scientific data on the toxicity of MSG has been evaluated by scientific committees and regulatory agencies. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) not specified, which indicated that the substance offers no health risk when used as a food additive. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology classified MSG as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substance. In this paper, an overview about salty and umami taste physiology, the potential applications of MSG use to reduce sodium content in specific industrialized foods and safety aspects of MSG as food additive are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen D. B. Maluly
- Department of Food ScienceSchool of Food EngineeringUniversity of CampinasRua Monteiro LobatoCampinasSão PauloBrazil
| | - Adriana P. Arisseto‐Bragotto
- Department of Food ScienceSchool of Food EngineeringUniversity of CampinasRua Monteiro LobatoCampinasSão PauloBrazil
| | - Felix G. R. Reyes
- Department of Food ScienceSchool of Food EngineeringUniversity of CampinasRua Monteiro LobatoCampinasSão PauloBrazil
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13
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Parent-Massin D, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Tobback P, Altieri A, Rincon AM, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium glutamate (E 623), ammonium glutamate (E 624) and magnesium glutamate (E 625) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04910. [PMID: 32625571 PMCID: PMC7009848 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. Glutamate is absorbed in the intestine and it is presystemically metabolised in the gut wall. No adverse effects were observed in the available short-term, subchronic, chronic, reproductive and developmental studies. The only effect observed was increased kidney weight and increased spleen weight; however, the increase in organ weight was not accompanied by adverse histopathological findings and, therefore, the increase in organ weight was not considered as an adverse effect. The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. From a neurodevelopmental toxicity study, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg body weight (bw) per day could be identified. The Panel assessed the suitability of human data to be used for the derivation of a health-based guidance value. Although effects on humans were identified human data were not suitable due to the lack of dose-response data from which a dose without effect could be identified. Based on the NOAEL of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg bw per day from the neurodevelopmental toxicity study and applying the default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid, for glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625). The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups.
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14
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Martin VT, Vij B. Diet and Headache: Part 1. Headache 2016; 56:1543-1552. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent T. Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Brinder Vij
- Department of Neurology; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati OH USA
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15
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Greisinger S, Jovanovski S, Buchbauer G. An Interesting Tour of New Research Results on Umami and Umami Compounds. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the fifth basic taste, the umami taste, has been investigated by many scientists in the last years and continues to gain importance. Therefore, a lot of scientific studies were conducted to explore several effects influencing the mechanism of umami, which is elicited and enhanced by defined concentrations of MSG (monosodium glutamate) and umami compounds. This paper covers the most relevant scientific literature regarding umami, its use as a flavor enhancer, and the latest umami compounds, which have been released in the last ten years. The main goal of this overview was to summarize the most important results which were related to umami as one of the five basic tastes, the umami taste receptor, the essential role of umami in a great number of physiological mechanisms, and the MSG symptom complex. Furthermore, the function of umami in the interaction of taste, aftertaste and olfactory pathways has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Greisinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Jovanovski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Obayashi Y, Nagamura Y. Does monosodium glutamate really cause headache? : a systematic review of human studies. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:54. [PMID: 27189588 PMCID: PMC4870486 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monosodium glutamate (MSG) is classified as a causative substance of headache in the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD-III beta), there is no literature in which causal relationship between MSG and headache was comprehensively reviewed. We performed systematic review of human studies which include the incidence of headache after an oral administration of MSG. An analysis was made by separating the human studies with MSG administration with or without food, because of the significant difference of kinetics of glutamate between those conditions (Am J Clin Nutr 37:194-200, 1983; J Nutr 130:1002S-1004S, 2000) and there are some papers which report the difference of the manifestation of symptoms after MSG ingestion with or without food (Food Chem Toxicol 31:1019-1035, 1993; J Nutr 125:2891S-2906S, 1995). Of five papers including six studies with food, none showed a significant difference in the incidence of headache except for the female group in one study. Of five papers including seven studies without food, four studies showed a significant difference. Many of the studies involved administration of MSG in solution at high concentrations (>2 %). Since the distinctive MSG is readily identified at such concentrations, these studies were thought not to be properly blinded. Because of the absence of proper blinding, and the inconsistency of the findings, we conclude that further studies are required to evaluate whether or not a causal relationship exists between MSG ingestion and headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Obayashi
- />International Glutamate Technical Committee (IGTC), Avenue Jules Bordet 142, B-1140 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yoichi Nagamura
- />Faculty of Health Science, Department of Clinical Nurition, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka-cho, Suzuka-city, Mie 510-0293 Japan
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17
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Shimada A, Castrillon EE, Baad-Hansen L, Ghafouri B, Gerdle B, Wåhlén K, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, Svensson P. Increased pain and muscle glutamate concentration after single ingestion of monosodium glutamate by myofascial temporomandibular disorders patients. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1502-12. [PMID: 27091318 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate if single monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration would elevate muscle/serum glutamate concentrations and affect muscle pain sensitivity in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients more than in healthy individuals. METHODS Twelve myofascial TMD patients and 12 sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in two sessions. Participants drank MSG (150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg; control) diluted in 400 mL of soda. The concentration of glutamate in the masseter muscle, blood plasma and saliva was determined before and after the ingestion of MSG or control. At baseline and every 15 min after the ingestion, pain intensity was scored on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) and autonomic parameters were measured. All participants were asked to report adverse effects after the ingestion. RESULTS In TMD, interstitial glutamate concentration was significantly greater after the MSG ingestion when compared with healthy controls. TMD reported a mean pain intensity of 2.8/10 at baseline, which significantly increased by 40% 30 min post MSG ingestion. At baseline, TMD showed lower PPTols in the masseter and trapezius, and higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than healthy controls. The MSG ingestion resulted in reports of headache by half of the TMD and healthy controls, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that myofascial TMD patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of ingested MSG. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?': Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle caused by monosodium glutamate (MSG) ingestion was significantly greater in myofascial myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients than healthy individuals. This elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle significantly increased the intensity of spontaneous pain in myofascial TMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimada
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark. .,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - E E Castrillon
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Baad-Hansen
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Ghafouri
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - B Gerdle
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - K Wåhlén
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - M Ernberg
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark.,Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P Svensson
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
This paper examines current knowledge about putative "pro-algesic" dietary components, and discusses whether limiting the intake of these substances can help improve chronic pain. Although there is a common impression that numerous food components, natural and synthetic, can cause or worsen pain symptoms, very few of these substances have been investigated. This article focuses on four substances, monosodium glutamate, aspartame, arachidonic acid, and caffeine, where research shows that overconsumption may induce or worsen pain. For each substance, the mechanism whereby it may act to induce pain is examined, and any clinical trials examining the effectiveness of reducing the intake of the substance discussed. While all four substances are associated with pain, decreased consumption of them does not consistently reduce pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Edwin Cairns
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,b Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark
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19
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Tonouchi N, Ito H. Present Global Situation of Amino Acids in Industry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:3-14. [PMID: 27832295 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, amino acids are widely produced and utilized industrially. Initially, monosodium glutamate (MSG) was produced by extraction from a gluten hydrolysate. The amino acid industry started using the residual of the lysate. The discovery of the functions of amino acids has led to the expansion of their field of use. In addition to seasoning and other food use, amino acids are used in many fields such as animal nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. On the other hand, the invention of the glutamate fermentation process, followed by the development of fermentation methods for many other amino acids, is no less important. The supply of these amino acids at a low price is very essential for their industrial use. Most amino acids are now produced by fermentation. The consumption of many amino acids such as MSG or feed-use amino acids is still rapidly increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tonouchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Hisao Ito
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
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20
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Borkum JM. Migraine Triggers and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review and Synthesis. Headache 2015; 56:12-35. [PMID: 26639834 DOI: 10.1111/head.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blau theorized that migraine triggers are exposures that in higher amounts would damage the brain. The recent discovery that the TRPA1 ion channel transduces oxidative stress and triggers neurogenic inflammation suggests that oxidative stress may be the common denominator underlying migraine triggers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to present and discuss the available literature on the capacity of common migraine triggers to generate oxidative stress in the brain. METHODS A Medline search was conducted crossing the terms "oxidative stress" and "brain" with "alcohol," "dehydration," "water deprivation," "monosodium glutamate," "aspartame," "tyramine," "phenylethylamine," "dietary nitrates," "nitrosamines," "noise," "weather," "air pollutants," "hypoglycemia," "hypoxia," "infection," "estrogen," "circadian," "sleep deprivation," "information processing," "psychosocial stress," or "nitroglycerin and tolerance." "Flavonoids" was crossed with "prooxidant." The reference lists of the resulting articles were examined for further relevant studies. The focus was on empirical studies, in vitro and of animals, of individual triggers, indicating whether and/or by what mechanism they can generate oxidative stress. RESULTS In all cases except pericranial pain, common migraine triggers are capable of generating oxidative stress. Depending on the trigger, mechanisms include a high rate of energy production by the mitochondria, toxicity or altered membrane properties of the mitochondria, calcium overload and excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and activation of microglia, and activation of neuronal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. For some triggers, oxidants also arise as a byproduct of monoamine oxidase or cytochrome P450 processing, or from uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress is a plausible unifying principle behind the types of migraine triggers encountered in clinical practice. The possible implications for prevention and for understanding the nature of the migraine attack are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Borkum
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Health Psych Maine, Waterville, ME, USA
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21
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Spohrer R, Knowles J, Jallier V, Ndiaye B, Indorf C, Guinot P, Kupka R. Estimation of population iodine intake from iodized salt consumed through bouillon seasoning in Senegal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1357:43-52. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spohrer
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN); Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Vincent Jallier
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN); Geneva Switzerland
| | | | | | - Philippe Guinot
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN); Geneva Switzerland
| | - Roland Kupka
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); New York
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22
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Skypala IJ, Williams M, Reeves L, Meyer R, Venter C. Sensitivity to food additives, vaso-active amines and salicylates: a review of the evidence. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:34. [PMID: 26468368 PMCID: PMC4604636 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is considerable literature pertaining to IgE and non IgE-mediated food allergy, there is a paucity of information on non-immune mediated reactions to foods, other than metabolic disorders such as lactose intolerance. Food additives and naturally occurring 'food chemicals' have long been reported as having the potential to provoke symptoms in those who are more sensitive to their effects. Diets low in 'food chemicals' gained prominence in the 1970s and 1980s, and their popularity remains, although the evidence of their efficacy is very limited. This review focuses on the available evidence for the role and likely adverse effects of both added and natural 'food chemicals' including benzoate, sulphite, monosodium glutamate, vaso-active or biogenic amines and salicylate. Studies assessing the efficacy of the restriction of these substances in the diet have mainly been undertaken in adults, but the paper will also touch on the use of such diets in children. The difficulty of reviewing the available evidence is that few of the studies have been controlled and, for many, considerable time has elapsed since their publication. Meanwhile dietary patterns and habits have changed hugely in the interim, so the conclusions may not be relevant for our current dietary norms. The conclusion of the review is that there may be some benefit in the removal of an additive or a group of foods high in natural food chemicals from the diet for a limited period for certain individuals, providing the diagnostic pathway is followed and the foods are reintroduced back into the diet to assess for the efficacy of removal. However diets involving the removal of multiple additives and food chemicals have the very great potential to lead to nutritional deficiency especially in the paediatric population. Any dietary intervention, whether for the purposes of diagnosis or management of food allergy or food intolerance, should be adapted to the individual's dietary habits and a suitably trained dietitian should ensure nutritional needs are met. Ultimately a healthy diet should be the aim for all patients presenting in the allergy clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J. Skypala
- />Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
| | - M. Williams
- />Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Somerset, UK
| | - L. Reeves
- />Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - R. Meyer
- />Great Ormond Street NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C. Venter
- />The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
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23
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Shimada A, Baad-Hansen L, Castrillon E, Ghafouri B, Stensson N, Gerdle B, Ernberg M, Cairns B, Svensson Odont P. Differential effects of repetitive oral administration of monosodium glutamate on interstitial glutamate concentration and muscle pain sensitivity. Nutrition 2015; 31:315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Greenberger PA, Lieberman P. Idiopathic Anaphylaxis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2014; 2:243-50; quiz 251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Burnett CL, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of α-Amino Acids as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:41S-64S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813507090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of α-amino acids, which function primarily as hair- and skin-conditioning agents in cosmetic products. The safety of α-amino acids as direct food additives has been well established based on extensive research through acute and chronic dietary exposures. The Panel focused its review on dermal irritation and sensitization data relevant to the use of these ingredients in topical cosmetics. The Panel concluded that α-amino acids were safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration of this safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Chemist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Chemist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Abstract
Food additives have been used throughout history to perform specific functions in foods. A comprehensive framework of legislation is in place within Europe to control the use of additives in the food supply and ensure they pose no risk to human health. Further to this, exposure assessments are regularly carried out to monitor population intakes and verify that intakes are not above acceptable levels (acceptable daily intakes). Young children may have a higher dietary exposure to chemicals than adults due to a combination of rapid growth rates and distinct food intake patterns. For this reason, exposure assessments are particularly important in this age group. The paper will review the use of additives and exposure assessment methods and examine factors that affect dietary exposure by young children. One of the most widely investigated unfavourable health effects associated with food additive intake in preschool-aged children are suggested adverse behavioural effects. Research that has examined this relationship has reported a variety of responses, with many noting an increase in hyperactivity as reported by parents but not when assessed using objective examiners. This review has examined the experimental approaches used in such studies and suggests that efforts are needed to standardise objective methods of measuring behaviour in preschool children. Further to this, a more holistic approach to examining food additive intakes by preschool children is advisable, where overall exposure is considered rather than focusing solely on behavioural effects and possibly examining intakes of food additives other than food colours.
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Paul MVS, Abhilash M, Varghese MV, Alex M, Harikumaran Nair R. Protective effects of α-tocopherol against oxidative stress related to nephrotoxicity by monosodium glutamate in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:625-30. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.714008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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29
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Mouritsen OG. Umami flavour as a means of regulating food intake and improving nutrition and health. Nutr Health 2012; 21:56-75. [PMID: 22544776 DOI: 10.1177/0260106012445537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diet and lifestyle have an impact on the burden of ill health and non-communicable ailments such as cardiovascular disease (including hypertension), obesity, diabetes, cancer and certain mental illnesses. The consequences of malnutrition and critical unbalances in the diet with regard to sugar, salt and fat are becoming increasingly manifest in the Western world and are also gradually influencing the general health condition for populations in developing countries. In this topical mini-review I highlight the lack of deliciousness and umami (savoury) flavour in prepared meals as a possible reason for poor nutritional management and excess intake of salt, fat and sugar. I argue that a better informed use of the current scientific understanding of umami and its dependence of the synergetic relationship between monosodium glutamate and certain 5'-ribonucleotides and their action on the umami taste receptors will not only provide better-tasting and more flavoursome meals but may also help to regulate food intake, in relation to both overeating and nutritional management of elderly and sick individuals.
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Baad-Hansen L, Cairns B, Ernberg M, Svensson P. Effect of systemic monosodium glutamate (MSG) on headache and pericranial muscle sensitivity. Cephalalgia 2010; 30:68-76. [PMID: 19438927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study to investigate the occurrence of adverse effects such as headache as well as pain and mechanical sensitivity in pericranial muscles after oral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). In three sessions, 14 healthy men drank sugar-free soda that contained either MSG (75 or 150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg, placebo). Plasma glutamate level, pain, pressure pain thresholds and tolerance levels, blood pressure (BP), heart rate and reported adverse effects were assessed for 2 h. No muscle pain or robust changes in mechanical sensitivity were detected, but there was a significant increase in reports of headache and subjectively reported pericranial muscle tenderness after MSG. Systolic BP was elevated in the high MSG session compared with low MSG and placebo. These findings add new information to the concept of MSG headache and craniofacial pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baad-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Roth K, Lück E. Die E-Klasse. Ob süß oder sauer, ob knallrot oder giftgrün - sie ist immer dabei. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.200900505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cairns BE, Dong X. The Role of Peripheral Glutamate and Glutamate Receptors in Muscle Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10582450801960388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a salt form of a non-essential amino acid commonly used as a food additive for its unique flavour enhancing qualities. Since the first description of the 'Monosodium glutamate symptom complex', originally described in 1968 as the 'Chinese restaurant syndrome', a number of anecdotal reports and small clinical studies of variable quality have attributed a variety of symptoms to the dietary ingestion of MSG. Descriptions of MSG-induced asthma, urticaria, angio-oedema, and rhinitis have prompted some to suggest that MSG should be an aetiologic consideration in patients presenting with these conditions. This review prevents a critical review of the available literature related to the possible role of MSG in the so-called 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' and in eliciting asthmatic bronchospasm, urticaria, angio-oedema, and rhinitis. Despite concerns raised by early reports, decades of research have failed to demonstrate a clear and consistent relationship between MSG ingestion and the development of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Williams
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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Khairunnisak M, Azizah A, Jinap S, Nurul Izzah A. Monitoring of free glutamic acid in Malaysian processed foods, dishes and condiments. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:419-26. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802596860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rousseaux CG. A Review of Glutamate Receptors II: Pathophysiology and Pathology. J Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.21.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Rousseaux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa
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Abstract
Food allergies and asthma are increasing worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 8% of children aged <3 years have food allergies. Foods can induce a variety of IgE-mediated, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory reactions. The most common foods responsible for allergic reactions in children are egg, milk, peanut, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. Asthma alone as a manifestation of a food allergy is rare and atypical. Less than 5% of patients experience wheezing without cutaneous or gastrointestinal symptoms during a food challenge. In addition to acute respiratory symptoms, a food allergy may also induce airway hyper-responsiveness beyond the initial reaction. This process can occur in patients who do not demonstrate a decrease in lung function during the reaction. Inhalation of aerosolized food particles can cause respiratory symptoms in selected food-allergic individuals, particularly with fish and shellfish during cooking and aerosolization. However, this has not been demonstrated with the smelling of, or casual contact with, peanut butter. Rarely, food additives such as sulfating agents can cause respiratory reactions. This reaction occurs primarily in patients with underlying asthma, particularly in patients with more severe asthma. In contrast, there is no convincing evidence that tartrazine or monosodium glutamate can induce asthma responses. Although food-induced asthma is rare, it is common for patients and clinicians to perceive that food can trigger asthma. Avoidance of specific foods or additives has not been shown to improve asthma, even in patients who may perceive that a particular food worsens their asthma.However, patients with underlying asthma are more likely to experience a fatal or near-fatal food reaction. Food reactions tend to be more severe or life threatening when they involve the respiratory tract. The presence of a food allergy is a risk factor for the future development of asthma, particularly for children with sensitization to egg protein. The diagnosis of a food allergy includes skin or in vitro testing as an initial study when the history suggests food allergy. While negative testing generally rules out a food allergy, positive testing should be followed by a food-challenge procedure for a definitive diagnosis. The CAP-RAST FEIA (CAP-radioallergosorbent test [RAST] fluoroenzyme immunoasssay system [FEIA]) is an improved in vitro measure that in some cases may decrease the need for food challenges. However, similar to skin testing and the RAST, there is good sensitivity but poor specificity, such that specific challenges are often warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Beausoleil
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a prednisone-responsive condition without external cause, but it can coexist with food-, medication-, or exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Mast cell activation may occur at night or after foods that have been eaten with impunity many times previously. Idiopathic anaphylaxis can be classified into frequent (if there are six or more episodes per year or two episodes in the last 2 months) or infrequent (if episodes occur less often). Idiopathic anaphylaxis-generalized consists of urticaria or angioedema associated with severe respiratory distress, syncope or hypotension, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Idiopathic anaphylaxis-angioedema consists of massive tongue enlargement or severe pharyngeal or laryngeal swelling with urticaria or peripheral angioedema. The differential diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis is reviewed, and treatment approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Greenberger
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 14018, 676 North St. Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Cairns BE, Dong X, Mann MK, Svensson P, Sessle BJ, Arendt-Nielsen L, McErlane KM. Systemic administration of monosodium glutamate elevates intramuscular glutamate levels and sensitizes rat masseter muscle afferent fibers. Pain 2007; 132:33-41. [PMID: 17335976 PMCID: PMC2096751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that elevated tissue concentrations of glutamate may contribute to pain and sensitivity in certain musculoskeletal pain conditions. In the present study, the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) was injected intravenously into rats to determine whether it could significantly elevate interstitial concentrations of glutamate in the masseter muscle and whether MSG administration could excite and/or sensitize slowly conducting masseter afferent fibers through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. The interstitial concentration of glutamate after systemic injection of isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (control) or MSG (10 and 50mg/kg) was measured with a glutamate-selective biosensor. The pre-injection baseline interstitial concentration of glutamate in the rat masseter muscle was 24+/-11 microM. Peak interstitial concentration after injection of 50mg/kg MSG was 63+/-18 microM and remained elevated above baseline for approximately 18 min. In vivo single unit recording experiments were undertaken to assess the effect of MSG (50mg/kg) on masseter afferent fibers. Injection of MSG evoked a brief discharge in one afferent fiber, and significantly decreased ( approximately 25%) the average afferent mechanical threshold (n=10) during the first 5 min after injection of MSG. Intravenous injection of ketamine (1mg/kg), 5 min prior to MSG, prevented the MSG-induced decreases in the mechanical threshold of masseter afferent fibers. The present results indicate that a 2- to 3-fold elevation in interstitial glutamate levels in the masseter muscle is sufficient to excite and induce afferent mechanical sensitization through NMDA receptor activation. These findings suggest that modest elevations of interstitial glutamate concentration could alter musculoskeletal pain sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE This article reviews the literature from the past 40 years of research related to monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its ability to trigger a migraine headache, induce an asthma exacerbation, or evoke a constellation of symptoms described as the "Chinese restaurant syndrome." DATA SOURCES Literature retrieved by a search using PubMed, Medline, Lexis-Nexus, and Infotrac to review articles from the past 40 years. CONCLUSIONS MSG has a widespread reputation for eliciting a variety of symptoms, ranging from headache to dry mouth to flushing. Since the first report of the so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome 40 years ago, clinical trials have failed to identify a consistent relationship between the consumption of MSG and the constellation of symptoms that comprise the syndrome. Furthermore, MSG has been described as a trigger for asthma and migraine headache exacerbations, but there are no consistent data to support this relationship. Although there have been reports of an MSG-sensitive subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo-controlled trials. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Despite a widespread belief that MSG can elicit a headache, among other symptoms, there are no consistent clinical data to support this claim. Findings from the literature indicate that there is no consistent evidence to suggest that individuals may be uniquely sensitive to MSG. Nurse practitioners should therefore concentrate their efforts on advising patients of the nutritional pitfalls of some Chinese restaurant meals and to seek more consistently documented etiologies for symptoms such as headache, xerostomia, or flushing.
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Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P, Hammes WP, Heinemann U, Kempski O, Stehle P, Steinhart H, Walker R. Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate - an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:304-13. [PMID: 16957679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Update of the Hohenheim consensus on monosodium glutamate from 1997: Summary and evaluation of recent knowledge with respect to physiology and safety of monosodium glutamate. DESIGN Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. SETTING University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. METHOD The experts met and discussed the questions and arrived at a consensus. CONCLUSION Total intake of glutamate from food in European countries is generally stable and ranged from 5 to 12 g/day (free: ca. 1 g, protein-bound: ca. 10 g, added as flavor: ca. 0.4 g). L-Glutamate (GLU) from all sources is mainly used as energy fuel in enterocytes. A maximum intake of 6.000 [corrected] mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. The general use of glutamate salts (monosodium-L-glutamate and others) as food additive can, thus, be regarded as harmless for the whole population. Even in unphysiologically high doses GLU will not trespass into fetal circulation. Further research work should, however, be done concerning the effects of high doses of a bolus supply at presence of an impaired blood brain barrier function. In situations with decreased appetite (e.g., elderly persons) palatability can be improved by low dose use of monosodium-L-glutamate.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the literature related to the classification of food additives and their reported adverse reactions and to provide a practical approach for evaluation of patients suspected of having such reactions. DATA SOURCES Information was derived from selected reviews and original articles published in peer-reviewed journals and from authoritative textbook chapters, supplemented by the clinical experience of the authors. STUDY SELECTION Priority was given to studies that used blinded, placebo-controlled oral challenges to confirm adverse reactions to food additives. In addition, selected, appropriately evaluated case reports are included. RESULTS A large number of food additives are widely used in the food industry. Adverse reactions to additives seem to be rare but are likely underdiagnosed in part due to a low index of suspicion. Numerous symptoms have been attributed to food additive exposure, but the cause-and-effect relationship has not been well demonstrated in all. CONCLUSIONS Reactions to food additives should be suspected in patients who report symptoms to multiple unrelated foods or to a certain food when commercially prepared but not when homemade and the allergy evaluation rules out a role for food protein. It is also prudent to investigate food additives in patients considered to have idiopathic reactions. There is a minor role for skin testing or in vitro testing. Oral challenge testing with common additives, preferably preceded by a trial of an additive-free diet, is the definitive procedure for detecting the offending agent. Once the specific additive is identified, management is basically avoidance of all its forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Wilson
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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Spergel JM, Fiedler J. Food allergy and additives: triggers in asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25:149-67. [PMID: 15579369 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to food allergens can cause a varied pattern of respiratory symptoms, with allergic responses ranging from asthma symptoms to occupational asthma. Food allergy in a patient presenting as asthma tends to indicate a more severe disease constellation. Patients with underlying asthma experience more severe and life-threatening allergic food reactions. When a food reaction involves respiratory symptoms, it is almost always a more severe reaction compared with reactions that do not involve the respiratory tract. Susceptible patients may even react to a causative food on inhalation without ingestion. However, isolated asthma or rhinitis symptoms without concomitant cutaneous or gastrointestinal symptoms are rare events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Sreet and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bengtsson U, Blanco C, Ebner C, Hourihane J, Knulst AC, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Nekam K, Niggemann B, Osterballe M, Ortolani C, Ring J, Schnopp C, Werfel T. Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods--position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004; 59:690-7. [PMID: 15180754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Garlick PJ. The nature of human hazards associated with excessive intake of amino acids. J Nutr 2004; 134:1633S-1639S; discussion 1664S-1666S, 1667S-1672S. [PMID: 15173443 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1633s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a large increase in the consumption of individual amino acids as dietary supplements. This has resulted not only from the use of certain amino acids as flavoring agents, but other amino acids are taken for perceived health benefit, for enhancement of physical performance, as well as for psychological effects. Two reviews of the scientific literature exist that mainly deal with effects in animals, and three major reports consider the safety of amino acids for human consumption. This article is a brief summary of the available evidence regarding the safety of individual amino acids when taken in excess relative to the amounts absorbed from dietary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Garlick
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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