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Wakasugi K, Yokosawa T. The high-affinity tryptophan uptake transport system in human cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1149-1158. [PMID: 38813870 PMCID: PMC11346423 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The L-tryptophan (Trp) transport system is highly selective for Trp with affinity in the nanomolar range. This transport system is augmented in human interferon (IFN)-γ-treated and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells. Up-regulated cellular uptake of Trp causes a reduction in extracellular Trp and initiates immune suppression. Recent studies demonstrate that both IDO1 and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS), whose expression levels are up-regulated by IFN-γ, play a pivotal role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells. Furthermore, overexpression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) elicits a similar effect as IDO1 on TrpRS-mediated high-affinity Trp uptake. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding this Trp uptake system and put forward a possible molecular mechanism based on Trp deficiency induced by IDO1 or TDO2 and tryptophanyl-AMP production by TrpRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wakasugi
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Kudo Y, Sugimoto J. The Role of the Placental Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Normal and Abnormal Human Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4577. [PMID: 38674162 PMCID: PMC11050494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The biologically significant phenomenon that the fetus can survive immune attacks from the mother has been demonstrated in mammals. The survival mechanism depends on the fetus and placenta actively defending themselves against attacks by maternal T cells, achieved through the localized depletion of the amino acid L-tryptophan by an enzyme called indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. These findings were entirely unexpected and pose important questions regarding diseases related to human pregnancy and their prevention during human pregnancy. Specifically, the role of this mechanism, as discovered in mice, in humans remains unknown, as does the extent to which impaired activation of this process contributes to major clinical diseases in humans. We have, thus, elucidated several key aspects of this enzyme expressed in the human placenta both in normal and abnormal human pregnancy. The questions addressed in this brief review are as follows: (1) localization and characteristics of human placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenas; (2) overall tryptophan catabolism in human pregnancy and a comparison of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression levels between normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy; (3) controlling trophoblast invasion by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and its relation to the pathogenesis of placenta accrete spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
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3
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Hikawa N, Kashio S, Miura M. Mating-induced increase of kynurenine in Drosophila ovary enhances starvation resistance of progeny. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105663. [PMID: 38246353 PMCID: PMC10882137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The maternal nutritional environment can impact progeny development, stress tolerance, and longevity. Such phenotypic variation of offspring resulting from the maternal environment is often referred to as the 'maternal effect' and is observed across taxa, including in humans. While some mechanisms behind maternal effects have been revealed, such as histone modification, many studies rely on drastic genetic or nutritional manipulation in describing these mechanisms. Here we aimed to reveal how the maternal environment is regulated under physiological conditions to affect the progeny. Specifically, we detailed metabolic regulation in oocytes in response to mating using Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found that upon mating, the ovary metabolites shifted, predominantly toward increasing amino acids and the tryptophan/kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. This mating-induced increase in ovary Kyn was driven by increased Kyn production in the fat body, a functional counterpart of the mammalian liver and white adipose tissue and the source of Kyn storage for the ovary after mating. Furthermore, we show that maternal Kyn repression decreased the starvation resistance of progeny and that administering exogenous Kyn to the maternal generation enhanced the starvation resistance of female progeny. Taken together, these findings point to a previously unidentified role of fat body Kyn distribution during reproduction on progeny survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hikawa
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Xodo S, Londero AP, Orsaria M, Marzinotto S, Colussi G, Cagnacci A, Mariuzzi L, Gri G. Examining the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Network in the Placental Tissues of Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Eclampsia: An Explorative Case-Control Analysis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2122. [PMID: 38004262 PMCID: PMC10672047 DOI: 10.3390/life13112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality associated with pre-eclampsia, which are caused partly by premature delivery, affect a factual proportion of pregnancies. Despite its prevalence, the underlying causes of pre-eclampsia remain elusive, with emerging evidence implicating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in its pathogenesis. This study sought to elucidate the involvement of the AhR and its associated pathway in pre-eclampsia by comparing placental components of the AhR pathway in pregnant individuals with and without pre-eclampsia. This case-control investigation was conducted at the University Hospital of Udine from May 2021 to February 2023. The AhR was assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and its mRNA was evaluated using a Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR. Levels of mRNA expression were also estimated for other components of the AhR pathway (CYP1B1, IDO1, ARNT, TIPARP, S100A4, and AHRR). Our findings show decreased levels of expression of AhR, IDO1, ARNT, TiPARP, and S100A4 in the placental tissues of individuals with pre-eclampsia compared to controls (p < 0.05). The AhR exhibited a distinct localization within the syncytiotrophoblast (nuclei and cytoplasm) and CD45-positive cells (nuclei and cytoplasm). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the AhR and S100A4 (rho = 0.81) was observed in normal placentas, while CYP1B1 displayed a significant negative correlation with the AhR (rho = -0.72), within addition to its negative correlation with TiPARP (rho = -0.83). This study illuminates pre-eclampsia's molecular aberrations, suggesting new diagnostic, therapeutic, and mechanistic approaches. This study emphasizes the need for more research to validate and broaden these findings to improve the management of this complex pregnancy condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Xodo
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine”, DAME, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Ambrogio P. Londero
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Infant Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Orsaria
- Institute of Pathology, “Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine”, DAME, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.O.)
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Institute of Pathology, “Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine”, DAME, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.O.)
| | - Gianluca Colussi
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine, ASFO “Santa Maria degli Angeli” Hospital of Pordenone, 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
| | - Angelo Cagnacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Infant Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mariuzzi
- Institute of Pathology, “Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine”, DAME, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.O.)
| | - Giorgia Gri
- DIMEC—Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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5
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Jasim ZA, Al-Hakeim HK, Zolghadri S, Stanek A. Maternal Tryptophan Catabolites and Insulin Resistance Parameters in Preeclampsia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1447. [PMID: 37892130 PMCID: PMC10604911 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria in the third trimester. The disease is associated with many metabolic and biochemical changes. There is a need for new biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. The present study examined the diagnostic ability of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) and insulin resistance (IR) parameters in women with PE. This case-control study recruited sixty women with preeclampsia and 60 healthy pregnant women as a control group. Serum levels of TRYCATs (tryptophan, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine) and IR parameters (insulin and glucose) were measured by ELISA and spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that PE women have a significantly lower tryptophan level than healthy pregnant women. However, there was a significant increase in kynurenic acid, kynurenic acid/kynurenine, kynurenine/tryptophan, and 3-hydroxykynurenine levels. PE women also have a state of IR. The correlation study indicated various correlations of IR and TRYCATs with clinical data and between each other, reflecting the role of these parameters in the pathophysiology of PE. The ROC study showed that the presence of IR state, reduced tryptophan, and increased 3-HK predicted PE disease in a suspected woman with moderate sensitivities and specificities. In conclusion, the pathophysiology of PE involves a state of IR and an alteration of the TRYCAT system. These changes should be taken into consideration when PE is diagnosed or treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Abdulameer Jasim
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 7198774731, Iran;
| | | | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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6
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Murakami Y, Imamura Y, Kasahara Y, Yoshida C, Momono Y, Fang K, Sakai D, Konishi Y, Nishiyama T. Maternal Inflammation with Elevated Kynurenine Metabolites Is Related to the Risk of Abnormal Brain Development and Behavioral Changes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071087. [PMID: 37048160 PMCID: PMC10093447 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies show that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation is considered one of the major environmental factors driving this process. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major route of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in mammalian cells. Activation of the KP following neuro-inflammation can generate various endogenous neuroactive metabolites that may impact brain functions and behaviors. Additionally, neurotoxic metabolites and excitotoxicity cause long-term changes in the trophic support, glutamatergic system, and synaptic function following KP activation. Therefore, investigating the role of KP metabolites during neurodevelopment will likely promote further understanding of additional pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we describe the changes in KP metabolism in the brain during pregnancy and represent how maternal inflammation and genetic factors influence the KP during development. We overview the patients with ASD clinical data and animal models designed to verify the role of perinatal KP elevation in long-lasting biochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral deficits later in life. Our review will help shed light on new therapeutic strategies and interventions targeting the KP for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yukio Imamura
- Department of Architecture and Architectual Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kasahara
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshida
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuta Momono
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yukuo Konishi
- Center for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 619-0225, Japan
- Healthcare and Medical Data Multi-Level Integration Platform Group, RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
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7
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Stimulated Interleukin-4-Induced-1 (IL4I1) Promotes Human Decidualization via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043163. [PMID: 36834576 PMCID: PMC9959871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decidualization is necessary for the successful establishment of early pregnancy in rodents and humans. Disturbed decidualization results in recurrent implantation failure, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and preeclampsia. Tryptophan (Trp), one of the essential amino acids in humans, has a positive effect on mammalian pregnancy. Interleukin 4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1) is a recently identified enzyme that can metabolize L-Trp to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Although IDO1-catalyzed kynurenine (Kyn) from Trp has been shown to enhance human in vitro decidualization via activating AHR, whether IL4I1-catalyzed metabolites of Trp are involved in human decidualization is still unknown. In our study, human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates IL4I1 expression and secretion from human endometrial epithelial cells through ornithine decarboxylase-induced putrescine production. Either IL4I1-catalyzed indole-3-pyruvic acid (I3P) or its metabolite indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) from Trp is able to induce human in vitro decidualization by activating AHR. As a target gene of AHR, Epiregulin induced by I3P and I3A promotes human in vitro decidualization. Our study indicates that IL4I1-catalyzed metabolites from Trp can enhance human in vitro decidualization through AHR-Epiregulin pathway.
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Yaman S, Ceyhan M, Hancerliogullari N, Koc EM, Candar T, Tokmak A. Serum levels of kynurenine in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction and oligohydramnios. J Perinat Med 2023:jpm-2022-0446. [PMID: 36586131 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kynurinine (KYN) and its metabolites, which are released during the metabolism of tryptophan, an essential amino acid, have many important functions, such as cellular energy production, regulation of vascular tone, and regulation of the immune system. In this study, we aimed to detect serum KYN levels, which may be an indicator of KYN pathway activity, in idiopathic fetal growth restriction (FGR) and oligohydramnios cases whose pathophysiology is known to be affected by multiple factors, such as placental hypoperfusion, immune dysregulation, and maternal nutrition disorder, and to investigate their relationship with these common obstetric complications. METHODS This cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in the antenatal outpatient clinics of Ankara City Hospital between July and December 2021. While the study group consisted of pregnant women with idiopathic isolated FGR and oligohydramnios, the control group consisted of low-risk patients who did not have any problems. The clinical features of the patients, such as age, body mass indexes, and gestational week, were recorded by measuring basic laboratory parameters and serum KYN levels. RESULTS A total of 110 patients were included in this study. The patients were divided into three groups: FGR, oligohydramnios, and the control group. There was no significant difference between the patients' ages, weeks of gestation, or body mass indexes. Serum KYN level was calculated as 57.8 ± 13.4 pg/mL in IUGR, 75.3 ± 10.8 pg/mL in oligohydramnios and 95.1 ± 13.3 pg/mL in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum KYN levels were lower in pregnant women complicated with FGR and oligohydramnios more prominently in pregnant women diagnosed with FGR than in normal pregnancies. The results suggest that KYN plays an important role in either the etiopathogenesis or the response to these two obstetric pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Yaman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Meryem Ceyhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Necati Hancerliogullari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Esin Merve Koc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Tuba Candar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
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9
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Gumusoglu SB, Schickling BM, Vignato JA, Santillan DA, Santillan MK. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and preeclampsia: A quality assessment and meta-analysis. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 30:36-43. [PMID: 35963154 PMCID: PMC9712168 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin modulates vascular, immune, and neurophysiology and is dysregulated in preeclampsia. Despite biological plausibility that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent preeclampsia pathophysiology, observational studies have indicated increased risk and providers may be hesitant. The objective of this meta-analysis and quality assessment was to evaluate the evidence linking SSRI use in pregnancy to preeclampsia/gestational hypertension. PubMed was searched through June 5, 2020 manually and using combinations of terms: "preeclampsia", "serotonin", and "SSRI". This review followed MOOSE guidelines. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Observational cohort or population study, 2) exposure defined as SSRI use during pregnancy, 3) cases defined as preeclampsia or gestational hypertension, and 4) human participants. Studies were selected that addressed the hypothesis that gestational SSRI use modulates preeclampsia and/or gestational hypertension risk. Review Manager Web was used to synthesize study findings. Articles were read and scored (Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale) for quality by two independent reviewers. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and the Egger test. Of 179 screened studies, nine were included. The pooled risk ratio (random effects model) was 1.43 (95 % CI: 1.15-1.78, P < 0.001; range 0.96-4.86). Two studies were rated as moderate quality (both with total score of 6); others were high quality. Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 88 %) and funnel asymmetry was significant (p < 0.00001). Despite evidence for increased preeclampsia risk with SSRIs, shared risk factors and other variables are poorly controlled. Depression treatment should not be withheld due to perceived gestational hypertension risk. Mechanistic evidence for serotonin modulation in preeclampsia demonstrates a need for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena B Gumusoglu
- University of Iowa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and University of Iowa Department of Psychiatry, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Brandon M Schickling
- University of Iowa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Julie A Vignato
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Rd, Iowa City IA 52242, United States.
| | - Donna A Santillan
- University of Iowa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City IA 52242, United States.
| | - Mark K Santillan
- University of Iowa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City IA 52242, United States.
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10
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van Zundert SKM, Broekhuizen M, Smit AJP, van Rossem L, Mirzaian M, Willemsen SP, Danser AHJ, De Rijke YB, Reiss IKM, Merkus D, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the (Patho) physiology of Maternal Pregnancy and Fetal Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221135545. [PMID: 36467775 PMCID: PMC9716456 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221135545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tryptophan is the precursor of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites which regulate immune tolerance, energy metabolism, and vascular tone. Since these processes are important during pregnancy, changes in KP metabolite concentrations may play a role in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications. We hypothesize that KP metabolites can serve as novel biomarkers and preventive therapeutic targets. This review aimed to provide more insight into associations between KP metabolite concentrations in maternal and fetal blood, and in the placenta, and adverse maternal pregnancy and fetal outcomes. METHODS A systematic search was performed on 18 February 2022 comprising all KP metabolites, and keywords related to maternal pregnancy and fetal outcomes. English-written human studies measuring KP metabolite(s) in maternal or fetal blood or in the placenta in relation to pregnancy complications, were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the ErasmusAGE quality score (QS) (range: 0-10). A meta-analysis of the mean maternal tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations in uncomplicated pregnancies was conducted. RESULTS Of the 6262 unique records, 37 were included (median QS = 5). Tryptophan was investigated in most studies, followed by kynurenine, predominantly in maternal blood (n = 28/37), and in the second and third trimester of pregnancy (n = 29/37). Compared to uncomplicated pregnancies, decreased tryptophan in maternal blood was associated with an increased prevalence of depression, gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal growth restriction, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth. Elevated tryptophan was only observed in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension compared to normotensive pregnant women. In women with preeclampsia, only kynurenic acid was altered; elevated in the first trimester of pregnancy, and positively associated with proteinuria in the third trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS KP metabolite concentrations were altered in a variety of maternal pregnancy and fetal complications. This review implies that physiological pregnancy requires a tight balance of KP metabolites, and that disturbances in either direction are associated with adverse maternal pregnancy and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie KM van Zundert
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Broekhuizen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of
Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular
Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Experimental Cardiology,
Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Ashley JP Smit
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenie van Rossem
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sten P Willemsen
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - AH Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular
Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B De Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin KM Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of
Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology,
Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental
Medicine, University Clinic Munich, Ludwig Maximillian University Munich, Munich,
Germany
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11
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Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Sun X, Xie H, Zhang H, Li Z, Qi H, Yang C, Liu X, Ren L, Jiang Y, Hu X. B7-H4 reduction induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection results in dysfunction of decidual dendritic cells by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:157. [PMID: 35505420 PMCID: PMC9066748 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary infection of Toxoplasma gondii can cause serious abnormal pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage and stillbirth. Inhibitory molecule B7-H4 is abundantly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) and plays an important role in maintaining immune tolerance. However, the role of B7-H4 in decidual DCs (dDCs) in T. gondii-induced abnormal pregnancy outcomes is not clear. Methods We established T. gondii-infected abnormal pregnancy model in wild-type (WT) and B7-H4 knockout (B7-H4−/−) pregnant mice in vivo and cultured primary human dDCs in vitro. The abnormal pregnancy outcomes were observed and the expression of B7-H4, functional molecules (CD80, CD86, and MHC-II or HLA-DR), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12), and signaling molecules JAK2/STAT3 in dDCs was detected by flow cytometry and Western blot. Results Our results showed that T. gondii infection significantly decreased B7-H4 expression in dDCs. In addition, B7-H4−/− infected pregnant mice showed much more severe abnormal pregnancy outcomes than their counterparts. Importantly, B7-H4−/− infection further regulated the expression of molecules (CD80, CD86, and MHC-II or HLA-DR), enzyme IDO, and cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12) in dDCs. We further discovered that B7-H4−/− infection impairs the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, contributing to dDC dysfunction. Conclusions Taken together, the results show that reduction of B7-H4 by T. gondii infection significantly modulates the decrease in cytokine IL-10 and enzyme IDO and the increase in cytokine IL-12, contributing to dDC dysfunction. Moreover, the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is involved in the regulation of B7-H4 by T. gondii infection and in the subsequent IDO and cytokine production, which ultimately contributes to abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05263-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Sun
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Xie
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhidan Li
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Houbao Qi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Ren
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Broekhuizen M, Hitzerd E, van den Bosch TPP, Dumas J, Verdijk RM, van Rijn BB, Danser AHJ, van Eijck CHJ, Reiss IKM, Mustafa DAM. The Placental Innate Immune System Is Altered in Early-Onset Preeclampsia, but Not in Late-Onset Preeclampsia. Front Immunol 2022; 12:780043. [PMID: 34992598 PMCID: PMC8724430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a severe placenta-related pregnancy disorder that is generally divided into two subtypes named early-onset preeclampsia (onset <34 weeks of gestation), and late-onset preeclampsia (onset ≥34 weeks of gestation), with distinct pathophysiological origins. Both forms of preeclampsia have been associated with maternal systemic inflammation. However, alterations in the placental immune system have been less well characterized. Here, we studied immunological alterations in early- and late-onset preeclampsia placentas using a targeted expression profile approach. RNA was extracted from snap-frozen placenta samples (healthy n=13, early-onset preeclampsia n=13, and late-onset preeclampsia n=6). The expression of 730 immune-related genes from the Pan Cancer Immune Profiling Panel was measured, and the data were analyzed in the advanced analysis module of nSolver software (NanoString Technology). The results showed that early-onset preeclampsia placentas displayed reduced expression of complement, and toll-like receptor (TLR) associated genes, specifically TLR1 and TLR4. Mast cells and M2 macrophages were also decreased in early-onset preeclampsia compared to healthy placentas. The findings were confirmed by an immunohistochemistry approach using 20 healthy, 19 early-onset preeclampsia, and 10 late-onset preeclampsia placentas. We conclude that the placental innate immune system is altered in early-onset preeclampsia compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. The absence of these alterations in late-onset preeclampsia placentas indicates dissimilar immunological profiles. The study revealed distinct pathophysiological processes in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia placentas and imply that a tailored treatment to each subtype is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Broekhuizen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Hitzerd
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jasper Dumas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,The Tumor Immuno-Pathology (TIP) Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas B van Rijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,The Tumor Immuno-Pathology (TIP) Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Broekhuizen M, Danser AHJ, Reiss IKM, Merkus D. The Function of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Placenta: A Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Target? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111545. [PMID: 34770059 PMCID: PMC8582682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
(L-)tryptophan is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway into several kynurenine metabolites with distinct functions. Dysfunction of the kynurenine pathway can lead to impairments in vascular regulation, immune regulation, and tolerance. The first and rate limiting enzyme of this pathway, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is highly expressed in the placenta and reduced in placentas from complicated pregnancies. IDO is essential during pregnancy, as IDO inhibition in pregnant mice resulted in fetal loss. However, the exact function of placental IDO, as well as its exact placental localization, remain controversial. This review identified that two isoforms of IDO; IDO1 and IDO2, are differently expressed between placental cells, suggesting spatial segregation. Furthermore, this review summarizes how the placental kynurenine pathway is altered in pregnancy complications, including recurrent miscarriage, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Importantly, we describe that these alterations do not affect maternally circulating metabolite concentrations, suggesting that the kynurenine pathway functions as a local signaling pathway. In the placenta, it is an important source of de novo placental NAD+ synthesis and regulates fetal tryptophan and kynurenine metabolite supply. Therefore, kynurenine pathway interventions might provide opportunities to treat pregnancy complications, and this review discusses how such treatment could affect placental function and pregnancy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Broekhuizen
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Irwin K. M. Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Clinic Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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15
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Murthy GG, Prideaux MA, Armstrong M, Kenney HM, Latchney SE, Susiarjo M, Murphy SP. Characterization of the temporal, cell-specific and interferon-inducible patterns of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression in the human placenta across gestation. Placenta 2021; 115:129-138. [PMID: 34619429 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human placenta performs multiple functions necessary for successful pregnancy, but the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating placental development and functions remain incompletely understood. Catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan has numerous critical roles in normal physiology, including inflammation. The kynurenine pathway, which accounts for ∼90% of tryptophan breakdown, is mediated by indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in the placenta. In pregnant mice, alterations of IDO1 activity or expression result in fetal resorption and a preeclampsia-like phenotype. Decreased IDO1 expression at the maternal-fetal interface has also been linked to preeclampsia, in utero growth restriction and recurrent miscarriage in humans. These collective observations suggest essential role(s) for IDO1 in maintaining healthy pregnancy. Despite these important roles, the precise temporal, cell-specific and inflammatory cytokine-mediated patterns of IDO1 expression in the human placenta have not been thoroughly characterized across gestation. METHODS Western blot and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) were utilized to characterize and quantify basal and interferon (IFN)-inducible IDO1 expression in 1st trimester (7-13 weeks), 2nd trimester (14-22 weeks) and term (39-41 weeks) placental villi. RESULTS IDO1 expression is activated in the human placenta between the 13th and 14th weeks of pregnancy, increases through the 2nd trimester and remains elevated at term. Constitutive IDO1 expression is restricted to placental endothelial cells. Interestingly, different types of IFNs have distinct effects on IDO1 expression in the human placenta. DISCUSSION Our collective results are consistent with potential role(s) for IDO1 in the regulation of vascular functions in placental villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Guru Murthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mallory A Prideaux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Madison Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H Mark Kenney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Latchney
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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16
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Differential Distribution of Tryptophan-Metabolites in Fetal and Maternal Circulations During Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1278-1286. [PMID: 34622427 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy, which is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. L-Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid, which can be metabolized into various biologically active metabolites. However, the levels of many circulating Trp-metabolites in human normotensive pregnancies (NT) and PE are undetermined. This study quantified the levels of Trp-metabolites in maternal and umbilical vein sera from women with NT and PE. Paired maternal and umbilical blood samples were collected from singleton pregnant patients. Twenty-five Trp-metabolites were measured in serum samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of L-kynurenine (Kyn) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), on function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were also determined. Twenty Trp-metabolites were detected. The levels of 9 Trp-metabolites including Kyn and ILA were higher (P < 0.05) in umbilical vein than maternal serum, whereas 2 (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and serotonin) were lower (P < 0.05) in umbilical vein compared to maternal serum. PE significantly (P < 0.05) elevated ILA levels in maternal and umbilical vein sera. Kyn dose-dependently decreased (P < 0.05) cell viability. Kyn and ILA dose- and time-dependently (P < 0.05) increased monolayer integrity in HUVECs. These data suggest that these Trp-metabolites are important in regulating endothelial function during pregnancy, and the elevated ILA in PE may antagonize increased endothelial permeability occurring in PE.
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Adu-Gyamfi C, Savulescu D, Mikhathani L, Otwombe K, Salazar-Austin N, Chaisson R, Martinson N, George J, Suchard M. Plasma Kynurenine-to-Tryptophan Ratio, a Highly Sensitive Blood-Based Diagnostic Tool for Tuberculosis in Pregnant Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1027-1036. [PMID: 33718949 PMCID: PMC8442800 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), concurrent active tuberculosis (TB) disease increases the risk of maternal mortality and poor pregnancy outcomes. Plasma indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity measured by kynurenine-to-tryptophan (K/T) ratio has been proposed as a blood-based TB biomarker. We investigated whether plasma K/T ratio could be used to diagnose active TB among pregnant women with HIV. METHODS Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we measured K/T ratio in 72 pregnant women with and active TB and compared them to 117 pregnant women with HIB but without TB, matched by age and gestational age. RESULTS Plasma K/T ratio was significantly elevated during pregnancy compared to sampling done after pregnancy (P < .0001). Pregnant women who had received isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) before enrollment had decreased plasma K/T ratio compared to those who had not received IPT (P = .0174). Plasma K/T ratio was elevated in women with active TB at time of diagnosis compared to those without TB (P < .0001). Using a cutoff of 0.100, plasma K/T ratio gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82-95), specificity of 90% (95% CI: 80-91), positive predictive value (PPV) 85% and negative predictive value (NPV) 98%. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) gave an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% CI: .92-.97, P < .0001).In conclusion, plasma K/T ratio is a sensitive blood-based diagnostic test for active TB disease in pregnant women living with HIV. Plasma K/T ratio should be further evaluated as an initial TB diagnostic test to determine its impact on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Adu-Gyamfi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana Savulescu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lillian Mikhathani
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- Perinatal Health Research Unit (PHRU), Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Salazar-Austin
- Johns Hopkins University Centre for TB Research, Baltimore, MarylandUSA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandUSA
| | - Richard Chaisson
- Johns Hopkins University Centre for TB Research, Baltimore, MarylandUSA
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal Health Research Unit (PHRU), Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University Centre for TB Research, Baltimore, MarylandUSA
| | - Jaya George
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melinda Suchard
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Silvano A, Seravalli V, Strambi N, Cecchi M, Tartarotti E, Parenti A, Di Tommaso M. Tryptophan metabolism and immune regulation in the human placenta. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 147:103361. [PMID: 34365162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The placenta represents the maternal-fetal vascular interface. It is capable of supplying the bioenergetic needs of the developing conceptus. It is composed of different cell types that engage in highly varied functions, ranging from attachment, invasion and vascular remodeling to cell fusion, hormone production, and nutrient transport. A deep knowledge of the immunological mechanisms responsible for maintaining an active tolerance towards an allogeneic fetus and the anti-inflammatory properties of the placenta can be useful to clarify the pathogenesis of adverse events in pregnancy. While the systemic mechanisms of this immunological regulation in pregnancy have been well studied, the metabolic processes involved in the placental immune response are still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important information concerning the immune regulation in pregnancy, focusing on the role of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism performed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Silvano
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Viola Seravalli
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Strambi
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Cecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Tartarotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Mariarosaria Di Tommaso
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Italy.
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Waker CA, Kaufman MR, Brown TL. Current State of Preeclampsia Mouse Models: Approaches, Relevance, and Standardization. Front Physiol 2021; 12:681632. [PMID: 34276401 PMCID: PMC8284253 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.681632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic, pregnancy-specific disorder and a leading cause of maternal and fetal death. PE is also associated with an increased risk for chronic morbidities later in life for mother and offspring. Abnormal placentation or placental function has been well-established as central to the genesis of PE; yet much remains to be determined about the factors involved in the development of this condition. Despite decades of investigation and many clinical trials, the only definitive treatment is parturition. To better understand the condition and identify potential targets preclinically, many approaches to simulate PE in mice have been developed and include mixed mouse strain crosses, genetic overexpression and knockout, exogenous agent administration, surgical manipulation, systemic adenoviral infection, and trophoblast-specific gene transfer. These models have been useful to investigate how biological perturbations identified in human PE are involved in the generation of PE-like symptoms and have improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the human condition. However, these approaches were characterized by a wide variety of physiological endpoints, which can make it difficult to compare effects across models and many of these approaches have aspects that lack physiological relevance to this human disorder and may interfere with therapeutic development. This report provides a comprehensive review of mouse models that exhibit PE-like symptoms and a proposed standardization of physiological characteristics for analysis in murine models of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Waker
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Melissa R Kaufman
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Karahoda R, Robles M, Marushka J, Stranik J, Abad C, Horackova H, Tebbens JD, Vaillancourt C, Kacerovsky M, Staud F. Prenatal inflammation as a link between placental expression signature of tryptophan metabolism and preterm birth. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2053-2067. [PMID: 34169316 PMCID: PMC8561419 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm birth is a serious medical condition responsible for substantial perinatal morbidity and mortality. Its phenotypic characteristics, preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM), are associated with significantly increased risks of neurological and behavioral alterations in childhood and later life. Recognizing the inflammatory milieu associated with PTL and PPROM, here, we examined expression signatures of placental tryptophan metabolism, an important pathway in prenatal brain development and immunotolerance. The study was performed in a well-characterized clinical cohort of healthy term pregnancies (n = 39) and 167 preterm deliveries (PTL, n = 38 and PPROM, n = 129). Within the preterm group, we then investigated potential mechanistic links between differential placental tryptophan pathway expression, preterm birth and both intra-amniotic markers (such as amniotic fluid interleukin-6) and maternal inflammatory markers (such as maternal serum C-reactive protein and white blood cell count). We show that preterm birth is associated with significant changes in placental tryptophan metabolism. Multifactorial analysis revealed similarities in expression patterns associated with multiple phenotypes of preterm delivery. Subsequent correlation computations and mediation analyses identified links between intra-amniotic and maternal inflammatory markers and placental serotonin and kynurenine pathways of tryptophan catabolism. Collectively, the findings suggest that a hostile inflammatory environment associated with preterm delivery underlies the mechanisms affecting placental endocrine/transport functions and may contribute to disruption of developmental programming of the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Morgane Robles
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Marushka
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stranik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Cilia Abad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Horackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
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21
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Worton SA, Pritchard HAT, Greenwood SL, Alakrawi M, Heazell AEP, Wareing M, Greenstein A, Myers JE. Kynurenine Relaxes Arteries of Normotensive Women and Those With Preeclampsia. Circ Res 2021; 128:1679-1693. [PMID: 33656370 PMCID: PMC8154175 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Activation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism by infection and inflammation contributes to the development of systemic hypotension. Commercially-available kynurenine has direct vasorelaxant effects on arteries from several species and reduces systemic blood pressure when administered to normotensive or hypertensive rats. Objectives: To determine whether kynurenine promotes relaxation of human resistance arteries from normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women and to identify the vascular mechanism of its effects. Methods and Results: In isolated omental and myometrial resistance arteries from normotensive pregnant women, kynurenine (1 mmol/L) significantly reduced U46619-induced constriction (omentum N=14, P=2.4×10−3; myometrium N=21–25, P=2.6×10−4) and relaxed preconstricted arteries (N=53, P=1.0×10−11; N=20, P=8.8×10−3). Vasorelaxation persisted following endothelium removal (N=7, P=1.6×10−4) but was completely prevented by inhibition of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) channels with iberiotoxin (N=9, P=5.7×10−4) or paxilline (N=10, P=2.1×10−17). Accordingly, in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells from omental arteries, kynurenine increased the BKCa current (n=5–8, P=0.022) and the amplitude of spontaneous transient outward currents (n=6, P=0.031) but did not affect spontaneous transient outward current frequency. Kynurenine also increased Ca2+ spark frequency of pressurized omental arteries (n=8, P=0.031). Vasorelaxant effects of kynurenine persisted following inhibition of ryanodine receptors (N=7, P=0.48) but were moderately reduced by inhibition of adenylate cyclase (N=9, P=0.024). In arteries from women with preeclampsia, kynurenine similarly attenuated vasoconstriction (N=15, P=1.3×10−5) and induced BKCa-mediated vasodilation (N=16, P=2.0×10−4). Vasorelaxation in response to kynurenine and a specific BKCa activator, NS11021, was absent in fetal-derived placental resistance arteries in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Conclusions: Kynurenine dilates systemic arteries from multiple territories via BKCa activation. Notably, the vasorelaxatory capacity of kynurenine is preserved in preeclampsia, suggesting this approach may have translational potential for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. The data warrant further investigation of the potential to exploit this endogenous vasorelaxant as a new treatment for hypertensive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Worton
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
| | - Harry A T Pritchard
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.)
| | - Mariam Alakrawi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
| | - Mark Wareing
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.)
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.).,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Jenny E Myers
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
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22
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Liu S, Hong L, Li Y, Lian R, Wang X, Zeng Y. Association between endometrial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression level and pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing first in vitro fertilization treatment. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33413226 PMCID: PMC7792114 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been reported to play a key role in placental development during normal pregnancy. However, the question of whether endometrial IDO expression affects in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. The current study was undertaken to investigate whether there was any association between endometrial IDO immunohistochemical staining and IVF treatment outcome. Methods This retrospective study was designed to compare pregnancy outcomes among women with different endometrial IDO expression levels under their first IVF treatment. A total of 140 women undergoing their IVF treatment were selected from January 2017 to December 2017. Endometrial samples were collected during mid-luteal phase before IVF cycle. The endometrial IDO expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and compared between women who were pregnant or not. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of endometrial IDO staining on live birth. Results No significant differences in the endometrial IDO immunohistochemical staining were found between women who had clinical pregnancy and those who failed (P>0.05). However, the endometrial IDO staining was significantly higher among women who had live birth compared with those who had no live birth (P=0.031). Additionally, after adjusting for differences in maternal age, BMI and duration of gonadotropin stimulation, women with higher IDO expression level had an increased live birth rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.863, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.180-6.947). Conclusions Higher endometrial IDO expression level during mid-luteal phase is associated with an increased live birth rate in women undergoing their first IVF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruochun Lian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, No.1001 Fuqiang Road Futian District, 518045, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Kudo Y, Koh I, Sugimoto J. Localization of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2 at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920984163. [PMID: 33447047 PMCID: PMC7780199 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920984163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway, has been studied in order to better understand the physiological significance of these enzymes at the maternal-fetal interface of human pregnancy with a gestational age of 7 weeks (n = 1) and term placentas (37-40 weeks of gestation, n = 5). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 protein immunoreactivity was found in glandular epithelium of the decidua and the endothelium of the fetal blood vessels in the villous stroma with some additional positive cells in the villous core and in the decidua. The syncytiotrophoblast stained strongly for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2. Immunoreactivity of kynurenine, the immediate downstream product of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan metabolism, showed the same localization as that of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2, suggesting these are functional enzymes. Interferon-γ added to placental villous explant culture markedly stimulated expression level of both mRNA and immunoreactivity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. The different cellular expression and interferon-γ sensitivity of these enzymes at the maternal-fetal interface suggests distinct physiological roles for each enzyme in normal human viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Iemasa Koh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Sugimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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24
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Abstract
In this article, the authors provide a general overview of the major immune cells present at the maternal-fetal interface, describe the key mechanisms used by the placenta to promote maternal immune regulation, tolerance, and adaptation, and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways could lead to obstetric complications such as pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. Finally, they conclude with a description of the innate immune properties of the human placenta that not only serve to protect the pregnancy from infection but also contribute to pregnancy complications such as preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LSOG 309A, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LSOG 305C, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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25
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Li Y, Zhou C, Lei W, Wang K, Zheng J. Roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in endothelial angiogenic responses†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:927-937. [PMID: 32716482 PMCID: PMC7731988 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor, which can be activated by a plethora of structure-diverse ligands. Historically, AhR is known for its involvements in regulation of metabolism of xenobiotics. However, normal physiological roles of AhR have been defined in other essential biological processes, including vascular growth and function, reproduction, and immunoresponses. In contrast, aberrant expression and activation of the AhR signaling pathway occur in a variety of human diseases, many of which (e.g., preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) could be associated with endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, emerging evidence has shown that either exogenous or endogenous AhR ligands can induce endothelial dysfunction in either an AhR-dependent or AhR-independent manner, possibly reliant on the blood vessel origin (artery and vein) of endothelial cells. Given that the AhR signaling pathway has broad impacts on endothelial and cardiovascular function, AhR ligands, AhR, and their downstream genes could be considered novel therapeutic targets for those endothelial-related diseases. This review will discuss the current knowledge of AhR's mediation on endothelial function and potential mechanisms underlying these actions with a focus on placental endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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26
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Meireson A, Devos M, Brochez L. IDO Expression in Cancer: Different Compartment, Different Functionality? Front Immunol 2020; 11:531491. [PMID: 33072086 PMCID: PMC7541907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a cytosolic haem-containing enzyme involved in the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. Although initially thought to be solely implicated in the modulation of innate immune responses during infection, subsequent discoveries demonstrated IDO1 as a mechanism of acquired immune tolerance. In cancer, IDO1 expression/activity has been observed in tumor cells as well as in the tumor-surrounding stroma, which is composed of endothelial cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. IDO1 expression/activity has also been reported in the peripheral blood. This manuscript reviews available data on IDO1 expression, mechanisms of its induction, and its function in cancer for each of these compartments. In-depth study of the biological function of IDO1 according to the expressing (tumor) cell can help to understand if and when IDO1 inhibition can play a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Meireson
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Broekhuizen M, Klein T, Hitzerd E, de Rijke YB, Schoenmakers S, Sedlmayr P, Danser AHJ, Merkus D, Reiss IKM. l-Tryptophan-Induced Vasodilation Is Enhanced in Preeclampsia: Studies on Its Uptake and Metabolism in the Human Placenta. Hypertension 2020; 76:184-194. [PMID: 32475317 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
l-tryptophan induces IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) 1-dependent vasodilation. IDO1 is expressed in placental endothelial cells and downregulated in preeclampsia. Hypothesizing that this may contribute to diminished placental perfusion, we studied l-tryptophan-induced vasodilation in healthy and early-onset preeclampsia placental arteries, focusing on placental kynurenine pathway alterations. Despite IDO1 downregulation, kynurenine pathway metabolite concentrations (measured with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) were unaltered in preeclamptic versus healthy placentas. Most likely, this is due to enhanced l-tryptophan uptake, evidenced by increased l-tryptophan levels in preeclamptic placentas. Ex vivo perfused cotyledons from healthy and preeclamptic placentas released similar amounts of l-tryptophan and kynurenine pathway metabolites into the circulations. This release was not altered by adding l-tryptophan in the maternal circulation, suggesting that l-tryptophan metabolites act intracellularly. Maternally applied l-tryptophan did appear in the fetal circulation, confirming placental passage of this essential amino acid. After in vitro incubation of placental arteries with IDO1-upregulating cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, l-tryptophan induced vasodilation. This vasodilation was attenuated by both IDO1 and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors. Despite IDO1 downregulation, l-tryptophan-induced relaxation was enhanced in preeclamptic versus healthy placental arteries. However, cytokine stimulation additionally upregulated the LAT (l-type amino acid transporter) 1 in preeclamptic placental arteries only. Vasodilation to the lipophilic, transporter independent ethyl ester of l-tryptophan was reduced in preeclamptic versus healthy placental arteries, in agreement with reduced IDO1 expression. In conclusion, l-tryptophan induces IDO1- and NO-dependent relaxation in placental arteries, which is determined by l-tryptophan uptake rather than IDO1 expression. Increased l-tryptophan uptake might compensate for reduced IDO1 expression in preeclamptic placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Broekhuizen
- From the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics (M.B., E.H., P.S., I.K.M.R.).,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.B., E.H., A.H.J.D.).,Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (M.B., D.M.)
| | - Theo Klein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.K., Y.B.d.R.)
| | - Emilie Hitzerd
- From the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics (M.B., E.H., P.S., I.K.M.R.).,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.B., E.H., A.H.J.D.)
| | | | | | - Peter Sedlmayr
- From the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics (M.B., E.H., P.S., I.K.M.R.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.B., E.H., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (M.B., D.M.).,Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (D.M.)
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- From the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics (M.B., E.H., P.S., I.K.M.R.)
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28
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Hitzerd E, Broekhuizen M, Neuman RI, Colafella KMM, Merkus D, Schoenmakers S, Simons SHP, Reiss IKM, Danser AHJ. Human Placental Vascular Reactivity in Health and Disease: Implications for the Treatment of Pre-eclampsia. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:505-527. [PMID: 30950346 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190405145228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adequate development of the placenta is essential for optimal pregnancy outcome. Pre-eclampsia (PE) is increasingly recognized to be a consequence of placental dysfunction and can cause serious maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy. Furthermore, PE increases the risk of neonatal problems and has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease of the mother later in life. Currently, there is no adequate treatment for PE, mainly because its multifactorial pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. It originates in early pregnancy with abnormal placentation and involves a cascade of dysregulated systems in the placental vasculature. To investigate therapeutic strategies it is essential to understand the regulation of vascular reactivity and remodeling of blood vessels in the placenta. Techniques using human tissue such as the ex vivo placental perfusion model provide insight in the vasoactive profile of the placenta, and are essential to study the effects of drugs on the fetal vasculature. This approach highlights the different pathways that are involved in the vascular regulation of the human placenta, changes that occur during PE and the importance of focusing on restoring these dysfunctional systems when studying treatment strategies for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hitzerd
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Broekhuizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology; Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rugina I Neuman
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Department of Cardiology; Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Badawy AAB, Guillemin G. The Plasma [Kynurenine]/[Tryptophan] Ratio and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Time for Appraisal. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919868978. [PMID: 31488951 PMCID: PMC6710706 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919868978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma kynurenine to tryptophan ([Kyn]/[Trp]) ratio is frequently used to express or reflect the activity of the extrahepatic Trp-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). This ratio is increasingly used instead of measurement of IDO activity, which is often low or undetectable in immune and other cells under basal conditions, but is greatly enhanced after immune activation. The use of this ratio is valid in in vitro studies, eg, in cell cultures or isolated organs, but its ‘blanket’ use in in vivo situations is not, because of modulating factors, such as supply of nutrients; the presence of multiple cell types; complex structural and functional tissue arrangements; the extracellular matrix; and hormonal, cytokine, and paracrine interactions. Determinants other than IDO may therefore be involved in vivo. These are hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity and the flux of plasma-free Trp down the Kyn pathway. In addition, conditions leading to accumulation of Kyn, eg, inhibition of activities of Kyn monooxygenase and kynureninase, could lead to elevation of the aforementioned ratio. In this review, the origin of use of this ratio will be discussed, variations in extent of its elevation will be described, evidence against its indiscriminate use will be presented, and examining determinants other than IDO activity and their correlates will be proposed for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Nicotinamide and Demographic and Disease transitions: Moderation is Best. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919855940. [PMID: 31320805 PMCID: PMC6610439 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919855940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Good health and rapid progress depend on an optimal dose of nicotinamide. Too little meat triggers the neurodegenerative condition pellagra and tolerance of symbionts such as tuberculosis (TB), risking dysbioses and impaired resistance to acute infections. Nicotinamide deficiency is an overlooked diagnosis in poor cereal-dependant economies masquerading as 'environmental enteropathy' or physical and cognitive stunting. Too much meat (and supplements) may precipitate immune intolerance and autoimmune and allergic disease, with relative infertility and longevity, via the tryptophan-nicotinamide pathway. This switch favours a dearth of regulatory T (Treg) and an excess of T helper cells. High nicotinamide intake is implicated in cancer and Parkinson's disease. Pro-fertility genes, evolved to counteract high-nicotinamide-induced infertility, may now be risk factors for degenerative disease. Moderation of the dose of nicotinamide could prevent some common diseases and personalised doses at times of stress or, depending on genetic background or age, may treat some other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute
of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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31
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Spinelli P, Latchney SE, Reed JM, Fields A, Baier BS, Lu X, McCall MN, Murphy SP, Mak W, Susiarjo M. Identification of the novel Ido1 imprinted locus and its potential epigenetic role in pregnancy loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:662-674. [PMID: 30403776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies show that aberrant tryptophan catabolism reduces maternal immune tolerance and adversely impacts pregnancy outcomes. Tryptophan depletion in pregnancy is facilitated by increased activity of tryptophan-depleting enzymes [i.e. the indolamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)1 and IDO2) in the placenta. In mice, inhibition of IDO1 activity during pregnancy results in fetal loss; however, despite its important role, regulation of Ido1 gene transcription is unknown. The current study shows that the Ido1 and Ido2 genes are imprinted and maternally expressed in mouse placentas. DNA methylation analysis demonstrates that nine CpG sites at the Ido1 promoter constitute a differentially methylated region that is highly methylated in sperm but unmethylated in oocytes. Bisulfite cloning sequencing analysis shows that the paternal allele is hypermethylated while the maternal allele shows low levels of methylation in E9.5 placenta. Further study in E9.5 placentas from the CBA/J X DBA/2 spontaneous abortion mouse model reveals that aberrant methylation of Ido1 is linked to pregnancy loss. DNA methylation analysis in humans shows that IDO1 is hypermethylated in human sperm but partially methylated in placentas, suggesting similar methylation patterns to mouse. Importantly, analysis in euploid placentas from first trimester pregnancy loss reveals that IDO1 methylation significantly differs between the two placenta cohorts, with most CpG sites showing increased percent of methylation in miscarriage placentas. Our study suggests that DNA methylation is linked to regulation of Ido1/IDO1 expression and altered Ido1/IDO1 DNA methylation can adversely influence pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Spinelli
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Latchney
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jasmine M Reed
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Fields
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Baier
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew N McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Winifred Mak
- Department of Obstetric Gynecology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Worton SA, Greenwood SL, Wareing M, Heazell AE, Myers J. The kynurenine pathway; A new target for treating maternal features of preeclampsia? Placenta 2019; 84:44-49. [PMID: 31076094 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In preeclampsia, vasospasm, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation are key mediators of maternal disease. A new time-of-disease treatment is needed with the potential to treat these areas of pathophysiology. A review of the literature has indicated that metabolites of the kynurenine pathway have the potential to; (i) induce vasorelaxation of resistance arteries and reduce blood pressure; (ii) exert antioxidant effects and reduce the effects of poly-ADP ribose polymerase activation (iii) prevent endothelial dysfunction and promote endothelial nitric oxide production; (iv) cause T cell differentiation into tolerogenic regulatory T cells and induce apoptosis of pro-inflammatory Th1 cells. This has led to the hypothesis that increasing Kynurenine pathway activity may offer a new treatment strategy for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Worton
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wareing
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ep Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Myers
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Yeung HY, Dendrou CA. Pregnancy Immunogenetics and Genomics: Implications for Pregnancy-Related Complications and Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2019; 20:73-97. [PMID: 30848957 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-014943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy presents a singular physiological scenario during which the maternal immune system must accommodate the semiallogeneic fetus. Fluctuations between pro- and anti-inflammatory states are required throughout gestation to facilitate uterine tissue remodeling, fetal growth and development, and finally birth. Tolerance for the fetus must be established and maintained without fundamentally compromising the maternal immune system function, so that both the mother and fetus are protected from foreign insults. Here, we review our current understanding of how genetic variation at both maternal and fetal loci affects implantation and placenta formation, thereby determining the likelihood of a successful pregnancy outcome or the development of pregnancy-related complications. We also consider the impact of pregnancy on both the maternal and fetal systemic immune systems and the related implications for modulating ongoing autoimmune diseases and triggering their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing-Yuen Yeung
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom;
| | - Calliope A Dendrou
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom;
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Xu K, Liu G, Fu C. The Tryptophan Pathway Targeting Antioxidant Capacity in the Placenta. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1054797. [PMID: 30140360 PMCID: PMC6081554 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1054797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The placenta plays a vital role in fetal development during pregnancy. Dysfunction of the placenta can be caused by oxidative stress and can lead to abnormal fetal development. Preventing oxidative stress of the placenta is thus an important measure to ensure positive birth outcomes. Research shows that tryptophan and its metabolites can efficiently clean free radicals (including the reactive oxygen species and activated chlorine). Consequently, tryptophan and its metabolites are suggested to act as potent antioxidants in the placenta. However, the mechanism of these antioxidant properties in the placenta is still unknown. In this review, we summarize research on the antioxidant properties of tryptophan, tryptophan metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. Two predicted mechanisms of tryptophan's antioxidant properties are discussed. (1) Tryptophan could activate the phosphorylation of p62 after the activation of mTORC1; phosphorylated p62 then uncouples the interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1, and activated Nrf2 enters the nucleus to induce expressions of antioxidant proteins, thus improving cellular antioxidation. (2) 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan kynurenine pathway metabolite, changes conformation of Keap1, inducing the dissociation of Nrf2 and Keap1, activating Nrf2 to enter the nucleus and induce expressions of antioxidant proteins (such as HO-1), thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity. These mechanisms may enrich the theory of how to apply tryptophan as an antioxidant during pregnancy, providing technical support for its use in regulating the pregnancy's redox status and enriching our understanding of amino acids' nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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Geldenhuys J, Rossouw TM, Lombaard HA, Ehlers MM, Kock MM. Disruption in the Regulation of Immune Responses in the Placental Subtype of Preeclampsia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1659. [PMID: 30079067 PMCID: PMC6062603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder, of which one of its major subtypes, the placental subtype is considered a response to an ischemic placental environment, impacting fetal growth and pregnancy outcome. Inflammatory immune responses have been linked to metabolic and inflammatory disorders as well as reproductive failures. In healthy pregnancy, immune regulatory mechanisms prevent excessive systemic inflammation. However, in preeclampsia, the regulation of immune responses is disrupted as a result of aberrant activation of innate immune cells and imbalanced differentiation of T-helper cell subsets creating a cytotoxic environment in utero. Recognition events that facilitate immune interaction between maternal decidual T cells, NK cells, and cytotrophoblasts are considered an indirect cause of the incomplete remodeling of spiral arteries in preeclampsia. The mechanisms involved include the activation of immune cells and the subsequent secretion of cytokines and placental growth factors affecting trophoblast invasion, angiogenesis, and eventually placentation. In this review, we focus on the role of excessive systemic inflammation as the result of a dysregulated immune system in the development of preeclampsia. These include insufficient control of inflammation, failure of tolerance toward paternal antigens at the fetal-maternal interface, and subsequent over- or insufficient activation of immune mediators. It is also possible that external stimuli, such as bacterial endotoxin, may contribute to the excessive systemic inflammation in preeclampsia by stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, a disrupted immune system might be a predisposing factor or result of placental oxidative stress or excessive inflammation in preeclampsia. Preeclampsia can thus be considered a hyperinflammatory state associated with defective regulation of the immune system proposed as a key element in the pathological events of the placental subtype of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janri Geldenhuys
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa Marie Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hendrik Andries Lombaard
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Wits Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Research Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marthie Magdaleen Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen Magdalena Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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Miyanokoshi M, Yokosawa T, Wakasugi K. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase mediates high-affinity tryptophan uptake into human cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8428-8438. [PMID: 29666190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (Trp) transport system has a high affinity and selectivity toward Trp, and has been reported to exist in both human and mouse macrophages. Although this system is highly expressed in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated cells and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells, its identity remains incompletely understood. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) is also highly expressed in IFN-γ-treated cells and also has high affinity and selectivity for Trp. Here, we investigated the effects of human TrpRS expression on Trp uptake into IFN-γ-treated human THP-1 monocytes or HeLa cells. Inhibition of human TrpRS expression by TrpRS-specific siRNAs decreased and overexpression of TrpRS increased Trp uptake into the cells. Of note, the TrpRS-mediated uptake system had more than hundred-fold higher affinity for Trp than the known System L amino acid transporter, promoted uptake of low Trp concentrations, and had very high Trp selectivity. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that Trp- and ATP-binding sites, but not tRNA-binding sites, in TrpRS are essential for TrpRS-mediated Trp uptake into the human cells. We further demonstrate that the addition of purified TrpRS to cell culture medium increases Trp uptake into cells. Taken together, our results reveal that TrpRS plays an important role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Miyanokoshi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakasugi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and .,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Endothelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 regulates the placental vascular tone and is deficient in intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5488. [PMID: 29615752 PMCID: PMC5883010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) mediates the degradation of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and is constitutively expressed in the chorionic vascular endothelium of the human placenta with highest levels in the microvasculature. Given that endothelial expression of IDO1 has been shown to regulate vascular tone and blood pressure in mice under the condition of systemic inflammation, we asked whether IDO1 is also involved in the regulation of placental blood flow and if yes, whether this function is potentially impaired in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia (PE). In the large arteries of the chorionic plate L-Trp induced relaxation only after upregulation of IDO1 using interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, ex vivo placental perfusion of pre-constricted cotyledonic vasculature with L-Trp decreases the vessel back pressure without prior IDO1 induction. Further to this finding, IDO1 protein expression and activity is reduced in IUGR and PE when compared to gestational age–matched control tissue. These data suggest that L-Trp catabolism plays a role in the regulation of placental vascular tone, a finding which is potentially linked to placental and fetal growth. In this context our data suggest that IDO1 deficiency is related to the pathogenesis of IUGR and PE.
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Boros FA, Bohár Z, Vécsei L. Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:32-45. [PMID: 29807576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is metabolized primarily via the kynurenine pathway (KP), which involves several enzymes, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO), kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) etc. The majority of metabolites are neuroactive: some of them, such as kynurenic acid, show neuroprotective effects, while others contribute to free radical production, leading to neurodegeneration. Imbalance of the pathway is assumed to contribute to the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, migraine and multiple sclerosis. Our aim was to summarize published data on genetic alterations of enzymes involved in the KP leading to disturbances of the pathway that can be related to different diseases. To achieve this, a PubMed literature search was performed for publications on genetic alterations of the KP enzymes upto April 2017. Several genetic alterations of the KP have been identified and have been proposed to be associated with diseases. Here we must emphasize that despite the large number of recognized genetic alterations, the number of firmly established causal relations with specific diseases is still small. The realization of this by those interested in the field is very important and finding such connections should be a major focus of related research. Polymorphisms of the genes encoding the enzymes of the KP have been associated with autism, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, and were shown to affect the immune response of patients with bacterial meningitis, just to mention a few. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of the genetic alterations of the KP enzymes. We believe that the identification of genetic alterations underlying diseases has great value regarding both treatment and diagnostics in precision medicine, as this work can promote the understanding of pathological mechanisms, and might facilitate medicinal chemistry approaches to substitute missing components or correct the disturbed metabolite balance of KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
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Chang RQ, Li DJ, Li MQ. The role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in normal and pathological pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79:e12786. [PMID: 29154462 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of allogeneic fetus during pregnancy contradicts the laws of immune responses. Behind this paradoxical phenomenon, the mechanism is quite complex. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism. Emerging evidence shows that IDO is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface, including trophoblast cells, decidual stroma cells, decidual immune cells (eg, natural killer cells, T cells, and macrophages), and vascular endothelial cells of decidua and chorion. Moreover, the expression and activity of IDO are different among non-pregnant, normal pregnant, and pathological pregnant conditions. IDO plays important roles in normal pregnancy through immune suppression and regulation of fetal invasion and circulation. However, the abnormal expression and dysfunction of IDO are associated with some pathological pregnancies (including recurrent spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Chang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Cushen SC, Goulopoulou S. New Models of Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:1053-1062. [PMID: 28472224 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders are leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality. These include: pre-pregnancy hypertension that persists throughout gestation (chronic/preexisting hypertension), de novo hypertension that is diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation and resolves after birth (gestational hypertension), de novo hypertension that is diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation with or without proteinuria and end-organ damage (preeclampsia and eclampsia), and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia during gestation. Preeclampsia is the most severe form of these disorders. Animal models have been developed by employing surgical, genetic, and pharmacological approaches in order to recapitulate the maternal symptoms of preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The scope of this brief review is to present an up-to-date synthesis of our knowledge of experimental models of pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders. Novel models, defined in this review as characterized within the last 5 years, will be described and critically discussed. In this review, we will also discuss established experimental models of pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders in the context of their contribution to new advances in our knowledge about the pathophysiology of these disorders and potential therapeutics. Emphasis will be placed on animal models of preeclampsia; however, models of other hypertensive disorders in pregnancy will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Cushen
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Sadok I, Gamian A, Staniszewska MM. Chromatographic analysis of tryptophan metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3020-3045. [PMID: 28590049 PMCID: PMC5575536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway generates multiple tryptophan metabolites called collectively kynurenines and leads to formation of the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in this pathway is tryptophan degradation, initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, depending on the tissue. The balanced kynurenine metabolism, which has been a subject of multiple studies in last decades, plays an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, as well as pregnancy. Understanding the regulation of tryptophan depletion provide novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities, however it requires reliable methods for quantification of kynurenines in biological samples with complex composition (body fluids, tissues, or cells). Trace concentrations, interference of sample components, and instability of some tryptophan metabolites need to be addressed using analytical methods. The novel separation approaches and optimized extraction protocols help to overcome difficulties in analyzing kynurenines within the complex tissue material. Recent developments in chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provide new opportunity for quantification of tryptophan and its degradation products in various biological samples. In this review, we present current accomplishments in the chromatographic methodologies proposed for detection of tryptophan metabolites and provide a guide for choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
- Department of Medical BiochemistryWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Magdalena Maria Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
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Susiarjo M, Xin F, Stefaniak M, Mesaros C, Simmons RA, Bartolomei MS. Bile Acids and Tryptophan Metabolism Are Novel Pathways Involved in Metabolic Abnormalities in BPA-Exposed Pregnant Mice and Male Offspring. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2533-2542. [PMID: 28549143 PMCID: PMC5551548 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals impacts maternal and fetal health, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We previously showed that dietary exposure to 10 µg/kg body weight (bw)/d and 10 mg/kg bw/d of bisphenol A (BPA) during pregnancy induced metabolic abnormalities in F1 male offspring and gestational glucose intolerance in F0 pregnant mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying etiologies of BPA exposure-induced metabolic disease by analyzing the male fetal liver metabolome. Using the Metabolon Discover HD4 Platform, our laboratory identified metabolic pathways that were altered by BPA exposure, including biochemicals in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Specifically, primary and secondary bile acids were increased in liver from BPA-exposed embryonic day 18.5 male fetuses. We subsequently showed that increased bile acid was associated with a defective farnesoid X receptor-dependent negative feedback mechanism in BPA-exposed fetuses. In addition, through metabolomics, we observed that BPA-exposed fetuses had elevated tryptophan levels. Independent liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry measurement revealed that BPA-exposed dams also had increased tryptophan levels relative to those of controls. Because several key enzymes in tryptophan catabolism are vitamin B6 dependent and vitamin B6 deficiencies have been linked to gestational diabetes, we tested the impact of vitamin B6 supplementation and showed that it rescued gestational glucose intolerance in BPA-exposed pregnant mice. Our study has therefore identified two pathways (bile acid and tryptophan metabolism) that potentially underlie BPA-induced maternal and fetal metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Susiarjo
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Frances Xin
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Martha Stefaniak
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marisa S. Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Xu K, Liu H, Bai M, Gao J, Wu X, Yin Y. Redox Properties of Tryptophan Metabolism and the Concept of Tryptophan Use in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1595. [PMID: 28737706 PMCID: PMC5536082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, tryptophan (Trp) is required for several purposes, and Trp metabolism varies over time in the mother and fetus. Increased oxidative stress (OS) with high metabolic, energy and oxygen demands during normal pregnancy or in pregnancy-associated disorders has been reported. Taking the antioxidant properties of Trp and its metabolites into consideration, we made four hypotheses. First, the use of Trp and its metabolites is optional based on their antioxidant properties during pregnancy. Second, dynamic Trp metabolism is an accommodation mechanism in response to OS. Third, regulation of Trp metabolism could be used to control/attenuate OS according to variations in Trp metabolism during pregnancy. Fourth, OS-mediated injury could be alleviated by regulation of Trp metabolism in pregnancy-associated disorders. Future studies in normal/abnormal pregnancies and in associated disorders should include measurements of free Trp, total Trp, Trp metabolites, and activities of Trp-degrading enzymes in plasma. Abnormal pregnancies and some associated disorders may be associated with disordered Trp metabolism related to OS. Mounting evidence suggests that the investigation of the use of Trp and its metabolites in pregnancy will be meanful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
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Abnormal kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2899-2916. [PMID: 28314892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary path of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in most mammalian cells. The KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), xanthurenic acid (XA), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA). Increased catabolite concentrations in serum are associated with several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart disease, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as their risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and aging. The first catabolic step in KP is primarily controlled by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Following this first step, the KP has two major branches, one branch is mediated by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU) and is responsible for the formation of 3-HK, 3-HAA, and quinolinic acid (QA); and another branch is controlled by kynurenine amino-transferase (KAT), which generates KA. Uncontrolled Trp catabolism has been demonstrated in distinct CVD, thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which regulates KP enzyme expression and activity is paramount. This review highlights the recent advances on the effect of KP enzyme expression and activity in different tissues on the pathological mechanisms of specific CVD, KP is an inflammatory sensor and modulator in the cardiovascular system, and KP catabolites act as the potential biomarkers for CVD initiation and progression. Moreover, the biochemical features of critical KP enzymes and principles of enzyme inhibitor development are briefly summarized, as well as the therapeutic potential of KP enzyme inhibitors against CVD is briefly discussed.
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Ferreira LMR, Meissner TB, Tilburgs T, Strominger JL. HLA-G: At the Interface of Maternal-Fetal Tolerance. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:272-286. [PMID: 28279591 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, semiallogeneic fetal extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) invade the uterine mucosa without being rejected by the maternal immune system. Several mechanisms were initially proposed by Peter Medawar half a century ago to explain this apparent violation of the laws of transplantation. Then, three decades ago, an unusual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule was identified: HLA-G. Uniquely expressed in EVT, HLA-G has since become the center of the present understanding of fetus-induced immune tolerance. Despite slow progress in the field, the last few years have seen an explosion in our knowledge of HLA-G biology. Here, we critically review new insights into the mechanisms controlling the expression and function of HLA-G at the maternal-fetal interface, and discuss their relevance for fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Torsten B Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tamara Tilburgs
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jack L Strominger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Iwahashi N, Yamamoto M, Nanjo S, Toujima S, Minami S, Ino K. Downregulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression in the villous stromal endothelial cells of placentas with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 119:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sones JL, Davisson RL. Preeclampsia, of mice and women. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:565-72. [PMID: 27260843 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy that affects up to 8% of pregnant women in the United States. The diagnosis of PE is made by the presentation of new-onset hypertension, ≥140 mmHg systolic blood pressure (BP) or ≥90 mmHg diastolic BP, and either proteinuria or another accompanying sign/symptom, such as renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction, pulmonary edema, or cerebral/visual. These signs can occur suddenly and without warning. PE that presents before 34 wk of gestation is considered early onset and carries a greater risk for perinatal morbidity/mortality than late-onset PE that occurs at or after 34 wk of gestation. At this time there is no cure for PE, and the only effective treatment is delivery of the baby and placenta. If allowed to progress to eclampsia (PE with neurologic involvement), seizures will occur and possibly death through stroke. PE also carries the risk of significant fetal and neonatal morbidity/mortality in addition to long-term health risks for mother and child. Despite significant research efforts to accurately predict, diagnose, and treat PE, a cure eludes us. Elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms that can cause PE will aid in our ability to accurately prevent, manage, and treat PE to avoid maternal and fetal losses. Intense research efforts are focused on PE, and the mouse has proven to be a useful animal model for investigating molecular mechanisms that may hold the key to unraveling the mysteries of PE in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Sones
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and
| | - Robin L Davisson
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Prell RA, Halpern WG, Rao GK. Perspective on a Modified Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Testing Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:263-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is to generate and enhance T-cell responses against tumors. The tumor microenvironment establishes several inhibitory pathways that lead to suppression of the local immune response, which is permissive for tumor growth. The efficacy of different CITs, alone and in combination, stems from reinvigorating the tumor immune response via several mechanisms, including costimulatory agonists, checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccines. However, immune responses to other antigens (self and foreign) may also be enhanced, resulting in potentially undesired effects. In outbred mammalian pregnancies, the fetus expresses paternally derived alloantigens that are recognized as foreign by the maternal immune system. If unchecked or enhanced, maternal immunity to these alloantigens represents a developmental and reproductive risk and thus is a general liability for cancer immunotherapeutic molecules. We propose a tiered approach to confirm this mechanistic reproductive liability for CIT molecules. A rodent allopregnancy model is based on breeding 2 different strains of mice so that paternally derived alloantigens are expressed by the fetus. When tested with a cross-reactive biotherapeutic, small molecule drug, or surrogate molecule, this model should reveal on-target reproductive liabilities if the pathway is involved in maintaining pregnancy. Alternatively, allopregnancy models with genetically modified mice can be interrogated for exquisitely specific biotherapeutics with restricted species reactivity. The allopregnancy model represents a relatively straightforward approach to confirm an expected on-target reproductive risk for CIT molecules. For biotherapeutics, it could potentially replace more complex developmental and reproductive toxicity testing in nonhuman primates when a pregnancy hazard is confirmed or expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Prell
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy G. Halpern
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gautham K. Rao
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Yuasa HJ, Mizuno K, Ball HJ. Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes are conserved in lower vertebrates, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable. FEBS J 2015; 282:2735-45. [PMID: 25950090 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a Trp-degrading enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the kynurenine pathway. Two IDO genes, IDO1 and IDO2, are found in vertebrates and the timing of the gene duplication giving rise to the genes has been controversial. In the present study, we report that several fishes and two turtles also have both IDO1 and IDO2. This represents definitive evidence for the gene duplication occurring before the divergence of vertebrates, with IDO1 having been lost in a number of lower vertebrate lineages. IDO2 enzymes have a relatively low affinity for l-Trp; however, Anolis carolinensis (lizard) IDO2 has an affinity for l-Trp comparable to mammalian IDO1 enzymes. We identified a Ser residue located in the distal heme pocket of IDO1 (distal-Ser) (corresponding to Ser167 of human IDO1) that is conserved in all IDO1 enzymes and the lizard IDO2. This residue is conserved as Thr (distal-Thr) in other IDO2 enzymes. Biochemical analyses, using IDO variants with either Ser or Thr substitutions, suggest that the distal-Ser change was crucial for the improvement in affinity for l-Trp in ancient IDO1. The ancestral IDO1 likely had a 'moderate' enzymatic efficiency for l-Trp, clearly higher than IDO2 but lower than mammalian IDO1. The distal-Ser of lizard IDO2 bestows a high affinity for l-Trp, however, this unique IDO2 has a low enzymatic efficiency because of its very low catalytic velocity. Thus, low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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Hahn S, Lapaire O, Than NG. Biomarker development for presymptomatic molecular diagnosis of preeclampsia: feasible, useful or even unnecessary? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:617-29. [PMID: 25774007 PMCID: PMC4673513 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1025757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decade saw the advent of a number of promising biomarkers to detect pregnancies at risk for preeclampsia (PE), the foremost being those associated with an imbalance of angiogenic factors. In late pregnancy, these are useful for the detection of imminent cases of PE, while earlier they were more predictive for early- than late-onset PE. This suggests that there may be fundamental differences between the underlying pathology of these two PE forms. Therefore, it is possible that such a biological premise may limit the development of biomarkers that will permit the efficacious detection of both early- and late-onset PE via an analysis of first-trimester maternal blood samples. Consequently, a significant increase in our understanding of the underlying pathology of PE, using a variety of approaches ranging from systems biology to animal models, will be necessary in order to overcome this obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuhe Hahn
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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