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Grunwald Y, Yaaran A, Moshelion M. Illuminating plant water dynamics: the role of light in leaf hydraulic regulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1404-1414. [PMID: 38155452 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity and quality influence photosynthesis directly but also have an indirect effect by increasing stomatal apertures and enhancing gas exchange. Consequently, in areas such as the upper canopy, a high water demand for transpiration and temperature regulation is created. This paper explores how light intensity and the natural high Blue-Light (BL) : Red-Light (RL) ratio in these areas, is important for controlling leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) by BL signal transduction, increasing water permeability in cells surrounding the vascular tissue, in supporting the enormous water demands. Conversely, shaded inner-canopy areas receive less radiation, have lower water and cooling demands, and exhibit reduced Kleaf due to diminished intensity and BL induction. Intriguingly, shaded leaves display higher water-use efficiency (compared with upper-canopy) due to decreased transpiration and cooling requirements while the presence of RL supports photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Grunwald
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- The Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7632706, Israel
| | - Adi Yaaran
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Binks O, Cernusak LA, Liddell M, Bradford M, Coughlin I, Carle H, Bryant C, Dunn E, Oliveira R, Mencuccini M, Meir P. Forest system hydraulic conductance: partitioning tree and soil components. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1667-1681. [PMID: 34861052 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil-leaf hydraulic conductance determines canopy-atmosphere coupling in vegetation models, but it is typically derived from ex-situ measurements of stem segments and soil samples. Using a novel approach, we derive robust in-situ estimates for whole-tree conductance (ktree ), 'functional' soil conductance (ksoil ), and 'system' conductance (ksystem , water table to canopy), at two climatically different tropical rainforest sites. Hydraulic 'functional rooting depth', determined for each tree using profiles of soil water potential (Ψsoil ) and sap flux data, enabled a robust determination of ktree and ksoil . ktree was compared across species, size classes, seasons, height above nearest drainage (HAND), two field sites, and to alternative representations of ktree ; ksoil was analysed with respect to variations in site, season and HAND. ktree was lower and changed seasonally at the site with higher vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and rainfall; ktree differed little across species but scaled with tree circumference; rsoil (1/ksoil ) ranged from 0 in the wet season to 10× less than rtree (1/ktree ) in the dry season. VPD and not rainfall may influence plot-level k; leaf water potentials and sap flux can be used to determine ktree , ksoil and ksystem ; Ψsoil profiles can provide mechanistic insights into ecosystem-level water fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Binks
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Matt Bradford
- CSIRO Land and Water, Atherton, Qld, 4883, Australia
| | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hannah Carle
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Callum Bryant
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Elliot Dunn
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
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Abate E, Nardini A, Petruzzellis F, Trifilò P. Too dry to survive: Leaf hydraulic failure in two Salvia species can be predicted on the basis of water content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:215-224. [PMID: 34119871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is exposing plants to increased risks of drought-driven mortality. Recent advances suggest that hydraulic failure is a key process leading to plant death, and the identification of simple and reliable proxies of species-specific risk of irreversible hydraulic damage is urgently required. We assessed the predictive power of leaf water content and shrinkage for monitoring leaf hydraulic failure in two Mediterranean native species, Salvia ceratophylloides (Sc) and S. officinalis (So). The study species showed significant differences in relative water content (RWC) thresholds inducing loss of rehydration capacity, as well as leaf hydraulic conductance (KL) impairment. Sc turned out to be more resistant to drought than So. However, Sc and So showed different leaf saturated water content values, so that different RWC values actually corresponded to similar absolute leaf water content. Our findings suggest that absolute leaf water content and leaf water potential, but not RWC, are reliable parameters for predicting the risk of leaf hydraulic impairment of two Salvia species, and their potential risk of irreversible damage under severe drought. Moreover, the lack of any KL decline until the turgor loss point in Sc, coupled to consistent leaf shrinkage, rejects the hypothesis to use leaf shrinkage as a proxy to predict KL vulnerability, at least in species with high leaf capacitance. Robust linear correlations between KL decline and electrolyte leakage measurements suggested a role of membrane damage in driving leaf hydraulic collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Abate
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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Trifilò P, Petruzzellis F, Abate E, Nardini A. The extra-vascular water pathway regulates dynamic leaf hydraulic decline and recovery in Populus nigra. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:29-40. [PMID: 33161600 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) is highly dynamic and typically responds to changes in water status and irradiance. However, the relative contribution of vascular (Kx ) and extra-vascular (Kox ) water pathways to Kleaf changes in response to water potential decline and recovery in function of light conditions remains poorly investigated. We investigated the dynamic responses of leaf hydraulics in Populus nigra L. by measuring Kleaf , Kx , and Kox changes under drought and upon recovery. Measurements were done at both low and high irradiance (LI and HI, respectively). Kleaf increased and became more vulnerable to dehydration under HI conditions than LI, due to marked changes of Kox . After re-watering, Kleaf recovered in parallel with Kox recovery, but Kleaf response to irradiance remained inhibited. Strong correlations between Kleaf and drought-induced membrane damage demonstrated the relevance of the cell-to-cell water pathway in driving the dynamic responses of Kleaf under drought and recovery. Our findings highlight the importance of coordination between water and light availability in modulating the overall Kleaf response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Abate
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Õunapuu-Pikas E, Sellin A. Plasticity and light sensitivity of leaf hydraulic conductance to fast changes in irradiance in common hazel (Corylus avellana L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110299. [PMID: 31779902 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forest understory species have to acclimatize to highly heterogeneous light conditions inside forest canopies in order to utilize available resources efficiently. Light sensitivity and response speed of hydraulic conductance (KL) of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) to fast changes in irradiance was studied in leaves from three different growth light conditions-sun-exposed, moderate shade, and deep shade. The KL of sun-exposed leaves was approximately 3-fold higher when compared to deep-shade leaves, indicating a strong dependence of leaf hydraulic capacity on light conditions. The KL of sun-exposed leaves increased by a factor of nearly four from minimal values recorded in darkness to maximal values in high light compared to deep-shade leaves. Reaction speed of KL to reach maximum values in response to light was nearly five times higher for sun-exposed vs deep-shade leaves. Plasticity indices of KL for sun-exposed and deep-shade leaves were 0.44 and 0.27, respectively. Higher light sensitivity enables a faster and more plastic response of KL to variable light conditions in sun leaves and enhances the ability of plants to maximize resource utilization under more beneficial environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eele Õunapuu-Pikas
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Brunetti C, Gori A, Marino G, Latini P, Sobolev AP, Nardini A, Haworth M, Giovannelli A, Capitani D, Loreto F, Taylor G, Mugnozza GS, Harfouche A, Centritto M. Dynamic changes in ABA content in water-stressed Populus nigra: effects on carbon fixation and soluble carbohydrates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:627-644. [PMID: 30715123 PMCID: PMC6821382 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hydraulic and chemical signals operate in tandem to regulate systemic plant responses to drought. Transport of abscisic acid (ABA) through the xylem and phloem from the root to shoot has been suggested to serve as the main signal of water deficit. There is evidence that ABA and its ABA-glycosyl-ester (ABA-GE) are also formed in leaves and stems through the chloroplastic 2-C-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. This study aimed to evaluate how hormonal and hydraulic signals contribute to optimize stomatal (gs), mesophyll (gm) and leaf hydraulic (Kleaf) conductance under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in Populus nigra (black poplar) plants. In addition, we assessed possible relationships between ABA and soluble carbohydrates within the leaf and stem. METHODS Plants were subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (WW), moderate stress (WS1) and severe stress (WS2). This experimental set-up enabled a time-course analysis of the response to water deficit at the physiological [leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, (Kleaf)], biochemical (ABA and its metabolite/catabolite quantification in xylem sap, leaves, wood, bark and roots) and molecular (gene expression of ABA biosynthesis) levels. KEY RESULTS Our results showed strong coordination between gs, gm and Kleaf under water stress, which reduced transpiration and increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEint). Analysis of gene expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and ABA content in different tissues showed a general up-regulation of the biosynthesis of this hormone and its finely-tuned catabolism in response to water stress. Significant linear relationships were found between soluble carbohydrates and ABA contents in both leaves and stems, suggesting a putative function for this hormone in carbohydrate mobilization under severe water stress. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the tight regulation of the photosynthetic machinery by levels of ABA in different plants organs on a daily basis in both well-watered and water stress conditions to optimize WUEint and coordinate whole plant acclimation responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- University of Florence, Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Latini
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anatoly P Sobolev
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antoine Harfouche
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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McCulloh KA, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Smith DD, Meinzer FC. A dynamic yet vulnerable pipeline: Integration and coordination of hydraulic traits across whole plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2789-2807. [PMID: 31273812 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of measurements in the field of plant hydraulics have been on small-diameter branches from woody species. These measurements have provided considerable insight into plant functioning, but our understanding of plant physiology and ecology would benefit from a broader view, because branch hydraulic properties are influenced by many factors. Here, we discuss the influence that other components of the hydraulic network have on branch vulnerability to embolism propagation. We also modelled the impact of changes in the ratio of root-to-leaf areas and soil texture on vulnerability to hydraulic failure along the soil-to-leaf continuum and showed that hydraulic function is better maintained through changes in root vulnerability and root-to-leaf area ratio than in branch vulnerability. Differences among species in the stringency with which they regulate leaf water potential and in reliance on stored water to buffer changes in water potential also affect the need to construct embolism resistant branches. Many approaches, such as measurements on fine roots, small individuals, combining sap flow and psychrometry techniques, and modelling efforts, could vastly improve our understanding of whole-plant hydraulic functioning. A better understanding of how traits are coordinated across the whole plant will improve predictions for plant function under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Petruzzellis F, Palandrani C, Savi T, Alberti R, Nardini A, Bacaro G. Sampling intraspecific variability in leaf functional traits: Practical suggestions to maximize collected information. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:11236-11245. [PMID: 29299296 PMCID: PMC5743657 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of the best sampling strategy to capture mean values of functional traits for a species/population, while maintaining information about traits' variability and minimizing the sampling size and effort, is an open issue in functional trait ecology. Intraspecific variability (ITV) of functional traits strongly influences sampling size and effort. However, while adequate information is available about intraspecific variability between individuals (ITVBI) and among populations (ITVPOP), relatively few studies have analyzed intraspecific variability within individuals (ITVWI). Here, we provide an analysis of ITVWI of two foliar traits, namely specific leaf area (SLA) and osmotic potential (π), in a population of Quercus ilex L. We assessed the baseline ITVWI level of variation between the two traits and provided the minimum and optimal sampling size in order to take into account ITVWI, comparing sampling optimization outputs with those previously proposed in the literature. Different factors accounted for different amount of variance of the two traits. SLA variance was mostly spread within individuals (43.4% of the total variance), while π variance was mainly spread between individuals (43.2%). Strategies that did not account for all the canopy strata produced mean values not representative of the sampled population. The minimum size to adequately capture the studied functional traits corresponded to 5 leaves taken randomly from 5 individuals, while the most accurate and feasible sampling size was 4 leaves taken randomly from 10 individuals. We demonstrate that the spatial structure of the canopy could significantly affect traits variability. Moreover, different strategies for different traits could be implemented during sampling surveys. We partially confirm sampling sizes previously proposed in the recent literature and encourage future analysis involving different traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Palandrani
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Roberto Alberti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Giovanni Bacaro
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
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Smith DD, Sperry JS, Adler FR. Convergence in leaf size versus twig leaf area scaling: do plants optimize leaf area partitioning? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:447-456. [PMID: 28028019 PMCID: PMC7296615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale positively with [Formula: see text] We asked what this scaling relationship is within species and how variable it is across species. We then developed a model to explain why these relationships exist. METHODS To minimize potential sources of variability, we compared twig properties from six co-occurring and functionally similar species: Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Populus fremontii and Symphoricarpos oreophilus We modelled the economics of leaf display, weighing the benefit from light absorption against the cost of leaf tissue, to predict the optimal [Formula: see text] combinations under different canopy openings. KEY RESULTS We observed a common [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] exponent of 0.6, meaning that [Formula: see text]and leaf number on twigs increased in a specific coordination. Common scaling exponents were not supported for relationships between any other measured twig properties. The model consistently predicted positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling when twigs optimally filled canopy openings. The observed 0·6 exponent was predicted when self-shading decreased with larger canopy opening. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest Corner's rule may be better understood when recast as positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling. Our model provides a tentative explanation of observed [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling and suggests different scaling may exist in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Frederick R Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Aasamaa K, Aphalo PJ. The acclimation of Tilia cordata stomatal opening in response to light, and stomatal anatomy to vegetational shade and its components. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:209-219. [PMID: 27672187 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal anatomical traits and rapid responses to several components of visible light were measured in Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings grown in an open, fully sunlit field (C-set), or under different kinds of shade. The main questions were: (i) stomatal responses to which visible light spectrum regions are modified by growth-environment shade and (ii) which separate component of vegetational shade is most effective in eliciting the acclimation effects of the full vegetational shade. We found that stomatal opening in response to red or green light did not differ between the plants grown in the different environments. Stomatal response to blue light was increased (in comparison with that of C-set) in the leaves grown in full vegetational shade (IABW-set), in attenuated UVAB irradiance (AB-set) or in decreased light intensity (neutral shade) plus attenuated UVAB irradiance (IAB-set). In all sets, the addition of green light-two or four times stronger-into induction light barely changed the rate of the blue-light-stimulated stomatal opening. In the AB-set, stomatal response to blue light equalled the strong IABW-set response. In attenuated UVB-grown leaves, stomatal response fell midway between IABW- and C-set results. Blue light response by neutral shade-grown leaves did not differ from that of the C-set, and the response by the IAB-set did not differ from that of the AB-set. Stomatal size was not modified by growth environments. Stomatal density and index were remarkably decreased only in the IABW- and IAB-sets. It was concluded that differences in white light responses between T. cordata leaves grown in different light environments are caused only by their different blue light response. Differences in stomatal sensitivity are not dependent on altered stomatal anatomy. Attenuated UVAB irradiance is the most efficient component of vegetational shade in stimulating acclimation of stomata, whereas decreased light intensity plays a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krõõt Aasamaa
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Pedro José Aphalo
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Trifiló P, Raimondo F, Savi T, Lo Gullo MA, Nardini A. The contribution of vascular and extra-vascular water pathways to drought-induced decline of leaf hydraulic conductance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5029-5039. [PMID: 27388214 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress can impair leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), but the relative contribution of changes in the efficiency of the vein xylem water pathway and in the mesophyll route outside the xylem in driving the decline of Kleaf is still debated. We report direct measurements of dehydration-induced changes in the hydraulic resistance (R=1/K) of whole leaf (Rleaf), as well as of the leaf xylem (Rx) and extra-vascular pathways (Rox) in four Angiosperm species. Rleaf, Rx, and Rox were measured using the vacuum chamber method (VCM). Rleaf values during progressive leaf dehydration were also validated with measurements performed using the rehydration kinetic method (RKM). We analysed correlations between changes in Rx or Rox and Rleaf, as well as between morpho-anatomical traits (including dehydration-induced leaf shrinkage), vulnerability to embolism, and leaf water relation parameters. Measurements revealed that the relative contribution of vascular and extra-vascular hydraulic properties in driving Kleaf decline during dehydration is species-specific. Whilst in two study species the progressive impairment of both vascular and extra-vascular pathways contributed to leaf hydraulic vulnerability, in the other two species the vascular pathway remained substantially unaltered during leaf dehydration, and Kleaf decline was apparently caused only by changes in the hydraulic properties of the extra-vascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifiló
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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North GB, Browne MG, Fukui K, Maharaj FDR, Phillips CA, Woodside WT. A tale of two plasticities: leaf hydraulic conductances and related traits diverge for two tropical epiphytes from contrasting light environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1408-1419. [PMID: 26679206 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of different light environments on leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) for two congeneric epiphytes, the tank bromeliads Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez and Guzmania monostachia (L.) Rusby ex Mez. They occur sympatrically at the study site, although G. monostachia is both wider ranging and typically found in higher light. We collected plants from two levels of irradiance and measured Kleaf as well as related morphological and anatomical traits. Leaf xylem conductance (Kxy ) was estimated from tracheid dimensions, and leaf conductance outside the xylem (Kox ) was derived from a leaky cable model. For G. monostachia, but not for G. lingulata, Kleaf and Kxy were significantly higher in high light conditions. Under both light conditions, Kxy and Kox were co-limiting for the two species, and all conductances were in the low range for angiosperms. With respect to hydraulic conductances and a number of related anatomical traits, G. monostachia exhibited greater plasticity than did G. lingulata, which responded to high light chiefly by reducing leaf size. The positive plasticity of leaf hydraulic traits in varying light environments in G. monostachia contrasted with negative plasticity in leaf size for G. lingulata, suggesting that G. monostachia may be better able to respond to forest conditions that are likely to be warmer and more disturbed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen B North
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | - Marvin G Browne
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | - Kyle Fukui
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | - Franklin D R Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Carly A Phillips
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Walter T Woodside
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Scoffoni C, Kunkle J, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Patel AJ, Montgomery RA, Givnish TJ, Sack L. Light-induced plasticity in leaf hydraulics, venation, anatomy, and gas exchange in ecologically diverse Hawaiian lobeliads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:43-58. [PMID: 25858142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) quantifies the capacity of a leaf to transport liquid water and is a major constraint on light-saturated stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic rate (Amax ). Few studies have tested the plasticity of Kleaf and anatomy across growth light environments. These provided conflicting results. The Hawaiian lobeliads are an excellent system to examine plasticity, given the striking diversity in the light regimes they occupy, and their correspondingly wide range of Amax , allowing maximal carbon gain for success in given environments. We measured Kleaf , Amax , gs and leaf anatomical and structural traits, focusing on six species of lobeliads grown in a common garden under two irradiances (300/800 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) ). We tested hypotheses for light-induced plasticity in each trait based on expectations from optimality. Kleaf , Amax , and gs differed strongly among species. Sun/shade plasticity was observed in Kleaf , Amax, and numerous traits relating to lamina and xylem anatomy, venation, and composition, but gs was not plastic with growth irradiance. Species native to higher irradiance showed greater hydraulic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that a wide set of leaf hydraulic, stomatal, photosynthetic, anatomical, and structural traits tend to shift together during plasticity and adaptation to diverse light regimes, optimizing performance from low to high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Justin Kunkle
- Office of Research, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11026, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Arndt SK, Sanders GJ, Bristow M, Hutley LB, Beringer J, Livesley SJ. Vulnerability of native savanna trees and exotic Khaya senegalensis to seasonal drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:783-791. [PMID: 25934988 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seasonally dry ecosystems present a challenge to plants to maintain water relations. While native vegetation in seasonally dry ecosystems have evolved specific adaptations to the long dry season, there are risks to introduced exotic species. African mahogany, Khaya senegalensis Desr. (A. Juss.), is an exotic plantation species that has been introduced widely in Asia and northern Australia, but it is unknown if it has the physiological or phenotypic plasticity to cope with the strongly seasonal patterns of water availability in the tropical savanna climate of northern Australia. We investigated the gas exchange and water relations traits and adjustments to seasonal drought in K. senegalensis and native eucalypts (Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. and Corymbia latifolia F. Muell.) in a savanna ecosystem in northern Australia. The native eucalypts did not exhibit any signs of drought stress after 3 months of no rainfall and probably had access to deeper soil moisture late into the dry season. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis all remained high in the dry season but osmotic adjustment was not observed. Overstorey leaf area index (LAI) was 0.6 in the native eucalypt savanna and did not change between wet and dry seasons. In contrast, the K. senegalensis plantation in the wet season was characterized by a high water potential, high stomatal conductance and transpiration and a high LAI of 2.4. In the dry season, K. senegalensis experienced mild drought stress with a predawn water potential -0.6 MPa. Overstorey LAI was halved, and stomatal conductance and transpiration drastically reduced, while minimum leaf water potentials did not change (-2 MPa) and no osmotic adjustment occurred. Khaya senegalensis exhibited an isohydric behaviour and also had a lower hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation in leaves, with a P50 of -2.3 MPa. The native eucalypts had twice the maximum leaf hydraulic conductance but a much higher P50 of -1.5 MPa. Khaya senegalensis has evolved in a wet-dry tropical climate in West Africa (600-800 mm) and appears to be well suited to the seasonal savanna climate of northern Australia. The species exhibited a large phenotypic plasticity through leaf area adjustments and conservative isohydric behaviour in the 6 months dry season while operating well above its critical hydraulic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor J Sanders
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Mila Bristow
- School of Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- School of Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen J Livesley
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
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Nardini A, Õunapuu-Pikas E, Savi T. When smaller is better: leaf hydraulic conductance and drought vulnerability correlate to leaf size and venation density across four Coffea arabica genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:972-982. [PMID: 32481050 DOI: 10.1071/fp13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and drought vulnerability in terms of leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of Kleaf (P50), were assessed in four genotypes of Coffea arabica L. We tested three hypotheses: (1) leaf P50 is lower in small leaves with higher vein densities; (2) lower P50 translates into lower Kleaf, limiting gas exchange rates and higher leaf mass per unit area (LMA); (3) P50 values are coordinated with symplastic drought tolerance. We found partial support for Hypotheses 1 and 3, but not for Hypothesis 2. Significant correlations existed among leaf size, vein network and drought resistance. Smaller leaves displayed higher major vein density, higher Kleaf and more negative P50. Kleaf was correlated with leaf gas exchange rates. A negative relationship was observed between Kleaf and LMA, whereas P50 was found to be positively correlated with LMA. Across coffee genotypes, reduced leaf surface area and increased vein density shifts P50 towards more negative values while not translating into higher LMA or lower Kleaf. Breeding crop varieties for both increased safety of the leaf hydraulic system towards drought-induced dysfunction and high gas exchange rates per unit of leaf area is probably a feasible target for future adaptation of crops to climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eele Õunapuu-Pikas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Nardini A, Luglio J. Leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: possible trade-offs and correlations with climate across three major biomes. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italia
| | - Jessica Luglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italia
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Villagra M, Campanello PI, Bucci SJ, Goldstein G. Functional relationships between leaf hydraulics and leaf economic traits in response to nutrient addition in subtropical tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1308-18. [PMID: 24284866 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaves can be both a hydraulic bottleneck and a safety valve against hydraulic catastrophic dysfunctions, and thus changes in traits related to water movement in leaves and associated costs may be critical for the success of plant growth. A 4-year fertilization experiment with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition was done in a semideciduous Atlantic forest in northeastern Argentina. Saplings of five dominant canopy species were grown in similar gaps inside the forests (five control and five N + P addition plots). Leaf lifespan (LL), leaf mass per unit area (LMA), leaf and stem vulnerability to cavitation, leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf_area) and K(leaf_mass)) and leaf turgor loss point (TLP) were measured in the five species and in both treatments. Leaf lifespan tended to decrease with the addition of fertilizers, and LMA was significantly higher in plants with nutrient addition compared with individuals in control plots. The vulnerability to cavitation of leaves (P50(leaf)) either increased or decreased with the nutrient treatment depending on the species, but the average P50(leaf) did not change with nutrient addition. The P50(leaf) decreased linearly with increasing LMA and LL across species and treatments. These trade-offs have an important functional significance because more expensive (higher LMA) and less vulnerable leaves (lower P50(leaf)) are retained for a longer period of time. Osmotic potentials at TLP and at full turgor became more negative with decreasing P50(leaf) regardless of nutrient treatment. The K(leaf) on a mass basis was negatively correlated with LMA and LL, indicating that there is a carbon cost associated with increased water transport that is compensated by a longer LL. The vulnerability to cavitation of stems and leaves were similar, particularly in fertilized plants. Leaves in the species studied may not function as safety valves at low water potentials to protect the hydraulic pathway from water stress-induced cavitation. The lack of rainfall seasonality in the subtropical forest studied probably does not act as a selective pressure to enhance hydraulic segmentation between leaves and stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villagra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 2 piso, Ciudad de Buenos Aires (C1428EHA), Argentina
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Flexas J, Scoffoni C, Gago J, Sack L. Leaf mesophyll conductance and leaf hydraulic conductance: an introduction to their measurement and coordination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3965-81. [PMID: 24123453 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two highly contrasting variables summarizing the efficiency of transport of materials within the leaf are recognized as playing central roles in determining gas exchange and plant performance. This paper summarizes current approaches for the measurement of mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m) and leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf) and addresses the physiological integration of these parameters. First, the most common methods to determine g m and K leaf are summarized. Next, novel data compilation is analysed, which indicates that, across diverse species, g m is strongly linked with gas exchange parameters such as net CO2 assimilation (A area) and stomatal conductance (g s), and with K leaf, independently of leaf vein length per leaf area. Based on their parallel responses to a number of environmental variables, this review proposes that g m is linked to the outside-xylem but not to the xylem component of K leaf. Further, a mechanistic hypothesis is proposed to explain the interactions among all these and other physiological parameters. Finally, the possibility of estimating g m based on this hypothesis was tested using a regression analysis and a neurofuzzy logic approach. These approaches enabled the estimation of g m of given species from K leaf and leaf mass per area, providing a higher predictive power than from either parameter alone. The possibility of estimating g m from measured K leaf or vice-versa would result in a rapid increase in available data. Studies in which g m, K leaf, and leaf mass per area are simultaneously determined are needed in order to confirm and strengthen predictive and explanatory models for these parameters and importantly improve resolution of the integrated hydraulic-stomatal-photosynthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Nardini A, Pedà G, Rocca NL. Trade-offs between leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: morpho-anatomical bases, carbon costs and ecological consequences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:788-798. [PMID: 22978628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf) ) and vulnerability constrain plant productivity, but no clear trade-off between these fundamental functional traits has emerged in previous studies. We measured K(leaf) on a leaf area (K(leaf_area)) and mass basis (K(leaf_mass)) in six woody angiosperms, and compared these values with species' distribution and leaf tolerance to dehydration in terms of P(50), that is, the leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of K(leaf) . We also measured several morphological and anatomical traits associated with carbon investment in leaf construction and water transport efficiency. Clear relationships emerged between K(leaf_mass), P(50), and leaf mass per unit area (LMA), suggesting that increased tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction implies increased carbon costs for leaf construction and water use. Low P(50) values were associated with narrower and denser vein conduits, increased thickness of conduit walls, and increased vein density. This, in turn, was associated with reduced leaf surface area. Leaf P(50) was closely associated with plants' distribution over a narrow geographical range, suggesting that this parameter contributes to shaping vegetation features. Our data also highlight the carbon costs likely to be associated with increased leaf tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction, which confers on some species the ability to thrive under reduced water availability but decreases their competitiveness in high-resource habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italia
| | - Giulia Pedà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italia
| | - Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italia
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