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Yan X, Liang Y, Yamashita F, Baluška F. Investigation of Arabidopsis root skototropism with different distance settings. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2348917. [PMID: 38704856 PMCID: PMC11073417 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2348917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plants can activate protective and defense mechanisms under biotic and abiotic stresses. Their roots naturally grow in the soil, but when they encounter sunlight in the top-soil layers, they may move away from the light source to seek darkness. Here we investigate the skototropic behavior of roots, which promotes their fitness and survival. Glutamate-like receptors (GLRs) of plants play roles in sensing and responding to signals, but their role in root skototropism is not yet understood. Light-induced tropisms are known to be affected by auxin distribution, mainly determined by auxin efflux proteins (PIN proteins) at the root tip. However, the role of PIN proteins in root skototropism has not been investigated yet. To better understand root skototropism and its connection to the distance between roots and light, we established five distance settings between seedlings and darkness to investigate the variations in root bending tendencies. We compared differences in root skototropic behavior across different expression lines of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (atglr3.7 ko, AtGLR3.7 OE, and pin2 knockout) to comprehend their functions. Our research shows that as the distance between roots and darkness increases, the root's positive skototropism noticeably weakens. Our findings highlight the involvement of GLR3.7 and PIN2 in root skototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yongshun Liang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felipe Yamashita
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Grosjean N, Blaudez D, Chalot M, Flayac J, Gross EM, Le Jean M. Rare earth elements perturb root architecture and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133701. [PMID: 38364576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial elements for current high-technology and renewable energy advances. In addition to their increasing usage and their low recyclability leading to their release into the environment, REEs are also used as crop fertilizers. However, little is known regarding the cellular and molecular effects of REEs in plants, which is crucial for better risk assessment, crop safety and phytoremediation. Here, we analysed the ionome and transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to a light (lanthanum, La) and a heavy (ytterbium, Yb) REE. At the transcriptome level, we observed the contribution of ROS and auxin redistribution to the modified root architecture following REE exposure. We found indications for the perturbation of Fe homeostasis by REEs in both roots and leaves of Arabidopsis suggesting competition between REEs and Fe. Furthermore, we propose putative ways of entry of REEs inside cells through transporters of microelements. Finally, similar to REE accumulating species, organic acid homeostasis (e.g. malate and citrate) appears critical as a tolerance mechanism in response to REEs. By combining ionomics and transcriptomics, we elucidated essential patterns of REE uptake and toxicity response of Arabidopsis and provide new hypotheses for a better evaluation of the impact of REEs on plant homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, Chrono-Environnement, F-25000 Montbéliard, France; Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Justine Flayac
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | - Marie Le Jean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France.
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3
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León-García F, García-Laynes F, Estrada-Tapia G, Monforte-González M, Martínez-Estevez M, Echevarría-Machado I. In Silico Analysis of Glutamate Receptors in Capsicum chinense: Structure, Evolution, and Molecular Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:812. [PMID: 38592787 PMCID: PMC10975470 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) are integral membrane proteins that function as non-selective cation channels, involved in the regulation of developmental events crucial in plants. Knowledge of these proteins is restricted to a few species and their true agonists are still unknown in plants. Using tomato SlGLRs, a search was performed in the pepper database to identify GLR sequences in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Structural, phylogenetic, and orthology analysis of the CcGLRs, as well as molecular docking and protein interaction networks, were conducted. Seventeen CcGLRs were identified, which contained the characteristic domains of GLR. The variation of conserved residues in the M2 transmembrane domain between members suggests a difference in ion selectivity and/or conduction. Also, new conserved motifs in the ligand-binding regions are reported. Duplication events seem to drive the expansion of the species, and these were located in the evolution by using orthologs. Molecular docking analysis allowed us to identify differences in the agonist binding pocket between CcGLRs, which suggest the existence of different affinities for amino acids. The possible interaction of some CcGLRs with proteins leads to suggesting specific functions for them within the plant. These results offer important functional clues for CcGLR, probably extrapolated to other Solanaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, #130, x 32 and 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (M.M.-G.); (M.M.-E.)
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Hu Y, Dai Z, Huang J, Han M, Wang Z, Jiao W, Gao Z, Liu X, Liu L, Ma Z. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the glutamate receptor gene family in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255805. [PMID: 38179475 PMCID: PMC10764598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor (GLR) homologs are crucial calcium channels that play an important role in plant development, signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the GLR gene family has not yet been thoroughly and systematically studied in sweet potato. In this study, a total of 37 GLR genes were identified in the cultivated hexaploid sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and 32 GLR genes were discovered in each of the two diploid relatives (Ipomoea trifida and Ipomoea triloba) for the first time. Based on their evolutionary relationships to those of Arabidopsis, these GLRs were split into five subgroups. We then conducted comprehensive analysis to explore their physiological properties, protein interaction networks, promoter cis-elements, chromosomal placement, gene structure, and expression patterns. The results indicate that the homologous GLRs of the cultivated hexaploid sweet potato and its two relatives are different. These variations are reflected in their functions related to plant growth, hormonal crosstalk, development of tuberous roots, resistance to root rot, and responses to abiotic stress factors, all of which are governed by specific individual GLR genes. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of GLR genes in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives. It also provides a theoretical basis for future research into their regulatory mechanisms, significantly influencing the field of molecular breeding in sweet potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhuoru Dai
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinan Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meikun Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Agriculture Forestry and Biological Engineering, Baoding Vocational and Technical College, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Weijing Jiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanfu Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Arora J, Kanthaliya B, Joshi A, Meena M, Meena S, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Devkota HP. Evaluation of Total Isoflavones in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Sprouts Germinated under Precursors ( p-Coumaric Acid and L-Phenylalanine) Supplementation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2823. [PMID: 37570977 PMCID: PMC10421377 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cicer arietinum L. (Bengal gram, chickpea) is one of the major pulse crops and an important part of traditional diets in Asia, Africa, and South America. The present study was conducted to determine the changes in total isoflavones during sprouting (0, 3, and 7 days) along with the effect of two precursor supplementations, p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and L-phenylalanine (Phe), in C. arietinum. It was observed that increasing sprouting time up to the seventh day resulted in ≈1282 mg 100 g-1 isoflavones, which is approximately eight times higher than chickpea seeds. The supplementation of Phe did not affect the total length of sprouts, whereas the supplementation of p-CA resulted in stunted sprouts. On the third day of supplementation with p-CA (250 mg L-1), the increase in the total phenolic content (TPC) (80%), daidzein (152%), and genistin (158%) contents were observed, and further extending the supplementation reduced the growth of sprouts. On the seventh day of supplementation with Phe (500 mg L-1), the increase in TPC by 43% and genistin content by 74% was observed compared with non-treated sprouts; however, the total isoflavones content was found to be 1212 mg 100 g-1. The increased TPC was positively correlated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (r = 0.787) and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) (r = 0.676) activity. This study suggests that chickpea sprouts enriched in TPC and antioxidants can be produced by the appropriate quantity of precursor supplementation on a particular day. The results indicated major changes in the phytochemical content, especially daidzein and genistin. It was also concluded that the consumption of 100 g of seventh-day sprouts provided eight times higher amounts of isoflavones in comparison to chickpea seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Arora
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India (A.J.)
| | - Bhanupriya Kanthaliya
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India (A.J.)
| | - Abhishek Joshi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India (A.J.)
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Supriya Meena
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India (A.J.)
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
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Alam I, Zhang H, Du H, Rehman NU, Manghwar H, Lei X, Batool K, Ge L. Bioengineering Techniques to Improve Nitrogen Transformation and Utilization: Implications for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Future Sustainable Crop Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3921-3938. [PMID: 36842151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and development, especially in physiological and biochemical processes such as component of different proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and plant growth regulators. Six categories, such as transporters, nitrate absorption, signal molecules, amino acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, and miscellaneous genes, broadly encompass the genes regulating NUE in various cereal crops. Herein, we outline detailed research on bioengineering modifications of N metabolism to improve the different crop yields and biomass. We emphasize effective and precise molecular approaches and technologies, including N transporters, transgenics, omics, etc., which are opening up fascinating opportunities for a complete analysis of the molecular elements that contribute to NUE. Moreover, the detection of various types of N compounds and associated signaling pathways within plant organs have been discussed. Finally, we highlight the broader impacts of increasing NUE in crops, crucial for better agricultural yield and in the greater context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanyin Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Naveed Ur Rehman
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khadija Batool
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Department of Grassland Science, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, SCAU, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Wu Q, Chen M, Kumari A. Dual localization of the carboxy-terminal tail of GLR3.3 in sieve element-companion cell complex. Commun Integr Biol 2023; 16:2167558. [PMID: 36704233 PMCID: PMC9872950 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2023.2167558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) 3.3 and 3.6 proteins are required for mediating wound-induced leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling. In the previous study, we found that the carboxy-terminal tail of GLR3.3 contains key residues that are indispensable for its action in electrical signaling. In the present work, we generated plants that expressed the truncated C-tail fraction of GLR3.3. To our expectation, the truncated C-tail itself was not functional in propagating leaf-to-leaf signals. However, we identified that the C-tail-mVENUS fusion proteins had dual localization patterns in sieve elements and companion cells. In companion cells, the fusion proteins overlapped largely with the nucleus. We speculated that a possible nuclear localization signal is present in the C-tail of GLR3.3, paralleling the C-tails of the ionotropic glutamate receptors in animal cells. Our further findings on the C-tail of GLR3.3 open up new possibilities for the regulatory roles of the C-tails to GLR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,CONTACT Qian Wu Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong518120, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Zaman S, Hassan SSU, Ding Z. The Role of Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator in Plants under Different Stressors: Physiological, Biochemical, Molecular Mechanisms of Camellia sinensis and Its Current Progress of CAMTAs. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120759. [PMID: 36550965 PMCID: PMC9774361 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures have a negative effect on plant development. Plants that are exposed to cold temperatures undergo a cascade of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that activate several genes, transcription factors, and regulatory pathways. In this review, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of Camellia sinensis have been discussed. Calmodulin binding transcription activator (CAMTAs) by molecular means including transcription is one of the novel genes for plants' adaptation to different abiotic stresses, including low temperatures. Therefore, the role of CAMTAs in different plants has been discussed. The number of CAMTAs genes discussed here are playing a significant role in plants' adaptation to abiotic stress. The illustrated diagrams representing the mode of action of calcium (Ca2+) with CAMTAs have also been discussed. In short, Ca2+ channels or Ca2+ pumps trigger and induce the Ca2+ signatures in plant cells during abiotic stressors, including low temperatures. Ca2+ signatures act with CAMTAs in plant cells and are ultimately decoded by Ca2+sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting CAMAT's current progress and potential role in C. sinensis, and this study opens a new road for researchers adapting tea plants to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zaman
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence:
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Wu Q, Stolz S, Kumari A, Farmer EE. The carboxy-terminal tail of GLR3.3 is essential for wound-response electrical signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2189-2201. [PMID: 36089902 PMCID: PMC9828246 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis Clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKEs (GLRs) are primary players in wound-induced systemic signaling. Previous studies focused on dissecting their ligand-activated channel properties involving extracellular and membrane-related domains. Here, we report that the carboxy-terminal tails (C-tails) of GLRs contain key elements controlling their function in wound signaling. GLR3.3 without its C-tail failed to rescue the glr3.3a mutant. We carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify the C-tail interactors. We performed functional studies of the interactor by measuring electrical signals and defense responses. Then we mapped their binding sites and evaluated the impact of the sites on GLR functions. IMPAIRED SUCROSE INDUCTION 1 (ISI1) interacted with GLR3.3. Enhanced electrical activity was detected in reduced function isi1 mutants in a GLR3.3-dependent manner. isi1 mutants were slightly more resistant to insect feeding than the wild-type. Furthermore, a triresidue motif RFL in the GLR3.3 C-tail binds to ISI1 in yeast. Finally, we demonstrated that FL residues were conserved across GLRs and functionally required. Our study provides new insights into the functions of GLR C-tails, reveals parallels with the ionotropic glutamate receptor regulation in animal cells, and may enable rational design of strategies to engineer GLRs for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518120China
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Archana Kumari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
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10
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Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) under long-term low calcium stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19552. [PMID: 36380130 PMCID: PMC9666473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the essential mineral nutrients for plant growth and development. However, the effects of long-term Ca2+ deficiency in orphan crops such as Tef [(Eragrostis tef) (Zucc.) Trotter], which accumulate high levels of Ca in the grains, remained unknown. Tef is a staple crop for nearly 70 million people in East Africa, particularly in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is one of the most nutrient-dense grains, and is also more resistant to marginal soils and climatic conditions than main cereals like corn, wheat, and rice. In this study, tef plants were grown in a hydroponic solution containing optimum (1 mM) or low (0.01 mM) Ca2+, and plant growth parameters and whole-genome transcriptome were analyzed. Ca+2-deficient plants exhibited leaf necrosis, leaf curling, and growth stunting symptoms. Ca2+ deficiency significantly decreased root and shoot Ca, potassium (K), and copper content in both root and shoots. At the same time, it greatly increased root iron (Fe) content, suggesting the role of Ca2+ in the uptake and/or translocation of these minerals. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-seq revealed that members of Ca2+ channels, including the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and glutamate receptor-like channels, Ca2+-transporters, Ca2+-binding proteins and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases were differentially regulated by Ca+2 treatment. Moreover, several Fe/metal transporters, including members of vacuolar Fe transporters, yellow stripe-like, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein, and oligo-peptide transporters, were differentially regulated between shoot and root in response to Ca2+ treatment. Taken together, our findings suggest that Ca2+ deficiency affects plant growth and mineral accumulation by regulating the transcriptomes of several transporters and signaling genes.
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11
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She K, Pan W, Yan Y, Shi T, Chu Y, Cheng Y, Ma B, Song W. Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution and Expressional Analysis of OSCA Gene Family in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13027. [PMID: 36361820 PMCID: PMC9653715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel gene family (OSCA) is one kind of conserved osmosensors, playing a crucial role in maintaining ion and water homeostasis and protecting cellular stability from the damage of hypertonic stress. Although it has been systematically characterized in diverse plants, it is necessary to explore the role of the OSCA family in barley, especially its importance in regulating abiotic stress response. In this study, a total of 13 OSCA genes (HvOSCAs) were identified in barley through an in silico genome search method, which were clustered into 4 clades based on phylogenetic relationships with members in the same clade showing similar protein structures and conserved motif compositions. These HvOSCAs had many cis-regulatory elements related to various abiotic stress, such as MBS and ARE, indicating their potential roles in abiotic stress regulation. Furthermore, their expression patterns were systematically detected under diverse stresses using RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR methods. All of these 13 HvOSCAs were significantly induced by drought, cold, salt and ABA treatment, demonstrating their functions in osmotic regulation. Finally, the genetic variations of the HvOSCAs were investigated using the re-sequencing data, and their nucleotide diversity in wild barley and landrace populations were 0.4966 × 10-3 and 0.391 × 10-3, respectively, indicating that a genetic bottleneck has occurred in the OSCA family during the barley evolution process. This study evaluated the genomic organization, evolutionary relationship and genetic expression of the OSCA family in barley, which not only provides potential candidates for further functional genomic study, but also contributes to genetically improving stress tolerance in barley and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuijun She
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Crop Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Wenqiu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tingrui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yingqi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Weining Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Naz R, Khan A, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM, Alghanmi M, Ahmad A, Bashir SS, Haq QMR. An Insight into Animal Glutamate Receptors Homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Potential Applications-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192580. [PMID: 36235446 PMCID: PMC9572488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most excitatory impulses received by neurons are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These receptors are located at the apex and play an important role in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. These receptors are ligand-dependent ion channels that allow a wide range of cations to pass through. Glutamate, a neurotransmitter, activates three central ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), and kainic acid (KA). According to the available research, excessive glutamate release causes neuronal cell death and promotes neurodegenerative disorders. Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGL-rec genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology. In spite of these, the iGluRs, Arabidopsis glutamate receptors (AtGluR), is associated with the ligand binding activity, which confirms the evolutionary relationship between animal and plant glutamate receptors. Along with the above activities, the impact of mammalian agonists and antagonists on Arabidopsis suggests a correlation between plant and animal glutamate receptors. In addition, these glutamate receptors (plant/animal) are being utilized for the early detection of neurogenerative diseases using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. However, a number of scientific laboratories and institutes are consistently working on glutamate receptors with different aspects. Currently, we are also focusing on Arabidopsis glutamate receptors. The current review is focused on updating knowledge on AtGluR genes, their evolution, functions, and expression, and as well as in comparison with iGluRs. Furthermore, a high throughput approach based on FRET nanosensors developed for understanding neurotransmitter signaling in animals and plants via glutamate receptors has been discussed. The updated information will aid in the future comprehension of the complex molecular dynamics of glutamate receptors and the exploration of new facts in plant/animal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruphi Naz
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Zhang J, Cui T, Su Y, Zang S, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zou W, Chen Y, Cao Y, Chen Y, Que Y, Chen N, Luo J. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Glutamate Receptor-like Gene (GLR) Family in Sugarcane. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182440. [PMID: 36145840 PMCID: PMC9506223 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant glutamate receptor-like gene (GLR) plays a vital role in development, signaling pathways, and in its response to environmental stress. However, the GLR gene family has not been comprehensively and systematically studied in sugarcane. In this work, 43 GLR genes, including 34 in Saccharum spontaneum and 9 in the Saccharum hybrid cultivar R570, were identified and characterized, which could be divided into three clades (clade I, II, and III). They had different evolutionary mechanisms, the former was mainly on the WGD/segmental duplication, while the latter mainly on the proximal duplication. Those sugarcane GLR proteins in the same clade had a similar gene structure and motif distribution. For example, 79% of the sugarcane GLR proteins contained all the motifs, which proved the evolutionary stability of the sugarcane GLR gene family. The diverse cis-acting regulatory elements indicated that the sugarcane GLRs may play a role in the growth and development, or under the phytohormonal, biotic, and abiotic stresses. In addition, GO and KEGG analyses predicted their transmembrane transport function. Based on the transcriptome data, the expression of the clade III genes was significantly higher than that of the clade I and clade II. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of the SsGLRs was induced by salicylic acid (SA) treatment, methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, suggesting their involvement in the hormone synthesis and signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study should provide useful information on comparative genomics to improve our understanding of the GLR genes and facilitate further research on their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shoujian Zang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Niandong Chen
- New Huadu Business School, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8385-2547 (N.C. & J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8385-2547 (N.C. & J.L.)
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Rafique M, Ali A, Naveed M, Abbas T, Al-Huqail AA, Siddiqui MH, Nawaz A, Brtnicky M, Holatko J, Kintl A, Kucerik J, Mustafa A. Deciphering the Potential Role of Symbiotic Plant Microbiome and Amino Acid Application on Growth Performance of Chickpea Under Field Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852851. [PMID: 35646024 PMCID: PMC9134094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented rise in the human population has increased pressure on agriculture production. To enhance the production of crops, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which have, undoubtedly, increased the production rate but at the cost of losing sustainability of the environment in the form of genetic erosion of indigenous varieties of crops and loss of fertile land. Therefore, farming practices need to upgrade toward the use of biological agents to maintain the sustainability of agriculture and the environment. In this context, using microbial inoculants and amino acids may present a more effective, safer, economical, and sustainable alternative means of realizing higher productivity of crops. Therefore, field experiments were performed on chickpea for two succeeding years using Rhizobium and L-methionine (at three levels, i.e., 5, 10, and 15 mg L-1) separately and in combinations. The results show that the application of Rhizobium and all the three levels of L-methionine increased the growth and yield of chickpea. There was a higher response to a lower dose of L-methionine, i.e., 5 mg L-1. It has been found that maximum grain yield (39.96 and 34.5% in the first and second years, respectively) of chickpea was obtained with the combined use of Rhizobium and L-methionine (5 mg L-1). This treatment was also the most effective in enhancing nodule number (91.6 and 58.19%), leghemoglobin (161.1 and 131.3%), and protein content (45.2 and 45%) of plants in both years. Likewise, photosynthetic pigments and seed chemical composition were significantly improved by Rhizobium inoculation. However, these effects were prominent when Rhizobium inoculation was accompanied by L-methionine. In conclusion, utilizing the potential of combined use of L-methionine and microbial inoculant could be a better approach for developing sustainable agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Rafique
- Soil Bacteriology Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Soil Bacteriology Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tasawar Abbas
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma A. Al-Huqail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Nawaz
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Holatko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonin Kintl
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Troubsko, Czechia
| | - Jiri Kucerik
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adnan Mustafa
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Iqbal Z, Memon AG, Ahmad A, Iqbal MS. Calcium Mediated Cold Acclimation in Plants: Underlying Signaling and Molecular Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855559. [PMID: 35574126 PMCID: PMC9094111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of plants to low temperatures adversely affects plant growth, development, and productivity. Plant response to cold stress is an intricate process that involves the orchestration of various physiological, signaling, biochemical, and molecular pathways. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a crucial role in the acquisition of several stress responses, including cold. Upon perception of cold stress, Ca2+ channels and/or Ca2+ pumps are activated, which induces the Ca2+ signatures in plant cells. The Ca2+ signatures spatially and temporally act inside a plant cell and are eventually decoded by specific Ca2+ sensors. This series of events results in the molecular regulation of several transcription factors (TFs), leading to downstream gene expression and withdrawal of an appropriate response by the plant. In this context, calmodulin binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) constitute a group of TFs that regulate plant cold stress responses in a Ca2+ dependent manner. The present review provides a catalog of the recent progress made in comprehending the Ca2+ mediated cold acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Iqbal
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anjuman Gul Memon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ausaf Ahmad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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16
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Hebda A, Liszka A, Lewandowska A, Lyczakowski JJ, Gabryś H, Krzeszowiec W. Upregulation of GLRs expression by light in Arabidopsis leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:197. [PMID: 35428177 PMCID: PMC9013116 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels are plant homologs of iGluRs, animal ionotropic glutamate receptors which participate in neurotransmission. GLRs mediate plant adaptive processes and photomorphogenesis. Despite their contribution to light-dependent processes, signaling mechanisms that modulate GLR response to light remain unknown. Here we show that leaf expression of 7 out of 20 Arabidopsis GLRs is significantly up-regulated by monochromatic irradiation. RESULTS Our data indicates that both red and blue light stimulate the expression of selected AtGLRs. Using a photosynthesis inhibitor and different irradiation regimes, we demonstrated that retrograde signaling from photosystem II is unlikely to be involved in light-dependent GLR up-regulation. Analysis of transcriptional patterns in mutants of key photoreceptors allowed us to observe that both phytochromes and cryptochromes are likely to be involved in the control of light-dependent up-regulation of AtGLR expression, with phytochromes playing a clearly dominating role in this process. CONCLUSIONS In mature Arabidopsis leaves, phytochromes, assisted by cryptochromes, mediate light-driven transcriptional up-regulation of several genes encoding GLR proteins. Since GLRs are known to be involved in a wide range of plant developmental processes our results provide mechanistic insight into how light may influence plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hebda
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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17
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The Exogenous Application of Micro-Nutrient Elements and Amino Acids Improved the Yield, Nutritional Status and Quality of Mango in Arid Regions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102057. [PMID: 34685865 PMCID: PMC8540748 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mango is one of the most valuable and appealing tropical fruits due to its color, aroma, tasteful remarkable flavor, and nutritive value; however, improving the yield and quality of mango is an urgent goal in order to combat global population growth. The application of amino acids and a micronutrient mixture might improve the yield and quality features but further research is still required in arid regions. To study the combined effect of a micronutrient mixture (MM) and amino acids (AA) at different rates, twenty-seven Fagri Kalan mango trees (15 years old) were carefully selected. The foliar application effect of MM and AA on vegetative growth, total chlorophyll, leaf chemical constituents, productivity, and the fruit quality of mango trees (cv. Fagri Kalan) was investigated. The findings revealed that the investigated growth measurements and leaf chemical contents, as well as the fruiting aspects and the fruit quality improved significantly due to the application of MM and AA. A higher application rate of the micronutrient mixture (2 g L−1) in combination with the highest amino acid concentration (2 mg L−1) was the most effective combination that increased the yield, total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars (TS), and total carbohydrates by 28.0%, 3.0%, 5.8% and 15.0%, respectively, relative to untreated plants. The relationship between such characteristics revealed a strong positive correlation (0.80–0.95), confirming the importance of these materials in increasing the yield and quality of mangoes. Thus, using doses of MM and AA as a foliar spray four times during each growing season is recommended under similar environmental conditions and horticulture practices used in the current experiment.
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Deciphering the Role of Ion Channels in Early Defense Signaling against Herbivorous Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092219. [PMID: 34571868 PMCID: PMC8470099 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and insect herbivores are in a relentless battle to outwit each other. Plants have evolved various strategies to detect herbivores and mount an effective defense system against them. These defenses include physical and structural barriers such as spines, trichomes, cuticle, or chemical compounds, including secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenes. Plants perceive herbivory by both mechanical and chemical means. Mechanical sensing can occur through the perception of insect biting, piercing, or chewing, while chemical signaling occurs through the perception of various herbivore-derived compounds such as oral secretions (OS) or regurgitant, insect excreta (frass), or oviposition fluids. Interestingly, ion channels or transporters are the first responders for the perception of these mechanical and chemical cues. These transmembrane pore proteins can play an important role in plant defense through the induction of early signaling components such as plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) fluctuation, intracellular calcium (Ca2+), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, followed by defense gene expression, and, ultimately, plant defense responses. In recent years, studies on early plant defense signaling in response to herbivory have been gaining momentum with the application of genetically encoded GFP-based sensors for real-time monitoring of early signaling events and genetic tools to manipulate ion channels involved in plant-herbivore interactions. In this review, we provide an update on recent developments and advances on early signaling events in plant-herbivore interactions, with an emphasis on the role of ion channels in early plant defense signaling.
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Application of Ascophyllum nodosum-Based Soluble Extract on Micropropagation and Regeneration of Nicotiana benthamiana and Prunus domestica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071354. [PMID: 34371556 PMCID: PMC8309432 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of a commercial extract of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on in vitro micropropagation, shoot regeneration, and rhizoghenesis were studied in Nicotiana benthamiana and Prunus domestica. Results showed that the MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of the Ascophyllum extract (5, 10, 50, and 100 mg L−1) significantly enhanced the number of regenerated buds from N. benthamiana leaf discs to the conventional MS regenerating medium. Increases ranged from 3.5 to 6.5 times higher than the control. The effect of the Ascophyllum extract on N. benthamiana micropropagation was assessed through the measurement of some plant growth parameters. Results showed that the extract alone could not replace the micropropagation medium since shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, and leaf area were significantly reduced. However, its combination with a half-strength MS medium enhanced these parameters. Its effect was also evaluated on regeneration from plum hypocotyl slices. When added to the shoot regeneration medium without any plant growth regulators, the Ascophyllum extract alone could induce shoot regeneration. However, the percentage of bud regeneration and number of regenerated buds were lower than with the conventional shoot regeneration medium containing complete growth regulators. In contrast, the Ascophyllum extract drastically promoted rhizogenesis from plum hypocotyl slices. These results pave the way for the possible use of A. nodosum extracts in in vitro mass propagation of higher plants.
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Baluška F, Yokawa K. Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:449-454. [PMID: 33462719 PMCID: PMC7907011 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are not only sensitive to exogenous anaesthetics, but they also produce multitudes of endogenous substances, especially when stressed, that often have anaesthetic and anelgesic properties when applied to both humans and animals. Moreover, plants rely on neurotransmitters and their receptors for cell-cell communication and integration in a similar fashion to the use of neural systems in animals and humans. Plants also use their plant-specific sensory systems and neurotransmitter-based communication, including long-distance action potentials, to manage stress via cognition-like plant-specific behaviour and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 090-8597, Japan.
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21
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Alfosea-Simón M, Simón-Grao S, Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Cámara-Zapata JM, Simón I, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Lidón V, García-Sánchez F. Physiological, Nutritional and Metabolomic Responses of Tomato Plants After the Foliar Application of Amino Acids Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid and Alanine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:581234. [PMID: 33488641 PMCID: PMC7817619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a great number of different pressures due to the increase in population and the greater amount of food it demands, the environmental impact due to the excessive use of conventional fertilizers, and climate change, which subjects the crops to extreme environmental conditions. One of the solutions to these problems could be the use of biostimulant products that are rich in amino acids (AAs), which substitute and/or complement conventional fertilizers and help plants adapt to climate change. To formulate these products, it is first necessary to understand the role of the application of AAs (individually or as a mixture) in the physiological and metabolic processes of crops. For this, research was conducted to assess the effects of the application of different amino acids (Aspartic acid (Asp), Glutamic acid (Glu), L-Alanine (Ala) and their mixtures Asp + Glu and Asp + Glu + Ala on tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To understand the effect of these treatments, morphological, physiological, ionomic and metabolomic studies were performed. The results showed that the application of Asp + Glu increased the growth of the plants, while those plants that received Ala had a decreased dry biomass of the shoots. The greatest increase in the growth of the plants with Asp + Glu was related with the increase in the net CO2 assimilation, the increase of proline, isoleucine and glucose with respect to the rest of the treatments. These data allow us to conclude that there is a synergistic effect between Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid, and the amino acid Alanine produces phytotoxicity when applied at 15 mM. The application of this amino acid altered the synthesis of proline and the pentose-phosphate route, and increased GABA and trigonelline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Silvia Simón-Grao
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Inmaculada Simón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Lidón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
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Mosa WFA, Ali HM, Abdelsalam NR. The utilization of tryptophan and glycine amino acids as safe alternatives to chemical fertilizers in apple orchards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1983-1991. [PMID: 32862350 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Our experiment was conducted during the seasons of 2018 and 2019 on 10-year-old "Anna" apple trees (Malus domestica L. Borkh) planted at 4 × 4 m apart in a clay soil under drench irrigation. Sixty uniform trees were selected and subjected to the same cultural practices during both seasons. Apple trees were sprayed three times as follows: before flowering, during full bloom, and 1 month later with the following treatments: control (water only); tryptophan at 25, 50, and 100 ppm; glycine at 25, 50, and 100 ppm; and their combinations, 25 ppm tryptophan + 25 ppm glycine, 50 ppm tryptophan + 50 ppm glycine, and 100 ppm tryptophan + 100 ppm glycine. The results demonstrated that the foliar spraying of "Anna" apple trees with glycine and tryptophan at 25, 50, and 100 ppm and their combinations significantly increased shoot length and diameter, leaf area, total chlorophyll, percentages of fruit set and yield, fruit physical and chemical characteristics, and leaf mineral composition of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and B, whereas it reduced the fruit drop percentage in both seasons in comparison with control. Better results were obtained from the concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm which were more effective in both seasons in comparison with the concentration of 25 ppm. Moreover, the combination of 50 ppm glycine 50 ppm tryptophan was the best treatment and provided the highest results in both experimental seasons in comparison with the other applied treatments and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
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Lapeikaite I, Pupkis V, Neniskis V, Ruksenas O, Kisnieriene V. Glutamate and NMDA affect cell excitability and action potential dynamics of single cell of macrophyte Nitellopsis obtusa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1032-1040. [PMID: 33213696 DOI: 10.1071/fp20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on electrical signalling - action potentials (AP) and excitation current transients - was studied in intact macrophyte Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeaen) internodal cell. Intracellular glass electrode recordings of single cell in current clamp and two-electrode voltage clamp modes indicate that glutamate (Glu, 0.1-1.0 mM) and NMDA (0.01-1.0 mM) increase electrically induced AP amplitude by hyperpolarising excitation threshold potential (Eth) and prolong AP fast repolarisation phase. Amplitude of Cl- current transient, as well as its activation and inactivation durations were also increased. Both Glu and NMDA act in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of NMDA exceeds that of Glu. Ionotropic glutamate receptor inhibitors AP-5 (NMDA-type receptors) and DNQX (AMPA/Kainate-type) have no effect on Nitellopsis cell electrical signalling per se, yet robustly inhibit excitatory effect of NMDA. This study reinforces NMDA as an active component in glutamatergic signalling at least in some plants and stresses the elaborate fine-tuning of electrical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Lapeikaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; and Corresponding author.
| | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vladas Neniskis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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24
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Tarkowski ŁP, Signorelli S, Höfte M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1103-1116. [PMID: 31997381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement between primary metabolism regulation and stress responses is a puzzling and fascinating theme in plant sciences. Among the major metabolites found in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fulfils important roles in connecting C and N metabolic fluxes through the GABA shunt. Activation of GABA metabolism is known since long to occur in plant tissues following biotic stresses, where GABA appears to have substantially different modes of action towards different categories of pathogens and pests. While it can harm insects thanks to its inhibitory effect on the neuronal transmission, its capacity to modulate the hypersensitive response in attacked host cells was proven to be crucial for host defences in several pathosystems. In this review, we discuss how plants can employ GABA's versatility to effectively deal with all the major biotic stressors, and how GABA can shape plant immune responses against pathogens by modulating reactive oxygen species balance in invaded plant tissues. Finally, we discuss the connections between GABA and other stress-related amino acids such as BABA (β-aminobutyric acid), glutamate and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Seed Metabolism and Stress Team, INRAE Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Bâtiment A, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Zhang Y, Whalen JK. Production of the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine may be triggered by agricultural nutrients: An emerging public health issue. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115335. [PMID: 31812811 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms produce β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a non-lipophilic, non-protein amino acid. BMAA is a neurotoxin in mammals. Its ingestion may be linked to human neurodegenerative diseases, namely the Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex, based on epidemiological evidence from regions where cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms occur frequently. In controlled environments, cyanobacteria produce BMAA in response to ecophysiological cues such as nutrient availability, which may explain the elevated BMAA concentrations in freshwater environments that receive nutrient-rich agricultural runoff. This critical review paper summarizes what is known about how BMAA supports ecophysiological functions like nitrogen metabolism, photosyntheis and provides a competitive advantage to cyanobacteria in controlled and natural environments. We explain how BMAA production affected competitive interactions among the N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing populations in a freshwater cyanobacterial bloom that was stimulated by nutrient loading from the surrounding agricultural landscape. Better control of nutrients in agricultural fields is an excellent strategy to avoid the negative environmental consequences and public health concerns related to BMAA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de, Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Joann K Whalen
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de, Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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26
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Ota R, Ohkubo Y, Yamashita Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Shoot-to-root mobile CEPD-like 2 integrates shoot nitrogen status to systemically regulate nitrate uptake in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:641. [PMID: 32005881 PMCID: PMC6994653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants modulate the efficiency of root nitrogen (N) acquisition in response to shoot N demand. However, molecular components directly involved in this shoot-to-root communication remain to be identified. Here, we show that phloem-mobile CEPD-like 2 (CEPDL2) polypeptide is upregulated in the leaf vasculature in response to decreased shoot N status and, after translocation to the roots, promotes high-affinity uptake and root-to-shoot transport of nitrate. Loss of CEPDL2 leads to a reduction in shoot nitrate content and plant biomass. CEPDL2 contributes to N acquisition cooperatively with CEPD1 and CEPD2 which mediate root N status, and the complete loss of all three proteins severely impairs N homeostasis in plants. Reciprocal grafting analysis provides conclusive evidence that the shoot CEPDL2/CEPD1/2 genotype defines the high-affinity nitrate uptake activity in root. Our results indicate that plants integrate shoot N status and root N status in leaves and systemically regulate the efficiency of root N acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ota
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuri Ohkubo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Qiu XM, Sun YY, Ye XY, Li ZG. Signaling Role of Glutamate in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1743. [PMID: 32063909 PMCID: PMC6999156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has been found to emerge as signaling role. Under normal conditions, Glu takes part in seed germination, root architecture, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. Under stress conditions, Glu participates in wound response, pathogen resistance, response and adaptation to abiotic stress (such as salt, cold, heat, and drought), and local stimulation (abiotic or biotic stress)-triggered long distance signaling transduction. In this review, in the light of the current opinion on Glu signaling in plants, the following knowledge was updated and discussed. 1) Glu metabolism; 2) signaling role of Glu in plant growth, development, and response and adaptation to environmental stress; as well as 3) the underlying research directions in the future. The purpose of this review was to look forward to inspiring the rapid development of Glu signaling research in plant biology, particularly in the field of stress biology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yu Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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Pavlovič A, Libiaková M, Bokor B, Jakšová J, Petřík I, Novák O, Baluška F. Anaesthesia with diethyl ether impairs jasmonate signalling in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:173-183. [PMID: 31677265 PMCID: PMC6948209 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS General anaesthetics are compounds that induce loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli in animals and humans. The primary site of action of general anaesthetics is the nervous system, where anaesthetics inhibit neuronal transmission. Although plants do not have neurons, they generate electrical signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we investigated the effect of the general volatile anaesthetic diethyl ether on the ability to sense potential prey or herbivore attacks in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). METHODS We monitored trap movement, electrical signalling, phytohormone accumulation and gene expression in response to the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs and wounding under diethyl ether treatment. KEY RESULTS Diethyl ether completely inhibited the generation of action potentials and trap closing reactions, which were easily and rapidly restored when the anaesthetic was removed. Diethyl ether also inhibited the later response: jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and expression of JA-responsive genes (cysteine protease dionain and type I chitinase). However, external application of JA bypassed the inhibited action potentials and restored gene expression under diethyl ether anaesthesia, indicating that downstream reactions from JA are not inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The Venus flytrap cannot sense prey or a herbivore attack under diethyl ether treatment caused by inhibited action potentials, and the JA signalling pathway as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Libiaková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Li H, Jiang X, Lv X, Ahammed GJ, Guo Z, Qi Z, Yu J, Zhou Y. Tomato GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 mediate cold acclimation-induced chilling tolerance by regulating apoplastic H 2 O 2 production and redox homeostasis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3326-3339. [PMID: 31329293 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes play important roles in plant development and immune response. However, the functions of GLRs in abiotic stress response remain unclear. Here we show that cold acclimation at 12°C induced the transcripts of GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 with increased tolerance against a subsequent chilling at 4 °C. Silencing of GLR3.3 or/and GLR3.5 or application of the antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), all compromised the acclimation-induced increases in the transcripts of respiratory burst oxidase homolog1 (RBOH1), activity of NADPH oxidase, the accumulation of apoplastic H2 O2 and the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), resulting in an attenuated chilling tolerance; the effect, however, was rescued by foliar application of H2 O2 or GSH. Both RBOH1-silenced and glutathione biosynthesis genes, γ- glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1)- and glutathione synthetase (GSH2)-cosilenced plants had decreased chilling tolerance with reduced GSH/GSSG ratio. Moreover, application of DNQX had little effects on the GSH/GSSG ratio and the tolerance in RBOH1-silenced plants and GSH1- and GSH2-cosilenced plants. These findings unmasked the functional hierarchy of GLR-H2 O2 -glutathione cascade and shed new light on cold response pathway in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiangzhang Lv
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Zhejiang Univ, Agr Expt Stn, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Improves the Growth and Yield of Lettuce by Enhancing Photosynthetic Assimilation and Nutrient Availability. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As natural plant growth stimulators, amino acids are widely used to improve the yield and quality of crops. Several studies have illustrated the effects of different amino acids on lettuce plant parts. However, the effects of applying single amino acids on root growth remain elusive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of root application of L-methionine on the growth of lettuce. In this study, two successive experiments on butterhead lettuce were conducted under hydroponic conditions. Three amino acids, L-methionine (20 mg/L), L-glycine (210 mg/L), and L-tryptophan (220 mg/L), were applied separately. L-methionine significantly increased the growth performance by 23.60%, whereas growth using L-tryptophan and L-glycine decreased by 98.78% and 27.45%, respectively. Considering the results of the first experiment, a second experiment was established with different concentrations of L-methionine (2200 mg/L, 220 mg/L, 22 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, and 0.02 mg/L). The plants were allowed to grow for four weeks. Leaf width, plant area, leaf area, chlorophyll contents, etc., were evaluated. The results show that plant growth significantly improved by applying L-methionine at the lowest concentrations of 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, which can, therefore, improve hydroponic production of lettuce and, accordingly, human nutrition.
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Lapeikaite I, Dragunaite U, Pupkis V, Ruksenas O, Kisnieriene V. Asparagine alters action potential parameters in single plant cell. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:511-519. [PMID: 30291442 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effect of amino acid L-asparagine on electrical signalling of single Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeaen) cell was investigated using glass-microelectrode technique in current-clamp and voltage-clamp modes. Cell exposure for 30 min to 0.1 mM and 1 mM of asparagine resulted in changes of electrically stimulated action potential (AP) parameters in comparison to standard conditions. Results indicate that asparagine acts in dose-dependent manner: increases AP amplitude by hyperpolarizing AP threshold potential (Eth), prolongs action potential repolarization, increases maximum Cl- efflux amplitude along with the increase of activation and inactivation durations. Presented findings provide new aspects of exogenous amino acids' effect on plants' electrical signalling with emphasis on separate single plant cell excitability and AP characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Lapeikaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ugne Dragunaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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32
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Anesthetics, Anesthesia, and Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:12-14. [PMID: 30446303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
General anesthesia, its nature, and how exactly it works are still poorly understood. Plants can also be anesthetized and lose their responses to external stimuli. Interestingly, plants are known to produce endogenous anesthetic compounds to deal with stress. Plants offer an excellent model object for studies on anesthetics and anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan; Research Center for Okhotsk Agriculture-, Forestry- and Fisheries-Engineering Collaboration, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan; Research Center for Okhotsk Agriculture-, Forestry- and Fisheries-Engineering Collaboration, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany.
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Zheng Y, Luo L, Wei J, Chen Q, Yang Y, Hu X, Kong X. The glutamate receptors AtGLR1.2 and AtGLR1.3 increase cold tolerance by regulating jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:895-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Pavlovič A, Gall S, Weiland M, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Anaesthetics stop diverse plant organ movements, affect endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis, and block action potentials in Venus flytraps. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:747-756. [PMID: 29236942 PMCID: PMC6215046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anaesthesia for medical purposes was introduced in the 19th century. However, the physiological mode of anaesthetic drug actions on the nervous system remains unclear. One of the remaining questions is how these different compounds, with no structural similarities and even chemically inert elements such as the noble gas xenon, act as anaesthetic agents inducing loss of consciousness. The main goal here was to determine if anaesthetics affect the same or similar processes in plants as in animals and humans. Methods A single-lens reflex camera was used to follow organ movements in plants before, during and after recovery from exposure to diverse anaesthetics. Confocal microscopy was used to analyse endocytic vesicle trafficking. Electrical signals were recorded using a surface AgCl electrode. Key Results Mimosa leaves, pea tendrils, Venus flytraps and sundew traps all lost both their autonomous and touch-induced movements after exposure to anaesthetics. In Venus flytrap, this was shown to be due to the loss of action potentials under diethyl ether anaesthesia. The same concentration of diethyl ether immobilized pea tendrils. Anaesthetics also impeded seed germination and chlorophyll accumulation in cress seedlings. Endocytic vesicle recycling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, as observed in intact Arabidopsis root apex cells, were also affected by all anaesthetics tested. Conclusions Plants are sensitive to several anaesthetics that have no structural similarities. As in animals and humans, anaesthetics used at appropriate concentrations block action potentials and immobilize organs via effects on action potentials, endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis. Plants emerge as ideal model objects to study general questions related to anaesthesia, as well as to serve as a suitable test system for human anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kagenishi
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - A Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - S Gall
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Weiland
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Baluška
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Demidchik V, Shabala S, Isayenkov S, Cuin TA, Pottosin I. Calcium transport across plant membranes: mechanisms and functions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:49-69. [PMID: 29916203 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of plant Ca2+ -permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding remarks 64 Acknowledgements 64 References 64 SUMMARY: Calcium is an essential structural, metabolic and signalling element. The physiological functions of Ca2+ are enabled by its orchestrated transport across cell membranes, mediated by Ca2+ -permeable ion channels, Ca2+ -ATPases and Ca2+ /H+ exchangers. Bioinformatics analysis has not determined any Ca2+ -selective filters in plant ion channels, but electrophysiological tests do reveal Ca2+ conductances in plant membranes. The biophysical characteristics of plant Ca2+ conductances have been studied in detail and were recently complemented by molecular genetic approaches. Plant Ca2+ conductances are mediated by several families of ion channels, including cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), ionotropic glutamate receptors, two-pore channel 1 (TPC1), annexins and several types of mechanosensitive channels. Key Ca2+ -mediated reactions (e.g. sensing of temperature, gravity, touch and hormones, and cell elongation and guard cell closure) have now been associated with the activities of specific subunits from these families. Structural studies have demonstrated a unique selectivity filter in TPC1, which is passable for hydrated divalent cations. The hypothesis of a ROS-Ca2+ hub is discussed, linking Ca2+ transport to ROS generation. CNGC inactivation by cytosolic Ca2+ , leading to the termination of Ca2+ signals, is now mechanistically explained. The structure-function relationships of Ca2+ -ATPases and Ca2+ /H+ exchangers, and their regulation and physiological roles are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Avenue, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Professora Popova Street, St Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Stanislav Isayenkov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 2a Osipovskogo Street, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Avenida 25 de julio 965, Colima, 28045, Mexico
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Guo X, Liu D, Chong K. Cold signaling in plants: Insights into mechanisms and regulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:745-756. [PMID: 30094919 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To survive under cold temperatures plants must be able to perceive a cold signal and transduce it into downstream components that induce appropriate defense mechanisms. In addition to inducing adaptive defenses, such as the production of osmotic factors to prevent freezing and the reprogramming of transcriptional pathways, cold temperatures induce changes in plant growth and development which can affect the plant life cycle. In this review, we summarize recent progress in characterizing cold-related genes and the pathways that allow transduction of the cold signal in plants, focusing primarily on studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). We summarize cold perception and signal transduction from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, which involves cold sensors, calcium signals, calcium-binding proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and the C-repeat binding factor/dehydration-responsive element binding pathways, as well as trehalose metabolism. Finally, we describe the balance between plant organogenesis and cold tolerance mechanisms in rice. This review encapsulates the known cold signaling factors in plants and provides perspectives for ongoing cold signaling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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37
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De Vriese K, Costa A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Pharmacological Strategies for Manipulating Plant Ca 2+ Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1506. [PMID: 29783646 PMCID: PMC5983822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most pleiotropic second messengers in all living organisms. However, signalling specificity is encoded via spatio-temporally regulated signatures that act with surgical precision to elicit highly specific cellular responses. How this is brought about remains a big challenge in the plant field, in part due to a lack of specific tools to manipulate/interrogate the plant Ca2+ toolkit. In many cases, researchers resort to tools that were optimized in animal cells. However, the obviously large evolutionary distance between plants and animals implies that there is a good chance observed effects may not be specific to the intended plant target. Here, we provide an overview of pharmacological strategies that are commonly used to activate or inhibit plant Ca2+ signalling. We focus on highlighting modes of action where possible, and warn for potential pitfalls. Together, this review aims at guiding plant researchers through the Ca2+ pharmacology swamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Instititute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea.
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Kesawat MS, Kim DK, Zeba N, Suh MC, Xia X, Hong CB. Ectopic RING zinc finger gene from hot pepper induces totally different genes in lettuce and tobacco. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2018; 38:70. [PMID: 29780273 PMCID: PMC5956013 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have improved crops through transferring genes from one organism to new hosts, and these efforts have raised concerns about potential unexpected outcomes. Here, we provide evidence that a gene with a specific function in one organism can yield completely different effects in a new host. CaRZFP1 is a C3HC4-type RING zinc finger protein gene previously isolated from a cDNA library for heat-stressed hot pepper. In our previous work investigating in vivo CaRZFP1 function, we transferred CaRZFP1 into tobacco; transgenic tobacco exhibited enhanced growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses. As further analysis of CaRZFP1 ectopic expression in a heterologous host plant, here we mobilized and constitutively overexpressed CaRZFP1 in lettuce. In contrast to tobacco, transgenic lettuce exhibited poorer growth and delayed flowering compared with vector-only controls. To identify genes that might be involved in this phenotypic effect, transcriptome analyses on transgenic plants of both species were performed, uncovering dozens of genes that reflect the different outcomes between tobacco and lettuce. These included protein kinase, transcriptional factor, transporter protein, hormone and metabolism-related genes, and some unannotated genes. The opposite effects of CaRZFP1 ectopic expression in lettuce and tobacco address concerns of unexpectedly different outcomes in different host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 South Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 South Korea
| | - Naheed Zeba
- Present Address: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Present Address: Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757 South Korea
| | - Xinli Xia
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Choo Bong Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 South Korea
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Wudick MM, Michard E, Oliveira Nunes C, Feijó JA. Comparing Plant and Animal Glutamate Receptors: Common Traits but Different Fates? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4976335. [PMID: 29684179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated channels whose evolution is intimately linked to the one of the nervous system, where the agonist glutamate and co-agonists glycine/D-serine act as neuro-transmitters or -modulators. While iGluRs are specialized in neuronal communication, plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) homologues have evolved many plant-specific physiological functions, such as sperm signaling in moss, pollen tube growth, root meristem proliferation, innate immune and wound responses. GLRs have been associated with Ca2+ signaling by directly channeling its extracellular influx into the cytosol. Nevertheless, very limited information on functional properties of GLRs is available, and we mostly rely on structure/function data obtained for animal iGluRs to interpret experimental results obtained for plant GLRs. Yet, a deeper characterization and better understanding of plant GLRs is progressively unveiling original and different mode of functions when compared to their mammalian counterparts. Here, we review the function of plant GLRs comparing their predicted structure and physiological roles to the well-documented ones of iGluRs. We conclude that interpreting GLR function based on comparison to their animal counterparts calls for caution, especially when presuming physiological roles and mode of action for plant GLRs from comparison to iGluRs in peripheral, non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
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40
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Teixeira WF, Fagan EB, Soares LH, Soares JN, Reichardt K, Neto DD. Seed and Foliar Application of Amino Acids Improve Variables of Nitrogen Metabolism and Productivity in Soybean Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:396. [PMID: 29643860 PMCID: PMC5882785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of amino acids in crops has been a common practice in recent years, although most of the time they are associated with products based on algae extracts or on fermented animal or vegetable wastes. However, little is known about the isolated effect of amino acids on the development of crops. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of isolated amino acids on the in some steps of the soybean nitrogen metabolism and on productivity. Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and in the field with the application of the amino acids glutamate (Glu), phenylalanine (Phe), cysteine (Cys) and glycine (Gly) and as a set (Glu+Phe+Cys+Gly), as seed treatment (ST), as foliar application (FA) and both (ST+FA), at the V4 growth stage. Evaluations consisted of nitrate reductase and urease activities, nitrate, ureide, total amino acids and total nitrogen content in leaves, and productivity. The application of Glu to leaves, Cys as ST and a mixture of Glu+Cys+Phe+Gly as ST+FA in the greenhouse experiment increased the total amino acids content. In the field experiment all treatments increased the amino acid content in leaves. At the V6 stage in the field experiment, all modes of Gly application, Glu as ST and FA, Cys and Phe as ST+FA and Glu+Cys+Phe+Gly as FA increased the nitrate content in leaves. In the greenhouse, application of Cys and Phe as ST increased the production of soybean plants by at least 21%. The isolated application of Cys, Phe, Gly, Glu and the set of these amino acids as ST increased the productivity of soybean plants in the field experiment by at least 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walquíria F. Teixeira
- Department of Crop Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Evandro B. Fagan
- Department of Agronomy, Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Luis H. Soares
- Department of Agronomy, Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Jérssica N. Soares
- Department of Agronomy, Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Klaus Reichardt
- Department of Crop Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Durval D. Neto
- Department of Crop Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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41
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Plant Cognition and Behavior: From Environmental Awareness to Synaptic Circuits Navigating Root Apices. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Biosynthesis, Role, Commercial Production, and Applications. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64057-4.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Demidchik V, Shabala S. Mechanisms of cytosolic calcium elevation in plants: the role of ion channels, calcium extrusion systems and NADPH oxidase-mediated 'ROS-Ca 2+ Hub'. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:9-27. [PMID: 32291018 DOI: 10.1071/fp16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Elevation in the cytosolic free calcium is crucial for plant growth, development and adaptation. Calcium influx into plant cells is mediated by Ca2+ depolarisation-activated, hyperpolarisation-activated and voltage-independent Ca2+-permeable channels (DACCs, HACCs and VICCs respectively). These channels are encoded by the following gene families: (1) cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), (2) ionotropic glutamate receptors (GLRs), (3) annexins, (4) 'mechanosensitive channels of small (MscS) conductance'-like channels (MSLs), (5) 'mid1-complementing activity' channels (MCAs), Piezo channels, and hyperosmolality-induced [Ca2+]cyt. channel 1 (OSCA1). Also, a 'tandem-pore channel1' (TPC1) catalyses Ca2+ efflux from the vacuole in response to the plasma membrane-mediated Ca2+ elevation. Recent experimental data demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. CNGCs 2, 5-10, 14, 16 and 18, GLRs 1.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 and 3.7, TPC1, ANNEXIN1, MSL9 and MSL10,MCA1 and MCA2, OSCA1, and some their homologues counterparts in other species, are responsible for Ca2+ currents and/or cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. Extrusion of Ca2+ from the cytosol is mediated by Ca2+-ATPases and Ca2+/H+ exchangers which were recently examined at the level of high resolution crystal structure. Calcium-activated NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-activated Ca2+ conductances form a self-amplifying 'ROS-Ca2+hub', enhancing and transducing Ca2+ and redox signals. The ROS-Ca2+ hub contributes to physiological reactions controlled by ROS and Ca2+, demonstrating synergism and unity of Ca2+ and ROS signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Avenue, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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44
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Tegeder M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:35-53. [PMID: 29120059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 35 I. Introduction 35 II. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation 36 III. Root-to-shoot transport of nitrogen 38 IV. Nitrogen storage pools in vegetative tissues 39 V. Nitrogen transport from source leaf to sink 40 VI. Nitrogen import into sinks 42 VII. Relationship between source and sink nitrogen transport processes and metabolism 43 VIII. Regulation of nitrogen transport 43 IX. Strategies for crop improvement 44 X. Conclusions 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 SUMMARY: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. World-wide, large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizer are applied to ensure maximum crop productivity. However, nitrogen fertilizer application is expensive and negatively affects the environment, and subsequently human health. A strategy to address this problem is the development of crops that are efficient in acquiring and using nitrogen and that can achieve high seed yields with reduced nitrogen input. This review integrates the current knowledge regarding inorganic and organic nitrogen management at the whole-plant level, spanning from nitrogen uptake to remobilization and utilization in source and sink organs. Plant partitioning and transient storage of inorganic and organic nitrogen forms are evaluated, as is how they affect nitrogen availability, metabolism and mobilization. Essential functions of nitrogen transporters in source and sink organs and their importance in regulating nitrogen movement in support of metabolism, and vegetative and reproductive growth are assessed. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant engineering, demonstrating that nitrogen transporters are effective targets to improve crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. While inorganic and organic nitrogen transporters were examined separately in these studies, they provide valuable clues about how to successfully combine approaches for future crop engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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Abstract
The primary processes that contribute to the efficient capture of soil nitrate are the development of a root system that effectively explores the soil and the expression of high-affinity nitrate uptake systems in those roots. Both these processes are highly regulated to take into account the availability and distribution of external nitrate pools and the endogenous N status of the plant. While significant progress has been made in elucidating the early steps in sensing and responding to external nitrate, there is much less clarity about how the plant monitors its N status. This review specifically addresses the questions of what N compounds are sensed and in which part of the plant, as well as the identity of the signalling pathways responsible for their detection. Candidates that are considered for the role of N sensory systems include the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway, the general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway, the plastidic PII-dependent pathway, and the family of glutamate-like receptors (GLRs). However, despite significant recent progress in elucidating the function and mode of action of these signalling systems, there is still much uncertainty about the extent to which they contribute to the process by which plants monitor their N status. The possibility is discussed that the large GLR family of Ca2+ channels, which are gated by a wide range of different amino acids and expressed throughout the plant, could act as amino acid sensors upstream of a Ca2+-regulated signalling pathway, such as the TOR pathway, to regulate the plant's response to changes in N status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gent
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Brian G Forde
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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46
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Teixeira WF, Fagan EB, Soares LH, Umburanas RC, Reichardt K, Neto DD. Foliar and Seed Application of Amino Acids Affects the Antioxidant Metabolism of the Soybean Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:327. [PMID: 28377778 PMCID: PMC5359285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of natural substances on crops has been intensified in order to increase the resistance and yield of the soybean crop. Among these products are included plant biostimulants that may contain algae extracts, amino acids, and plant regulators in their composition. However, there is little information on the isolated effect of each of these constituents. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of isolated amino acids on the antioxidant metabolism of the soybean crop. Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and in the field with the application of the amino acids glutamate, phenylalanine, cysteine, glycine in seed treatment, and foliar application at V4 growth stage. Antioxidant metabolism constituents evaluated were superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide content, proline, and lipid peroxidation. In addition, resistance enzymes as polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were evaluated. In both experiments, the use of cysteine, only in seed treatment and in both seed treatment and foliar application increased the activity of the enzyme PAL and catalase. Also in both experiments, the use of phenylalanine increased the activity of the enzyme PAL when the application was carried out as foliar application or both in seed treatment and foliar application. In the field experiment, the application of glutamate led to an increase in the activity of the catalase and PAL enzymes for seed treatment and foliar application. The use of the set of amino acids was only efficient in foliar application, which led to a greater activity of the enzymes peroxidase, PAL, and polyphenol oxidase. The other enzymes as well as lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide presented different results according to the experiment. Therefore, glutamate, cysteine, phenylalanine, and glycine can act as signaling amino acids in soybean plants, since small doses are enough to increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walquíria F. Teixeira
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Evandro B. Fagan
- Department of Agronomy, University Center of Patos de MinasPatos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Luís H. Soares
- Department of Agronomy, University Center of Patos de MinasPatos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Renan C. Umburanas
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Klaus Reichardt
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Durval D. Neto
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
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47
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Wilkins KA, Matthus E, Swarbreck SM, Davies JM. Calcium-Mediated Abiotic Stress Signaling in Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1296. [PMID: 27621742 PMCID: PMC5002411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots are subjected to a range of abiotic stresses as they forage for water and nutrients. Cytosolic free calcium is a common second messenger in the signaling of abiotic stress. In addition, roots take up calcium both as a nutrient and to stimulate exocytosis in growth. For calcium to fulfill its multiple roles must require strict spatio-temporal regulation of its uptake and efflux across the plasma membrane, its buffering in the cytosol and its sequestration or release from internal stores. This prompts the question of how specificity of signaling output can be achieved against the background of calcium's other uses. Threats to agriculture such as salinity, water availability and hypoxia are signaled through calcium. Nutrient deficiency is also emerging as a stress that is signaled through cytosolic free calcium, with progress in potassium, nitrate and boron deficiency signaling now being made. Heavy metals have the capacity to trigger or modulate root calcium signaling depending on their dose and their capacity to catalyze production of hydroxyl radicals. Mechanical stress and cold stress can both trigger an increase in root cytosolic free calcium, with the possibility of membrane deformation playing a part in initiating the calcium signal. This review addresses progress in identifying the calcium transporting proteins (particularly channels such as annexins and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels) that effect stress-induced calcium increases in roots and explores links to reactive oxygen species, lipid signaling, and the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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De Bortoli S, Teardo E, Szabò I, Morosinotto T, Alboresi A. Evolutionary insight into the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily of photosynthetic organisms. Biophys Chem 2016; 218:14-26. [PMID: 27586818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic eukaryotes have a complex evolutionary history shaped by multiple endosymbiosis events that required a tight coordination between the organelles and the rest of the cell. Plant ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLRs) form a large superfamily of proteins with a predicted or proven non-selective cation channel activity regulated by a broad range of amino acids. They are involved in different physiological processes such as C/N sensing, resistance against fungal infection, root and pollen tube growth and response to wounding and pathogens. Most of the present knowledge is limited to iGLRs located in plasma membranes. However, recent studies localized different iGLR isoforms to mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, suggesting the possibility that they play a specific role in bioenergetic processes. In this work, we performed a comparative analysis of GLR sequences from bacteria and various photosynthetic eukaryotes. In particular, novel types of selectivity filters of bacteria are reported adding new examples of the great diversity of the GLR superfamily. The highest variability in GLR sequences was found among the algal sequences (cryptophytes, diatoms, brown and green algae). GLRs of land plants are not closely related to the GLRs of green algae analyzed in this work. The GLR family underwent a great expansion in vascular plants. Among plant GLRs, Clade III includes sequences from Physcomitrella patens, Marchantia polymorpha and gymnosperms and can be considered the most ancient, while other clades likely emerged later. In silico analysis allowed the identification of sequences with a putative target to organelles. Sequences with a predicted localization to mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed among different type of GLRs, suggesting that no compartment-related specific function has been maintained across the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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