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Huang R, Liu X, Kim J, Deng H, Deng M, Gui X, Chen H, Wu G, Xiong W, Xie J, Lewis C, Homsi J, Yang X, Zhang C, He Y, Lou Q, Smith C, John S, Zhang N, An Z, Zhang CC. LILRB3 Supports Immunosuppressive Activity of Myeloid Cells and Tumor Development. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:350-362. [PMID: 38113030 PMCID: PMC10932818 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The existing T cell-centered immune checkpoint blockade therapies have been successful in treating some but not all patients with cancer. Immunosuppressive myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), that inhibit antitumor immunity and support multiple steps of tumor development are recognized as one of the major obstacles in cancer treatment. Leukocyte Ig-like receptor subfamily B3 (LILRB3), an immune inhibitory receptor containing tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), is expressed solely on myeloid cells. However, it is unknown whether LILRB3 is a critical checkpoint receptor in regulating the activity of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and whether LILRB3 signaling can be blocked to activate the immune system to treat solid tumors. Here, we report that galectin-4 and galectin-7 induce activation of LILRB3 and that LILRB3 is functionally expressed on immunosuppressive myeloid cells. In some samples from patients with solid cancers, blockade of LILRB3 signaling by an antagonistic antibody inhibited the activity of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. Anti-LILRB3 also impeded tumor development in myeloid-specific LILRB3 transgenic mice through a T cell-dependent manner. LILRB3 blockade may prove to be a novel approach for immunotherapy of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xun Gui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cheryl Lewis
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jade Homsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yubo He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qi Lou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Caroline Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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2
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Redondo-García S, Barritt C, Papagregoriou C, Yeboah M, Frendeus B, Cragg MS, Roghanian A. Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282874. [PMID: 38022598 PMCID: PMC10679719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 innate immunomodulatory receptors, primarily expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. LILRs are either activating (LILRA) or inhibitory (LILRB) depending on their associated signalling domains (D). With the exception of the soluble LILRA3, LILRAs mediate immune activation, while LILRB1-5 primarily inhibit immune responses and mediate tolerance. Abnormal expression and function of LILRs is associated with a range of pathologies, including immune insufficiency (infection and malignancy) and overt immune responses (autoimmunity and alloresponses), suggesting LILRs may be excellent candidates for targeted immunotherapies. This review will discuss the biology and clinical relevance of this extensive family of immune receptors and will summarise the recent developments in targeting LILRs in disease settings, such as cancer, with an update on the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic targeting of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Redondo-García
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Barritt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Lister Department of General Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charys Papagregoriou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Muchaala Yeboah
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Frendeus
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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3
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Distinct frequency patterns of LILRB3 and LILRA6 allelic variants in Europeans. Immunogenetics 2022; 75:263-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The leukocyte immunoglobulin–like receptor (LILR)B3 and LILRA6 genes encode homologous myeloid inhibitory and activating orphan receptors, respectively. Both genes exhibit a strikingly high level of polymorphism at the amino acid level and LILRA6 (but not LILRB3) displays copy number variation (CNV). Although multiple alleles have been reported for both genes, limited data is available on frequencies of these alleles among humans. We have sequenced LILRB3/A6 exons encoding signal peptides and ectodomains in 91 healthy blood donors of European descent who carry one or two copies of LILRA6 per diploid genome. Analysis of haplotypes among individuals with two LILRA6 copies, representing the majority in this cohort (N = 86), shows that common LILRB3 and LILRA6 alleles encode some distinct amino acid sequences in homologous regions of the receptors, which could potentially impact their respective functions differentially. Comparison of sequences in individuals with one vs. two copies of LILRA6 supports non-allelic homologous recombination between LILRB3 and LILRA6 as a mechanism for generating LILRA6 CNV and LILRB3 diversity. These data characterize LILRB3/LILRA6 genetic variation in more detail than previously described and underscore the need to determine their ligands.
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Cheng Y, Zheng J, Zhan Y, Liu C, Lu B, Hu J. Identification of hub genes and pathophysiological mechanism related to acute unilateral vestibulopathy by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:987076. [PMID: 36237611 PMCID: PMC9552803 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.987076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many pathological mechanisms and etiological hypotheses of acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP) have been reported, but the actual etiology remains to be elucidated. Objective This study was based on comprehensive bioinformatics to identify the critical genes of AUVP and explore its pathological mechanism. Methods Gene expression profiles of AUVP and normal samples were collected from GSE146230 datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was constructed, and the WGCNA R-package extracted significant modules. The limma R-package was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The common genes of practical modules and DEGs were screened for GO and KEGG pathways analysis. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) layout and hub genes validation was created by Cytoscape software using the link from the STRING database. The functions of hub genes were predicted through the CTD (comparative genetics database). Results A total of 332 common genes were screened from practical modules and DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were predominantly associated with inflammation and infection. After construction of PPI, expressions of hub genes, and drawing ROC curves, LILRB2, FPR1, AQP9, and LILRA1 are highly expressed in AUVP (p < 0.05) and have a certain diagnostic efficacy for AUVP (AUC > 0.7), so they were selected as hub genes. The functions of hub genes suggested that the occurrence of AUVP may be related to inflammation, necrosis, hepatomegaly, and other conditions in CTD. Conclusion LILRB2, FPR1, AQP9, and LILRA1 may play essential roles in developing AUVP, providing new ideas for diagnosing and treating AUVP.
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5
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Storm L, Bruijnesteijn J, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. The Genomic Organization of the LILR Region Remained Largely Conserved Throughout Primate Evolution: Implications for Health And Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716289. [PMID: 34737739 PMCID: PMC8562567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family map to the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 19, and consist of both activating and inhibiting entities. These receptors are often involved in regulating immune responses, and are considered to play a role in health and disease. The human LILR region and evolutionary equivalents in some rodent and bird species have been thoroughly characterized. In non-human primates, the LILR region is annotated, but a thorough comparison between humans and non-human primates has not yet been documented. Therefore, it was decided to undertake a comprehensive comparison of the human and non-human primate LILR region at the genomic level. During primate evolution the organization of the LILR region remained largely conserved. One major exception, however, is provided by the common marmoset, a New World monkey species, which seems to feature a substantial contraction of the number of LILR genes in both the centromeric and the telomeric region. Furthermore, genomic analysis revealed that the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene KIR3DX1, which maps in the LILR region, features one copy in humans and great ape species. A second copy, which might have been introduced by a duplication event, was observed in the lesser apes, and in Old and New World monkey species. The highly conserved gene organization allowed us to standardize the LILR gene nomenclature for non-human primate species, and implies that most of the receptors encoded by these genes likely fulfill highly preserved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Storm
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Wu G, Xu Y, Schultz RD, Chen H, Xie J, Deng M, Liu X, Gui X, John S, Lu Z, Arase H, Zhang N, An Z, Zhang CC. LILRB3 supports acute myeloid leukemia development and regulates T-cell antitumor immune responses through the TRAF2-cFLIP-NF-κB signaling axis. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:1170-1184. [PMID: 35122056 PMCID: PMC8809885 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B (LILRB), a family of immune checkpoint receptors, contributes to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development, but the specific mechanisms triggered by activation or inhibition of these immune checkpoints in cancer is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the intracellular domain of LILRB3 is constitutively associated with the adaptor protein TRAF2. Activated LILRB3 in AML cells leads to recruitment of cFLIP and subsequent NF-κB upregulation, resulting in enhanced leukemic cell survival and inhibition of T-cell-mediated anti-tumor activity. Hyperactivation of NF-κB induces a negative regulatory feedback loop mediated by A20, which disrupts the interaction of LILRB3 and TRAF2; consequently the SHP-1/2-mediated inhibitory activity of LILRB3 becomes dominant. Finally, we show that blockade of LILRB3 signaling with antagonizing antibodies hampers AML progression. LILRB3 thus exerts context-dependent activating and inhibitory functions, and targeting LILRB3 may become a potential therapeutic strategy for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robbie D Schultz
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Division of Pediatric Hematology- Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Laboratory of Immunochemistry, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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7
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Fan J, Li J, Han J, Zhang Y, Gu A, Song F, Duan J, Yin D, Wang L, Yi Y. Expression of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B expression on immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:82-97. [PMID: 34098344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B (LILRB) is a group of inhibitory receptors involved in innate immune mainly expressed on lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells. LILRB is proposed to serve as immune checkpoint like PD-1 and CTLA-4 for tumor treatment. We recently reported that the expression of LILRB2 in CD1c+ mDC from tumor tissue might suppress immune for HCC patients. However, the expression of all the LILRB family on other immune cells in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of HCC patients has not been systematically studied. METHODS The expression of LILRB family (LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3, LILRB4 and LILRB5) on immune cells, including granulocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, monocyte subsets, TAMs, B cells, γδ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and MDSC subsets, was analyzed by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of 20 HCC patients and 20 healthy donors as well as in the tumor and tumor free tissues of 10 HCC patients. RESULTS LILRB1, LILRB2 and LILRB3 in granulocytes from peripheral blood were expressed increased in HCC patients compared with healthy donors. The expression of LILRB5 in NK cells and NKT cells from HCC blood were higher compared with healthy donors` blood. CD14+CD16+ monocyte subsets in blood of HCC patients expressed increased LILRB1 and LILRB4 than that in healthy donors. CD14+CD16- monocyte subsets in blood of HCC patients expressed increased LILRB3 than that in healthy donors. Compared to corresponding TFL, LILRB3, LILRB4 and LILRB5 were expressed enhanced in TAMs from HCC tumors. LILRB1 expressed on the B cells both in the blood and tumor had significantly increased compared with healthy donors or corresponding TFL. Different from peripheral blood, in the HCC microenvironment, CD4+ T cells expressed lower LILRB2, LILRB3 and LILRB4 than that from TFL and CD8+ T cells expressed decreased LILRB2. And γδ T cells expressed LILRB1 in HCC blood and microenvironment. Surprisingly, the percentage of LILRB1 expressed on MDSC from HCC peripheral blood and tumors was lower than that from healthy donors and corresponding TFL. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systemically examination of the LILRB family expression on a variety of immune cells from both peripheral blood and microenvironment in HCC patients. The specific increasing expression of LILRB on immune cells may regulate innate and adaptive immune and impact on HCC progression. Our findings justify further investigation of LILRB function in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Jianbo Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Aidong Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Fangnan Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Jie Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Dandan Yin
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China.
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhong Fu Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, PR China.
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8
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Deng M, Chen H, Liu X, Huang R, He Y, Yoo B, Xie J, John S, Zhang N, An Z, Zhang CC. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B: therapeutic targets in cancer. Antib Ther 2021; 4:16-33. [PMID: 33928233 PMCID: PMC7944505 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs 1–5) transduce signals via intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that recruit phosphatases to negatively regulate immune activation. The activation of LILRB signaling in immune cells may contribute to immune evasion. In addition, the expression and signaling of LILRBs in cancer cells especially in certain hematologic malignant cells directly support cancer development. Certain LILRBs thus have dual roles in cancer biology—as immune checkpoint molecules and tumor-supporting factors. Here, we review the expression, ligands, signaling, and functions of LILRBs, as well as therapeutic development targeting them. LILRBs may represent attractive targets for cancer treatment, and antagonizing LILRB signaling may prove to be effective anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yubo He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Byounggyu Yoo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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9
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Yamazaki R, Furukawa A, Hirayasu K, Yumoto K, Fukuhara H, Arase H, Maenaka K. Molecular mechanism of the recognition of bacterially cleaved immunoglobulin by the immune regulatory receptor LILRA2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9531-9541. [PMID: 32424043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) typically regulate immune activation by binding to the human leukocyte antigen class I molecules. LILRA2, a member of the LILR family, was recently reported to bind to other unique ligands, the bacterially degraded Igs (N-truncated Igs), for the activation of immune cells. Therefore, LILRA2 is currently attracting significant attention as a novel innate immune receptor. However, the detailed recognition mechanisms required for this interaction remain unclear. In this study, using several biophysical techniques, we uncovered the molecular mechanism of N-truncated Ig recognition by LILRA2. Surface plasmon resonance analysis disclosed that LILRA2 specifically binds to N-truncated Ig with weak affinity (Kd = 4.8 μm) and fast kinetics. However, immobilized LILRA2 exhibited a significantly enhanced interaction with N-truncated Ig due to avidity effects. This suggests that cell surface-bound LILRA2 rapidly monitors and identifies bi- or multivalent abnormal N-truncated Igs through specific cross-linking to induce immune activation. Van't Hoff analysis revealed that this interaction is enthalpy-driven, with a small entropy loss, and results from differential scanning calorimetry indicated the instability of the putative LILRA2-binding site, the Fab region of the N-truncated Ig. Atomic force microscopy revealed that N truncation does not cause significant structural changes in Ig. Furthermore, mutagenesis analysis identified the hydrophobic region of LILRA2 domain 2 as the N-truncated Ig-binding site, representing a novel ligand-binding site for the LILR family. These results provide detailed insights into the molecular regulation of LILR-mediated immune responses targeting ligands that have been modified by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kouyuki Hirayasu
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Yumoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan .,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Center for Life Innovation, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Lewis Marffy AL, McCarthy AJ. Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (LILRs) on Human Neutrophils: Modulators of Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:857. [PMID: 32477348 PMCID: PMC7237751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a crucial role in defense against microbes. Immune receptors allow neutrophils to sense their environment, with many receptors functioning to recognize signs of infection and to promote antimicrobial effector functions. However, the neutrophil response must be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage, and regulation is achieved by expression of inhibitory receptors that can raise activation thresholds. The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family contain activating and inhibitory members that can up- or down-regulate immune cell activity. New ligands and functions for LILR continue to emerge. Understanding the role of LILR in neutrophil biology is of general interest as they can activate and suppress antimicrobial responses of neutrophils and because several human pathogens exploit these receptors for immune evasion. This review focuses on the role of LILR in neutrophil biology. We focus on the current knowledge of LILR expression on neutrophils, the known functions of LILR on neutrophils, and how these receptors may contribute to shaping neutrophil responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Lewis Marffy
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J McCarthy
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Cysteinyl leukotriene metabolism of human eosinophils in allergic disease. Allergol Int 2020; 69:28-34. [PMID: 31248811 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifaceted immune cells with diverse functions that enhance allergic inflammation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), mainly synthesized in eosinophils, are a class of inflammatory lipid mediators produced via multiple enzymatic reactions from arachidonic acid. Multiple clinical studies have reported dysregulated fatty acid metabolism in severe asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanism responsible for this metabolic abnormality has attracted a lot of attention. In eosinophils, various stimuli (including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-derived factors) prime and/or induce leukotriene generation and secretion. Cell-cell interactions with component cells (endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts) also enhance this machinery to augment allergic responses. Nasal polyp-derived eosinophils from patients with eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present a characteristic fatty acid metabolism with selectively higher production of leukotriene D4. Interestingly, type 2 cytokines and microbiome components might be responsible for this metabolic change with altered enzyme expression. Here, we review the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, especially cys-LT metabolism, in human eosinophils toward allergic inflammatory status.
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12
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Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, 'non-effector' functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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14
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Thompson-Souza GA, Gropillo I, Neves JS. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Eosinophil Biology: Functional Roles and Therapeutic Perspectives in Eosinophilic Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:106. [PMID: 28770202 PMCID: PMC5515036 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), LTC4, and its extracellular metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4, have varied and multiple roles in mediating eosinophilic disorders including host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic inflammation, especially in the lung and in asthma. CysLTs are known to act through at least 2 receptors termed cysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (CysLT2R). Eosinophils contain a dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid granules that store various preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are sources of cysLTs and are known to express the two known cysLTs receptors (CysLTRs). CysLTs can have varied functions on eosinophils, ranging from intracrine regulators of secretion of granule-derived proteins to paracrine/autocrine roles in eosinophil chemotaxis, differentiation, and survival. Lately, it has been recognized the expression of CysLTRs in the membranes of eosinophil granules. Moreover, cysLTs have been shown to evoke secretion from isolated cell-free eosinophil granules operating through their receptors expressed on granule membranes. In this work, we review the functional roles of cysLTs in eosinophil biology. We review cysLTs biosynthesis, their receptors, and argue the intracrine and paracrine/autocrine responses induced by cysLTs in eosinophils and in isolated free extracellular eosinophil granules. We also examine and speculate on the therapeutic relevance of targeting CysLTRs in the treatment of eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Gropillo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
With the advent of novel therapies targeting eosinophils, there has been renewed interest in understanding the basic biology of this unique cell. In this context, murine models and human studies have continued to highlight the role of the eosinophil in homeostatic functions and immunoregulation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of eosinophil biology that are likely to have important consequences on the development and consequences of eosinophil-targeted therapies. Given the breadth of the topic, the discussion will be limited to three areas of interest: the eosinophil life cycle, eosinophil heterogeneity, and mechanisms of cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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van der Touw W, Chen HM, Pan PY, Chen SH. LILRB receptor-mediated regulation of myeloid cell maturation and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017. [PMID: 28638976 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family comprises a set of paired immunomodulatory receptors expressed among human myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations. While six members of LILR subfamily A (LILRA) associate with membrane adaptors to signal via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motifs (ITAM), LILR subfamily B (LILRB) members signal via multiple cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM). Ligand specificity of some LILR family members has been studied in detail, but new perspective into the immunoregulatory aspects of this receptor family in human myeloid cells has been limited. LILRB receptors and the murine ortholog, paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIRB), have been shown to negatively regulate maturation pathways in myeloid cells including mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, as well as B cells. Our laboratory further demonstrated in mouse models that PIRB regulated functional development of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and the formation of a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Based on observations from the literature and our own studies, our laboratory is focusing on how LILRs modulate immune homeostasis of human myeloid cells and how these pathways may be targeted in disease states. Integrity of this pathway in tumor microenvironments, for example, permits a myeloid phenotype that suppresses antitumor adaptive immunity. This review presents the evidence supporting a role of LILRs as myeloid cell regulators and ongoing efforts to understand the functional immunology surrounding this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- William van der Touw
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hui-Ming Chen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Houston Methodist Research institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping-Ying Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Houston Methodist Research institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Houston Methodist Research institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zhang J, Mai S, Chen HM, Kang K, Li XC, Chen SH, Pan PY. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in human diseases: an overview of their distribution, function, and potential application for immunotherapies. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:351-360. [PMID: 28351852 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr1216-534r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a population of immature myeloid cells expanded and accumulated in tumor-bearing mice and in patients with cancer, have been shown to mediate immune suppression and to promote tumor progression, thereby, posing a major hurdle to the success of immune-activating cancer therapies. MDSCs, like their healthy counterparts, such as monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, express an array of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules as well as myeloid activators and inhibitory receptors, such as leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) A and B. This review summarizes current findings on the LILR family members in various diseases, their potential roles in the pathogenesis, and possible strategies to revert or enhance the suppressive function of MDSCs for the benefit of patients by targeting LILRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Zhang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunny Mai
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hui-Ming Chen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kyeongah Kang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and.,Department of General Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ping-Ying Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; .,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and
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18
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Park M, Liu RW, An H, Geczy CL, Thomas PS, Tedla N. A dual positive and negative regulation of monocyte activation by leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 depends on the position of the tyrosine residues in its ITIMs. Innate Immun 2017; 23:381-391. [PMID: 28409541 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917699465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor, primarily expressed on mono-myeloid cells. It contains 2 C-type Ig-like extracellular domains and a long cytoplasmic domain that contains three intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Data suggest that LILRB4 suppresses Fc receptor-dependent monocyte functions via its ITIMs, but relative contributions of the three ITIMs are not characterised. To address this, tyrosine (Tyr) residues at positions 337, 389 and 419 were single, double or triple mutated to phenylalanine and stably transfected into a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Intact Tyr389 was sufficient to maximally inhibit FcγRI-mediated TNF-α production in THP-1 cells, but, paradoxically, Tyr337 significantly enhanced TNF-α production. In contrast, bactericidal activity was significantly enhanced in mutants containing Tyr419, while Tyr337 markedly inhibited bacteria killing. Taken together, these results indicate that LILRB4 might have dual inhibitory and activating functions, depending on the position of the functional tyrosine residues in its ITIMs and/or the nature of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Park
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert W Liu
- 2 Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongyan An
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul S Thomas
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Bandeira-Melo C, Paiva LA, Amorim NRT, Weller PF, Bozza PT. EicosaCell: An Imaging-Based Assay to Identify Spatiotemporal Eicosanoid Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1554:127-141. [PMID: 28185186 PMCID: PMC5774667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6759-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipids derived from enzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. These lipids are newly formed and nonstorable molecules that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. The particular interest to determine intracellular compartmentalization of eicosanoid-synthetic machinery has emerged as a key component in the regulation of eicosanoid synthesis and in delineating functional intracellular and extracellular actions of eicosanoids. In this chapter, we discuss the EicosaCell protocol, an assay that enables the intracellular detection and localization of eicosanoid lipid mediator-synthesizing compartments by means of a strategy to covalently cross-link and immobilize eicosanoids at their sites of synthesis followed by immunofluorescent-based localization of the targeted eicosanoid. EicosaCell assays have been successfully used to identify different intracellular compartments of synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes upon cellular activation. This chapter covers basics of EicosaCell assay including its selection of reagents, immunodetection design as well as some troubleshooting recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ligia Almeida Paiva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália R T Amorim
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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20
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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21
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Favier B. Regulation of neutrophil functions through inhibitory receptors: an emerging paradigm in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:140-55. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Favier
- CEA, DRF, IMETI, IMVA, UMR 1184, INSERM; Université Paris-Sud; IDMIT Infrastructure; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
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22
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Ben Baruch-Morgenstern N, Mingler MK, Stucke E, Besse JA, Wen T, Reichman H, Munitz A, Rothenberg ME. Paired Ig-like Receptor B Inhibits IL-13-Driven Eosinophil Accumulation and Activation in the Esophagus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:707-14. [PMID: 27324131 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a Th2 cytokine-associated disease characterized by eosinophil infiltration, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and tissue remodeling. Recent studies highlighted a major contribution for IL-13 in EoE pathogenesis. Paired Ig-like receptor B is a cell surface immune-inhibitory receptor that is expressed by eosinophils and postulated to regulate eosinophil development and migration. We report that Pirb is upregulated in the esophagus after inducible overexpression of IL-13 (CC10-Il13(Tg) mice) and is overexpressed by esophageal eosinophils. CC10-Il13(Tg)/Pirb(-/-) mice displayed increased esophageal eosinophilia and EoE pathology, including epithelial cell thickening, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, compared with CC10-Il13(Tg)/Pirb(+/+) mice. Transcriptome analysis of primary Pirb(+/+) and Pirb(-/-) esophageal eosinophils revealed increased expression of transcripts associated with promoting tissue remodeling in Pirb(-/-) eosinophils, including profibrotic genes, genes promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and genes associated with epithelial growth. These data identify paired Ig-like receptor B as a molecular checkpoint in IL-13-induced eosinophil accumulation and activation, which may serve as a novel target for future therapy in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netali Ben Baruch-Morgenstern
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; and
| | - Melissa K Mingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Emily Stucke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - John A Besse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Hadar Reichman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; and
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; and
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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WELLER PETERF. LEUKOCYTE LIPID BODIES - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AS "EICOSASOMES". TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 127:328-340. [PMID: 28066068 PMCID: PMC5216467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions that develop within leukocytes, including eosinophils and neutrophils, associated with inflammation. Our investigations of the formation and function of lipid bodies have revealed that they are distinct, inducible endoplasmic reticulum-derived, membrane- and ribosome-containing organelles with diverse functional roles in inflammatory responses of leukocytes. Leukocyte lipid bodies contain all enzymes required for synthesizing cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Lipid body formation, rapidly inducible in vitro and in vivo by specific intracellular signaling pathways, enhances leukocyte formation of cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Lipid bodies are discrete sites of eicosanoid synthesis, as documented for immunolocalized leukotriene C4, leukotriene B4, and prostaglandin E2. Lipid body-derived eicosanoids function as both paracrine and intracrine mediators of inflammation. Based on combined proteomic and ultrastructural studies, leukocyte lipid bodies are complex organelles with internal membranes and ribosomes. Structurally and functionally leukocyte lipid bodes are distinct from lipid droplets in adipocytes.
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24
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Hirayasu K, Arase H. Functional and genetic diversity of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor and implication for disease associations. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:703-8. [PMID: 26040207 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 functional genes encoding five activating (LILRA1, 2, 4-6), five inhibitory (LILRB1-5) and one soluble (LILRA3) form. The number of LILR genes is conserved among individuals, except for LILRA3 and LILRA6, which exhibit copy-number variations. The LILR genes are rapidly evolving and showing large interspecies differences, making it difficult to analyze the functions of LILR using an animal model. LILRs are expressed on various cells such as lymphoid and myeloid cells and the expression patterns are different from gene to gene. The LILR gene expression and polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cytomegalovirus infection. Although human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I is a well-characterized ligand for some LILRs, non-HLA ligands have been increasingly identified in recent years. LILRs have diverse functions, including the regulation of inflammation, immune tolerance, cell differentiation and nervous system plasticity. This review focuses on the genetic and functional diversity of the LILR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouyuki Hirayasu
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:848762. [PMID: 25866815 PMCID: PMC4383494 DOI: 10.1155/2015/848762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are cell membrane-impermeant lipid mediators that play major roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation and are recognized to act via at least 2 receptors, namely, cysLT1 receptor (cysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (cysLT2R). Eosinophils, which are granulocytes classically associated with host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic conditions, are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are the main source of cysLTs and are recognized to express both cysLTs receptors (cysLTRs) on their surface, at the plasma membrane. More recently, we identified the expression of cysLTRs in eosinophil granule membranes and demonstrated that cysLTs, acting via their granule membrane-expressed receptors, elicit secretion from cell-free human eosinophil granules. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of cysLTs in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. We discuss the intracrine and autocrine/paracrine secretory responses evoked by cysLTs in eosinophils and in cell-free extracellular eosinophil crystalloid granules. We also discuss the importance of this finding in eosinophil immunobiology and speculate on its potential role(s) in eosinophilic diseases.
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26
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Melo RCN, Weller PF. Unraveling the complexity of lipid body organelles in human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:703-12. [PMID: 25210147 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0214-110r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-rich organelles are common in many cell types. In cells, such as adipocytes, these organelles are termed LDs, whereas in other cells, such as leukocytes, they are called LBs. The study of leukocyte LBs has attracted attention as a result of their association with human diseases. In leukocytes, such as eosinophils, LB accumulation has been documented extensively during inflammatory conditions. In these cells, LBs are linked to the regulation of immune responses by compartmentalization of several proteins and lipids involved in the control and biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators (eicosanoids). However, it has been unclear how diverse proteins, including membrane-associated enzymes involved in eicosanoid formation, incorporate into LBs, especially if the internal content of LBs is assumed to consist solely of stores of neutral lipids, as present within adipocyte LDs. Studies of the formation, function, and ultrastructure of LBs in eosinophils have been providing insights pertinent to LBs in other leukocytes. Here, we review current knowledge of the composition and function of leukocyte LBs as provided by studies of human eosinophil LBs, including recognitions of the internal architecture of eosinophil LBs based on 3D electron tomographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil; and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kane BA, Bryant KJ, McNeil HP, Tedla NT. Termination of immune activation: an essential component of healthy host immune responses. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:727-38. [PMID: 25033984 DOI: 10.1159/000363449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal immune response is rapid, proportionate and effective. Crucially, it must also be finite. An inflammatory response which is disproportionate or lasts too long risks injury to the host; chronic un-regulated inflammation in autoimmune diseases is one example of this. Thus, mechanisms to regulate and ultimately terminate immune responses are central to a healthy immune system. Despite extensive knowledge of what drives immune responses, our understanding of mechanisms of immune termination remains relatively sparse. It is clear that such processes are more complex than a one-dimensional homeostatic balance. Recent discoveries have revealed ever more nuanced mechanisms of signal termination, such as intrinsically self-limiting signals, multiple inhibitory mechanisms acting in tandem and activating proteins behaving differently in a variety of contexts. This review will summarise some important mechanisms, including termination by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), inhibition by soluble antagonists, receptor endocytosis or ubiquitination, and auto-inhibition by newly synthesised intracellular inhibitory molecules. Several recent discoveries showing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs transducing inhibitory signals, ITIM mediating activating responses and the possible roles of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Kane
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Bashirova AA, Apps R, Vince N, Mochalova Y, Yu XG, Carrington M. Diversity of the human LILRB3/A6 locus encoding a myeloid inhibitory and activating receptor pair. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:1-8. [PMID: 24096970 PMCID: PMC3877738 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR)B3 and LILRA6 represent a pair of inhibitory/activating receptors with identical extracellular domains and unknown ligands. LILRB3 can mediate inhibitory signaling via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in its cytoplasmic tail whereas LILRA6 can signal through association with an activating adaptor molecule, FcRγ, which bears a cytoplasmic tail with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. The receptors are encoded by two highly polymorphic neighboring genes within the leukocyte receptor complex on human chromosome 19. Here, we report that the two genes display similar levels of single nucleotide polymorphisms with the majority of polymorphic sites being identical. In addition, the LILRA6 gene exhibits copy number variation (CNV) whereas LILRB3 does not. A screen of healthy Caucasians indicated that 32 % of the subjects possessed more than two copies of LILRA6, whereas 4 % have only one copy of the gene per diploid genome. Analysis of mRNA expression in the major fractions of PBMCs showed that LILRA6 is primarily expressed in monocytes, similarly to LILRB3, and its expression level correlates with copy number of the gene. We suggest that the LILRA6 CNV may influence the level of the activating receptor on the cell surface, potentially affecting signaling upon LILRB3/A6 ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman A. Bashirova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas Vince
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Mochalova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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29
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Lee THY, Mitchell A, Liu Lau S, An H, Rajeaskariah P, Wasinger V, Raftery M, Bryant K, Tedla N. Glycosylation in a mammalian expression system is critical for the production of functionally active leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32873-85. [PMID: 24085305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) A3 is a member of the highly homologous activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on leukocytes. LILRA3 is a soluble receptor of unknown functions but is predicted to act as a broad antagonist to other membrane-bound LILRs. Functions of LILRA3 are unclear primarily because of the lack of high quality functional recombinant protein and insufficient knowledge regarding its ligand(s). Here, we expressed and characterized recombinant LILRA3 (rLILRA3) proteins produced in 293T cells, Escherichia coli, and Pichia pastoris. We found that the purified rLILRA3 produced in the mammalian system was the same size as a 70-kDa native macrophage LILRA3. This is 20 kDa larger than the calculated size, suggesting significant post-translational modifications. In contrast, rLILRA3 produced in E. coli was similar in size to the unprocessed protein, but yeast-produced protein was 2-4 times larger than the unprocessed protein. Treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F reduced the size of the mammalian cell- and yeast-produced rLILRA3 to 50 kDa, suggesting that most modifications are due to glycosylation. Consistent with this, mass spectrometric analysis of the mammalian rLILRA3 revealed canonical N-glycosylation at the predicted Asn(140), Asn(281), Asn(302), Asn(341), and Asn(431) sites. Functionally, only mammalian cell-expressed rLILRA3 bound onto the surface of monocytes with high affinity, and importantly, only this significantly abrogated LPS-induced TNFα production by monocytes. Binding to monocytes was partially blocked by β-lactose, indicating that optimally glycosylated LILRA3 might be critical for ligand binding and function. Overall, our data demonstrated for the first time that LILRA3 is a potential new anti-inflammatory protein, and optimal glycosylation is required for its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry H Y Lee
- From the Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences
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Muniz VS, Weller PF, Neves JS. Eosinophil crystalloid granules: structure, function, and beyond. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:281-8. [PMID: 22672875 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes associated with host defense against parasitic helminths with allergic conditions and more recently, with immunoregulatory responses. Eosinophils are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse, preformed cationic proteins. Here, we provide an update on our knowledge about the unique and complex structure of human eosinophil crystalloid granules. We discuss their significance as rich sites of a variety of receptors and review our own recent research findings and those of others that highlight discoveries concerning the function of intracellular receptors and their potential implications in cell signaling. Special focus is provided on how eosinophils might use these intracellular receptors as mechanisms to secrete, selectively and rapidly, cytokines or chemokines and enable cell-free extracellular eosinophil granules to function as independent secretory structures. Potential roles of cell-free eosinophil granules as immune players in the absence of intact eosinophils will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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LILRA2 selectively modulates LPS-mediated cytokine production and inhibits phagocytosis by monocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33478. [PMID: 22479404 PMCID: PMC3316576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activating immunoglobulin-like receptor, subfamily A, member 2 (LILRA2) is primarily expressed on the surface of cells of the innate immunity including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils but not on lymphocytes and NK cells. LILRA2 cross-linking on monocytes induces pro-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting dendritic cell differentiation and antigen presentation. A similar activating receptor, LILRA4, has been shown to modulate functions of TLR7/9 in dendritic cells. These suggest a selective immune regulatory role for LILRAs during innate immune responses. However, whether LILRA2 has functions distinct from other receptors of the innate immunity including Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and FcγRI remains unknown. Moreover, the effects of LILRA2 on TLR4 and FcγRI-mediated monocyte functions are not elucidated. Here, we show activation of monocytes via LILRA2 cross-linking selectively increased GM-CSF production but failed to induce IL-12 and MCP-1 production that were strongly up-regulated by LPS, suggesting functions distinct from TLR4. Interestingly, LILRA2 cross-linking on monocytes induced similar amounts of IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and MIP-1α but lower levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10 and IFNγ compared to those stimulated with LPS. Furthermore, cross-linking of LILRA2 on monocytes significantly decreased phagocytosis of IgG-coated micro-beads and serum opsonized Escherichia coli but had limited effect on phagocytosis of non-opsonized bacteria. Simultaneous co-stimulation of monocytes through LILRA2 and LPS or sequential activation of monocytes through LILRA2 followed by LPS led lower levels of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-12 production compared to LPS alone, but had additive effect on levels of IL-10 and IFNγ but not on IL-6. Interestingly, LILRA2 cross-linking on monocytes caused significant inhibition of TLR4 mRNA and protein, suggesting LILRA2-mediated suppression of LPS responses might be partly via regulation of this receptor. Taken together, we provide evidence that LILRA2-mediated activation of monocytes is significantly different to LPS and that LILRA2 selectively modulates LPS-mediated monocyte activation and FcγRI-dependent phagocytosis.
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Bozza PT, Bakker-Abreu I, Navarro-Xavier RA, Bandeira-Melo C. Lipid body function in eicosanoid synthesis: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:205-13. [PMID: 21565480 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins) are signaling lipids derived from arachidonic acid metabolism that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Lately, intracellular compartmentalization of eicosanoid-synthetic machinery has emerged as a key component in the regulation of eicosanoid synthesis and functions. Over the past years substantial progresses have been made demonstrating that precursors and enzymes involved in eicosanoid synthesis localize at lipid bodies (also known as lipid droplets) and lipid bodies are distinct sites for eicosanoid generation. Here we will review the current knowledge on the functions of lipid bodies as specialized intracellular sites of compartmentalization of signaling with major roles in eicosanoid formation within cells engaged in inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Brazil.
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33
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Tedla N, An H, Borges L, Vollmer-Conna U, Bryant K, Geczy C, McNeil HP. Expression of activating and inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in rheumatoid synovium: correlations to disease activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:305-16. [PMID: 21388353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by excessive activation of inflammatory cells of which the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Perturbed expression and function of immune regulatory molecules called leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) may contribute to uncontrolled inflammation. LILRs primarily expressed on the surface of leukocytes are emerging as critical regulators of the threshold and amplitude of leukocyte activation. Inhibitory LILRs (LILRBs) contain cytoplasmic tails with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that provide negative signals. Activating LILRs (LILRAs) have short cytoplasmic domains lacking signaling motifs but transmit activating signals by linking to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs of the FcR γ-chain. Here we show that activating LILRA2, A5 and inhibitory LILRB2, B3 were abundantly expressed in synovial tissue of > 75% RA patients. Expression of LILRA2, A5, and B3 significantly correlated to disease activity. In contrast, LILRA1 and B4 were expressed in a subset of patients and no B1 or B5 expression was detected. LILRA2 and A5 were mainly expressed by synovial macrophages and endothelial cells but not lymphocytes, whereas B2 and B3 were expressed by macrophages and lymphocytes. Increase in the number of macrophages expressing activating LILRs and macrophages and lymphocytes expressing inhibitory LILRs suggest a crosstalk between these cells that may regulate the levels of cellular activation and disease severity, while differences in expression pattern may contribute to disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Mesquita-Santos FP, Bakker-Abreu I, Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Diaz BL, Bandeira-Melo C. Co-operative signalling through DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors is required to enhance leukotriene C(4) synthesis induced by prostaglandin D(2) in eosinophils. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1674-85. [PMID: 20973774 PMCID: PMC3081113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) has emerged as a key mediator of allergic inflammatory pathologies and, particularly, PGD(2) induces leukotriene (LT) C(4) secretion from eosinophils. Here, we have characterized how PGD(2) signals to induce LTC(4) synthesis in eosinophils. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonists and agonists of DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors were used in a model of PGD(2) -induced eosinophilic inflammation in vivo and with PGD(2) -stimulated human eosinophils in vitro, to identify PGD(2) receptor(s) mediating LTC(4) secretion. The signalling pathways involved were also investigated. KEY RESULTS In vivo and in vitro assays with receptor antagonists showed that PGD(2) -triggered cysteinyl-LT (cysLT) secretion depends on the activation of both DP(1) and DP(2) receptors. DP(1) and DP(2) receptor agonists elicited cysLTs production only after simultaneous activation of both receptors. In eosinophils, LTC(4) synthesis, but not LTC(4) transport/export, was activated by PGD(2) receptor stimulation, and lipid bodies (lipid droplets) were the intracellular compartments of DP(1) /DP(2) receptor-driven LTC(4) synthesis. Although not sufficient to trigger LTC(4) synthesis by itself, DP(1) receptor activation, signalling through protein kinase A, did activate the biogenesis of eosinophil lipid bodies, a process crucial for PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. Similarly, concurrent DP(2) receptor activation used Pertussis toxin-sensitive and calcium-dependent signalling pathways to achieve effective PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on pivotal roles of cysLTs in allergic inflammatory pathogenesis and the collaborative interaction between PGD(2) receptors described here, our data suggest that both DP(1) and DP(2) receptor antagonists might be attractive candidates for anti-allergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Mesquita-Santos
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bandeira-Melo C, Weller PF, Bozza PT. EicosaCell - an immunofluorescent-based assay to localize newly synthesized eicosanoid lipid mediators at intracellular sites. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 689:163-181. [PMID: 21153792 PMCID: PMC3679533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-950-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins) are a family of signaling lipids derived from arachidonic acid that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Over the past years, it has been established that successful eicosanoid production is not merely determined by arachidonic acid and eicosanoid-forming enzymes availability, but requires sequential interactions between specific biosynthetic proteins acting in cascade and may involve very unique spatial interactions. Direct assessment of specific subcellular locales of eicosanoid synthesis has been elusive, as those lipid mediators are newly formed, not stored and often rapidly released upon cell stimulation. In this chapter, we discuss the EicosaCell protocol for intracellular detection of eicosanoid-synthesizing compartments by means of a strategy to covalently cross-link and immobilize the lipid mediators at their sites of synthesis followed by immunofluorescent-based localization of the targeted eicosanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Identifying intracellular sites of eicosanoid lipid mediator synthesis with EicosaCell assays. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 717:277-89. [PMID: 21370037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-024-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, arachidonic acid-derived signaling lipid mediators, are newly formed and nonstorable molecules that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. EicosaCell is a microscopic assay that enables the intracellular detection and localization of eicosanoid lipid mediator-synthesizing compartments by means of a strategy to covalently cross-link and immobilize eicosanoids at their sites of synthesis followed by immunofluorescent-based localization of the targeted eicosanoid. EicosaCell is a versatile assay which allows analyses of different types of cell preparations, such as cells isolated from humans or harvested cells from in vivo models of inflammation and adherent or suspension cells stimulated in vitro. EicosaCell assays have been successfully used to identify different intracellular compartments of synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes upon cellular activation. This is of particular interest given that over the past decade intracellular compartmentalization of eicosanoid-synthetic machinery has emerged both as a key component in the regulation of eicosanoid synthesis and in delineating functional intracellular and extracellular actions of eicosanoids. This review covers basics of EicosaCell assay including its selection of reagents, immunodetection design as well as some troubleshooting recommendations.
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AN HONGYAN, CHANDRA VASUDHA, PIRAINO BARBARA, BORGES LUIS, GECZY CAROLYN, McNEIL HPATRICK, BRYANT KATHERINE, TEDLA NICODEMUS. Soluble LILRA3, a Potential Natural Antiinflammatory Protein, Is Increased in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Is Tightly Regulated by Interleukin 10, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Interferon-γ. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1596-606. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) belongs to a family of cell-surface receptors with inhibitory or activating functions. LILRA3 lacks transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, suggesting that it may be secreted. LILRA3 has high homology to activating LILRA1 and A2, hence may act as a soluble agonist/antagonist to these receptors. Individuals lacking the LILRA3 gene have higher incidence of multiple sclerosis and Sjögren’s syndrome, suggesting LILRA3 may be antiinflammatory. LILRA3 mRNA was detected in monocytes and mast cells but no protein expression has ever been described. Our aim was to examine LILRA3 protein expression in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and determine its in vitro regulation.Methods.We developed a new ELISA to examine levels of LILRA3 in serum, synovial fluid, and/or culture supernatants from controls and patients with RA, degenerative arthritis, or gout. We used qRT-PCR and flow cytometry to determine the expression and cytokine-mediated regulation of LILRA3.Results.LILRA3 protein is constitutively present in normal serum, with significantly higher concentrations in patients with RA. Serum LILRA3 concentrations from RA patients correlated with disease activity and levels in synovial fluid. Treatment of monocytes with interleukin 10 or interferon-γ significantly upregulated while tumor necrosis factor-α significantly downregulated LILRA3 mRNA and protein expression.Conclusion.We show for the first time that LILRA3 is significantly increased in serum of patients with RA and is tightly regulated by key cytokines involved in pathogenesis of RA. These results suggest that LILRA3 may play a role in chronic inflammatory conditions such as RA.
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38
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Cytokine induced expression of programmed death ligands in human neutrophils. Immunol Lett 2010; 129:100-7. [PMID: 20123111 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that human neutrophils can serve as non-professional antigen presenting cells (APC). Although expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on human neutrophils is limited, these molecules can be significantly induced following in vitro exposure to the cytokines IFNgamma and GM-CSF. Since professional APCs such as dendritic cells express both co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules for activation and regulation of adaptive immunity, we determined whether cytokines induce increased expression of specific co-signaling molecules on human neutrophils. We report here that circulating human neutrophils express co-inhibitory molecules such as immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 4 and 5, and also comparatively low and highly variable levels of ILT2 and ILT3, but the expression of these ILTs was not significantly changed by cytokine treatment. In contrast, we demonstrate for the first time that human peripheral blood neutrophils, although do not express the co-inhibitory molecule, programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 on their surface, can express this molecule at moderate levels following cytokine exposure. Although moderate PD-L1 levels on healthy volunteers' neutrophils were not inhibitory to T cells, our findings do not exclude a possible robust increase in neutrophil PD-L1 expression in pathological conditions with immunosuppressive functions. These results suggest a possible immunoregulatory role for human neutrophils in adaptive immunity.
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Abstract
Eosinophils, innate immune leukocytes elicited by Th2 cells, have long been associated with the effector arm of Th2 immune responses. However, accumulating data over the past decade reveal a much more dynamic picture of Th2 immunity, where eosinophils are present very early in response to Th2-inducing agents and function in the initiation of Th2 immunity. Here we discuss recent data showing immune functions of eosinophils distinct from their previously appreciated tissue- and helminth-destructive capacities, providing strong evidence for a new paradigm of Th2 immunity defined by a dynamic interplay between eosinophils and T cells.
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40
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Lu HK, Rentero C, Raftery MJ, Borges L, Bryant K, Tedla N. Leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is a potent inhibitor of FcgammaRI-mediated monocyte activation via dephosphorylation of multiple kinases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34839-48. [PMID: 19833736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.035683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) B4 belongs to a family of cell surface receptors that possesses cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). LILRB4 is believed to down-regulate activation signals mediated by non-receptor tyrosine kinase cascades through the recruitment of SHP-1. However, the exact mechanisms of LILRB4-mediated inhibition are not fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate high level surface expression of LILRB4 on THP-1 cells and primary peripheral blood monocytes, which profoundly inhibited production of a key pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFalpha) induced by FcgammaRI (CD64). We also report that LILRB4 aggregated to sites of activation upon co-ligation with CD64 and that this may enhance its inhibitory effects. Cross-linking of CD64 on THP-1 cells markedly increased phosphorylation of multiple proteins including tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules (Lck, Syk, LAT, and Erk), an adaptor protein that targets protein-tyrosine kinases for degradation (c-Cbl) and a protein involved in the formation of actin cytoskeletal rearrangement (alpha-actinin-4). Co-ligation of LILRB4 considerably reduced CD64-mediated phosphorylation of Lck, Syk, LAT, Erk, and c-Cbl but not alpha-actinin-4, suggesting selective inhibition of signaling molecules. Treatment of cells with a broad-spectrum phosphatase inhibitor, sodium pervanadate (SP), significantly reversed LILRB4-mediated inhibition of TNFalpha production and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In comparison, treatment with an SHP-1 specific inhibitor, sodium stibogluconate (SS) has no effects indicating involvement of phosphatase(s) other than SHP-1 in LILRB4 signaling. Collectively, our data show LILRB4 is a potent inhibitor of monocytes activation. This may provide a new potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory conditions characterized by excessive TNFalpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kim Lu
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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41
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Functional extracellular eosinophil granules: novel implications in eosinophil immunobiology. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:694-9. [PMID: 19709867 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human eosinophils contain within their cytoplasmic granules multiple preformed proteins, including over three dozen cytokines with nominal Th1, Th2 and immunoregulatory capabilities, and four distinctive cationic proteins. The secretion of these granule-derived proteins within eosinophils occurs principally by a mechanism whereby selected proteins are mobilized into vesicles for transport to and release at the cell surface. In contrast, the enigmatic presence of membrane-bound cell-free granules extruded from eosinophils has been long recognized in tissues associated with eosinophilia, including allergic diseases and responses to helminths. Functional capabilities for extracellular granules have recently been demonstrated. Eosinophil granules express cytokine receptors on their membranes and function, upon extrusion from eosinophils, as independent secretory organelles releasing granule constituents in response to activating cytokines and chemokines. We provide an update on the processes that mediate selective protein secretion from within eosinophil granules both as intracellular organelles and, as novelly demonstrated, as cell-free extracellular structures.
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Anderson KJ, Allen RL. Regulation of T-cell immunity by leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors: innate immune receptors for self on antigen-presenting cells. Immunology 2009; 127:8-17. [PMID: 19368561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following recognition of microbial patterns, innate immune receptors provide a rapid innate response and trigger antigen-presenting cell maturation to instruct adaptive immune responses. Here we discuss a family of innate immune receptors for self - the leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs). These LILRs exert powerful inhibitory effects on antigen-presenting cell phenotype and subsequent T-cell responses, and may act to constrain the effects of Toll-like receptor signalling. Despite their broad ligand specificity, differing affinities of LILRs for individual complexes of peptide-major histocompatibility complex can determine the nature of their effect on downstream immune responses. Expression and function of LILRs may be skewed in certain conditions such as cancer or human immunodeficiency virus infection, particularly by ectopic expression of human leucocyte antigen-G, a high-affinity LILR ligand. We discuss the relevance of LILR-mediated immune regulation across a range of scenarios from autoimmunity to transplant medicine, infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Anderson
- Centre for Infection, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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Magzoub M, Zhang H, Dix JA, Verkman AS. Extracellular space volume measured by two-color pulsed dye infusion with microfiberoptic fluorescence photodetection. Biophys J 2009; 96:2382-90. [PMID: 19289063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular space (ECS) is the aqueous matrix surrounding cells in solid tissues. The only method to measure ECS volume fraction (alpha) in vivo has been tetramethylammonium iontophoresis, a technically challenging method developed more than 25 years ago. We report a simple, quantitative method to measure alpha by microfiberoptic fluorescence detection of a self-quenched green dye, calcein, and a reference red dye, sulforhodamine 101, after pulsed iontophoretic infusion. The idea is that the maximum increase in calcein fluorescence after iontophoresis is proportional to the aqueous volume into which the dye is deposited. We validated the method theoretically, and experimentally, using cell-embedded gels with specified alpha and ECS viscosity. Measurements in living mice gave alpha of 0.20 +/- 0.01 in brain, 0.13 +/- 0.02 in kidney and 0.074 +/- 0.01 in skeletal muscle. The technical simplicity of the "pulsed-infusion microfiberoptic photodetection" method developed here should allow elucidation of the relatively understudied biological roles of the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Magzoub
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Chen Y, Shi Y, Cheng H, An YQ, Gao GF. Structural immunology and crystallography help immunologists see the immune system in action: How T and NK cells touch their ligands. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:579-90. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Chen Y, Gao F, Chu F, Peng H, Zong L, Liu Y, Tien P, Gao GF. Crystal structure of myeloid cell activating receptor leukocyte Ig-like receptor A2 (LILRA2/ILT1/LIR-7) domain swapped dimer: molecular basis for its non-binding to MHC complexes. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:841-53. [PMID: 19230061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LILR/ILT/LIR) family comprises 13 members that are either activating or inhibitory receptors, regulating a broad range of cells in the immune responses. LILRB1 (ILT2), LILRB2 (ILT4) and LILRA1 (LIR6) can recognize MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I or class I-like molecules, and LILRB1/HLA-A2, LILRB1/UL18 and LILRB2/HLA-G complex (extracellular domains D1D2) structures have been solved recently. The details of binding to MHC have been described. Despite high levels of sequence similarity among LILRA1, LILRA2 (ILT1), LILRA3 (ILT6) and LILRB1/B2, all earlier experiments showed that LILRA2 does not bind to MHC, but the reason is unknown. Here, we report the LILRA2 extracellular D1D2 domain crystal structure at 2.6 A resolution, which reveals structural shifts of the corresponding MHC-binding amino acid residues in comparison with LILR B1/B2, explaining its non-binding to MHC molecules. We identify some key residues with great influence on the local structure, which exist only in the MHC-binding receptors. Moreover, we show that LILRA2 forms a domain-swapped dimer. Further work with these key swapping residues yields a monomeric form, confirming that the domain-swapping is primarily amino acid sequence-specific. The structure described here supports the dimer conformation in solution observed earlier, and implies a stress-induced regulation by dimerization, consistent with its function as a heat shock promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Mitchell A, Rentero C, Endoh Y, Hsu K, Gaus K, Geczy C, McNeil HP, Borges L, Tedla N. LILRA5 is expressed by synovial tissue macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis, selectively induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 and is regulated by TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IFN-gamma. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3459-73. [PMID: 19009525 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5 (LILRA5) belongs to a family of receptors known to regulate leukocyte activation. There are two membrane-bound and two soluble forms of LILRA5. The transmembrane LILRA5 contain a short cytoplasmic domain and a charged arginine residue within the transmembrane region. Cross-linking of LILRA5 on monocytes induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that LILRA5 plays a role in inflammation. However, expression of LILRA5 in diseases with extensive inflammatory component is unknown. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory synovitis characterized by unregulated activation of leukocytes leading to joint destruction. Here we demonstrate extensive LILRA5 expression on synovial tissue macrophages and in synovial fluid of patients with active RA but not in patients with osteoarthritis. We also show that LILRA5 associated with the common gamma chain of the FcR and LILRA5 cross-linking induced phosphorylation of Src tyrosine kinases and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Furthermore, LILRA5 induced selective production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as IL-10. LILRA5 mRNA and protein expression was tightly regulated by TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IFN-gamma. Increased expression of LILRA5 in rheumatoid tissue, together with its ability to induce key cytokines involved in RA, suggests that this novel receptor may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainslie Mitchell
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Eosinophil granules function extracellularly as receptor-mediated secretory organelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18478-83. [PMID: 19017810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804547105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular granules in several types of leukocytes contain preformed proteins whose secretions contribute to immune and inflammatory functions of leukocytes, including eosinophils, cells notably associated with asthma, allergic inflammation, and helminthic infections. Cytokines and chemokines typically elicit extracellular secretion of granule proteins by engaging receptors expressed externally on the plasma membranes of cells, including eosinophils. Eosinophil granules, in addition to being intracellular organelles, are found as intact membrane-bound structures extracellularly in tissue sites of eosinophil-associated diseases. Neither the secretory capacities of cell-free eosinophil granules nor the presence of functional cytokine and chemokine receptors on membranes of leukocyte granules have been recognized. Here, we show that granules of human eosinophils express membrane receptors for a cytokine, IFN-gamma, and G protein-coupled membrane receptors for a chemokine, eotaxin, and that these receptors function by activating signal-transducing pathways within granules to elicit secretion from within granules. Capacities of intracellular granule organelles to function autonomously outside of eosinophils as independent, ligand-responsive, secretion-competent structures constitute a novel postcytolytic mechanism for regulated secretion of eosinophil granule proteins that may contribute to eosinophil-mediated inflammation and immunomodulation.
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Spencer LA, Szela CT, Perez SAC, Kirchhoffer CL, Neves JS, Radke AL, Weller PF. Human eosinophils constitutively express multiple Th1, Th2, and immunoregulatory cytokines that are secreted rapidly and differentially. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:117-23. [PMID: 18840671 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune leukocytes implicated in the initiation and maintenance of type 2 immune responses, including asthma and allergy. The ability to store and rapidly secrete preformed cytokines distinguishes eosinophils from most lymphocytes, which must synthesize cytokine proteins prior to secretion and may be a factor in the apparent Th2 bias of eosinophils. Multiple studies confirm that human eosinophils from atopic or hypereosinophilic donors can secrete over 30 cytokines with a varying and often opposing immune-polarizing potential. However, it remains unclear whether all of these cytokines are constitutively preformed and available for rapid secretion from eosinophils in the circulation of healthy individuals or are restricted to eosinophils from atopic donors. Likewise, the relative concentrations of cytokines stored within eosinophils have not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that human blood eosinophils are not singularly outfitted with Th2-associated cytokines but rather, constitutively store a cache of cytokines with nominal Th1, Th2, and regulatory capacities, including IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. We demonstrate further rapid and differential release of each cytokine in response to specific stimuli. As agonists, strong Th1 and inflammatory cytokines elicited release of Th2-promoting IL-4 but not Th1-inducing IL-12. Moreover, a large quantity of IFN-gamma was secreted in response to Th1, Th2, and inflammatory stimuli. Delineations of the multifarious nature of preformed eosinophil cytokines and the varied stimulus-dependent profiles of rapid cytokine secretion provide insights into the functions of human eosinophils in mediating inflammation and initiation of specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Spencer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS-9, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Mahajan L, Madan T, Kamal N, Singh VK, Sim RB, Telang SD, Ramchand CN, Waters P, Kishore U, Sarma PU. Recombinant surfactant protein-D selectively increases apoptosis in eosinophils of allergic asthmatics and enhances uptake of apoptotic eosinophils by macrophages. Int Immunol 2008; 20:993-1007. [PMID: 18628238 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is a multifunctional, pattern recognition molecule involved in resistance to allergen challenge and pulmonary inflammation. In view of therapeutic effects of exogenous SP-D or recombinant fragment of human surfactant protein-D (rhSP-D) (composed of eight Gly-X-Y collagen repeat sequences, homotrimeric neck and lectin domains) in murine models of lung allergy and hypereosinophilic SP-D gene-deficient mice, we investigated the possibility of a direct interaction of purified rhSP-D with human eosinophils derived from allergic patients and healthy donors. rhSP-D showed a sugar- and calcium-dependent binding to human eosinophils, suggesting involvement of its carbohydrate recognition domain. While eosinophils from allergic patients showed a significant increase in apoptosis, oxidative burst and CD69 expression in presence of rhSP-D, eosinophils from healthy donors showed no significant change. However, these eosinophils from healthy donors when primed with IL-5 exhibited increase in apoptosis on incubation with rhSP-D. Apoptosis mediated by rhSP-D in primed eosinophils was not affected by the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine. There was a manifold increase in binding of rhSP-D to apoptotic eosinophils than the normal eosinophils and rhSP-D induced a significant increase in uptake of apoptotic eosinophils by J774A.1 macrophage cells. The study suggests that rhSP-D mediated preferential increase of apoptosis of primed eosinophils while not affecting the normal eosinophils and increased phagocytosis of apoptotic eosinophils may be important mechanisms of rhSP-D and plausibly SP-D-mediated resolution of allergic eosinophilic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshna Mahajan
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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Yoon J, Terada A, Kita H. CD66b regulates adhesion and activation of human eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8454-62. [PMID: 18056392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and their products are likely important in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, and in host immunity to parasitic organisms. However, the mechanisms for proinflammatory mediator release by eosinophils are poorly understood. CD66b (CEACAM8, CGM6, NCA-95) is a single chain, GPI-anchored, highly glycosylated protein belonging to the carcinoembryonic Ag supergene family. CD66b is an activation marker for human granulocytes; however, its biological functions are largely unknown in eosinophils. We found that CD66b is highly expressed on the surface of human peripheral blood eosinophils isolated from healthy individuals. Engagement of CD66b, but not CD66a, by mAb or a natural ligand, galectin-3, activated a Src kinase family molecule, hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck), and induced cellular adhesion, superoxide production, and degranulation of eosinophils. CD66b molecules were localized in lipid rafts, and disruption of lipid rafts or removal of the GPI anchor inhibited the adhesion and activation of eosinophils. Importantly, CD66b was constitutively and physically associated with a beta2 integrin, CD11b, and cross-linking of CD66b induced a striking clustering of CD11b molecules. Thus, CD66b molecules are involved in regulating adhesion and activation of eosinophils, possibly through their localization in lipid rafts and interaction with other cell surface molecules, such as CD11b. Binding of exogenous or endogenous carbohydrate ligands(s) to CD66b may be important in the release of proinflammatory mediators by human eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Yoon
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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