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Kamble PR, Kulkarni B, Malaviya A, Bajaj M, Breed AA, Jagtap D, Mahale S, Pathak BR. Comparison of Anti-Trop2 Extracellular Domain Antibodies Generated Against Peptide and Protein Immunogens for Targeting Trop2-Positive Tumour Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:3402-3419. [PMID: 37656352 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast antigen 2 (Trop2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein upregulated in multiple solid tumours. Trop2-based passive immunotherapies are in clinical trials, while Trop2 targeting CAR-T cell-based therapies are also reported. Information about its T- and B-cell epitopes is needed for it to be pursued as an active immunotherapeutic target. This study focused on identification of immunodominant epitopes in the Trop2 extracellular domain (ECD) that can mount an efficient anti-Trop2 antibody response. In silico analysis using various B-cell epitope prediction tools was carried out to identify linear and conformational B-cell epitopes in the ECD of Trop2. Three linear peptide immunogens were shortlisted and synthesized. Along with linear peptides, truncated Trop2 ECD that possesses combination of linear and conformational epitopes was also selected. Recombinant protein immunogen was produced in 293-F suspension culture system and affinity purified. Antisera against different immunogens were characterized by ELISA and Western blotting. Two anti-peptide antisera detected recombinant and ectopically expressed Trop2 protein; however, they were unable to recognize the endogenous Trop2 protein expressed by cancer cells. Antibodies against truncated Trop2 ECD could bind to the endogenous Trop2 expressed on the surface of cancer cells. In addition to their high avidity, these polyclonal anti-sera against truncated Trop2 protein also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In summary, our comparative analysis demonstrated the utility of truncated Trop2 ECD as a promising candidate to be pursued as an active immunotherapeutic molecule against Trop2-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya R Kamble
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bhalchandra Kulkarni
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | | | - Madhulika Bajaj
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Ananya A Breed
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Dhanashree Jagtap
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Smita Mahale
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bhakti R Pathak
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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Julve M, Kennedy O, Frampton AE, Bagwan I, Lythgoe MP. Gene of the month: cancer testis antigen gene 1b (NY-ESO-1). J Clin Pathol 2023; 77:1-7. [PMID: 37857483 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer testis antigen gene 1B (CTAG1B) and its associated gene product; New York oesophageal squamous carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1), represent a unique and promising target for cancer immunotherapy. As a member of the cancer testis antigen family (CTA), the protein's restricted expression pattern and ability to elicit spontaneous humoural and cellular immune responses has resulted in a plethora of novel modalities and approaches attempting to harness its immunotherapeutic anti-cancer potential. Here, we discuss the structure and function of CTAG1B/NY-ESO-1 in both health and disease, immunohistochemical detection, as well as the most promising advances in the development of associated anti-cancer therapies. From cancer vaccines to engineered cellular therapy approaches, a multitude of immunotherapies targeting CTA's are coming to the forefront of oncology. Although the efficacy of such approaches have yet to provide convincing evidence of durable response, early phase clinical trial data has resulted in some exciting findings which will have significant potential to act as a platform for future practice changing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Julve
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Kennedy
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Enver Frampton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Oncology, Deptartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Izhar Bagwan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Surrey Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Mark P Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Zhou H, Ma Y, Liu F, Li B, Qiao D, Ren P, Wang M. Current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255799. [PMID: 37731507 PMCID: PMC10508181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New York-esophageal cancer 1 (NY-ESO-1) belongs to the cancer testis antigen (CTA) family, and has been identified as one of the most immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) among the family members. Given its ability to trigger spontaneous humoral and cellular immune response and restricted expression, NY-ESO-1 has emerged as one of the most promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines, an important element of cancer immunotherapy, function by presenting an exogenous source of TAA proteins, peptides, and antigenic epitopes to CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and to CD8+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). These mechanisms further enhance the immune response against TAAs mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T cells. NY-ESO-1-based cancer vaccines have a history of nearly two decades, starting from the first clinical trial conducted in 2003. The current cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 have various types, including Dendritic cells (DC)-based vaccines, peptide vaccines, protein vaccines, viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines, therapeutic whole-tumor cell vaccines, DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccines, which exhibit their respective benefits and obstacles in the development and application. Here, we summarized the current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment, aiming to provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yipeng Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenglan Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peigen Ren
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Stertman L, Palm AKE, Zarnegar B, Carow B, Lunderius Andersson C, Magnusson SE, Carnrot C, Shinde V, Smith G, Glenn G, Fries L, Lövgren Bengtsson K. The Matrix-M™ adjuvant: A critical component of vaccines for the 21 st century. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2189885. [PMID: 37113023 PMCID: PMC10158541 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2189885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-M™ adjuvant is a key component of several novel vaccine candidates. The Matrix-M adjuvant consists of two distinct fractions of saponins purified from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree, combined with cholesterol and phospholipids to form 40-nm open cage-like nanoparticles, achieving potent adjuvanticity with a favorable safety profile. Matrix-M induces early activation of innate immune cells at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes. This translates into improved magnitude and quality of the antibody response to the antigen, broadened epitope recognition, and the induction of a Th1-dominant immune response. Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccines have a favorable safety profile and are well tolerated in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of Matrix-M adjuvant and other saponin-based adjuvants, with a focus on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 developed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Stertman
- Department Product Development, Novavax AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Berit Carow
- Department Product Development, Novavax AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia E Magnusson
- Department Alliance and Project Management, Novavax AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Carnrot
- Department Alliance and Project Management, Novavax AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vivek Shinde
- Department Research and Development, Novavax, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Department Research and Development, Novavax, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Glenn
- Department Research and Development, Novavax, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Louis Fries
- Department Research and Development, Novavax, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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5
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Nin DS, Deng LW. Biology of Cancer-Testis Antigens and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060926. [PMID: 36980267 PMCID: PMC10047177 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-specific antigens have been an area of interest in cancer therapy since their discovery in the middle of the 20th century. In the era of immune-based cancer therapeutics, redirecting our immune cells to target these tumour-specific antigens has become even more relevant. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a class of antigens with an expression specific to the testis and cancer cells. CTAs have also been demonstrated to be expressed in a wide variety of cancers. Due to their frequency and specificity of expression in a multitude of cancers, CTAs have been particularly attractive as cancer-specific therapeutic targets. There is now a rapid expansion of CTAs being identified and many studies have been conducted to correlate CTA expression with cancer and therapy-resistant phenotypes. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of clinical trials involving using some of these CTAs as molecular targets in pharmacological and immune-targeted therapeutics for various cancers. This review will summarise the current knowledge of the biology of known CTAs in tumorigenesis and the regulation of CTA genes. CTAs as molecular targets and the therapeutic implications of these CTA-targeted anticancer strategies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sijin Nin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Lih-Wen Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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6
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Dasyam N, Sharples KJ, Barrow C, Huang Y, Bauer E, Mester B, Wood CE, Authier-Hall A, Dzhelali M, Ostapowicz T, Kumar R, Lowe J, Maxwell A, Burn OK, Williams GM, Carley SE, Caygill G, Jones J, Chan STS, Hinder VA, Macapagal J, McCusker M, Weinkove R, Brimble MA, Painter GF, Findlay MP, Dunbar PR, Gasser O, Hermans IF. A randomised controlled trial of long NY-ESO-1 peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cells with or without alpha-galactosylceramide in high-risk melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03400-y. [PMID: 36881133 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We have previously reported that polyfunctional T cell responses can be induced to the cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in melanoma patients injected with mature autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with long NY-ESO-1-derived peptides together with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an agonist for type 1 Natural Killer T (NKT) cells. OBJECTIVE To assess whether inclusion of α-GalCer in autologous NY-ESO-1 long peptide-pulsed DC vaccines (DCV + α-GalCer) improves T cell responses when compared to peptide-pulsed DC vaccines without α-GalCer (DCV). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Single-centre blinded randomised controlled trial in patients ≥ 18 years old with histologically confirmed, fully resected stage II-IV malignant cutaneous melanoma, conducted between July 2015 and June 2018 at the Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre of the Capital and Coast District Health Board. INTERVENTIONS Stage I. Patients were randomised to two cycles of DCV or DCV + α-GalCer (intravenous dose of 10 × 106 cells, interval of 28 days). Stage II. Patients assigned to DCV + α-GalCer were randomised to two further cycles of DCV + α-GalCer or observation, while patients initially assigned to DCV crossed over to two cycles of DCV + α-GalCer. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary: Area under the curve (AUC) of mean NY-ESO-1-specific T cell count detected by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot in pre- and post-treatment blood samples, compared between treatment arms at Stage I. Secondary: Proportion of responders in each arm at Stage I; NKT cell count in each arm at Stage I; serum cytokine levels at Stage I; adverse events Stage I; T cell count for DCV + α-GalCer versus observation at Stage II, T cell count before versus after cross-over. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients gave written informed consent; 5 were excluded before randomisation due to progressive disease or incomplete leukapheresis, 17 were assigned to DCV, and 16 to DCV + α-GalCer. The vaccines were well tolerated and associated with increases in mean total T cell count, predominantly CD4+ T cells, but the difference between the treatment arms was not statistically significant (difference - 6.85, 95% confidence interval, - 21.65 to 7.92; P = 0.36). No significant improvements in T cell response were associated with DCV + α-GalCer with increased dosing, or in the cross-over. However, the NKT cell response to α-GalCer-loaded vaccines was limited compared to previous studies, with mean circulating NKT cell levels not significantly increased in the DCV + α-GalCer arm and no significant differences in cytokine response between the treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS A high population coverage of NY-ESO-1-specific T cell responses was achieved with a good safety profile, but we failed to demonstrate that loading with α-GalCer provided an additional advantage to the T cell response with this cellular vaccine design. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12612001101875. Funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Dasyam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Katrina J Sharples
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Barrow
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ying Huang
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Bauer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Brigitta Mester
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Wood
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Astrid Authier-Hall
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Marina Dzhelali
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Tess Ostapowicz
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Lowe
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Alice Maxwell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah E Carley
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Jeremy Jones
- GlycoSyn, PO Box 31 310, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Susanna T S Chan
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower Hutt, 5046, New Zealand
| | - Victoria A Hinder
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jerome Macapagal
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monica McCusker
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.,Capital and Coast District Health Board, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower Hutt, 5046, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Findlay
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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7
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Marriott M, Post B, Chablani L. A comparison of cancer vaccine adjuvants in clinical trials. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 34:100667. [PMID: 36516613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has come a long way in increasing overall survival; however, evasion of the immune system continues to be a challenge in treating individuals with established disease burdens. Due to the difficulty in stimulating an immune response against cancer, approaches utilizing combination adjuvants with different mechanisms may be beneficial. A combination of these adjuvants with other adjuvants or other treatments has demonstrated synergistic effects in the form of a robust and sustained immune response, demonstrating the importance of further development. This review discusses the intricacies of immune evasion, applications of adjuvants with different mechanisms of action, and adjuvants used for cancer immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Marriott
- Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher University, 3690 East Ave, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Brittany Post
- Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher University, 3690 East Ave, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Lipika Chablani
- Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher University, 3690 East Ave, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA.
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Yu M, Yang W, Yue W, Chen Y. Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy: Nanoformulation Engineering and Clinical Translation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204335. [PMID: 36257824 PMCID: PMC9762307 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of advanced nanoengineering strategies, there are great implications for therapeutic immunostimulators formulated in nanomaterials to combat cancer. It is crucial to direct immunostimulators to the right tissue and specific immune cells at the right time, thereby orchestrating the desired, potent, and durable immune response against cancer. The flexibility of nanoformulations in size, topology, softness, and multifunctionality allows precise regulation of nano-immunological activities for enhanced therapeutic effect. To grasp the modulation of immune response, research efforts are needed to understand the interactions of immune cells at lymph organs and tumor tissues, where the nanoformulations guide the immunostimulators to function on tissue specific subsets of immune cells. In this review, recent advanced nanoformulations targeting specific subset of immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells are summarized and discussed, and clinical development of nano-paradigms for targeted cancer immunotherapy is highlighted. Here the focus is on the targeting nanoformulations that can passively or actively target certain immune cells by overcoming the physiobiological barriers, instead of directly injecting into tissues. The opportunities and remaining obstacles for the clinical translation of immune cell targeting nanoformulations in cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Yu
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of UrologyXinhua HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong University1665 Kongjiang RoadShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Yue
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and TreatmentDepartment of Medical UltrasoundShanghai Tenth People's HospitalUltrasound Research and Education InstituteTongji University Cancer CenterTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
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9
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Abstract
Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, ovarian cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies. Hence, the implementation of novel treatment approaches is required to improve the outcomes of the disease. Immunotherapy has been proven to be effective in many tumors and has already been incorporated into clinical practice. In this review, we describe key strategies in immunotherapy of ovarian cancer and summarize data from clinical studies assessing immunological prospects which could improve ovarian cancer treatment approaches in the future. The most notable current strategies include checkpoint blockade agents, the use of vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, as well as various combinations of these methods. While several of these options are promising, large controlled randomized studies are still needed to implement new immunotherapeutic options into clinical practice.
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10
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Burn OK, Farrand K, Pritchard T, Draper S, Tang CW, Mooney AH, Schmidt AJ, Yang SH, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Kandasamy M, Marshall AJ, Clarke K, Painter GF, Hermans IF, Weinkove R. Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines elicit CD8 + T-cell responses and prevent breast cancer metastasis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1401. [PMID: 35795321 PMCID: PMC9250805 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Metastasis is the principal cause of breast cancer mortality. Vaccines targeting breast cancer antigens have yet to demonstrate clinical efficacy, and there remains an unmet need for safe and effective treatment to reduce the risk of metastasis, particularly for people with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Certain glycolipids can act as vaccine adjuvants by specifically stimulating natural killer T (NKT) cells to provide a universal form of T-cell help. Methods We designed and made a series of conjugate vaccines comprising a prodrug of the NKT cell-activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide covalently linked to tumor-expressed peptides, and assessed these using E0771- and 4T1-based breast cancer models in vivo. We employed peptides from the model antigen ovalbumin and from clinically relevant breast cancer antigens HER2 and NY-ESO-1. Results Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines that activate NKT cells led to antigen-presenting cell activation, induced inflammatory cytokines, and, compared with peptide alone or admixed peptide and α-galactosylceramide, specifically enhanced CD8+ T-cell responses against tumor-associated peptides. Primary tumor growth was delayed by vaccination in all tumor models. Using 4T1-based cell lines expressing HER2 or NY-ESO-1, a single administration of the relevant conjugate vaccine prevented tumor colonisation of the lung following intravenous inoculation of tumor cells or spontaneous metastasis from breast, respectively. Conclusion Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines that activate NKT cells prevent lung metastasis in breast cancer models and warrant investigation as adjuvant therapies for high-risk breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine University of Otago Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Tara Pritchard
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Sarah Draper
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ching-Wen Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Anna H Mooney
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Sung H Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Kate Clarke
- Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine University of Otago Wellington Wellington New Zealand.,Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand
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11
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Saponin-based adjuvant-induced dendritic cell cross-presentation is dependent on PERK activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:231. [PMID: 35396971 PMCID: PMC8994093 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Saponin-based adjuvants (SBAs) are promising new adjuvants that stand out as they not only enforce CD4 + T cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses, but also induce an unprecedented level of antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DC) and subsequent CD8 + T cell activation. We discovered that SBA’s ability to boost cross-presentation depends on the induction of lipid bodies (LBs). Moreover, the MHCIIloCD11bhi DC subset was identified to be most responsive to SBA-induced cross-presentation. The aim is to further unravel the mechanisms behind the induction of DC cross-presentation by SBAs. Here we show that SBAs specifically induce the PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway and that SBA-induced DC cross-presentation is dependent on activation of the PERK pathway. PERK activation and LB formation are both crucial for SBA-induced cross-presentation and PERK inhibition has little or no effect on SBA-induced LB formation. SBA’s responsiveness, LB formation and PERK activation are specific for the MHCIIloCD11bhi DCs. These findings contribute to understanding the pathways involved in SBA-induced cross-presentation and immune activation which will ultimately lead to the development of vaccines with improved efficiency and safety.
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12
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Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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13
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Koirala P, Bashiri S, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Current Prospects in Peptide-Based Subunit Nanovaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:309-338. [PMID: 34918253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination renders protection against pathogens via stimulation of the body's natural immune responses. Classical vaccines that utilize whole organisms or proteins have several disadvantages, such as induction of undesired immune responses, poor stability, and manufacturing difficulties. The use of minimal immunogenic pathogen components as vaccine antigens, i.e., peptides, can greatly reduce these shortcomings. However, subunit antigens require a specific delivery system and immune adjuvant to increase their efficacy. Recently, nanotechnology has been extensively utilized to address this issue. Nanotechnology-based formulation of peptide vaccines can boost immunogenicity and efficiently induce cellular and humoral immune responses. This chapter outlines the recent developments and advances of nano-sized delivery platforms for peptide antigens, including nanoparticles composed of polymers, peptides, lipids, and inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Malhotra J, Mehnert JM. Use of tumor cell lysate to develop peptide vaccine targeting cancer-testis antigens. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2022; 10:4049-4052. [PMID: 35004237 PMCID: PMC8674589 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Fujii SI, Yamasaki S, Hanada K, Ueda S, Kawamura M, Shimizu K. Cancer immunotherapy using artificial adjuvant vector cells to deliver NY-ESO-1 antigen to dendritic cells in situ. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:864-874. [PMID: 34971473 PMCID: PMC8898705 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NY‐ESO‐1 is a cancer/testis antigen expressed in various cancer types. However, the induction of NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTLs through vaccines is somewhat difficult. Thus, we developed a new type of artificial adjuvant vector cell (aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1) expressing a CD1d‐NKT cell ligand complex and a tumor‐associated antigen, NY‐ESO‐1. First, we determined the activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and natural killer (NK) cell responses by aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1. We then showed that the NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTL response was successfully elicited through aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 therapy. After injection of aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1, we found that dendritic cells (DCs) in situ expressed high levels of costimulatory molecules and produced interleukn‐12 (IL‐12), indicating that DCs undergo maturation in vivo. Furthermore, the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen from aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 was delivered to the DCs in vivo, and it was presented on MHC class I molecules. The cross‐presentation of the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen was absent in conventional DC‐deficient mice, suggesting a host DC‐mediated CTL response. Thus, this strategy helps generate sufficient CD8+ NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTLs along with iNKT and NK cell activation, resulting in a strong antitumor effect. Furthermore, we established a human DC‐transferred NOD/Shi‐scid/IL‐2γcnull immunodeficient mouse model and showed that the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen from aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 was cross‐presented to antigen‐specific CTLs through human DCs. Taken together, these data suggest that aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 has potential for harnessing innate and adaptive immunity against NY‐ESO‐1‐expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Program for drug discovery and medical technology platforms, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hanada
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shogo Ueda
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masami Kawamura
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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16
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Roulleaux Dugage M, Nassif EF, Italiano A, Bahleda R. Improving Immunotherapy Efficacy in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: A Biomarker Driven and Histotype Tailored Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775761. [PMID: 34925348 PMCID: PMC8678134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD-(L)1 therapies yield a disappointing response rate of 15% across soft-tissue sarcomas, even if some subtypes benefit more than others. The proportions of TAMs and TILs in their tumor microenvironment are variable, and this heterogeneity correlates to histotype. Tumors with a richer CD8+ T cell, M1 macrophage, and CD20+ cells infiltrate have a better prognosis than those infiltrated by M0/M2 macrophages and a high immune checkpoint protein expression. PD-L1 and CD8+ infiltrate seem correlated to response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), but tertiary lymphoid structures have the best predictive value and have been validated prospectively. Trials for combination therapies are ongoing and focus on the association of ICI with chemotherapy, achieving encouraging results especially with pembrolizumab and doxorubicin at an early stage, or ICI with antiangiogenics. A synergy with oncolytic viruses is seen and intratumoral talimogene laherpavec yields an impressive 35% ORR when associated to pembrolizumab. Adoptive cellular therapies are also of great interest in tumors with a high expression of cancer-testis antigens (CTA), such as synovial sarcomas or myxoid round cell liposarcomas with an ORR ranging from 20 to 50%. It seems crucial to adapt the design of clinical trials to histology. Leiomyosarcomas are characterized by complex genomics but are poorly infiltrated by immune cells and do not benefit from ICI. They should be tested with PIK3CA/AKT inhibition, IDO blockade, or treatments aiming at increasing antigenicity (radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors). DDLPS are more infiltrated and have higher PD-L1 expression, but responses to ICI remain variable across clinical studies. Combinations with MDM2 antagonists or CDK4/6 inhibitors may improve responses for DDLPS. UPS harbor the highest copy number alterations (CNA) and mutation rates, with a rich immune infiltrate containing TLS. They have a promising 15-40% ORR to ICI. Trials for ICB should focus on immune-high UPS. Association of ICI with FGFR inhibitors warrants further exploration in the immune-low group of UPS. Finally translocation-related sarcomas are heterogeneous, and although synovial sarcomas a poorly infiltrated and have a poor response rate to ICI, ASPS largely benefit from ICB monotherapy or its association with antiangiogenics agents. Targeting specific neoantigens through vaccine or adoptive cellular therapies is probably the most promising approach in synovial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Roulleaux Dugage
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Elise F. Nassif
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Oncologie Médicale, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rastislav Bahleda
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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17
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Masterman KA, Haigh OL, Tullett KM, Leal-Rojas IM, Walpole C, Pearson FE, Cebon J, Schmidt C, O'Brien L, Rosendahl N, Daraj G, Caminschi I, Gschweng EH, Hollis RP, Kohn DB, Lahoud MH, Radford KJ. Human CLEC9A antibodies deliver NY-ESO-1 antigen to CD141 + dendritic cells to activate naïve and memory NY-ESO-1-specific CD8 + T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000691. [PMID: 32737142 PMCID: PMC7394304 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the efficacy of cancer vaccines, but current vaccines do not harness the key cDC1 subtype required for effective CD8+ T-cell-mediated tumor immune responses. Vaccine immunogenicity could be enhanced by specific delivery of immunogenic tumor antigens to CD141+ DCs, the human cDC1 equivalent. CD141+ DCs exclusively express the C-type-lectin-like receptor CLEC9A, which is important for the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses. This study developed a new vaccine that harnesses a human anti-CLEC9A antibody to specifically deliver the immunogenic tumor antigen, NY-ESO-1 (New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1), to human CD141+ DCs. The ability of the CLEC9A-NY-ESO-1 antibody to activate NY-ESO-1-specific naïve and memory CD8+ T cells was examined and compared with a vaccine comprised of a human DEC-205-NY-ESO-1 antibody that targets all human DCs. Methods Human anti-CLEC9A, anti-DEC-205 and isotype control IgG4 antibodies were genetically fused to NY-ESO-1 polypeptide. Cross-presentation to NY-ESO-1-epitope-specific CD8+ T cells and reactivity of T cell responses in patients with melanoma were assessed by interferon γ (IFNγ) production following incubation of CD141+ DCs and patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells with targeting antibodies. Humanized mice containing human DC subsets and a repertoire of naïve NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells were used to investigate naïve T cell priming. T cell effector function was measured by expression of IFNγ, MIP-1β, tumor necrosis factor and CD107a and by lysis of target tumor cells. Results CLEC9A-NY-ESO-1 antibodies (Abs) were effective at mediating delivery and cross-presentation of multiple NY-ESO-1 epitopes by CD141+ DCs for activation of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells. When benchmarked to NY-ESO-1 conjugated to an untargeted control antibody or to anti-human DEC-205, CLEC9A-NY-ESO-1 was superior at ex vivo reactivation of NY-ESO-1-specific T cell responses in patients with melanoma. Moreover, CLEC9A-NY-ESO-1 induced priming of naïve NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells with polyclonal effector function and potent tumor killing capacity in vitro. Conclusions These data advocate human CLEC9A-NY-ESO-1 Ab as an attractive strategy for specific targeting of CD141+ DCs to enhance tumor immunogenicity in NY-ESO-1-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly-Anne Masterman
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirsteen M Tullett
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Leal-Rojas
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carina Walpole
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frances E Pearson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathon Cebon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Schmidt
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liam O'Brien
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nikita Rosendahl
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ghazal Daraj
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric H Gschweng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roger P Hollis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Gu YM, Zhuo Y, Chen LQ, Yuan Y. The Clinical Application of Neoantigens in Esophageal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703517. [PMID: 34386424 PMCID: PMC8353328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and current treatments for patients with advanced EC remain unsatisfactory. Recently, immunotherapy has been recognized as a new and promising approach for various tumors. EC cells present a high tumor mutation burden and harbor abundant tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens. The latter, also referred to as neoantigens, are immunogenic mutated peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. While current genomics and bioinformatics technologies have greatly facilitated the identification of tumor neoantigens, identifying individual neoantigens systematically for successful therapies remains a challenging problem. Owing to the initiation of strong, specific tumor-killing cytotoxic T cell responses, neoantigens are emerging as promising targets to develop personalized treatment and have triggered the development of cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and combination therapies. This review aims to give a current understanding of the clinical application of neoantigens in EC and provide direction for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long-Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Clemente O, Ottaiano A, Di Lorenzo G, Bracigliano A, Lamia S, Cannella L, Pizzolorusso A, Di Marzo M, Santorsola M, De Chiara A, Fazioli F, Tafuto S. Is immunotherapy in the future of therapeutic management of sarcomas? J Transl Med 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 33902630 PMCID: PMC8077947 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare, ubiquitous and heterogeneous tumors usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, target therapy, and radiotherapy. However, 25-50% of patients experience local relapses and/or distant metastases after chemotherapy with an overall survival about 12-18 months. Recently, immuno-therapy has revolutionized the cancer treatments with initial indications for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma (immune-checkpoint inhibitors).Here, we provide a narrative review on the topic as well as a critical description of the currently available trials on immunotherapy treatments in patients with sarcoma. Given the promising results obtained with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) and CAR-T cells, we strongly believe that these new immunotherapeutic approaches, along with an innovative characterization of tumor genetics, will provide an exciting opportunity to ameliorate the therapeutic management of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Clemente
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Division of Innovative Therapies, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bracigliano
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lamia
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Cannella
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolorusso
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Marzo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Division of Innovative Therapies, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Chiara
- Histopathology of Lymphomas and Sarcomas SSD, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio Fazioli
- Orthopedic Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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20
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Nakata E, Fujiwara T, Kunisada T, Ito T, Takihira S, Ozaki T. Immunotherapy for sarcomas. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:523-537. [PMID: 33611603 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies of mesenchymal origin; their molecular and genomic mechanisms differ with regard to histology. These characteristics lead to the presentation of varied immunological profiles based on the tumor microenvironment. Various immunotherapies are considered for the treatment of sarcoma. These treatments are performed either in isolation or in combination with other methods such as cytotoxic chemotherapy or the use of molecular target agents. Among these, two recently emerging immunotherapies include T-cell receptor gene therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, which are expected to be effective for many types of sarcoma. A sarcoma with a disease-specific translocation and a limited number of mutations, such as synovial sarcoma, expresses high levels of self-antigens, like the New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1, which has been targeted in T-cell receptor gene therapy. On the other hand, sarcomas with a greater number of mutations, such as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, myxofibrosarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcomas, can be good candidates for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Among immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, programmed cell death-1 blockade (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade (ipilimumab) have been investigated most often in sarcoma. Although the sole use of immune checkpoint inhibitors provides limited efficacy, combined immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors or molecular target agents, especially antiangiogenic agents, has shown moderate results against some types of sarcoma, such as the alveolar soft part sarcoma. Several clinical trials utilizing immunotherapy, including T-cell receptor gene therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, in sarcomas are under progress. By clarifying the tumor microenvironment and biomarker-predictive capacity of immunotherapy in sarcomas, better clinical trials can be designed; this could lead to improved outcomes for immunotherapy in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nakata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tastuo Ito
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical University, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shota Takihira
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
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21
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Da Gama Duarte J, Woods K, Quigley LT, Deceneux C, Tutuka C, Witkowski T, Ostrouska S, Hudson C, Tsao SCH, Pasam A, Dobrovic A, Blackburn JM, Cebon J, Behren A. Ropporin-1 and 1B Are Widely Expressed in Human Melanoma and Evoke Strong Humoral Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1805. [PMID: 33918976 PMCID: PMC8069442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block immune regulatory checkpoints (programmed cell death 1, PD-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CTLA-4) to mobilise immunity have shown unprecedented clinical efficacy against cancer, demonstrating the importance of antigen-specific tumour recognition. Despite this, many patients still fail to benefit from these treatments and additional approaches are being sought. These include mechanisms that boost antigen-specific immunity either by vaccination or adoptive transfer of effector cells. Other than neoantigens, epigenetically regulated and shared antigens such as NY-ESO-1 are attractive targets; however, tissue expression is often heterogeneous and weak. Therefore, peptide-specific therapies combining multiple antigens rationally selected to give additive anti-cancer benefits are necessary to achieve optimal outcomes. Here, we show that Ropporin-1 (ROPN1) and 1B (ROPN1B), cancer restricted antigens, are highly expressed and immunogenic, inducing humoral immunity in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. By multispectral immunohistochemistry, 88.5% of melanoma patients tested (n = 54/61) showed ROPN1B expression in at least 1 of 2/3 tumour cores in tissue microarrays. Antibody responses against ROPN1A and ROPN1B were detected in 71.2% of melanoma patients tested (n = 74/104), with increased reactivity seen with more advanced disease stages. Thus, ROPN1A and ROPN1B may indeed be viable targets for cancer immunotherapy, alone or in combination with other cancer antigens, and could be combined with additional therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Katherine Woods
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Luke T. Quigley
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Cyril Deceneux
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Candani Tutuka
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Tom Witkowski
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Chris Hudson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Simon Chang-Hao Tsao
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Anupama Pasam
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (J.D.G.D.); (K.W.); (L.T.Q.); (C.D.); (C.T.); (T.W.); (S.O.); (C.H.); (S.C.-H.T.); (A.P.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Medicine—Austin, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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22
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Quan DH, Counoupas C, Nagalingam G, Pinto R, Petrovsky N, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Advax adjuvant formulations promote protective immunity against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the absence of deleterious inflammation and reactogenicity. Vaccine 2021; 39:1990-1996. [PMID: 33714652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective adjuvants is a critical goal of vaccine development programs. In this report, we defined the immunostimulatory profile and protective effect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of vaccine formulations incorporating the semi-crystalline adjuvant δ-inulin (Advax). Advax formulated with CpG oligonucleotide and the QS-21 saponin (AdvaxCpQS) was the most effective combination, demonstrated by the capacity of CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS to significantly reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS protection was associated with rapid influx of neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes to the site of vaccination and the induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ+/IL-2+/TNF+ polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung. When compared to the highly potent adjuvant combination of monophosphoryl lipid A and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (MPL/DDA), AdvaxCpQS imparted a similar level of protective efficacy yet without the profound stimulation of inflammatory cytokines and vaccination site ulceration observed with MPL/DDA. Addition of DDA to CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS further improved the protective effect of the vaccine, which correlated with increased polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung but with no increase in vaccine reactogenicity. The data demonstrate that Advax formulations can decouple protective tuberculosis immunity from reactogenicity, making them ideal candidates for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Quan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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23
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Kumara HMCS, Sutton E, Caballero OL, Su T, Yan X, Ahmed A, Herath SAC, Cekic V, Njoh L, Kirchoff DD, Whelan RL. The cancer testis antigens CABYR-a/b and CABYR-c are expressed in a subset of colorectal cancers and hold promise as targets for specific immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2021; 12:412-421. [PMID: 33747357 PMCID: PMC7939523 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein (CABYR) is expressed in the human germ line but not in adult human tissues, thus, it is considered a cancer testis protein. The aim of this study is to evaluate the CABYR isoforms: a/b and c mRNA expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine if these proteins hold promise as vaccine targets. Materials and Methods: CABYR mRNA expression in a set of normal human tissues, including the testis, were determined and compared using semi-quantitative PCR. As regards the tumor and normal mucosal samples from study patients, RNA was extracted and cDNA generated after which quantitative PCR was carried out. Analysis of CABYR protein expressions by immunohistochemistry in tumor and normal colon tissues was also performed. Results: A total of 47 paired CRC and normal tissue specimens were studied. The percent of patients with a relative expression ratio of malignant to normal (M/N) tissues over 1 was 70% for CABYR a/b and 72% for CABYR c. The percent with both a M/N ratio over 1 and expression levels over 0.1% of testis was 23.4% for CABYR-a/b and 25.5% for CABYR c. CABYR expression in tumors was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: CABYR a/b and c hold promise as specific immunotherapy targets, however, a larger and more diverse group of tumors (Stage 1-4) needs to be assessed and evaluation of blood for anti-CABYR antibodies is needed to pursue this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M C Shantha Kumara
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Elie Sutton
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Otavia L Caballero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch of Human Cancer Immunology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, New York, NY, USA.,Current address: Orygen Biotecnologia S.A., São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tao Su
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Aqeel Ahmed
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonali A C Herath
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Internal Medicine Hospitalist Service, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Vesna Cekic
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Linda Njoh
- Department of Mathematics, City University of New York at Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Daniel D Kirchoff
- Roper St. Francis Physician Partners Surgical Oncology, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10028, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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24
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Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Manjili MH, Payne KK. Cancer immunotherapy: Re-programming cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:201-204. [PMID: 22720242 PMCID: PMC3377002 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.2.18113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers utilize multiple mechanisms to overcome immune responses. Emerging evidence suggest that immunotherapy of cancer should focus on inducing and re-programming cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems rather than focusing solely on T cells. Recently, we have shown that such a multifaceted approach can improve immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, VA USA
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26
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Vacchelli E, Martins I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1557-1576. [PMID: 23264902 PMCID: PMC3525611 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination constitutes one of the most prominent medical achievements of history. This concept was first demonstrated by the pioneer work of Edward Jenner, dating back to the late 1790s, after which an array of preparations that confer life-long protective immunity against several infectious agents has been developed. The ensuing implementation of nation-wide vaccination programs has de facto abated the incidence of dreadful diseases including rabies, typhoid, cholera and many others. Among all, the most impressive result of vaccination campaigns is surely represented by the eradication of natural smallpox infection, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The idea of employing vaccines as anticancer interventions was first theorized in the 1890s by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it soon became clear that while vaccination could be efficiently employed as a preventive measure against infectious agents, anticancer vaccines would have to (1) operate as therapeutic, rather than preventive, interventions (at least in the vast majority of settings), and (2) circumvent the fact that tumor cells often fail to elicit immune responses. During the past 30 y, along with the recognition that the immune system is not irresponsive to tumors (as it was initially thought) and that malignant cells express tumor-associated antigens whereby they can be discriminated from normal cells, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of anticancer vaccines. Some of these approaches, encompassing cell-based, DNA-based and purified component-based preparations, have already been shown to exert conspicuous anticancer effects in cohorts of patients affected by both hematological and solid malignancies. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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27
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Yazdani Z, Rafiei A, Irannejad H, Yazdani M, Valadan R. Designing a novel multiepitope peptide vaccine against melanoma using immunoinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3312-3324. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1846625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdani
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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28
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Will Next-Generation Immunotherapy Overcome the Intrinsic Diversity and Low Immunogenicity of Sarcomas to Improve Clinical Benefit? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113392. [PMID: 33207697 PMCID: PMC7697818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare type of a heterogeneous group of tumours arising from mesenchymal cells that form connective tissues. Surgery is the most common treatment for these tumours, but additional neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapies may be necessary. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients treated with conventional therapies will develop metastatic disease that is resistant to therapies. Currently, there is an urgent need to develop more effective and durable therapies for the treatment of sarcomas. In recent years immunotherapies have revolutionised the treatment of a variety of cancers by restoring patient anti-tumour immune responses or through the adoptive infusion of immune effectors able to kill and eliminate malignant cells. The clinicopathologic and genetic heterogeneity of sarcomas, together with the generally low burden of somatic mutations potentially generating neoantigens, are currently limited to broad application of immunotherapy for patients with sarcomas. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the microenvironmental factors hampering the efficacy of immunotherapy and the identification of new and suitable therapeutic targets may help to overcome current limitations. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of immunotherapies based on the direct exploitation or targeting of T cells and/or NK cells may offer new opportunities to improve the treatment of sarcomas, particularly those showing recurrence or resistance to standard of care treatments.
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29
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Uncovering the Tumor Antigen Landscape: What to Know about the Discovery Process. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061660. [PMID: 32585818 PMCID: PMC7352969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the latest available data, cancer is the second leading cause of death, highlighting the need for novel cancer therapeutic approaches. In this context, immunotherapy is emerging as a reliable first-line treatment for many cancers, particularly metastatic melanoma. Indeed, cancer immunotherapy has attracted great interest following the recent clinical approval of antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, that release the brakes of the immune system, thus reviving a field otherwise poorly explored. Cancer immunotherapy mainly relies on the generation and stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), priming T cells and establishing efficient and durable anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, there is a clear need to define and identify immunogenic T cell epitopes to use in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Naturally presented antigens in the human leucocyte antigen-1 (HLA-I) complex on the tumor surface are the main protagonists in evocating a specific anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response. However, the methodologies for their identification have been a major bottleneck for their reliable characterization. Consequently, the field of antigen discovery has yet to improve. The current review is intended to define what are today known as tumor antigens, with a main focus on CTL antigenic peptides. We also review the techniques developed and employed to date for antigen discovery, exploring both the direct elution of HLA-I peptides and the in silico prediction of epitopes. Finally, the last part of the review analyses the future challenges and direction of the antigen discovery field.
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30
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Ferber S, Gonzalez RJ, Cryer AM, von Andrian UH, Artzi N. Immunology-Guided Biomaterial Design for Mucosal Cancer Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903847. [PMID: 31833592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of mucosal tissues is a major cause of worldwide mortality for which only palliative treatments are available for patients with late-stage disease. Engineered cancer vaccines offer a promising approach for inducing antitumor immunity. The route of vaccination plays a major role in dictating the migratory pattern of lymphocytes, and thus vaccine efficacy in mucosal tissues. Parenteral immunization, specifically subcutaneous and intramuscular, is the most common vaccination route. However, this induces marginal mucosal protection in the absence of tissue-specific imprinting signals. To circumvent this, the mucosal route can be utilized, however degradative mucosal barriers must be overcome. Hence, vaccine administration route and selection of materials able to surmount transport barriers are important considerations in mucosal cancer vaccine design. Here, an overview of mucosal immunity in the context of cancer and mucosal cancer clinical trials is provided. Key considerations are described regarding the design of biomaterial-based vaccines that will afford antitumor immune protection at mucosal surfaces, despite limited knowledge surrounding mucosal vaccination, particularly aided by biomaterials and mechanistic immune-material interactions. Finally, an outlook is given of how future biomaterial-based mucosal cancer vaccines will be shaped by new discoveries in mucosal vaccinology, tumor immunology, immuno-therapeutic screens, and material-immune system interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Ferber
- Department of Medicine, Engineering in Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Gonzalez
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander M Cryer
- Department of Medicine, Engineering in Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Department of Medicine, Engineering in Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cebon JS, Gore M, Thompson JF, Davis ID, McArthur GA, Walpole E, Smithers M, Cerundolo V, Dunbar PR, MacGregor D, Fisher C, Millward M, Nathan P, Findlay MPN, Hersey P, Evans TRJ, Ottensmeier CH, Marsden J, Dalgleish AG, Corrie PG, Maria M, Brimble M, Williams G, Winkler S, Jackson HM, Endo-Munoz L, Tutuka CSA, Venhaus R, Old LJ, Haack D, Maraskovsky E, Behren A, Chen W. Results of a randomized, double-blind phase II clinical trial of NY-ESO-1 vaccine with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant versus ISCOMATRIX alone in participants with high-risk resected melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000410. [PMID: 32317292 PMCID: PMC7204806 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the clinical efficacy of New York Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) vaccine with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant versus ISCOMATRIX alone in a randomized, double-blind phase II study in participants with fully resected melanoma at high risk of recurrence. METHODS Participants with resected stage IIc, IIIb, IIIc and IV melanoma expressing NY-ESO-1 were randomized to treatment with three doses of NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX or ISCOMATRIX adjuvant administered intramuscularly at 4-week intervals, followed by a further dose at 6 months. Primary endpoint was the proportion free of relapse at 18 months in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and two per-protocol populations. Secondary endpoints included relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), safety and NY-ESO-1 immunity. RESULTS The ITT population comprised 110 participants, with 56 randomized to NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX and 54 to ISCOMATRIX alone. No significant toxicities were observed. There were no differences between the study arms in relapses at 18 months or for median time to relapse; 139 vs 176 days (p=0.296), or relapse rate, 27 (48.2%) vs 26 (48.1%) (HR 0.913; 95% CI 0.402 to 2.231), respectively. RFS and OS were similar between the study arms. Vaccine recipients developed strong positive antibody responses to NY-ESO-1 (p≤0.0001) and NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ responses. Biopsies following relapse did not demonstrate differences in NY-ESO-1 expression between the study populations although an exploratory study demonstrated reduced (NY-ESO-1)+/Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I+ double-positive cells in biopsies from vaccine recipients performed on relapse in 19 participants. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine was well tolerated, however, despite inducing antigen-specific immunity, it did not affect survival endpoints. Immune escape through the downregulation of NY-ESO-1 and/or HLA class I molecules on tumor may have contributed to relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biopsy
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Cholesterol/administration & dosage
- Cholesterol/adverse effects
- Dermatologic Surgical Procedures
- Disease-Free Survival
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Male
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/mortality
- Melanoma/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phospholipids/administration & dosage
- Phospholipids/adverse effects
- Saponins/administration & dosage
- Saponins/adverse effects
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/mortality
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Cebon
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Gore
- Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Melanona and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan Walpole
- Cancer Services Division, Princess Alexandra Hospital Health Service District, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Smithers
- Oncology Services Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital Health Service District, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Millward
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, London, UK
| | - Michael P N Findlay
- School of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Marsden
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, Division of Oncology, St Georges Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - Pippa G Corrie
- West Anglia Cancer Research Network Oncology Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marples Maria
- The Cancer Research Centre, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margaret Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Williams
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sintia Winkler
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather M Jackson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liliana Endo-Munoz
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Candani S A Tutuka
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lloyd J Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dennis Haack
- Versagenics Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Andreas Behren
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Raza A, Merhi M, Inchakalody VP, Krishnankutty R, Relecom A, Uddin S, Dermime S. Unleashing the immune response to NY-ESO-1 cancer testis antigen as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2020; 18:140. [PMID: 32220256 PMCID: PMC7102435 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising and effective modality to treat different malignancies. Antigenic profiling of cancer tissues and determination of any pre-existing immune responses to cancer antigens may help predict responses to immune intervention in cancer. NY-ESO-1, a cancer testis antigen is the most immunogenic antigen to date. The promise of NY-ESO-1 as a candidate for specific immune recognition of cancer comes from its restricted expression in normal adult tissue but frequent occurrence in multiple tumors including melanoma and carcinomas of lung, esophageal, liver, gastric, prostrate, ovarian, and bladder. MAIN BODY This review summarizes current knowledge of NY-ESO-1 as efficient biomarker and target of immunotherapy. It also addresses limitations and challenges preventing a robust immune response to NY-ESO-1 expressing cancers, and describes pre-clinical and clinical observations relevant to NY-ESO-1 immunity, holding potential therapeutic relevance for cancer treatment. CONCLUSION NY-ESO-1 induces strong immune responses in cancer patients but has limited objective clinical responses to NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors due to effect of competitive negative signaling from immune-checkpoints and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. We propose that combination therapy to increase the efficacy of NY-ESO-1 specific immunotherapeutic interventions should be explored to unleash the immune response against NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Raza
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Allan Relecom
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,Hamad Medical Corporation, iTRI, Hamad Medical City (Building 320, Office 3-6-5), Po Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
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Lynam S, Lugade AA, Odunsi K. Immunotherapy for Gynecologic Cancer: Current Applications and Future Directions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2020; 63:48-63. [PMID: 31833846 PMCID: PMC7298668 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in the development of cancer has been a subject of ongoing clinical investigation in recent years. Emerging data demonstrate that tumorigenesis resulting in ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancers is a consequence of impaired host immune responses to cancerous cells. Leveraging the immune system through the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccine therapy, and adoptive cell transfer presents a profound opportunity to revolutionize cancer treatment. This review will encompass the role of the immune system in development of gynecologic cancers and highlight recent data regarding immunotherapy applications in ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology
- Center for Immunotherapy Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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34
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Taherian-Esfahani Z, Dashti S. Cancer-testis antigens: An update on their roles in cancer immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2020; 27:171-183. [PMID: 30909205 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have assessed suitability of tumor antigens for immunotherapy. Based on the restricted expression pattern in somatic tissues, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are possible candidates for cancer immunotherapy. These antigens are expressed in various tumors including gastrointestinal, breast, skin and hematologic malignancies. OBJECTIVES To find clinical trials utilizing CTAs in cancer patients. METHODS We searched PubMed, google scholar and specific websites that registers clinical trials. RESULTS A number of clinical trials have been designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of CTA-based treatments. The results of some of them have been promising. In the current literature search, we summarized the clinical trials of CTA-based therapies in cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Based on the availability of different formulations of CTA-based vaccines, future researches should compare efficiency of these modalities.
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Pavlick A, Blazquez AB, Meseck M, Lattanzi M, Ott PA, Marron TU, Holman RM, Mandeli J, Salazar AM, McClain CB, Gimenez G, Balan S, Gnjatic S, Sabado RL, Bhardwaj N. Combined Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 Protein, Poly-ICLC, and Montanide Improves Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Patients with High-Risk Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:70-80. [PMID: 31699709 PMCID: PMC6946846 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, NY-ESO-1 has been considered a suitable antigen for a cancer vaccine. Despite promising results from early-phase clinical studies in patients with melanoma, NY-ESO-1 vaccine immunotherapy has not been widely investigated in larger trials; consequently, many questions remain as to the optimal vaccine formulation, predictive biomarkers, and sequencing and timing of vaccines in melanoma treatment. We conducted an adjuvant phase I/II clinical trial in high-risk resected melanoma to optimize the delivery of poly-ICLC, a TLR-3/MDA-5 agonist, as a component of vaccine formulation. A phase I dose-escalation part was undertaken to identify the MTD of poly-ICLC administered in combination with NY-ESO-1 and montanide. This was followed by a randomized phase II part investigating the MTD of poly-ICLC with NY-ESO-1 with or without montanide. The vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated, with no treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events. Both regimens induced integrated NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses. CD8+ T-cell responses were mainly detected in patients receiving montanide. T-cell avidity toward NY-ESO-1 peptides was higher in patients vaccinated with montanide. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 protein in combination with poly-ICLC is safe, well tolerated, and capable of inducing integrated antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses in most patients. Combination with montanide enhances antigen-specific T-cell avidity and CD8+ T-cell cross-priming in a fraction of patients, indicating that montanide contributes to the induction of specific CD8+ T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlick
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ana B Blazquez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marcia Meseck
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Lattanzi
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Thomas U Marron
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - John Mandeli
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Christopher B McClain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Gustavo Gimenez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sreekumar Balan
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
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36
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Expression of tumor-associated antigens in breast cancer subtypes. Breast 2019; 49:202-209. [PMID: 31869767 PMCID: PMC7375652 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are frequently overexpressed in several cancer types. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TAAs in breast cancer. Material and methods A total of 250 selected invasive breast cancers including 50 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (Luminal B like), 50 triple-negative (TN), 50 ER-positive lobular type, 50 ER- and progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive (Luminal A like) and 50 cerbB2-positive breast cancers, were assessed for New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1), Wilms tumor antigen (WT-1) and PReferentially expressed Antigen of MElanoma (PRAME) antigen expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results A significantly higher expression of cancer testis (CT)-antigens NY-ESO-1 and WT-1 antigen was detected in TN breast cancers compared with ER-positive tumors. NY-ESO-1 overexpression (score 2 + and 3+) assessed by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was detected in 9 (18%) TN cancers as compared to 2 (4%) ER-positive tumors (p = 0.002). WT1 over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was confirmed in 27 (54%) TN tumor samples as compared to 6 (12%) ER-positive (p < 0.0001). PRAME over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was detected in 8 (16%) HER2 positive tumor samples as compared to no TN and ER-positive cancers (p = 0.0021). Conclusions NY-ESO-1 and WT1 antigens are overexpressed in TN breast cancers. Because of the limited therapeutic options for this patient subgroup, CT antigen-based vaccines might prove to be useful for patients with this phenotype of breast cancer. Tumor-associated antigens are frequently overexpressed in several cancer types, being also associated with poorer patients’ survival outcomes. Our study confirmed that NY-ESO-1 and WT1 antigens are higher expressed in triple-negative than in other breast cancer subtypes. Given the limited therapeutic options for triple-negative breast cancer patients, the assessment of WT1 and NY-ESO-1 antigens expression in breast cancer tissue at surgery may allow to identify patients potentially candidate to adjuvant peptide vaccines, alone or in combination with other systemic therapies.
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Wang H, Chen D, Wang R, Quan W, Xia D, Mei J, Xu J, Liu C. NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors predicts prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17990. [PMID: 31770209 PMCID: PMC6890322 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a member of the cancer testis antigen family. NY-ESO-1 has documented potential as an effective target for cancer immunotherapy. The prognostic value of NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors, however, remains controversial because of inconclusive data. METHODS For this analysis, the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to February 2018 for studies investigating NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), or disease-free survival (DFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from each study. Pooled HRs and CIs were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects or random effects model. RESULTS A total of 23 studies were included in the analysis. The combined HR (95% CI) estimates for OS, PFS, and DFS were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.24-1.61; I = 0%), 1.62 (95% CI: 1.42-1.84; I = 17%), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.56-1.59; I = 57%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors is associated with worse OS and PFS. Studies are still needed to provide more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi
| | - Datian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Haimen People's Hospital, Haimen
| | - Runjie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi
| | | | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi
| | - Jie Mei
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junying Xu
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi
| | - Chaoying Liu
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi
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38
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Wei X, Chen F, Xin K, Wang Q, Yu L, Liu B, Liu Q. Cancer-Testis Antigen Peptide Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy: Progress and Prospects. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:733-738. [PMID: 30877975 PMCID: PMC6423365 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, including peptide-based vaccines, have been considered a key tool of effective and protective cancer immunotherapy because of their capacity to provide long-term clinical benefit for tumors. Among a large number of explorations of peptide antigen-based vaccines, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), which are activated in cancers but silenced in normal tissues (except testis tissue), are considered as ideal targets. Currently, personalized treatment for cancer has become a trend due to its superior clinical efficacy. Thus, we envisage rational selection of CTA peptides to design "personalized" CTA peptide vaccines. This review summarizes the advances in CTA peptide vaccine research and discusses the feasibility of establishing "personalized" CTA peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Fangjun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University
| | - Kai Xin
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University
| | - Qin Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University; The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University
| | - Qin Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University.
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39
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Boudreau CM, Alter G. Extra-Neutralizing FcR-Mediated Antibody Functions for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:440. [PMID: 30949165 PMCID: PMC6436086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While neutralizing antibody titers measured by hemagglutination inhibition have been proposed as a correlate of protection following influenza vaccination, neutralization alone is a modest predictor of protection against seasonal influenza. Instead, emerging data point to a critical role for additional extra-neutralizing functions of antibodies in protection from infection. Specifically, beyond binding and neutralization, antibodies mediate a variety of additional immune functions via their ability to recruit and deploy innate immune effector function. Along these lines, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-mediated macrophage phagocytosis and activation, antibody-driven neutrophil activation, antibody-dependent complement deposition, and non-classical Fc-receptor antibody trafficking have all been implicated in protection from influenza infection. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which the immune system actively tunes antibody functionality to drive protective immunity has been poorly characterized. Here we review the data related to Fc-effector functional protection from influenza and discuss prospects to leverage this humoral immune activity for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Boudreau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Harvard Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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40
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Fässler M, Diem S, Mangana J, Hasan Ali O, Berner F, Bomze D, Ring S, Niederer R, Del Carmen Gil Cruz C, Pérez Shibayama CI, Krolik M, Siano M, Joerger M, Recher M, Risch L, Güsewell S, Risch M, Speiser DE, Ludewig B, Levesque MP, Dummer R, Flatz L. Antibodies as biomarker candidates for response and survival to checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30786924 PMCID: PMC6383238 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term survival of stage IV melanoma patients has improved significantly with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CIs). Reliable biomarkers to predict response and clinical outcome are needed. Methods We investigated the role of melanoma-associated antibodies as predictive markers for CI therapy in two independent cohorts. In cohort 1, a prospective study, we measured specific antibodies before treatment, after one week and after six to nine weeks of treatment. Cohort 2 consisted of serum samples prior to CI therapy initiation. ELISA assays were performed to quantify specific IgG directed against melanocyte differentiation antigens tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 (TRP1/TYRP1 and TRP2/TYRP2), glycoprotein 100 (gp100), MelanA/MART1, and the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1. Response was defined as either complete or partial remission on CT scan according to RECIST 1.1. Results In cohort 1, baseline levels of these antibodies were higher in the responder group, although statistical significance was only reached for NY-ESO-1 (p = 0.007). In cohort 2, significantly higher antibody baseline levels for MelanA/MART1 (p = 0.003) and gp100 (p = 0.029) were found. After pooling the results from both cohorts, higher levels of MelanA/MART1 (p = 0.013), TRP1/TYRP1 (p = 0.048), TRP2/TYRP2 (p = 0.047) and NY-ESO-1 (p = 0.005) specific antibodies at baseline were independently associated with response. Conclusions Melanoma-associated antibodies may be candidate biomarkers for response and survival in metastatic melanoma patients being treated with CIs. These markers may be used to complement patient assessment, in combination with PD-L1 status, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor mutational burden, with the aim to predict outcome of CI treatment in patients with metastatic melanoma. Trial registration Ethikkommission Ostschweiz, EKOS 16/079 https://ongoingprojects.swissethics.ch/runningProjects_list.php?q=%28BASECID~contains~2016-00998%29&orderby=dBASECID. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0523-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Fässler
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diem
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology/Hematology, Spital Grabs, Spitalstrasse 44, 9472, Grabs, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Mangana
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omar Hasan Ali
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiamma Berner
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - David Bomze
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ring
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Niederer
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michal Krolik
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Siano
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4067, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch Ostschweiz AG, Brauerstrasse 95, 9016, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Private University Triesen, Dorfstrasse 24, 9495, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Sabine Güsewell
- Clinical Trials Unit, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Bedastrasse 1, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch Ostschweiz AG, Brauerstrasse 95, 9016, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Loestrasse 170, 7000, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Épalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Str. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Clinical Trials Unit, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Bedastrasse 1, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Margolis N, Markovits E, Markel G. Reprogramming lymphocytes for the treatment of melanoma: From biology to therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:104-124. [PMID: 31276707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This decade has introduced drastic changes in melanoma therapy, predominantly due to the materialization of the long promise of immunotherapy. Cytotoxic T cells are the chief component of the immune system, which are targeted by different strategies aimed to increase their capacity against melanoma cells. To this end, reprogramming of T cells occurs by T cell centered manipulation, targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment or altering the whole patient. These are enabled by delivery of small molecules, functional monoclonal antibodies, different subunit vaccines, as well as living lymphocytes, native or genetically engineered. Current FDA-approved therapies are focused on direct T cell manipulation, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors blocking CTLA-4 and/or PD-1, which paves the way for an effective immunotherapy backbone available for combination with other modalities. Here we review the biology and clinical developments that enable melanoma immunotherapy today and in the future.
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42
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Kartikasari AER, Prakash MD, Cox M, Wilson K, Boer JC, Cauchi JA, Plebanski M. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines-T Cell Responses and Epigenetic Modulation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3109. [PMID: 30740111 PMCID: PMC6357987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in developing efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines, as this type of therapy allows targeted killing of tumor cells as well as long-lasting immune protection. High levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are associated with better prognosis in many cancers, and it is expected that new generation vaccines will induce effective production of these cells. Epigenetic mechanisms can promote changes in host immune responses, as well as mediate immune evasion by cancer cells. Here, we focus on epigenetic modifications involved in both vaccine-adjuvant-generated T cell immunity and cancer immune escape mechanisms. We propose that vaccine-adjuvant systems may be utilized to induce beneficial epigenetic modifications and discuss how epigenetic interventions could improve vaccine-based therapies. Additionally, we speculate on how, given the unique nature of individual epigenetic landscapes, epigenetic mapping of cancer progression and specific subsequent immune responses, could be harnessed to tailor therapeutic vaccines to each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E R Kartikasari
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica D Prakash
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Momodou Cox
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty Wilson
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Cauchi
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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43
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Vermaelen K. Vaccine Strategies to Improve Anti-cancer Cellular Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30723469 PMCID: PMC6349827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More than many other fields in medicine, cancer vaccine development has been plagued by a wide gap between the massive amounts of highly encouraging preclinical data on one hand, and the disappointing clinical results on the other. It is clear now that traditional approaches from the infectious diseases' vaccine field cannot be borrowed as such to treat cancer. This review highlights some of the strategies developed to improve vaccine formulations for oncology, including research into more powerful or “smarter” adjuvants to elicit anti-tumoral cellular immune responses. As an illustration of the difficulties in translating smart preclinical strategies into real benefit for the cancer patient, the difficult road of vaccine development in lung cancer is given as example. Finally, an outline is provided of the combinatorial strategies that leverage the increasing knowledge on tumor-associated immune suppressive networks. Indeed, combining with drugs that target the dominant immunosuppressive pathway in a given tumor promises to unlock the true power of cancer vaccines and potentially offer long-term protection from disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Vermaelen
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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44
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Pender A, Jones RL, Pollack S. Optimising Cancer Vaccine Design in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:E1. [PMID: 30577459 PMCID: PMC6356514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutics are increasingly recognized as a key tool in the armamentarium against malignancy. The success of immune checkpoint-targeting drugs and adoptive cell therapy has refocused attention on the potential anti-cancer effect of eliciting a tumour-specific immunological response. Sarcomas are a rare and diverse group of tumours with a limited prognosis in advanced disease despite systemic therapeutics. Various vaccine strategies including peptide vaccines against cancer testis antigens, dendritic cell vaccines, and viral vectors have been trialled in sarcoma with growing evidence of efficacy. Here, we review the principles of successful vaccine development and how these have been applied thus far to the treatment of sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pender
- Sarcoma Unit, Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Seth Pollack
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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45
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Fanipakdel A, Seilanian Toussi M, Rezazadeh F, Mohamadian Roshan N, Javadinia SA. Overexpression of cancer‐testis antigen melanoma‐associated antigen A1 in lung cancer: A novel biomarker for prognosis, and a possible target for immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12080-12086. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azar Fanipakdel
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Faezeh Rezazadeh
- Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Nema Mohamadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Javadinia
- Student Research Committee, Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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46
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Ho NI, Huis In 't Veld LGM, Raaijmakers TK, Adema GJ. Adjuvants Enhancing Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells: The Key to More Effective Vaccines? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2874. [PMID: 30619259 PMCID: PMC6300500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M Huis In 't Veld
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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47
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Isolation and characterization of NY-ESO-1-specific T cell receptors restricted on various MHC molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10702-E10711. [PMID: 30348802 PMCID: PMC6233129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810653115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T immune cells can be engineered to express tumor-specific T cell receptor (TCR) genes and thereby kill cancer cells. This approach—termed TCR gene therapy—is effective but can cause serious adverse events if the target is also expressed in healthy, noncancerous tissue. NY-ESO-1 is a tumor-specific antigen that has been targeted successfully and safely through TCR gene therapies for melanoma, synovial sarcoma, and myeloma. However, trials to date have focused exclusively on a single NY-ESO-1–derived epitope presented on HLA-A*02:01, limiting application to patients expressing that allele. In this work, we isolate TCRs that collectively recognize multiple NY-ESO-1–derived epitopes presented by multiple MHC alleles. We thereby outline a general approach for expanding targeted immunotherapies to more diverse MHC haplotypes. Tumor-specific T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer enables specific and potent immune targeting of tumor antigens. Due to the prevalence of the HLA-A2 MHC class I supertype in most human populations, the majority of TCR gene therapy trials targeting public antigens have employed HLA-A2–restricted TCRs, limiting this approach to those patients expressing this allele. For these patients, TCR gene therapy trials have resulted in both tantalizing successes and lethal adverse events, underscoring the need for careful selection of antigenic targets. Broad and safe application of public antigen-targeted TCR gene therapies will require (i) selecting public antigens that are highly tumor-specific and (ii) targeting multiple epitopes derived from these antigens by obtaining an assortment of TCRs restricted by multiple common MHC alleles. The canonical cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1, is not expressed in normal tissues but is aberrantly expressed across a broad array of cancer types. It has also been targeted with A2-restricted TCR gene therapy without adverse events or notable side effects. To enable the targeting of NY-ESO-1 in a broader array of HLA haplotypes, we isolated TCRs specific for NY-ESO-1 epitopes presented by four MHC molecules: HLA-A2, -B07, -B18, and -C03. Using these TCRs, we pilot an approach to extend TCR gene therapies targeting NY-ESO-1 to patient populations beyond those expressing HLA-A2.
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48
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Chodon T, Lugade AA, Battaglia S, Odunsi K. Emerging Role and Future Directions of Immunotherapy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:1025-1039. [PMID: 30390758 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical progress in cancer immunotherapy has been slow; however, within the last 5 years, breakthrough successes have brought immunotherapy to the forefront in cancer therapy. Promising results have been observed in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Most treatment modalities have shown limited efficacy as monotherapy. The complex nature of cancer and the immunosuppressive microenvironment emphasizes the need to personalize immunotherapy by manipulating the patient's own immune system. For successful and long-lasting cure of cancer, a multimodal approach is essential, combining antitumor cell therapy with manipulation of multiple pathways in the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate tumor-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinle Chodon
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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49
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B cells and antibody production in melanoma. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:790-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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Barros L, Pretti MA, Chicaybam L, Abdo L, Boroni M, Bonamino MH. Immunological-based approaches for cancer therapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e429s. [PMID: 30133560 PMCID: PMC6097086 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e429s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunologic landscape of tumors has been continuously unveiled, providing a new look at the interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. Emerging tumor cells are constantly eliminated by the immune system, but some cells establish a long-term equilibrium phase leading to tumor immunoediting and, eventually, evasion. During this process, tumor cells tend to acquire more mutations. Bearing a high mutation burden leads to a greater number of neoantigens with the potential to initiate an immune response. Although many tumors evoke an immune response, tumor clearance by the immune system does not occur due to a suppressive tumor microenvironment. The mechanisms by which tumors achieve the ability to evade immunologic control vary. Understanding these differences is crucial for the improvement and application of new immune-based therapies. Much effort has been placed in developing in silico algorithms to predict tumor immunogenicity and to characterize the microenvironment via high-throughput sequencing and gene expression techniques. Each sequencing source, transcriptomics, and genomics yields a distinct level of data, helping to elucidate the tumor-based immune responses and guiding the fine-tuning of current and upcoming immune-based therapies. In this review, we explore some of the immunological concepts behind the new immunotherapies and the bioinformatic tools to study the immunological aspects of tumors, focusing on neoantigen determination and microenvironment deconvolution. We further discuss the immune-based therapies already in clinical use, those underway for future clinical application, the next steps in immunotherapy, and how the characterization of the tumor immune contexture can impact therapies aiming to promote or unleash immune-based tumor elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Barros
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Marco Antonio Pretti
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | | | - Luiza Abdo
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Laboratorio de Bioinformatica e Biologia Computacional, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Martin Hernán Bonamino
- Laboratorio de Bioinformatica e Biologia Computacional, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
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