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Zimmermann J, van Haren SD, Diray-Arce J, Adriawan IR, Wørzner K, Krog RT, Guleed S, Hu T, Mortensen R, Dietrich J, Solbak SMØ, Levy O, Christensen D, Pedersen GK. Co-adjuvanting DDA/TDB liposomes with a TLR7 agonist allows for IgG2a/c class-switching in the absence of Th1 cells. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:189. [PMID: 38135685 PMCID: PMC10746746 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Class-switching to IgG2a/c in mice is a hallmark response to intracellular pathogens. T cells can promote class-switching and the predominant pathway for induction of IgG2a/c antibody responses has been suggested to be via stimulation from Th1 cells. We previously formulated CAF®01 (cationic liposomes containing dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and Trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB)) with the lipidated TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 (DDA/TDB/3M-052), which promoted robust Th1 immunity in newborn mice. When testing this adjuvant in adult mice using the recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) vaccine antigen CTH522, it similarly enhanced IgG2a/c responses compared to DDA/TDB, but surprisingly reduced the magnitude of the IFN-γ+Th1 response in a TLR7 agonist dose-dependent manner. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that DDA/TDB/3M-052 liposomes initiated early transcription of class-switch regulating genes directly in pre-germinal center B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras further demonstrated that this adjuvant did not require Th1 cells for IgG2a/c switching, but rather facilitated TLR7-dependent T-bet programming directly in B cells. This study underlines that adjuvant-directed IgG2a/c class-switching in vivo can occur in the absence of T-cell help, via direct activation of TLR7 on B cells and positions DDA/TDB/3M-052 as a powerful adjuvant capable of eliciting type I-like immunity in B cells without strong induction of Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zimmermann
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Katharina Wørzner
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricki T Krog
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Safia Guleed
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tu Hu
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Fiore-Gartland A, Mahoney CR, Furth S, Donahue J, Whaley RE, Ballweber-Fleming L, Seese A, Schwedhelm K, Geraghty D, Finak G, Menis S, Leggat DJ, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Borate BR, Philiponis V, Maenza J, Diemert D, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Hyrien O, Laufer DS, Koup RA, McDermott AB, Schief WR, McElrath MJ. A first-in-human germline-targeting HIV nanoparticle vaccine induced broad and publicly targeted helper T cell responses. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf3309. [PMID: 37224227 PMCID: PMC11036875 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The engineered outer domain germline targeting version 8 (eOD-GT8) 60-mer nanoparticle was designed to prime VRC01-class HIV-specific B cells that would need to be matured, through additional heterologous immunizations, into B cells that are able to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD4 T cell help will be critical for the development of such high-affinity neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, we assessed the induction and epitope specificities of the vaccine-specific T cells from the IAVI G001 phase 1 clinical trial that tested immunization with eOD-GT8 60-mer adjuvanted with AS01B. Robust polyfunctional CD4 T cells specific for eOD-GT8 and the lumazine synthase (LumSyn) component of eOD-GT8 60-mer were induced after two vaccinations with either the 20- or 100-microgram dose. Antigen-specific CD4 T helper responses to eOD-GT8 and LumSyn were observed in 84 and 93% of vaccine recipients, respectively. CD4 helper T cell epitope "hotspots" preferentially targeted across participants were identified within both the eOD-GT8 and LumSyn proteins. CD4 T cell responses specific to one of these three LumSyn epitope hotspots were observed in 85% of vaccine recipients. Last, we found that induction of vaccine-specific peripheral CD4 T cells correlated with expansion of eOD-GT8-specific memory B cells. Our findings demonstrate strong human CD4 T cell responses to an HIV vaccine candidate priming immunogen and identify immunodominant CD4 T cell epitopes that might improve human immune responses either to heterologous boost immunogens after this prime vaccination or to other human vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William J. Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Celia R. Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Furth
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josh Donahue
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael E. Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | - David J. Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | - Bhavesh R. Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Brander C, Hartigan-O’Connor D. HIV T-cell immunogen design and delivery. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:333-337. [PMID: 36165078 PMCID: PMC9530002 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Not all T-cell responses against HIV are created equally and responses of certain epitope specificities have been associated with superior control of infection. These insights have spurred the development of a wide range of immunogen sequences, each with particular advantages and limitations. RECENT FINDINGS We review some of the most advanced designs that have reached or are close to reaching human clinical trials, with a special focus on T-cell immunogen developed for therapeutic use. We also touch upon the importance of how immunogens are delivered and point out the lamentable fact that there is essentially no alignment between different designs and vaccine regimens, which is a major hindrance to accelerated advances in the field. SUMMARY The design of an immunogen able to induce T-cell responses of adequate specificity and functionality is subject of a wide range of preclinical and clinical studies. Few designs have shown promise to date, but emerging data highlight the critical contribution of specificity to effective antiviral activity in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O’Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department in Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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CD4 + T Cells Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine H1 Can Improve the HIV-1 Env Humoral Response by Intrastructural Help. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040604. [PMID: 33066267 PMCID: PMC7711721 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a potent and long-lasting, broadly neutralizing antibody response is one of the most promising approaches in HIV-1 vaccination. Recently, we demonstrated that Gag-specific T helper cells induced by DNA priming can enhance and modulate the HIV Env-specific B cell response upon virus-like particle (VLP) boost by intrastructural help (ISH). In order to minimize the induction of potentially harmful HIV specific TH cells, we explored the possibility to harness the heterologous TH cells induced by a recombinant tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1, which contains a fusion protein of Ag85B and ESAT-6 antigens in combination with the liposomal adjuvant CAF01. To provide ISH, immunodominant MHC-II restricted peptides from the H1 vaccine were genetically incorporated into the HIV 1 Gag protein and used for HIV VLP production. ISH effects on Env-specific antibody levels and B cell differentiation were analyzed in mice primed against H1 and boosted with VLPs. In contrast to non-primed mice, a significant increase of Env-specific IgG levels for up to 26 weeks after the last immunization was observed. This increase was largely caused by elevated IgG2b and IgG2c levels in mice that received H1 priming. Additionally, ISH enhanced the frequency of Env-specific long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. In this study, we were able to demonstrate that a heterologous prime-boost regimen consisting of the H1 tuberculosis subunit vaccine and T helper epitope modified HIV-1 VLPs resulted in enhanced HIV Env antibody and B cell responses, mediated by intrastructural help.
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6
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Near-atomic cryo-electron microscopy structures of varicella-zoster virus capsids. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1542-1552. [PMID: 32895526 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a medically important human herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles, but its cell-associated nature has hindered structure studies. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of purified VZV A-capsid and C-capsid, as well as of the DNA-containing capsid inside the virion. Atomic models derived from these structures show that, despite enclosing a genome that is substantially smaller than those of other human herpesviruses, VZV has a similarly sized capsid, consisting of 955 major capsid protein (MCP), 900 small capsid protein (SCP), 640 triplex dimer (Tri2) and 320 triplex monomer (Tri1) subunits. The VZV capsid has high thermal stability, although with relatively fewer intra- and inter-capsid protein interactions and less stably associated tegument proteins compared with other human herpesviruses. Analysis with antibodies targeting the N and C termini of the VZV SCP indicates that the hexon-capping SCP-the largest among human herpesviruses-uses its N-terminal half to bridge hexon MCP subunits and possesses a C-terminal flexible half emanating from the inner rim of the upper hexon channel into the tegument layer. Correlation of these structural features and functional observations provide insights into VZV assembly and pathogenesis and should help efforts to engineer gene delivery and anticancer vectors based on the currently available VZV vaccine.
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7
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Curlin ME, Shao J, Diaz G, Edlefsen PT, Novak RM, Mayer KH, Allen M, Morgan C, Maenza J, Buchbinder S, Keefer MC, Rosa SCD, Corey L, Duerr A. Long-term mucosal T cell activation and homing phenotypes in recipients of an Ad5-vectored HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:5814-5821. [PMID: 32680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-induced mucosal immune responses may be critical for protection against HIV infection, but may also result in short or long-term changes that enhance susceptibility to infection in some individuals, such as those with baseline seroreactivity to vaccine vector antigens. We examined cellular immune responses in blood and gut mucosal tissue roughly two years following vaccination with placebo or the Step study vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1. METHODS Participants vaccinated with either placebo or MRKAd5/HIV-1 during participation in HVTN 071, and HVTN 502/Merck 023 underwent phlebotomy and colonic mucosal biopsies via flexible sigmoidoscopy at two timepoints roughly six months apart. After isolation of mononuclear cells, we compared cellular phenotypes and intracellular cytokine responses in vaccine and placebo recipients with and without baseline serological reactivity to Ad5. RESULTS Surface expression of activation and gut-homing markers were elevated on CD4 + and CD8 + gut mucosal mononuclear cells (GMMC) in comparison with PBMC (p < 0.01), but were not significantly affected by baseline Ad5 serostatus or receipt of MRKAd5/HIV-1. ICS responses to stimulation with vaccine antigens were of low frequency and magnitude. Ad5 vector responses were seen in vaccinees and baseline seropositive individuals. CD4 + responses to vector antigens were more common in GMMC than PBMC (p < 0.01) and CD8 + responses to HIV gag insert antigens were more frequent in Ad5 seropositive than Ad5 seronegative individuals (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Vaccination with the Ad5 vectored candidate HIV vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1 does not lead to long-term changes in the activation state of mucosal CD4 + or CD8 + T lymphocytes regardless of baseline Ad5 serostatus. The findings of this study do not reveal a basis for enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection two years post vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Curlin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Jason Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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A single lentivector DNA based immunization contains a late heterologous SIVmac251 mucosal challenge infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:3729-3739. [PMID: 32278522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Variety of conventional vaccine strategies tested against HIV-1 have failed to induce protection against HIV acquisition or durable control of viremia. Therefore, innovative strategies that can induce long lasting protective immunity against HIV chronic infection are needed. Recently, we developed an integration-defective HIV lentiDNA vaccine that undergoes a single cycle of replication in target cells in which most viral antigens are produced. A single immunization with such lentiDNA induced long-lasting T-cell and modest antibody responses in cynomolgus macaques. Here eighteen months after this single immunization, all animals were subjected to repeated low dose intra-rectal challenges with a heterologous pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Although the viral set point in SIVmac-infected cynomolgus is commonly lower than that seen in Indian rhesus macaques, the vaccinated group of macaques displayed a two log reduction of peak of viremia followed by a progressive and sustained control of virus replication relative to control animals. This antiviral control correlated with antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with high capacity of recall responses comprising effector and central memory T cells but also memory T cell precursors. This is the first description of SIV control in NHP model infected at 18 months following a single immunization with a non-integrative single cycle lentiDNA HIV vaccine. While not delivering sterilizing immunity, our single immunization strategy with a single-cycle lentivector DNA vaccine appears to provide an interesting and safe vaccine platform that warrants further exploration.
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10
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Chamcha V, Reddy PBJ, Kannanganat S, Wilkins C, Gangadhara S, Velu V, Green R, Law GL, Chang J, Bowen JR, Kozlowski PA, Lifton M, Santra S, Legere T, Chea LS, Chennareddi L, Yu T, Suthar MS, Silvestri G, Derdeyn CA, Gale M, Villinger F, Hunter E, Amara RR. Strong T H1-biased CD4 T cell responses are associated with diminished SIV vaccine efficacy. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaav1800. [PMID: 31748228 PMCID: PMC7227795 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated CD4 T cells are a major target of HIV infection. Results from the STEP HIV vaccine trial highlighted a potential role for total activated CD4 T cells in promoting HIV acquisition. However, the influence of vaccine insert-specific CD4 T cell responses on HIV acquisition is not known. Here, using the data obtained from four macaque studies, we show that the DNA prime/modified vaccinia Ankara boost vaccine induced interferon γ (IFNγ+) CD4 T cells [T helper 1 (TH1) cells] rapidly migrate to multiple tissues including colon, cervix, and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal TH1 cells persisted at higher frequencies and expressed higher density of CCR5, a viral coreceptor, compared to cells in blood. After intravaginal or intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenges, strong vaccine protection was evident only in animals that had lower frequencies of vaccine-specific TH1 cells but not in animals that had higher frequencies of TH1 cells, despite comparable vaccine-induced humoral and CD8 T cell immunity in both groups. An RNA transcriptome signature in blood at 7 days after priming immunization from one study was associated with induction of fewer TH1-type CD4 cells and enhanced protection. These results demonstrate that high and persisting frequencies of HIV vaccine-induced TH1-biased CD4 T cells in the intestinal and genital mucosa can mitigate beneficial effects of protective antibodies and CD8 T cells, highlighting a critical role of priming immunization and vaccine adjuvants in modulating HIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Chamcha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - G Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - James R Bowen
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chennareddi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981909, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Perciani CT, Farah B, Kaul R, Ostrowski MA, Mahmud SM, Anzala O, Jaoko W, MacDonald KS. Live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine does not induce HIV target cell activation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:875-886. [PMID: 30511963 DOI: 10.1172/jci124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is under consideration as a promising recombinant viral vector to deliver foreign antigens including HIV. However, new vectors have come under increased scrutiny, since trials with adenovirus serotype 5-vectored (Ad5-vectored) HIV vaccine demonstrated increased HIV risk in individuals with pre-immunity to the vector that was thought to be associated with mucosal immune activation (IA). Therefore, given the prospect of developing an HIV/VZV chimeric vaccine, it is particularly important to define the impact of VZV vaccination on IA. METHODS Healthy VZV-seropositive Kenyan women (n = 44) were immunized with high-dose live attenuated VZV vaccine, and we assessed the expression on CD4+ T cells isolated from blood, cervix, and rectum of IA markers including CD38 and HLA-DR and of markers of cell migration and tissue retention, as well as the concentration of genital and intestinal cytokines. A delayed-start group (n = 22) was used to control for natural variations in these parameters. RESULTS Although immunogenic, VZV vaccination did not result in significant difference in the frequency of cervical activated (HLA-DR+CD38+) CD4+ T cells (median 1.61%, IQR 0.93%-2.76%) at 12 weeks after vaccination when compared with baseline (median 1.58%, IQR 0.75%-3.04%), the primary outcome for this study. VZV vaccination also had no measurable effect on any of the IA parameters at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after vaccination. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge about the effects of VZV vaccination on human mucosal IA status and supports further evaluation of VZV as a potential vector for an HIV vaccine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02514018. FUNDING Primary support from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR). For other sources, see Acknowledgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salaheddin M Mahmud
- Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Kelly S MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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12
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Vaccine-Induced Protection from Homologous Tier 2 SHIV Challenge in Nonhuman Primates Depends on Serum-Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Immunity 2018; 50:241-252.e6. [PMID: 30552025 PMCID: PMC6335502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive administration of HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) can protect macaques from hard-to-neutralize (tier 2) chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. However, conditions for nAb-mediated protection after vaccination have not been established. Here, we selected groups of 6 rhesus macaques with either high or low serum nAb titers from a total of 78 animals immunized with recombinant native-like (SOSIP) Env trimers. Repeat intrarectal challenge with homologous tier 2 SHIVBG505 led to rapid infection in unimmunized and low-titer animals. High-titer animals, however, demonstrated protection that was gradually lost as nAb titers waned over time. An autologous serum ID50 nAb titer of ∼1:500 afforded more than 90% protection from medium-dose SHIV infection. In contrast, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and T cell activity did not correlate with protection. Therefore, Env protein-based vaccination strategies can protect against hard-to-neutralize SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques by inducing tier 2 nAbs, provided appropriate neutralizing titers can be reached and maintained.
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13
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FIV vaccine with receptor epitopes results in neutralizing antibodies but does not confer resistance to challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:16. [PMID: 29736270 PMCID: PMC5928050 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and utilizes parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry. The FIV surface glycoprotein (SU) is an important target for induction of neutralizing antibodies, and autoantibodies to the FIV binding receptor (CD134) block infection ex vivo; thus highlighting the potential for immunotherapies which utilize anti-receptor antibodies to block viral infection. To determine whether vaccination with CD134-SU complexes could induce protection against FIV infection, cats (n = 5 per group) were immunized with soluble CD134, recombinant FIV-SU protein, and/or CD134+SU complexes. Two trials were performed with different antigen combinations and vaccination schedules. In vivo generation of anti-CD134 and anti-SU IgG antibodies was measured, and in vitro neutralization assays were conducted. Immunization induced production of anti-CD134 and anti-SU antibodies that significantly inhibited FIV infection in vitro. However, no vaccine combination protected cats from FIV infection, and neat serum from vaccinated cats enhanced FIV growth in vitro. CD134+SU vaccinated cats exhibited increased CD4:CD8 ratio immediately prior to challenge, and antibodies were much more efficiently generated against vaccine by-products versus target antigens. Results suggest vaccination against viral and cryptic receptor epitopes yields neutralizing antibodies that synergistically inhibit FIV infection in vitro. Factors contributing to vaccine failure may include: (1) Heat-labile serum factors that enhance viral replication, (2) changes in circulating target cell populations induced by vaccination, and (3) weak immunogenicity of neutralizing epitopes compared to off-target vaccine components. Results reinforce the need to monitor vaccine preparation components and avoid non-specific immune stimulation during vaccination. A vaccine candidate for feline immunodeficiency virus elicits strong immunological reaction in vitro, but no protection to live cats. The feline analog to human immunodeficiency virus, FIV shares a similar infection paradigm and has only one partially effective vaccine. A US team, led by Colorado State University’s Susan VandeWoude, immunized cats using a complex of an FIV surface protein and a feline cell-surface protein known to facilitate FIV’s entry into immune cells. Tissue culture assays yielded promising results; however, this did not translate to live-animal protection. The researchers highlighted multiple factors that could explain the lack of success, including circulatory pro-infection factors, and immune responses generated against vaccine by-products rather than intended targets. While the vaccine candidate failed, the research provides invaluable guidance for future efforts into FIV vaccination with implications for HIV vaccine trials.
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Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
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Abstract
The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. Viral vectors are the best-characterized delivery tools because of their intrinsic adjuvant capability, unique cellular tropism, and ability to trigger robust adaptive immune responses. However, a known limitation of viral vectors is preexisting immunity, and ongoing efforts are aimed at developing novel vector platforms with lower seroprevalence. It is also becoming increasingly clear that different vectors, even those derived from phylogenetically similar viruses, can elicit substantially distinct immune responses, in terms of quantity, quality, and location, which can ultimately affect immune protection. This review provides a summary of the status of viral vector development for HIV vaccines, with a particular focus on novel viral vectors and the types of adaptive immune responses that they induce.
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16
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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Abstract
Despite major advances in antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1, an effective HIV vaccine is urgently required to reduce the number of new cases of HIV infections in the world. Vaccines are the ultimate tool in the medical arsenal to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Several failed phase-IIb to –III clinical vaccine trials against HIV-1 in the past generated a plethora of information that could be used for better designing of an effective HIV vaccine in the future. Most of the tested vaccine candidates produced strong humoral responses against the HIV proteins; however, failed to protect due to: 1) the low levels and the narrow breadth of the HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies and the HIV-specific antibody-dependent Fc-mediated effector activities, 2) the low levels and the poor quality of the anti-HIV T-cell responses, and 3) the excessive responses to immunodominant non-protective HIV epitopes, which in some cases blocked the protective immunity and/or enhanced HIV infection. The B-cell epitopes on HIV for producing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV have been extensively characterized, and the next step is to develop bNAb epitope immunogen for HIV vaccine. The bNAb epitopes are often conformational epitopes and therefore more difficult to construct as vaccine immunogen and likely to include immunodominant non-protective HIV epitopes. In comparison, T-cell epitopes are short linear peptides which are easier to construct into vaccine immunogen free of immunodominant non-protective epitopes. However, its difficulty lies in identifying the T-cell epitopes conserved among HIV subtypes and induce long-lasting, potent polyfunctional T-cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities against HIV. In addition, these protective T-cell epitopes must be recognized by the HLA prevalent in the country(s) targeted for the vaccine trial. In conclusion, extending from the findings from previous vaccine trials, future vaccines should combine both T- and B-cell epitopes as vaccine immunogen to induce multitude of broad and potent immune effector activities required for sterilizing protection against global HIV subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Janet K Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
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18
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Intrastructural help: improving the HIV-1 envelope antibody response induced by virus-like particle vaccines. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 12:272-277. [PMID: 28422791 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The importance of IgG Fc-effector functions for the efficacy of HIV vaccines is increasingly recognized. Although different types of vaccines were shown to induce antibodies with different Fc-activities, there is no clear strategy how to raise antibody responses with a desired pattern of Fc-effector functions. Given the central role of T-helper cells in regulating the germinal center reaction and the differentiation of B cells in an antigen-specific manner, the review will discuss whether T-helper cells directed against non-HIV envelope (Env) antigens could be harnessed to improve the HIV-Env antibody response. RECENT FINDINGS Comparing CD4 T-cell responses in HIV-infected individuals with and without neutralizing antibody breadth suggests that robust Gag-specific CD4 T cells may provide important T-cell help to Env-specific B cells. In a murine model, GagPol-specific T-helper cells were shown to provide intrastructural help for HIV-Env-specific antibody responses after immunization with a virus-like particle vaccine. GagPol-specific T-helper cells imprinted the IgG subtype ratio observed for Gag onto the HIV-Env antibody response and modulated the glycosylation pattern of the HIV Env-specific antibodies. SUMMARY Intrastructural help is a promising strategy to improve overall levels and Fc-effector functions of the HIV-Env antibody response.
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The Comparative Value of Feline Virology Research: Can Findings from the Feline Lentiviral Vaccine Be Translated to Humans? Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010007. [PMID: 29056666 PMCID: PMC5606627 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus of domestic cats that shares several similarities with its human counterpart, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Their analogies include genomic organization, lymphocyte tropism, viral persistence and induction of immunodeficiency. FIV is the only lentivirus for which a commercial vaccine is registered for prevention in either human or veterinary medicine. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of protection induced by lentivirus vaccines at the population level and might contribute to the development of efficacious HIV vaccines. As well as having comparative value for vaccine studies, FIV research has shed some light on the relationship between lentiviral tropism and pathogenesis. Recent studies in our laboratory demonstrated that the interaction between FIV and its primary receptor changes as disease progresses, reminiscent of the receptor switch observed as disease progresses in HIV infected individuals. Here we summarise findings illustrating that, in addition to its veterinary significance, FIV has comparative value, providing a useful model to explore lentivirus–host interactions and to examine potential immune correlates of protection against HIV infection.
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Hu H, Liu F, Kim J, Ratto-Kim S. HIV Susceptibility of human antigen-specific CD4 T cells in AIDS pathogenesis and vaccine response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:709-17. [PMID: 26814372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1147354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV causes infection and progressive depletion of human CD4 T cells. Emerging data have shown that antigen-specific CD4 T-cell subsets manifest differential susceptibility to HIV, potentially leading to pathogen-specific immune failure and opportunistic infections. This concept was recently explored in context of vectors utilized in HIV vaccine trials, and the data suggest that adenovirus type 5(Ad5)-specific CD4 T cells elicited by Ad5-HIV vaccine may be particularly susceptible to HIV, potentially rendering Ad5 vaccine recipients susceptible to HIV acquisition. We here examined recent data regarding the HIV susceptibility of antigen-specific CD4 T cells induced during infection or HIV vaccination and discussed its potential impact on HIV acquisition risk posed by HIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Hu
- a Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Fengliang Liu
- a Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Jerome Kim
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- c U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation , Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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21
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. TNFRs and Control of Chronic LCMV Infection: Implications for Therapy. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:697-708. [PMID: 26481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of persistent viral infections requires the immune system to limit the spread of the virus while avoiding immunopathology. Recent studies have revealed that members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily play unique and pivotal roles in control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and in some settings can tip the balance between immune control and immune pathology. We review these findings and discuss how our understanding of the role of TNFRs in the immune response to chronic LCMV infection may shed light on what happens during HIV infection in humans. We discuss preclinical models of TNF/TNFR family-targeted immunotherapy of chronic LCMV infection and evaluate which TNFRs present the most promising targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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The Breadth of Expandable Memory CD8+ T Cells Inversely Correlates with Residual Viral Loads in HIV Elite Controllers. J Virol 2015; 89:10735-47. [PMID: 26269189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01527-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that elite controllers with minimal effector T cell responses harbor a low-frequency, readily expandable, highly functional, and broadly directed memory population. Here, we interrogated the in vivo relevance of this cell population by investigating whether the breadth of expandable memory responses is associated with the magnitude of residual viremia in individuals achieving durable suppression of HIV infection. HIV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were expanded by using autologous epitopic and variant peptides. Viral load was measured by an ultrasensitive single-copy PCR assay. Following expansion, controllers showed a greater increase in the overall breadth of Gag responses than did untreated progressors (P = 0.01) as well as treated progressors (P = 0.0003). Nef- and Env-specific memory cells expanded poorly for all groups, and their expanded breadths were indistinguishable among groups (P = 0.9 for Nef as determined by a Kruskal-Wallis test; P = 0.6 for Env as determined by a Kruskal-Wallis test). More importantly, we show that the breadth of expandable, previously undetectable Gag-specific responses was inversely correlated with residual viral load (r = -0.6; P = 0.009). Together, these data reveal a direct link between the abundance of Gag-specific expandable memory responses and prolonged maintenance of low-level viremia. Our studies highlight a CD8(+) T cell feature that would be desirable in a vaccine-induced T cell response. IMPORTANCE Many studies have shown that the rare ability of some individuals to control HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy appears to be heavily dependent upon special HIV-specific killer T lymphocytes that are able to inhibit viral replication. The identification of key features of these immune cells has the potential to inform rational HIV vaccine design. This study shows that a special subset of killer lymphocytes, known as central memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes, is at least partially involved in the durable control of HIV replication. HIV controllers maintain a large proportion of Gag-specific expandable memory CD8(+) T cells involved in ongoing viral suppression. These data suggest that induction of this cell subset by future HIV vaccines may be important for narrowing possible routes of rapid escape from vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Breakthrough of SIV strain smE660 challenge in SIV strain mac239-vaccinated rhesus macaques despite potent autologous neutralizing antibody responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10780-5. [PMID: 26261312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509731112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlates of immunological protection from human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus infection remain incompletely understood, it is generally believed that medium to high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the challenge virus will prevent infection. This paradigm is based on a series of studies in which passive transfer of HIV-specific nAbs protected rhesus macaques (RMs) from subsequent mucosal challenge with a chimeric human/simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown whether nAb titers define protection in the setting of active immunization. Here we determined serum nAb titers against breakthrough transmitted/founder (T/F) SIVsmE660-derived envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants from 14 RMs immunized with SIVmac239-based DNA-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-boost vaccine regimens that included GM-CSF or CD40L adjuvants and conferred significant but incomplete protection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge. A single Env variant established infection in all RMs except one, with no identifiable genetic signature associated with vaccination breakthrough compared with T/F Envs from four unvaccinated monkeys. Breakthrough T/F Env pseudoviruses were potently neutralized in vitro by heterologous pooled serum from chronically SIVsmE660-infected monkeys at IC50 titers exceeding 1:1,000,000. Remarkably, the T/F Env pseudoviruses from 13 of 14 monkeys were also susceptible to neutralization by autologous prechallenge serum at in vitro IC50 titers ranging from 1:742-1:10,832. These titers were similar to those observed in vaccinated RMs that remained uninfected. These data suggest that the relationship between serum nAb titers and protection from mucosal SIV challenge in the setting of active immunization is more complex than previously recognized, warranting further studies into the balance between immune activation, target cell availability, and protective antibody responses.
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Tsegaye TS, Butler K, Luo W, Radzio J, Srinivasan P, Sharma S, Aubert RD, Hanson DL, Dobard C, Garcia-Lerma JG, Heneine W, McNicholl JM, Kersh EN. Repeated Vaginal SHIV Challenges in Macaques Receiving Oral or Topical Preexposure Prophylaxis Induce Virus-Specific T-Cell Responses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:385-94. [PMID: 25886925 PMCID: PMC4485592 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is a novel biomedical prevention method. We have previously modeled PrEP during rectal SHIV exposures in macaques and identified that Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus chimera (SHIV)-specific T-cell responses were induced in the presence of antiretroviral drugs, an observation previously termed T-cell chemo-vaccination. This report expands those initial findings by examining a larger group of macaques that were given oral or topical PrEP during repeated vaginal virus exposure. METHODS Thirty-six female pigtail macaques received up to 20 repeat low-dose vaginal inoculations with wild-type (WT) SHIVSF162P3 (n = 24) or a clonal derivative with the tenofovir (TFV) K65R drug-resistant mutation (n = 12). PrEP consisted of oral Truvada (n = 6, WT), TFV vaginal gel (n = 6, K65R), or TFV intravaginal ring (n = 6, WT). The remaining animals were PrEP-inexperienced controls (n = 12, WT; n = 6, K65R). SHIV-specific T cells were identified and characterized using interferon γ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) and multiparameter flow cytometry. RESULTS Of 9 animals that were on PrEP and remained uninfected during WT SHIV vaginal challenges, 8 (88.9%) developed virus-specific T-cell responses. T cells were in CD4 and CD8 compartments, reached up to 4900 interferon γ-producing cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and primarily pol directed. In contrast, the replication-impaired K65R virus did not induce detectable T-cell responses, likely reflecting the need for adequate replication. CONCLUSIONS Virus-specific T-cell responses occur frequently in oral or topical PrEP-protected pigtail macaques after vaginal exposure to WT SHIV virus. The contribution of such immune responses to protection from infection during and after PrEP warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodros Solomon Tsegaye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Butler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Radzio
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Srinivasan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachael D. Aubert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Debra L. Hanson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Dobard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. Gerardo Garcia-Lerma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walid Heneine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet M. McNicholl
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ellen N. Kersh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NCHHSTP, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Balance of cellular and humoral immunity determines the level of protection by HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models of HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E992-9. [PMID: 25681373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423669112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A guiding principle for HIV vaccine design has been that cellular and humoral immunity work together to provide the strongest degree of efficacy. However, three efficacy trials of Ad5-vectored HIV vaccines showed no protection. Transmission was increased in two of the trials, suggesting that this vaccine strategy elicited CD4+ T-cell responses that provide more targets for infection, attenuating protection or increasing transmission. The degree to which this problem extends to other HIV vaccine candidates is not known. Here, we show that a gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit protein vaccine (full-length single chain) elicits heterologous protection against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition in three independent rhesus macaque repeated low-dose rectal challenge studies with SHIV162P3 or SIVmac251. Protection against acquisition was observed with multiple formulations and challenges. In each study, protection correlated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity specific for CD4-induced epitopes, provided that the concurrent antivaccine T-cell responses were minimal. Protection was lost in instances when T-cell responses were high or when the requisite antibody titers had declined. Our studies suggest that balance between a protective antibody response and antigen-specific T-cell activation is the critical element to vaccine-mediated protection against HIV. Achieving and sustaining such a balance, while enhancing antibody durability, is the major challenge for HIV vaccine development, regardless of the immunogen or vaccine formulation.
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Penaloza-MacMaster P, Barber DL, Wherry EJ, Provine NM, Teigler JE, Parenteau L, Blackmore S, Borducchi EN, Larocca RA, Yates KB, Shen H, Haining WN, Sommerstein R, Pinschewer DD, Ahmed R, Barouch DH. Vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells induce immunopathology after chronic LCMV infection. Science 2015; 347:278-82. [PMID: 25593185 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells promote innate and adaptive immune responses, but how vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells contribute to immune protection remains unclear. We evaluated whether induction of virus-specific CD4 T cells by vaccination would protect mice against infection with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Immunization with vaccines that selectively induced CD4 T cell responses resulted in catastrophic inflammation and mortality after challenge with a persistent strain of LCMV. Immunopathology required antigen-specific CD4 T cells and was associated with a cytokine storm, generalized inflammation, and multi-organ system failure. Virus-specific CD8 T cells or antibodies abrogated the pathology. These data demonstrate that vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells in the absence of effective antiviral immune responses can trigger lethal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Teigler
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lily Parenteau
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rafael A Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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A critical analysis of the cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, as a model to test HIV-1/SIV vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2014; 33:3073-83. [PMID: 25510387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a number of non-rhesus macaque species, but especially cynomolgus macaques as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development has increased in recent years. Cynomolgus macaques have been used in the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Australia as a model for HIV vaccine development for many years. Unlike rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV show a pattern of disease pathogenesis that more closely resembles that of human HIV-1 infection, exhibiting lower peak and set-point viral loads and slower progression to disease with more typical AIDS defining illnesses. Several advances have been made recently in the use of the cynomolgus macaque SIV challenge model that allow the demonstration of vaccine efficacy using attenuated viruses and vectors that are both viral and non-viral in origin. This review aims to probe the details of various vaccination trials carried out in cynomolgus macaques in the context of our modern understanding of the highly diverse immunogenetics of this species with a view to understanding the species-specific immune correlates of protection and the efficacy of vectors that have been used to design vaccines.
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Shen KY, Chang LS, Leng CH, Liu SJ. Self-adjuvanting lipoimmunogens for therapeutic HPV vaccine development: potential clinical impact. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:383-94. [PMID: 25455657 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The goal of therapeutic HPV vaccines is the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity against HPV-associated cancers. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides have high safety profiles but low immunogenicity, which limits their efficacy when used in a vaccine. Self-adjuvanting lipid moieties have been conjugated to synthetic peptides or expressed as lipoproteins to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. Mono-, di- and tri-palmitoylated peptides have been demonstrated to activate dendritic cells and induce robust cellular immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, a platform technology using the high-yield production of recombinant lipoproteins with Toll-like receptor 2 agonist activity was established for the development of novel subunit vaccines. This technology represents a novel strategy for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines. In this review, we describe recent progress in the design of therapeutic HPV vaccines using lipoimmunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yin Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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Antibody persistence and T-cell balance: two key factors confronting HIV vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15614-21. [PMID: 25349379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413550111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for a prophylactic AIDS vaccine is ongoing, but it is now clear that the successful vaccine must elicit protective antibody responses. Accordingly, intense efforts are underway to identify immunogens that elicit these responses. Regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection, be it neutralization, Fc-mediated effector function, or both, antibody persistence and appropriate T-cell help are significant problems confronting the development of a successful AIDS vaccine. Here, we discuss the evidence illustrating the poor persistence of antibody responses to Env, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, and the related problem of CD4(+) T-cell responses that compromise vaccine efficacy by creating excess cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we propose solutions to both problems that are applicable to all Env-based AIDS vaccines regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection.
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Temchura V, Tenbusch M. The two faces of vaccine-induced immune response: protection or increased risk of HIV infection?! Virol Sin 2014; 29:7-9. [PMID: 24452542 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44801, Germany
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31
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Preferential infection of human Ad5-specific CD4 T cells by HIV in Ad5 naturally exposed and recombinant Ad5-HIV vaccinated individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13439-44. [PMID: 25197078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400446111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy trials of adenovirus 5-vectored candidate HIV vaccines [recombinant Ad5 (rAd5)-HIV] were halted for futility due to lack of vaccine efficacy and unexpected excess HIV infections in the vaccine recipients. The potential immunologic basis for these observations is unclear. We comparatively evaluated the HIV susceptibility and phenotypes of human CD4 T cells specific to Ad5 and CMV, two viruses that have been used as HIV vaccine vectors. We show that Ad5-specific CD4 T cells, either induced by natural Ad5 exposure or expanded by rAd5 vaccination, are highly susceptible to HIV in vitro and are preferentially lost in HIV-infected individuals compared with CMV-specific CD4 T cells. Further investigation demonstrated that Ad5-specific CD4 T cells selectively display a proinflammatory Th17-like phenotype and express macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and α4β7 integrin, suggestive of gut mucosa homing potential of these cells. Analysis of HIV p24 and cytokine coexpression using flow cytometry revealed preferential infection of IL-17- and IL-2-producing, Ad5-specific CD4 T cells by HIV in vitro. Our data suggest a potential mechanism explaining the excess HIV infections in vaccine recipients after rAd5-HIV vaccination and highlight the importance of testing the HIV susceptibility of vaccine-generated, vector and insert-specific CD4 T cells in future HIV vaccine studies.
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32
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Chanzu N, Ondondo B. Induction of Potent and Long-Lived Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in the Genitorectal Mucosa Could be the Critical Determinant of HIV Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:202. [PMID: 24847327 PMCID: PMC4021115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV prevention has indeed progressed in leaps and bounds, but with major limitations of the current prevention and treatment options, the world remains desperate for an HIV vaccine. Sadly, this continues to be elusive, because more than 30 years since its discovery there is no licensed HIV vaccine. Research aiming to define immunological biomarkers to accurately predict vaccine efficacy have focused mainly on systemic immune responses, and as such, studies defining correlates of protection in the genitorectal mucosa, the primary target site for HIV entry and seeding are sparse. Clearly, difficulties in sampling and analysis of mucosal specimens, as well as their limited size have been a major deterrent in characterizing the type (mucosal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, or CTL), threshold (magnitude, depth, and breadth) and viral inhibitory capacity of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa, where they are needed to immediately block HIV acquisition and arrest subsequent virus dissemination. Nevertheless, a few studies document the existence of HIV-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa of HIV-infected aviremic and viremic controllers, as well as in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals with natural resistance to HIV-1. Some of these responses strongly correlate with protection from HIV acquisition and/or disease progression, thus providing significant clues of the ideal components of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In this study, we provide an overview of the key features of protective immune responses found in HEPS, elite and viremic controllers, and discuss how these can be achieved through mucosal immunization. Inevitably, HIV vaccine development research will have to consider strategies that elicit potent antibody and cellular immune responses within the genitorectal mucosa or induction of systemic immune cells with an inherent potential to home and persist at mucosal sites of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chanzu
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ondondo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Abstract
Recent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in the progressive immunodeficiency attributed to infection, but more importantly have shed light on the correlates of immunity to infection and disease progression. HIV selectively infects, eliminates, and/or dysregulates several key cells of the human immune system, thwarting multiple arms of the host immune response, and inflicting severe damage to mucosal barriers, resulting in tissue infiltration of 'symbiotic' intestinal bacteria and viruses that essentially become opportunistic infections promoting systemic immune activation. This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating HIV infection, resulting in persistent, high-level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, binding anti-bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of HIV infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. Furthermore, immune therapies specifically directed toward boosting specific aspects of the immune system may eventually lead to a cure for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Sholukh AM, Byrareddy SN, Shanmuganathan V, Hemashettar G, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Thorat S, Brandstoetter T, Mukhtar MM, Yoon JK, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Ratcliffe S, Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M, Polonis VR, Bilska M, Montefiori DC, Johnson WE, Ertl HC, Ruprecht RM. Passive immunization of macaques with polyclonal anti-SHIV IgG against a heterologous tier 2 SHIV: outcome depends on IgG dose. Retrovirology 2014; 11:8. [PMID: 24444350 PMCID: PMC3905655 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key goal for HIV-1 envelope immunogen design is the induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). As AIDS vaccine recipients will not be exposed to strains exactly matching any immunogens due to multiple HIV-1 quasispecies circulating in the human population worldwide, heterologous SHIV challenges are essential for realistic vaccine efficacy testing in primates. We assessed whether polyclonal IgG, isolated from rhesus monkeys (RMs) with high-titer nAbs (termed SHIVIG), could protect RMs against the R5-tropic tier-2 SHIV-2873Nip, which was heterologous to the viruses or HIV-1 envelopes that had elicited SHIVIG. RESULTS SHIVIG demonstrated binding to HIV Gag, Tat, and Env of different clades and competed with the broadly neutralizing antibodies b12, VRC01, 4E10, and 17b. SHIVIG neutralized tier 1 and tier 2 viruses, including SHIV-2873Nip. NK-cell depletion decreased the neutralizing activity of SHIVIG 20-fold in PBMC assays. Although SHIVIG neutralized SHIV-2873Nip in vitro, this polyclonal IgG preparation failed to prevent acquisition after repeated intrarectal low-dose virus challenges, but at a dose of 400 mg/kg, it significantly lowered peak viremia (P = 0.001). Unexpectedly, single-genome analysis revealed a higher number of transmitted variants at the low dose of 25 mg/kg, implying increased acquisition at low SHIVIG levels. In vitro, SHIVIG demonstrated complement-mediated Ab-dependent enhancement of infection (C'-ADE) at concentrations similar to those observed in plasmas of RMs treated with 25 mg/kg of SHIVIG. CONCLUSION Our primate model data suggest a dual role for polyclonal anti-HIV-1 Abs depending on plasma levels upon virus encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Sholukh
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant K Vyas
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swati Thorat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Muhammad M Mukhtar
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John K Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis J Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iskra Tuero
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Vaccine Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Vaccine Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Miroslawa Bilska
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sui Y, Gordon S, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. Nonhuman primate models for HIV/AIDS vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 102:12.14.1-12.14.30. [PMID: 24510515 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1214s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of HIV vaccines has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that can accurately predict vaccine efficacy. Chimpanzees can be infected with HIV-1 but are not practical for research. However, several species of macaques are susceptible to the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that cause disease in macaques, which also closely mimic HIV in humans. Thus, macaque-SIV models of HIV infection have become a critical foundation for AIDS vaccine development. Here we examine the multiple variables and considerations that must be taken into account in order to use this nonhuman primate (NHP) model effectively. These include the species and subspecies of macaques, virus strain, dose and route of administration, and macaque genetics, including the major histocompatibility complex molecules that affect immune responses, and other virus restriction factors. We illustrate how these NHP models can be used to carry out studies of immune responses in mucosal and other tissues that could not easily be performed on human volunteers. Furthermore, macaques are an ideal model system to optimize adjuvants, test vaccine platforms, and identify correlates of protection that can advance the HIV vaccine field. We also illustrate techniques used to identify different macaque lymphocyte populations and review some poxvirus vaccine candidates that are in various stages of clinical trials. Understanding how to effectively use this valuable model will greatly increase the likelihood of finding a successful vaccine for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Shari Gordon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
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Recombinant varicella-zoster virus vaccines as platforms for expression of foreign antigens. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:219439. [PMID: 23843791 PMCID: PMC3697282 DOI: 10.1155/2013/219439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines induce immunity against childhood chickenpox and against shingles in older adults. The safety, efficacy, and widespread use of VZV vaccines suggest that they may also be effective as recombinant vaccines against other infectious diseases that affect the young and the elderly. The generation of recombinant VZV vaccines and their evaluation in animal models are reviewed. The potential advantages and limitations of recombinant VZV vaccines are addressed.
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Park H, Adamson L, Ha T, Mullen K, Hagen SI, Nogueron A, Sylwester AW, Axthelm MK, Legasse A, Piatak M, Lifson JD, McElrath JM, Picker LJ, Seder RA. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid is the most effective TLR adjuvant for SIV Gag protein-induced T cell responses in nonhuman primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4103-15. [PMID: 23509365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prime-boost immunization with heterologous vaccines elicits potent cellular immunity. In this study, we assessed the influence of various TLR ligands on SIV Gag-specific T cell immunity and protection following prime-boost immunization. Rhesus macaques (RMs) were primed with SIV Gag protein emulsified in Montanide ISA51 with or without TLR3 (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly-IC]), TLR4 (monophosphoryl lipid A), TLR7/8 (3M-012), TLR9 (CpG), or TLR3 (poly-IC) combined with TLR7/8 ligands, then boosted with replication defective adenovirus 5 expressing SIV Gag (rAd5-Gag). After priming, RMs that received SIV Gag protein plus poly-IC developed significantly higher frequencies of SIV Gag-specific CD4(+) Th1 responses in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lymphocytes compared with all other adjuvants, and low-level SIV Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. After the rAd5-Gag boost, the magnitude and breadth of SIV Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were significantly increased in RM primed with SIV Gag protein plus poly-IC, with or without the TLR7/8 ligand, or CpG. However, the anamnestic, SIV Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell response to SIVmac251 challenge was not significantly enhanced by SIV Gag protein priming with any of the adjuvants. In contrast, the anamnestic SIV Gag-specific CD4(+) T cell response in BAL was enhanced by SIV Gag protein priming with poly-IC or CpG, which correlated with partial control of early viral replication after SIVmac251 challenge. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with SIV Gag protein/poly-IC improves magnitude, breadth, and durability of CD4(+) T cell immune responses, which could have a role in the control of SIV viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesun Park
- Department of Pathology, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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[Analytic and integrative perspectives for HIV vaccine design]. Uirusu 2013; 63:219-32. [PMID: 25366056 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.63.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic AIDS vaccines are required to optimally load adaptive immune responses against a virus optimally designed to impair those responses and induce persistent infection. This inevitably may necessitate atypical induction patterns that are distinct from well-balanced responses deriving from the inherent immunological framework. This review discusses how the diverse features of pathologic context-dependent T-cell (CTL/Th) and B-cell (neutralizing antibody) responses may be incorporated into vaccine-induced immunity to achieve HIV control in vivo.
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Abstract
HIV is a disease in which the original clinical observations of severe opportunistic infections gave the first clues regarding the underlying pathology, namely that HIV is essentially an infection of the immune system. HIV infects and deletes CD4(+) T cells that normally coordinate the adaptive T- and B-cell response to defend against intracellular pathogens. The immune defect is immediate and profound: At the time of acute infection with an AIDS virus, typically more than half of the gut-associated CD4(+) T cells are depleted, leaving a damaged immune system to contend with a life-long infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard Mass General Hospital-East, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Almeida RR, Rosa DS, Ribeiro SP, Santana VC, Kallás EG, Sidney J, Sette A, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Broad and cross-clade CD4+ T-cell responses elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding highly conserved and promiscuous HIV-1 M-group consensus peptides. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45267. [PMID: 23028895 PMCID: PMC3445454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell based vaccine approaches have emerged to counteract HIV-1/AIDS. Broad, polyfunctional and cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell responses have been associated with control of HIV-1 replication, which supports the inclusion of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in vaccines. A successful HIV-1 vaccine should also be designed to overcome viral genetic diversity and be able to confer immunity in a high proportion of immunized individuals from a diverse HLA-bearing population. In this study, we rationally designed a multiepitopic DNA vaccine in order to elicit broad and cross-clade CD4+ T-cell responses against highly conserved and promiscuous peptides from the HIV-1 M-group consensus sequence. We identified 27 conserved, multiple HLA-DR-binding peptides in the HIV-1 M-group consensus sequences of Gag, Pol, Nef, Vif, Vpr, Rev and Vpu using the TEPITOPE algorithm. The peptides bound in vitro to an average of 12 out of the 17 tested HLA-DR molecules and also to several molecules such as HLA-DP, -DQ and murine IAb and IAd. Sixteen out of the 27 peptides were recognized by PBMC from patients infected with different HIV-1 variants and 72% of such patients recognized at least 1 peptide. Immunization with a DNA vaccine (HIVBr27) encoding the identified peptides elicited IFN-γ secretion against 11 out of the 27 peptides in BALB/c mice; CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation was observed against 8 and 6 peptides, respectively. HIVBr27 immunization elicited cross-clade T-cell responses against several HIV-1 peptide variants. Polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, able to simultaneously proliferate and produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, were also observed. This vaccine concept may cope with HIV-1 genetic diversity as well as provide increased population coverage, which are desirable features for an efficacious strategy against HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Immunology-Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Canato Santana
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Risk of immunodeficiency virus infection may increase with vaccine-induced immune response. J Virol 2012; 86:10533-9. [PMID: 22811518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the efficacy of novel complementary prime-boost immunization regimens in a nonhuman primate model for HIV infection, rhesus monkeys primed by different DNA vaccines were boosted with virus-like particles (VLP) and then challenged by repeated low-dose rectal exposure to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Characteristic of the cellular immune response after the VLP booster immunization were high numbers of SIV-specific, gamma interferon-secreting cells after stimulation with inactivated SIV particles, but not SIV peptides, and the absence of detectable levels of CD8(+) T cell responses. Antibodies specific to SIV Gag and SIV Env could be induced in all animals, but, consistent with a poor neutralizing activity at the time of challenge, vaccinated monkeys were not protected from acquisition of infection and did not control viremia. Surprisingly, vaccinees with high numbers of SIV-specific, gamma interferon-secreting cells were infected fastest during the repeated low-dose exposures and the numbers of these immune cells in vaccinated macaques correlated with susceptibility to infection. Thus, in the absence of protective antibodies or cytotoxic T cell responses, vaccine-induced immune responses may increase the susceptibility to acquisition of immunodeficiency virus infection. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus-specific T helper cells mediate this detrimental effect and contribute to the inefficacy of past HIV vaccination attempts (e.g., STEP study).
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Duerr A, Huang Y, Buchbinder S, Coombs RW, Sanchez J, del Rio C, Casapia M, Santiago S, Gilbert P, Corey L, Robertson MN. Extended follow-up confirms early vaccine-enhanced risk of HIV acquisition and demonstrates waning effect over time among participants in a randomized trial of recombinant adenovirus HIV vaccine (Step Study). J Infect Dis 2012; 206:258-66. [PMID: 22561365 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Step Study tested whether an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-vectored human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine could prevent HIV acquisition and/or reduce viral load set-point after infection. At the first interim analysis, nonefficacy criteria were met. Vaccinations were halted; participants were unblinded. In post hoc analyses, more HIV infections occurred in vaccinees vs placebo recipients in men who had Ad5-neutralizing antibodies and/or were uncircumcised. Follow-up was extended to assess relative risk of HIV acquisition in vaccinees vs placebo recipients over time. METHODS We used Cox proportional hazard models for analyses of vaccine effect on HIV acquisition and vaccine effect modifiers, and nonparametric and semiparametric methods for analysis of constancy of relative risk over time. RESULTS One hundred seventy-two of 1836 men were infected. The adjusted vaccinees vs placebo recipients hazard ratio (HR) for all follow-up time was 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.92; P= .03). Vaccine effect differed by baseline Ad5 or circumcision status during first 18 months, but neither was significant for all follow-up time. The HR among uncircumcised and/or Ad5-seropositive men waned with time since vaccination. No significant vaccine-associated risk was seen among circumcised, Ad5-negative men (HR, 0.97; P=1.0) over all follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine-associated risk seen in interim analysis was confirmed but waned with time from vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Duerr
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Willer DO, Ambagala APN, Pilon R, Chan JK, Fournier J, Brooks J, Sandstrom P, MacDonald KS. Experimental infection of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with human varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 2012; 86:3626-34. [PMID: 22258257 PMCID: PMC3302534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06264-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus family and the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. To determine the utility of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) as a nonhuman primate model to evaluate VZV-based simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) vaccines, we experimentally inoculated 10 animals with the parental Oka (Oka-P) strain of VZV derived from MeWo or Telo-RF cells. VZV DNA could be detected in the lungs as late as 4 days postinfection, with replicating virus detected by shell vial culture assay in one case. Infection did not result in any overt clinical symptoms but was characterized by humoral and cell-mediated immunity in a time frame and at a magnitude similar to those observed following VZV vaccination in humans. The cell line source of VZV inoculum influenced both the magnitude and polyfunctionality of cell-mediated immunity. Animals mounted a vigorous anamnestic antibody response following a second inoculation 12 weeks later. Inoculations resulted in transient increases in CD4(+) T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as a sustained increase in CD4(+) T cells coexpressing CCR5 and α4β7 integrin. In contrast to previous failed attempts to successfully utilize attenuated VZV-Oka as an SIV vaccine vector in rhesus macaques due to suboptimal infectivity and cellular immunogenicity, the ability to infect cynomolgus macaques with Oka-P VZV should provide a valuable tool for evaluating VZV-vectored SIV/HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Willer
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aruna P. N. Ambagala
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Pilon
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline K. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Fournier
- Scientific Services Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Brooks
- National Laboratory for HIV Genetics, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly S. MacDonald
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Sharp ER, Willberg CB, Kuebler PJ, Abadi J, Fennelly GJ, Dobroszycki J, Wiznia AA, Rosenberg MG, Nixon DF. Association of differentiation state of CD4+ T cells and disease progression in HIV-1 perinatally infected children. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29154. [PMID: 22247768 PMCID: PMC3256156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the USA, most HIV-1 infected children are on antiretroviral drug regimens, with many individuals surviving through adolescence and into adulthood. The course of HIV-1 infection in these children is variable, and understudied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined whether qualitative differences in immune cell subsets could explain a slower disease course in long term survivors with no evidence of immune suppression (LTS-NS; CD4%≥25%) compared to those with severe immune suppression (LTS-SS; CD4%≤15%). Subjects in the LTS-NS group had significantly higher frequencies of naïve (CCR7+CD45RA+) and central memory (CCR7+CD45RA-) CD4+ T cells compared to LTS-SS subjects (p = 0.0005 and <0.0001, respectively). Subjects in the rapid progressing group had significantly higher levels of CD4+ T(EMRA) (CCR7-CD45RA+) cells compared to slow progressing subjects (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Rapid disease progression in vertical infection is associated with significantly higher levels of CD4+ T(EMRA) (CCR7-CD45RA+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Sharp
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christian B. Willberg
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Kuebler
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob Abadi
- Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Andrew A. Wiznia
- Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Klasse PJ, Sanders RW, Cerutti A, Moore JP. How can HIV-type-1-Env immunogenicity be improved to facilitate antibody-based vaccine development? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1-15. [PMID: 21495876 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
No vaccine candidate has induced antibodies (Abs) that efficiently neutralize multiple primary isolates of HIV-1. Preexisting high titers of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are essential, because the virus establishes infection before anamnestic responses could take effect. HIV-1 infection elicits Abs against Env, Gag, and other viral proteins, but of these only a subset of the anti-Env Abs can neutralize the virus. Whereas the corresponding proteins from other viruses form the basis of successful vaccines, multiple large doses of HIV-1 Env elicit low, transient titers of Abs that are not protective in humans. The inaccessibility of neutralization epitopes hinders NAb induction, but Env may also subvert the immune response by interacting with receptors on T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Here, we discuss evidence from immunizations of different species with various modified Env constructs. We also suggest how the divergent Ab responses to Gag and Env during infection may reflect differences in B cell regulation. Drawing on these analyses, we outline strategies for improving Env as a component of a vaccine aimed at inducing strong and sustained NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Palermo RE, Fuller DH. 'Omics investigations of HIV and SIV pathogenesis and innate immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 363:87-116. [PMID: 22923094 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 30 years since the advent of the AIDS epidemic, the biomedical community has put forward a battery of molecular therapies that are based on the accumulated knowledge of a limited number of viral targets. Despite these accomplishments, the community still confronts unanswered foundational questions about HIV infection. What are the cellular or biomolecular processes behind HIV pathogenesis? Can we elucidate the characteristics that distinguish those individuals who are naturally resistant to either infection or disease progression? The discovery of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the ensuing development of in vivo, nonhuman primate (NHP) infection models was a tremendous advance, especially in abetting the exploration of vaccine strategies. And while there have been numerous NHP infection models and vaccine trials performed, fundamental questions remain regarding host-virus interactions and immune correlates of protection. These issues are, perhaps, most starkly illustrated with the appreciation that many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with strains of SIV that do not cause any appreciable disease while replicating to viral loads that match or exceed those seen with pathogenic SIV infections in Asian species of nonhuman primates. The last decade has seen the establishment of high-throughput molecular profiling tools, such as microarrays for transcriptomics, SNP arrays for genome features, and LC-MS techniques for proteins or metabolites. These provide the capacity to interrogate a biological model at a comprehensive, systems level, in contrast to historical approaches that characterized a few genes or proteins in an experiment. These methods have already had revolutionary impacts in understanding human diseases originating within the host genome such as genetic disorders and cancer, and the methods are finding increasing application in the context of infectious disease. We will provide a review of the use of such 'omics investigations as applied to understanding of HIV pathogenesis and innate immunity, drawing from our own research as well as the literature examples that utilized in vitro cell-based models or studies in nonhuman primates. We will also discuss the potential for systems biology to help guide strategies for HIV vaccines that offer significant protection by either preventing acquisition or strongly suppressing viral replication levels post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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A duck enteritis virus-vectored bivalent live vaccine provides fast and complete protection against H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in ducks. J Virol 2011; 85:10989-98. [PMID: 21865383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05420-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ducks play an important role in the maintenance of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in nature, and the successful control of AIVs in ducks has important implications for the eradication of the disease in poultry and its prevention in humans. The inactivated influenza vaccine is expensive, labor-intensive, and usually needs 2 to 3 weeks to induce protective immunity in ducks. Live attenuated duck enteritis virus (DEV; a herpesvirus) vaccine is used routinely to control lethal DEV infections in many duck-producing areas. Here, we first established a system to generate the DEV vaccine strain by using the transfection of overlapping fosmid DNAs. Using this system, we constructed two recombinant viruses, rDEV-ul41HA and rDEV-us78HA, in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H5N1 virus A/duck/Anhui/1/06 was inserted and stably maintained within the ul41 gene or between the us7 and us8 genes of the DEV genome. Duck studies indicated that rDEV-us78HA had protective efficacy similar to that of the live DEV vaccine against lethal DEV challenge; importantly, a single dose of 10(6) PFU of rDEV-us78HA induced complete protection against a lethal H5N1 virus challenge in as little as 3 days postvaccination. The protective efficacy against both lethal DEV and H5N1 challenge provided by rDEV-ul41HA inoculation in ducks was slightly weaker than that provided by rDEV-us78HA. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that recombinant DEV is suitable for use as a bivalent live attenuated vaccine, providing rapid protection against both DEV and H5N1 virus infection in ducks.
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Katsikis PD, Mueller YM, Villinger F. The cytokine network of acute HIV infection: a promising target for vaccines and therapy to reduce viral set-point? PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002055. [PMID: 21852945 PMCID: PMC3154847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including HIV infection. However, the role of the cytokine network in early HIV infection is only now starting to be elucidated. A number of studies conducted in recent years have indicated that cytokines of the acute/early stages of HIV and SIV infection can impact viral set-point months later, and this is of critical importance since viral set-point during chronic HIV infection affects virus transmission and disease progression. This raises the question whether modulating the cytokine environment during acute/early HIV infection can be a target for novel approaches to develop a vaccine and therapeutics. In this review we focus on the kinetics and function of cytokines during acute HIV and SIV infection and how these may impact viral set-point. We also discuss unresolved questions that are essential for our understanding of the role of acute infection cytokines in HIV infection and that, if answered, may suggest novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies to control the worldwide HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - François Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the role of HIV-specific CD4 T cells in viral control and highlight recent progress in the field. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific CD4 T cells show higher functional avidity in elite controllers than in patients with progressive infection. There is an attrition of the HIV-specific CD4 T-cell population in the digestive mucosa of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients that contrasts with robust responses in individuals with spontaneous viral control. Secretion of the cytokine IL-21, by HIV-specific CD4 T cells, is associated with disease control and enhances the capacity of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to suppress viral replication. Studies of the PD-1, IL-10, and Tim-3 pathways provided insight into mechanisms of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell exhaustion and new evidence that manipulation of these networks may restore immune functions. Robust, polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses can be elicited with novel HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines. SUMMARY These observations show that HIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses are different in elite controllers and individuals with progressive disease. Evidence suggests that HIV-specific CD4 T cells will be an important component of an effective HIV vaccine and significant efforts need to be made to further our understanding of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell functions in different body compartments.
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