1
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Ghasemi DR, Okonechnikov K, Rademacher A, Tirier S, Maass KK, Schumacher H, Joshi P, Gold MP, Sundheimer J, Statz B, Rifaioglu AS, Bauer K, Schumacher S, Bortolomeazzi M, Giangaspero F, Ernst KJ, Clifford SC, Saez-Rodriguez J, Jones DTW, Kawauchi D, Fraenkel E, Mallm JP, Rippe K, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW. Compartments in medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity are connected through differentiation along the granular precursor lineage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:269. [PMID: 38191550 PMCID: PMC10774372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas with extensive nodularity are cerebellar tumors characterized by two distinct compartments and variable disease progression. The mechanisms governing the balance between proliferation and differentiation in MBEN remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a multi-modal single cell transcriptome analysis to dissect this process. In the internodular compartment, we identify proliferating cerebellar granular neuronal precursor-like malignant cells, along with stromal, vascular, and immune cells. In contrast, the nodular compartment comprises postmitotic, neuronally differentiated malignant cells. Both compartments are connected through an intermediate cell stage resembling actively migrating CGNPs. Notably, we also discover astrocytic-like malignant cells, found in proximity to migrating and differentiated cells at the transition zone between the two compartments. Our study sheds light on the spatial tissue organization and its link to the developmental trajectory, resulting in a more benign tumor phenotype. This integrative approach holds promise to explore intercompartmental interactions in other cancers with varying histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Ghasemi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Rademacher
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Tirier
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Resolve BioSciences GmbH, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Kendra K Maass
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Schumacher
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Sundheimer
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Statz
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmet S Rifaioglu
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, İskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Katharina Bauer
- Single-cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumacher
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Kati J Ernst
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven C Clifford
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan-Philipp Mallm
- Single-cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Gold MP, Ong W, Masteller AM, Ghasemi DR, Galindo JA, Park NR, Huynh NC, Donde A, Pister V, Saurez RA, Vladoiu MC, Hwang GH, Eisemann T, Donovan LK, Walker AD, Benetatos J, Dufour C, Garzia L, Segal RA, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Mesirov JP, Korshunov A, Pajtler KW, Pomeroy SL, Ayrault O, Davidson SM, Cotter JA, Taylor MD, Fraenkel E. Developmental basis of SHH medulloblastoma heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:270. [PMID: 38191555 PMCID: PMC10774283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many genes that drive normal cellular development also contribute to oncogenesis. Medulloblastoma (MB) tumors likely arise from neuronal progenitors in the cerebellum, and we hypothesized that the heterogeneity observed in MBs with sonic hedgehog (SHH) activation could be due to differences in developmental pathways. To investigate this question, here we perform single-nucleus RNA sequencing on highly differentiated SHH MBs with extensively nodular histology and observed malignant cells resembling each stage of canonical granule neuron development. Through innovative computational approaches, we connect these results to published datasets and find that some established molecular subtypes of SHH MB appear arrested at different developmental stages. Additionally, using multiplexed proteomic imaging and MALDI imaging mass spectrometry, we identify distinct histological and metabolic profiles for highly differentiated tumors. Our approaches are applicable to understanding the interplay between heterogeneity and differentiation in other cancers and can provide important insights for the design of targeted therapies.
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Grants
- R35 NS122339 NINDS NIH HHS
- U01 CA253547 NCI NIH HHS
- U24 CA220341 NCI NIH HHS
- R01 NS089076 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 CA255369 NCI NIH HHS
- P50 HD105351 NICHD NIH HHS
- R01 NS106155 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 CA159859 NCI NIH HHS
- P30 CA014089 NCI NIH HHS
- U01 CA184898 NCI NIH HHS
- EIF | Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C)
- The Pediatric Brain Tumour Foundation, The Terry Fox Research Institute, The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, The Cure Search Foundation, Matthew Larson Foundation (IronMatt), b.r.a.i.n.child, Meagan’s Walk, SWIFTY Foundation, The Brain Tumour Charity, Genome Canada, Genome BC, Genome Quebec, the Ontario Research Fund, Worldwide Cancer Research, V-Foundation for Cancer Research, and the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research through funding provided by the Government of Ontario, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute Impact grant, a Cancer Research UK Brain Tumour Award, and the Garron Family Chair in Childhood Cancer Research at the Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto. We also thank Yoon-Jae Cho, John Michaels, Koei Chin, Joe Gray, Connie New, and Ali Abdullatif for their help with the manuscript. Additionally, we appreciate support from the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Pathology Core (P30CA014089), the Pediatric Research Biorepository at CHLA, and the Histology Core at the Koch Institute at MIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Winnie Ong
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Masteller
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Ghasemi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Anne Galindo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noel R Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nhan C Huynh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aneesh Donde
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veronika Pister
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raul A Saurez
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace H Hwang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanja Eisemann
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura K Donovan
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam D Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Benetatos
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Child and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- MUHC Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Hematology-Oncology Section, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics - Hematology/Oncology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling and Neuronal Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315186. [PMID: 36499512 PMCID: PMC9740965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides protein processing, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has several other functions such as lipid synthesis, the transfer of molecules to other cellular compartments, and the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. Before leaving the organelle, proteins must be folded and post-translationally modified. Protein folding and revision require molecular chaperones and a favorable ER environment. When in stressful situations, ER luminal conditions or chaperone capacity are altered, and the cell activates signaling cascades to restore a favorable folding environment triggering the so-called unfolded protein response (UPR) that can lead to autophagy to preserve cell integrity. However, when the UPR is disrupted or insufficient, cell death occurs. This review examines the links between UPR signaling, cell-protective responses, and death following ER stress with a particular focus on those mechanisms that operate in neurons.
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4
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Transcriptome programs involved in the development and structure of the cerebellum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6431-6451. [PMID: 34406416 PMCID: PMC8558292 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, mounting evidence has modified the classical view of the cerebellum as a brain region specifically involved in the modulation of motor functions. Indeed, clinical studies and engineered mouse models have highlighted cerebellar circuits implicated in cognitive functions and behavior. Furthermore, it is now clear that insults occurring in specific time windows of cerebellar development can affect cognitive performance later in life and are associated with neurological syndromes, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. Despite its almost homogenous cytoarchitecture, how cerebellar circuits form and function is not completely elucidated yet. Notably, the apparently simple neuronal organization of the cerebellum, in which Purkinje cells represent the only output, hides an elevated functional diversity even within the same neuronal population. Such complexity is the result of the integration of intrinsic morphogenetic programs and extracellular cues from the surrounding environment, which impact on the regulation of the transcriptome of cerebellar neurons. In this review, we briefly summarize key features of the development and structure of the cerebellum before focusing on the pathways involved in the acquisition of the cerebellar neuron identity. We focus on gene expression and mRNA processing programs, including mRNA methylation, trafficking and splicing, that are set in motion during cerebellar development and participate to its physiology. These programs are likely to add new layers of complexity and versatility that are fundamental for the adaptability of cerebellar neurons.
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Sundelacruz S, Moody AT, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Membrane Potential Depolarization Alters Calcium Flux and Phosphate Signaling During Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bioelectricity 2019; 1:56-66. [PMID: 32292891 PMCID: PMC6524654 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2018.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Membrane potential (Vmem) changes accompany important events in embryonic development and organ regeneration. Recent studies have pointed to its function as a potent regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and tissue regeneration. We have previously reported that Vmem depolarization and hyperpolarization control the osteogenic (OS) differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Materials and Methods: In this study, we sought to understand the mechanism(s) underlying voltage regulation of hMSC differentiation. We investigated the role of calcium and phosphate ion flux in the depolarization response of OS-differentiating hMSCs, as these ions are the two major inorganic components of the bone mineral matrix and are indicative of mature osteoblast function. Results: Our results suggest that inorganic phosphate levels play a larger role than calcium flux in mediating hMSC response to depolarization and that the expression of stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), a protein that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in osteoblasts, is functionally required for the depolarization response during the early stages of differentiation. Conclusion: Depolarization alters hMSC differentiation through a phosphate signaling pathway involving STC1. This study enriches our mechanistic understanding of hMSC response to endogenous voltage cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sundelacruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Thurber Moody
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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Yao JJ, Zhao QR, Lu JM, Mei YA. Functions and the related signaling pathways of the neurotrophic factor neuritin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1414-1420. [PMID: 29595190 PMCID: PMC6289377 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritin is a member of the neurotrophic factor family, which is activated by neural activity and neurotrophins, and promotes neurite growth and branching. It has shown to play an important role in neuronal plasticity and regeneration. It is also involved in other biological processes such as angiogenesis, tumorigenesis and immunomodulation. Thus far, however, the primary mechanisms of neuritin, including whether or not it acts through a receptor or which downstream signals might be activated following binding, are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that neuritin may be a potential therapeutic target in several neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the recent advances in studies regarding the newly identified functions of neuritin and the signaling pathways related to these functions. We also discuss current hot topics and difficulties in neuritin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Yao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qian-Ru Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun-Mei Lu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan-Ai Mei
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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7
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Zhao QR, Lu JM, Li ZY, Mei YA. Neuritin promotes neurite and spine growth in rat cerebellar granule cells via L-type calcium channel-mediated calcium influx. J Neurochem 2018; 147:40-57. [PMID: 29920676 PMCID: PMC6220818 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuritin is a neurotrophic factor that is activated by neural activity and neurotrophins. Its major function is to promote neurite growth and branching; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To address this issue, this study investigated the effects of neuritin on neurite and spine growth and intracellular Ca2+ concentration in rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Incubation of CGNs for 24 h with neuritin increased neurite length and spine density; this effect was mimicked by insulin and abolished by inhibiting insulin receptor (IR) or mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Calcium imaging and western blot analysis revealed that neuritin enhanced the increase in intracellular Ca2+ level induced by high K+, and stimulated the cell surface expression of CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 α subunits of the L‐type calcium channel, which was suppressed by inhibition of IR or mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase/ERK. Treatment with inhibitors of L‐type calcium channels, calmodulin, and calcineurin (CaN) abrogated the effects of neuritin on neurite length and spine density. A similar result was obtained by silencing nuclear factor of activated T cells c4, which is known to be activated by neuritin in CGNs. These results indicate that IR and ERK signaling as well as the Ca2+/CaN/nuclear factor of activated T cells c4 axis mediate the effects of neuritin on neurite and spine growth in CGNs. Open Practices
Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ ![]()
Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Mei Lu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Li
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ai Mei
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ding B, Dobner PR, Mullikin-Kilpatrick D, Wang W, Zhu H, Chow CW, Cave JW, Gronostajski RM, Kilpatrick DL. BDNF activates an NFI-dependent neurodevelopmental timing program by sequestering NFATc4. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:975-987. [PMID: 29467254 PMCID: PMC5896935 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that BDNF regulates the timing of neurodevelopment via a novel mechanism of extranuclear sequestration of NFATc4 in Golgi. This leads to accelerated derepression of an NFI temporal occupancy gene program in cerebellar granule cells that includes Bdnf itself, revealing an autoregulatory loop within the program driven by BDNF and NFATc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324
| | - Paul R. Dobner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324
| | - Debra Mullikin-Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - John W. Cave
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Neuroscience and Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Daniel L. Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324
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9
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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10
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Yao JJ, Zhao QR, Liu DD, Chow CW, Mei YA. Neuritin Up-regulates Kv4.2 α-Subunit of Potassium Channel Expression and Affects Neuronal Excitability by Regulating the Calcium-Calcineurin-NFATc4 Signaling Pathway. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17369-81. [PMID: 27307045 PMCID: PMC5016134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritin is an important neurotrophin that regulates neural development, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival. Elucidating the downstream molecular signaling is important for potential therapeutic applications of neuritin in neuronal dysfunctions. We previously showed that neuritin up-regulates transient potassium outward current (IA) subunit Kv4.2 expression and increases IA densities, in part by activating the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Molecular mechanisms of neuritin-induced Kv4.2 expression remain elusive. Here, we report that the Ca(2+)/calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) c4 axis is required for neuritin-induced Kv4.2 transcriptional expression and potentiation of IA densities in cerebellum granule neurons. We found that neuritin elevates intracellular Ca(2+) and increases Kv4.2 expression and IA densities; this effect was sensitive to CaN inhibition and was eliminated in Nfatc4(-/-) mice but not in Nfatc2(-/-) mice. Stimulation with neuritin significantly increased nuclear accumulation of NFATc4 in cerebellum granule cells and HeLa cells, which expressed IR. Furthermore, NFATc4 was recruited to the Kv4.2 gene promoter loci detected by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. More importantly, data obtained from cortical neurons following adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of neuritin indicated that reduced neuronal excitability and increased formation of dendritic spines were abrogated in the Nfatc4(-/-) mice. Together, these data demonstrate an indispensable role for the CaN/NFATc4 signaling pathway in neuritin-regulated neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Yao
- From the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and
| | - Qian-Ru Zhao
- From the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and
| | - Dong-Dong Liu
- From the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - Yan-Ai Mei
- From the Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and
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11
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Okazawa M, Abe H, Nakanishi S. The Etv1 transcription factor activity-dependently downregulates a set of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation in maturing cerebellar granule cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1071-1077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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GDF-15 enhances intracellular Ca2+ by increasing Cav1.3 expression in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem J 2016; 473:1895-904. [PMID: 27114559 PMCID: PMC4925162 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GDF-15 (growth/differentiation factor 15) is a novel member of the TGF (transforming growth factor)-β superfamily that has critical roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We reported previously that GDF-15 increased delayed rectifier outward K+ currents and Kv2.1 α subunit expression through TβRII (TGF-β receptor II) to activate Src kinase and Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling in rat CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons). In the present study, we found that treatment of CGNs with GDF-15 for 24 h increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to membrane depolarization, as determined by Ca2+ imaging. Whole-cell current recordings indicated that GDF-15 increased the inward Ca2+ current (ICa) without altering steady-state activation of Ca2+ channels. Treatment with nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+ channels, abrogated GDF-15-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and ICa. The GDF-15-induced increase in ICa was mediated via up-regulation of the Cav1.3 α subunit, which was attenuated by inhibiting Akt/mTOR and ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathways and by pharmacological inhibition of Src-mediated TβRII phosphorylation. Given that Cav1.3 is not only a channel for Ca2+ influx, but also a transcriptional regulator, our data confirm that GDF-15 induces protein expression via TβRII and activation of a non-Smad pathway, and provide novel insight into the mechanism of GDF-15 function in neurons.
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13
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Ding B, Cave JW, Dobner PR, Mullikin-Kilpatrick D, Bartzokis M, Zhu H, Chow CW, Gronostajski RM, Kilpatrick DL. Reciprocal autoregulation by NFI occupancy and ETV1 promotes the developmental expression of dendrite-synapse genes in cerebellar granule neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1488-99. [PMID: 26941328 PMCID: PMC4850036 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control of dendritogenesis is poorly understood. Mutual feedback between NFIA temporal occupancy and ETV1 drives the timing of gene expression associated with dendrite formation in maturing neurons. A sequential timing model is proposed in which ETV1 autoregulation precedes activation of downstream NFIA/ETV1 coregulated genes. Nuclear Factor One (NFI) transcription factors regulate temporal gene expression required for dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis via delayed occupancy of target promoters in developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Mechanisms that promote NFI temporal occupancy have not been previously defined. We show here that the transcription factor ETV1 directly binds to and is required for expression and NFI occupancy of a cohort of NFI-dependent genes in CGNs maturing in vivo. Expression of ETV1 is low in early postnatal cerebellum and increases with maturation, mirroring NFI temporal occupancy of coregulated target genes. Precocious expression of ETV1 in mouse CGNs accelerated onset of expression and NFI temporal occupancy of late target genes and enhanced Map2(+) neurite outgrowth. ETV1 also activated expression and NFI occupancy of the Etv1 gene itself, and this autoregulatory loop preceded ETV1 binding and activation of other coregulated target genes in vivo. These findings suggest a potential model in which ETV1 activates NFI temporal binding to a subset of late-expressed genes in a stepwise manner by initial positive feedback regulation of the Etv1 gene itself followed by activation of downstream coregulated targets as ETV1 expression increases. Sequential transcription factor autoregulation and subsequent binding to downstream promoters may provide an intrinsic developmental timer for dendrite/synapse gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - John W Cave
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605 Weill Cornell Medical College, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul R Dobner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Debra Mullikin-Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Marina Bartzokis
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Neuroscience and Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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14
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Ma SH, Zhuang QX, Shen WX, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Interleukin-6 reduces NMDAR-mediated cytosolic Ca²⁺ overload and neuronal death via JAK/CaN signaling. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:286-95. [PMID: 26104917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca(2+) overload induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is one of the major causes for neuronal cell death during cerebral ischemic insult and neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have reported that the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) reduces NMDA-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) overload by inhibiting both L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-VGCC) activity and intracellular Ca(2+) store release in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Here we aimed to show that NMDA-gated receptor channels (i.e., NMDA receptors, NMDARs) are an inhibitory target of IL-6 via a mediation of calcineurin (CaN) signaling. As expected, IL-6 decreased NMDAR-mediated cytosolic Ca(2+) overload and inward current in cultured CGNs. The NMDAR subunits, NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C, were expressed in CGNs. Blocking either of NR2A, NR2B and NR2C with respective antagonist reduced NMDA-induced extracellular Ca(2+) influx and neuronal death. Importantly, the reduced percentages in extracellular Ca(2+) influx and neuronal death by either NR2B or NR2C antagonist were weaker in the presence of IL-6 than in the absence of IL-6, while the reduced percentage by NR2A antagonist was not significantly different between the presence and the absence of IL-6. AG490, an inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK), abolished IL-6 protection against extracellular Ca(2+) influx, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, neuronal death, and CaN activity impairment induced by NMDA. The CaN inhibitor FK506 reduced these IL-6 neuroprotective properties. Collectively, these results suggest that IL-6 exerts neuroprotection by inhibiting activities of the NMDAR subunits NR2B and NR2C (but not NR2A) via the intermediation of JAK/CaN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hua Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Qian-Xing Zhuang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Mailbox 426, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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15
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Oyanagi K, Negishi T, Tashiro T. Action of thyroxine on the survival and neurite maintenance of cerebellar granule neurons in culture. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:592-603. [PMID: 25447738 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental hypothyroidism causes severe impairments in the cerebellum. To understand the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in cerebellar development, we examined the effect of three different THs, thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triidothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3), on the survival and morphology of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in culture and found novel actions specific to T4. Rat CGNs obtained at postnatal day 6 were first cultured for 2 days in serum-containing medium with 25 mM K(+) (K25), then switched to serum-free medium with physiological 5 mM K(+) (K5) or with K25 and cultured for an additional 2 or 4 days. CGNs underwent apoptosis in K5 but survived in K25. Addition of T4 at concentrations of 100-200 nM but not T3 or rT3 rescued CGNs from cell death in K5 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 200 nM T4 was also effective in maintaining the neurites of CGNs in K5. In K5, T4 suppressed tau phosphorylation at two developmentally regulated sites as well as phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) necessary for its activation and localization to axons. These results suggest that, during cerebellar development, T4 exerts its activity in cell survival and neurite maintenance in a manner distinct from the other two thyroid hormones through regulating the activity and localization of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Oyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Scientific Opinion on the developmental neurotoxicity potential of acetamiprid and imidacloprid. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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17
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Irie T, Matsuzaki Y, Sekino Y, Hirai H. Kv3.3 channels harbouring a mutation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 alter excitability and induce cell death in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Physiol 2013; 592:229-47. [PMID: 24218544 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays crucial roles in controlling sensorimotor functions. The neural output from the cerebellar cortex is transmitted solely by Purkinje cells (PCs), whose impairment causes cerebellar ataxia. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13) is an autosomal dominant disease, and SCA13 patients exhibit cerebellar atrophy and cerebellar symptoms. Recent studies have shown that missense mutations in the voltage-gated K(+) channel Kv3.3 are responsible for SCA13. In the rodent brain, Kv3.3 mRNAs are expressed most strongly in PCs, suggesting that the mutations severely affect PCs in SCA13 patients. Nevertheless, how these mutations affect the function of Kv3.3 in PCs and, consequently, the morphology and neuronal excitability of PCs remains unclear. To address these questions, we used lentiviral vectors to express mutant mouse Kv3.3 (mKv3.3) channels harbouring an R424H missense mutation, which corresponds to the R423H mutation in the Kv3.3 channels of SCA13 patients, in mouse cerebellar cultures. The R424H mutant-expressing PCs showed decreased outward current density, broadened action potentials and elevated basal [Ca(2+)]i compared with PCs expressing wild-type mKv3.3 subunits or those expressing green fluorescent protein alone. Moreover, expression of R424H mutant subunits induced impaired dendrite development and cell death selectively in PCs, both of which were rescued by blocking P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels in the culture conditions. We therefore concluded that expression of R424H mutant subunits in PCs markedly affects the function of endogenous Kv3 channels, neuronal excitability and, eventually, basal [Ca(2+)]i, leading to cell death. These results suggest that PCs in SCA13 patients also exhibit similar defects in PC excitability and induced cell death, which may explain the pathology of SCA13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Irie
- T. Irie: Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan. or H. Hirai: Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Shouwa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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18
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Yang M, Brackenbury WJ. Membrane potential and cancer progression. Front Physiol 2013; 4:185. [PMID: 23882223 PMCID: PMC3713347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential (Vm), the voltage across the plasma membrane, arises because of the presence of different ion channels/transporters with specific ion selectivity and permeability. Vm is a key biophysical signal in non-excitable cells, modulating important cellular activities, such as proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, the multiplicities of various ion channels/transporters expressed on different cells are finely tuned in order to regulate the Vm. It is well-established that cancer cells possess distinct bioelectrical properties. Notably, electrophysiological analyses in many cancer cell types have revealed a depolarized Vm that favors cell proliferation. Ion channels/transporters control cell volume and migration, and emerging data also suggest that the level of Vm has functional roles in cancer cell migration. In addition, hyperpolarization is necessary for stem cell differentiation. For example, both osteogenesis and adipogenesis are hindered in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) under depolarizing conditions. Therefore, in the context of cancer, membrane depolarization might be important for the emergence and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), giving rise to sustained tumor growth. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of the Vm as a bioelectrical signal in cancer cells by examining several key types of ion channels that contribute to its regulation. The mechanisms by which Vm regulates cancer cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation will be discussed. In the long term, Vm might be a valuable clinical marker for tumor detection with prognostic value, and could even be artificially modified in order to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
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19
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Temporal regulation of nuclear factor one occupancy by calcineurin/NFAT governs a voltage-sensitive developmental switch in late maturing neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2860-72. [PMID: 23407945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3533-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite and synapse development are critical for establishing appropriate neuronal circuits, and disrupted timing of these events can alter neural connectivity. Using microarrays, we have identified a nuclear factor I (NFI)-regulated temporal switch program linked to dendrite formation in developing mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). NFI function was required for upregulation of many synapse-related genes as well as downregulation of genes expressed in immature CGNs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that a central feature of this program was temporally regulated NFI occupancy of late-expressed gene promoters. Developing CGNs undergo a hyperpolarizing shift in membrane potential, and depolarization inhibits their dendritic and synaptic maturation via activation of calcineurin (CaN) (Okazawa et al., 2009). Maintaining immature CGNs in a depolarized state blocked NFI temporal occupancy of late-expressed genes and the NFI switch program via activation of the CaN/nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic (NFATc) pathway and promotion of late-gene occupancy by NFATc4, and these mechanisms inhibited dendritogenesis. Conversely, inhibition of the CaN/NFATc pathway in CGNs maturing under physiological nondepolarizing conditions upregulated the NFI switch program, NFI temporal occupancy, and dendrite formation. NFATc4 occupied the promoters of late-expressed NFI program genes in immature mouse cerebellum, and its binding was temporally downregulated with development. Further, NFI temporal binding and switch gene expression were upregulated in the developing cerebellum of Nfatc4 (-/-) mice. These findings define a novel NFI switch and temporal occupancy program that forms a critical link between membrane potential/CaN and dendritic maturation in CGNs. CaN inhibits the program and NFI occupancy in immature CGNs by promoting NFATc4 binding to late-expressed genes. As maturing CGNs become more hyperpolarized, NFATc4 binding declines leading to onset of NFI temporal binding and the NFI switch program.
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20
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Basille-Dugay M, Vaudry H, Fournier A, Gonzalez B, Vaudry D. Activation of PAC1 Receptors in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells Stimulates Both Calcium Mobilization from Intracellular Stores and Calcium Influx through N-Type Calcium Channels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:56. [PMID: 23675369 PMCID: PMC3650316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and a high density of PACAP binding sites have been detected in the developing rat cerebellum. In particular, PACAP receptors are actively expressed in immature granule cells, where they activate both adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of PACAP to induce calcium mobilization in cerebellar granule neurons. Administration of PACAP-induced a transient, rapid, and monophasic rise of the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), while vasoactive intestinal peptide was devoid of effect, indicating the involvement of the PAC1 receptor in the Ca(2+) response. Preincubation of granule cells with the Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, or the d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor antagonist, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, markedly reduced the stimulatory effect of PACAP on [Ca(2+)]i. Furthermore, addition of the calcium chelator, EGTA, or exposure of cells to the non-selective Ca(2+) channel blocker, NiCl2, significantly attenuated the PACAP-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increase. Preincubation of granule neurons with the N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, ω-conotoxin GVIA, decreased the PACAP-induced [Ca(2+)]i response, whereas the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, nifedipine, and the P- and Q-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, ω-conotoxin MVIIC, had no effect. Altogether, these findings indicate that PACAP, acting through PAC1 receptors, provokes an increase in [Ca(2+)]i in granule neurons, which is mediated by both mobilization of calcium from IP3-sensitive intracellular stores and activation of N-type Ca(2+) channel. Some of the activities of PACAP on proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation of cerebellar granule cells could thus be mediated, at least in part, through these intracellular and/or extracellular calcium fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Basille-Dugay
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alain Fournier
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand Frappier, University of QuébecLaval, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Gonzalez
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Région INSERM ERI28, Laboratory of Microvascular Endothelium and Neonate Lesions, University of RouenRouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- *Correspondence: David Vaudry, INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen, France. e-mail:
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Abstract
Intracellular calcium dynamics is critical for many functions of cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) including membrane excitability, synaptic plasticity, apoptosis, and regulation of gene transcription. Recent measurements of calcium responses in GrCs to depolarization and synaptic stimulation reveal spatial compartmentalization and heterogeneity within dendrites of these cells. However, the main determinants of local calcium dynamics in GrCs are still poorly understood. One reason is that there have been few published studies of calcium dynamics in intact GrCs in their native environment. In the absence of complete information, biophysically realistic models are useful for testing whether specific Ca(2+) handling mechanisms may account for existing experimental observations. Simulation results can be used to identify critical measurements that would discriminate between different models. In this review, we briefly describe experimental studies and phenomenological models of Ca(2+) signaling in GrC, and then discuss a particular biophysical model, with a special emphasis on an approach for obtaining information regarding the distribution of Ca(2+) handling systems under conditions of incomplete experimental data. Use of this approach suggests that Ca(2+) channels and fixed endogenous Ca(2+) buffers are highly heterogeneously distributed in GrCs. Research avenues for investigating calcium dynamics in GrCs by a combination of experimental and modeling studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena È Saftenku
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, A. A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, 4 Bogomoletz St., Kyiv 01024, Ukraine.
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22
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Sánchez-Cárdenas C, Guerrero A, Treviño CL, Hernández-Cruz A, Darszon A. Acute slices of mice testis seminiferous tubules unveil spontaneous and synchronous Ca2+ oscillations in germ cell clusters. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:92. [PMID: 22914313 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenic cell differentiation involves changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i); however, very few studies exist on [Ca(2+)]i dynamics in these cells. Other tissues display Ca(2+) oscillations involving multicellular functional arrangements. These phenomena have been studied in acute slice preparations that preserve tissue architecture and intercellular communications. Here we report the implementation of intracellular Ca(2+) imaging in a sliced seminiferous tubule (SST) preparation to visualize [Ca(2+)]i changes of living germ cells in situ within the SST preparation. Ca(2+) imaging revealed that a subpopulation of male germ cells display spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i fluctuations resulting from Ca(2+) entry possibly throughout Ca(V)3 channels. These [Ca(2+)]i fluctuation patterns are also present in single acutely dissociated germ cells, but they differ from those recorded from germ cells in the SST preparation. Often, spontaneous Ca(2+) fluctuations of spermatogenic cells in the SST occur synchronously, so that clusters of cells can display Ca(2+) oscillations for at least 10 min. Synchronous Ca(2+) oscillations could be mediated by intercellular communication via gap junctions, although intercellular bridges could also be involved. We also observed an increase in [Ca(2+)]i after testosterone application, suggesting the presence of functional Sertoli cells in the SST. In summary, we believe that the SST preparation is suitable to explore the physiology of spermatogenic cells in their natural environment, within the seminiferous tubules, in particular Ca(2+) signaling phenomena, functional cell-cell communication, and multicellular functional arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sánchez-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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23
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Gene regulation via excitation and BDNF is mediated by induction and phosphorylation of the Etv1 transcription factor in cerebellar granule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8734-9. [PMID: 22586091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206418109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In maturing postnatal cerebellar granule cells, the Etv1/Er81 transcription factor is induced by sequential activity-dependent mechanisms through stimulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors, voltage-dependent Nav1.2 Na(+) channels, and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. Etv1 then up-regulates a battery of maturation genes involved in the cerebellar circuitry. In this process, BDNF is also induced and participates in the up-regulation of these maturation genes. Using cultures of granule cells, we addressed how the activity-dependent and BDNF signaling mechanisms converge on the regulation of the representative NR2C NMDA receptor and Tiam1 maturation genes. BDNF up-regulated both the NR2C and Tiam1 genes via the TrkB-Erk cascade and this up-regulation was blocked not only by inhibition of the activity-dependent signaling mechanisms but also by suppression of Etv1 expression with Etv1 siRNA. Importantly, Etv1 was selectively phosphorylated by Erk1/2 in the BDNF signaling cascade, and the inhibition of this phosphorylation abrogated the BDNF-induced up-regulation of the NR2C and Tiam1 genes. The luciferase reporter assays in combination with mutations of MEK and Etv1 indicated that the Erk-mediated, phosphorylated Etv1 interacted with the Ets motifs of the NR2C promoter sequence and that phosphorylation at both serine 94 and a cluster of threonines and a serine (Thr139, Thr143, and Ser146) of Etv1 was indispensable for the BDNF-mediated activation of the NR2C promoter activity. This study demonstrates that the NR2C and Tiam1 maturation genes are synergistically controlled by the activity-dependent induction of Etv1 and its phosphorylation by the BDNF signaling cascade.
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24
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Zhuang JL, Wang CY, Zhou MH, Duan KZ, Mei YA. TGF-β1 enhances Kv2.1 potassium channel protein expression and promotes maturation of cerebellar granule neurons. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:297-307. [PMID: 21412780 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of cytokines are involved in diverse physiological processes. Although TGF-β is known to play multiple roles in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), its role in neuronal development has not been explored. We have studied the effects of TGF-β1 on the electrophysiological properties and maturation of rat primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We report that incubation with TGF-β1 increased delayed rectifier potassium current (I(K) ) amplitudes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but did not affect the kinetic properties of the channel. Exposure to TGF-β1 (20 ng/ml) for 36 h led to a 37.2% increase in I(K) amplitudes. There was no significant change in mRNA levels for the key Kv2.1 channel protein, but translation blockade abolished the increase in protein levels and channel activity, arguing that TGF-β1 increases I(K) amplitudes by upregulating translation of the Kv2.1 channel protein. Although TGF-β1 treatment did not affect the activity of protein kinase A (PKA), and constitutive activation of PKA with forskolin failed to increase I(K) amplitudes, inhibition of PKA prevented channel upregulation, demonstrating that basal PKA activity is required for TGF-β1 stimulation of I(K) channel activity. TGF-β1 also promoted the expression of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A) ) receptor α6 subunit, a marker of mature CGNs, and calcium influx during depolarizing stimuli was reduced by TGF-β1. The effects of TGF-β1 were only observed during a narrow developmental time-window, and were lost as CGNs matured. These findings suggest that TGF-β1 upregulates K(+) channel expression and I(K) currents and thereby promotes CGN maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Zhuang
- Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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de la Torre-Ubieta L, Bonni A. Transcriptional regulation of neuronal polarity and morphogenesis in the mammalian brain. Neuron 2011; 72:22-40. [PMID: 21982366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly specialized morphology of a neuron, typically consisting of a long axon and multiple branching dendrites, lies at the core of the principle of dynamic polarization, whereby information flows from dendrites toward the soma and to the axon. For more than a century, neuroscientists have been fascinated by how shape is important for neuronal function and how neurons acquire their characteristic morphology. During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of neuronal polarity and morphogenesis. In these studies, transcription factors have emerged as key players governing multiple aspects of neuronal morphogenesis from neuronal polarization and migration to axon growth and pathfinding to dendrite growth and branching to synaptogenesis. In this review, we will highlight the role of transcription factors in shaping neuronal morphology with emphasis on recent literature in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Gruol DL, Puro A, Hao C, Blakely P, Janneke E, Vo K. Neuroadaptive changes in cerebellar neurons induced by chronic exposure to IL-6. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 239:28-36. [PMID: 21890220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 is an important signaling molecule in the CNS. CNS neurons express IL-6 receptors and their signal transduction molecules, consistent with a role for IL-6 in neuronal physiology. Research indicates that IL-6 levels are low in the normal brain but can be significantly elevated in CNS injury and disease. Relatively little is known about how the elevated levels of IL-6 affect neurons. In the current study we show that under conditions of chronic exposure, IL-6 induces alterations in the level of protein expression in developing CNS cells. Such changes may play a role in the altered CNS function observed in CNS conditions associated with elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Gruol
- Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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The Etv1/Er81 transcription factor orchestrates activity-dependent gene regulation in the terminal maturation program of cerebellar granule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12497-502. [PMID: 21746923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109940108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal period, cerebellar granule cells express a set of the maturation gene battery in an activity-dependent manner and establish synaptic function in the cerebellar circuitry. Using primary cultures combined with specific inhibition of signaling cascades, the present investigation revealed that the expression of the maturation genes, including the NMDA glutamate receptor NR2C and GABA(A) receptor GABA(A)Rα6 genes, is controlled by strikingly unified signaling mechanisms that operate sequentially through stimulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors, Na(+) channels [voltage-gated Na channel type II (Nav1.2)], and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. This signaling then induces the Ets variant gene 1 (Etv1/Er81) transcription factor of the ETS family in an activity-dependent manner. Consistent with the culture study, the ChIP assay indicated that Etv1 up-regulates the maturation genes in a developmentally regulated manner. This activation, as revealed by the luciferase assay, occurrs by interacting with the Etv1-interacting motifs present in the promoter region. Importantly, in vivo knockdown of Etv1 by DNA electroporation in the developing cerebellum prevents the up-regulation of the maturation genes but has no effects on preceding developmental processes occurring in the granule cells. Etv1 thus orchestrates the activity-dependent gene regulation in the terminal maturation program and specifies the identity of cerebellar granule cells.
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28
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Kouchi Z, Igarashi T, Shibayama N, Inanobe S, Sakurai K, Yamaguchi H, Fukuda T, Yanagi S, Nakamura Y, Fukami K. Phospholipase Cdelta3 regulates RhoA/Rho kinase signaling and neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8459-8471. [PMID: 21187285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase Cδ3 (PLCδ3) is a key enzyme regulating phosphoinositide metabolism; however, its physiological function remains unknown. Because PLCδ3 is highly enriched in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, we examined the role of PLCδ3 in neuronal migration and outgrowth. PLCδ3 knockdown (KD) inhibits neurite formation of cerebellar granule cells, and application of PLCδ3KD using in utero electroporation in the developing brain results in the retardation of the radial migration of neurons in the cerebral cortex. In addition, PLCδ3KD inhibits axon and dendrite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons. PLCδ3KD also suppresses neurite formation of Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells induced by serum withdrawal or treatment with retinoic acid. This inhibition is released by the reintroduction of wild-type PLCδ3. Interestingly, the H393A mutant lacking phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolyzing activity generates supernumerary protrusions, and a constitutively active mutant promotes extensive neurite outgrowth, indicating that PLC activity is important for normal neurite outgrowth. The introduction of dominant negative RhoA (RhoA-DN) or treatment with Y-27632, a Rho kinase-specific inhibitor, rescues the neurite extension in PLCδ3KD Neuro2a cells. Similar effects were also detected in primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, the RhoA expression level was significantly decreased by serum withdrawal or retinoic acid in control cells, although this decrease was not observed in PLCδ3KD cells. We also found that exogenous expression of PLCδ3 down-regulated RhoA protein, and constitutively active PLCδ3 promotes the RhoA down-regulation more significantly than PLCδ3 upon differentiation. These results indicate that PLCδ3 negatively regulates RhoA expression, inhibits RhoA/Rho kinase signaling, and thereby promotes neurite extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zen Kouchi
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Takahiro Igarashi
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Nami Shibayama
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Shunichi Inanobe
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki Sakurai
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Hideki Yamaguchi
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo,; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, and
| | - Toshifumi Fukuda
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- From the Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo,.
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van Vliet P, de Boer TP, van der Heyden MAG, El Tamer MK, Sluijter JPG, Doevendans PA, Goumans MJ. Hyperpolarization Induces Differentiation in Human Cardiomyocyte Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:178-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Lossi L, Gambino G, Ferrini F, Alasia S, Merighi A. Posttranslational regulation of BCL2 levels in cerebellar granule cells: A mechanism of neuronal survival. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:855-70. [PMID: 19672954 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be modulated by K(+) and Ca(2+) inside the cell and/or in the extracellular milieu. In murine organotypic cultures, membrane potential-regulated Ca(2+) signaling through calcineurin phosphatase has a pivotal role in development and maturation of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). P8 cultures were used to analyze the levels of expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein, and, after particle-mediated gene transfer in CGCs, to study the posttranslational modifications of BCL2 fused to a fluorescent tag in response to a perturbation of K(+)/Ca(2+) homeostasis. There are no changes in Bcl2 mRNA after real time PCR, whereas the levels of the fusion protein (monitored by calculating the density of transfected CGCs under the fluorescence microscope) and of BCL2 (inWestern blotting) are increased. After using a series of agonists/antagonists for ion channels at the cell membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and drugs affecting protein synthesis/degradation, accumulation of BCL2 was related to a reduction in posttranslational cleavage by macroautophagy. The ER functionally links the [K(+)](e) and [Ca(2+)](i) to the BCL2 content in CGCs along two different pathways. The first, triggered by elevated [K(+)](e) under conditions of immaturity, is independent of extracellular Ca(2+) and operates via IP3 channels. The second leads to influx of extracellular Ca(2+) following activation of ryanodine channels in the presence of physiological [K(+)](e), when CGCs are maintained in mature status. This study identifies novel mechanisms of neuroprotection in immature and mature CGCs involving the posttranslational regulation of BCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lossi
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy.
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31
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Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Role of membrane potential in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:231-46. [PMID: 19562527 PMCID: PMC10467564 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical signaling, an integral regulator of long-term cell behavior in both excitable and non-excitable cell types, offers enormous potential for modulation of important cell functions. Of particular interest to current regenerative medicine efforts, we review several examples that support the functional role of transmembrane potential (V(mem)) in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, distinct V(mem) controls are found in many cancer cell and precursor cell systems, which are known for their proliferative and differentiation capacities, respectively. Collectively, the data demonstrate that bioelectric properties can serve as markers for cell characterization and can control cell mitotic activity, cell cycle progression, and differentiation. The ability to control cell functions by modulating bioelectric properties such as V(mem) would be an invaluable tool for directing stem cell behavior toward therapeutic goals. Biophysical properties of stem cells have only recently begun to be studied and are thus in need of further characterization. Understanding the molecular and mechanistic basis of biophysical regulation will point the way toward novel ways to rationally direct cell functions, allowing us to capitalize upon the potential of biophysical signaling for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sundelacruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
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32
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Activity-dependent repression of Cbln1 expression: mechanism for developmental and homeostatic regulation of synapses in the cerebellum. J Neurosci 2009; 29:5425-34. [PMID: 19403810 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4473-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cbln1, which belongs to the C1q/tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is released from cerebellar granule cells and plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining excitatory synapses between parallel fibers (PFs; axons of granule cells) and Purkinje cells not only during development but also in the adult cerebellum. Although neuronal activity is known to cause morphological changes at synapses, how Cbln1 signaling is affected by neuronal activity remains unclear. Here, we show that chronic stimulation of neuronal activity by elevating extracellular K(+) levels or by adding kainate decreased the expression of cbln1 mRNA within several hours in mature granule cells in a manner dependent on L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels and calcineurin. Chronic activity also reduced Cbln1 protein levels within a few days, during which time the number of excitatory synapses on Purkinje cell dendrites was reduced; this activity-induced reduction of synapses was prevented by the addition of exogenous Cbln1 to the culture medium. Therefore, the activity-dependent downregulation of cbln1 may serve as a new presynaptic mechanism by which PF-Purkinje cell synapses adapt to chronically elevated activity, thereby maintaining homeostasis. In addition, the expression of cbln1 mRNA was prevented when immature granule cells were maintained in high-K(+) medium. Since immature granule cells are chronically depolarized before migrating to the internal granule layer, this depolarization-dependent regulation of cbln1 mRNA expression may also serve as a developmental switch to facilitate PF synapse formation in mature granule cells in the internal granule layer.
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Role of calcineurin signaling in membrane potential-regulated maturation of cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci 2009; 29:2938-47. [PMID: 19261889 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5932-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
At the early postnatal period, cerebellar granule cells proliferate, differentiate, migrate, and finally form refined synaptic connections with mossy fibers. During this period, the resting membrane potential of immature granule cells is relatively depolarized, but it becomes hyperpolarized in mature cells. This investigation was conducted to examine the role of this alteration in membrane potential and its downstream signaling mechanism in development and maturation of granule cells. Experiments were designed to precisely characterize the ontogenic processes of developing granule cells by combining organotypic cerebellar cultures with the specific expression of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) in granule cells by use of DNA transfection. Multiple approaches using morphology, electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that granule cells developed and matured at the physiological KCl concentration in organotypic cultures in a temporally regulated manner. We addressed how persistent membrane depolarization influences the developmental and maturation processes of granule cells by depolarizing organotypic cultures with high KCl. Depolarization preserved the developmental processes of granule cells up to the stage of formation of immature dendrites but prevented the maturation processes for synaptic formation by granule cells. Importantly, this blockade of the terminal maturation of granule cells was reversed by inactivation of calcineurin with its specific inhibitor. This investigation has demonstrated that alteration of the membrane potential and its downstream calcineurin signaling play a pivotal role in triggering the maturation program for the synaptic organization of postnatally developing granule cells.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONPrimary cultures of granule neurons from the post-natal rat cerebellum provide an excellent model system for molecular and cell biological studies of neuronal development and function. The cerebellar cortex, with its highly organized structure and few neuronal subtypes, offers a well-characterized neural circuitry. Many fundamental insights into the processes of neuronal apoptosis, migration, and differentiation in the mammalian central nervous system have come from investigating granule neurons in vitro. Granule neurons are the most abundant type of neurons in the brain. In addition to the sheer volume of granule neurons, the homogeneity of the population and the fact that they can be transfected with ease render them ideal for elucidating the molecular basis of neuronal development. This protocol for isolating granule neurons from post-natal rats is relatively straightforward and quick, making use of standard enzymatic and mechanical dissociation methods. In a serum-based medium containing an inhibitor of mitosis, cerebellar granule neurons can be maintained with high purity. Axons and dendrites can be clearly distinguished on the basis of morphology and markers. For even greater versatility, this protocol for culturing granule neurons can be combined with knockout or transgenic technologies, or used in cerebellar slice overlay assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parizad M Bilimoria
- Department of Pathology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Dual regulation of NR2B and NR2C expression by NMDA receptor activation in mouse cerebellar granule cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12010-5. [PMID: 18685090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805574105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing cerebellum, switching of the subunit composition of NMDA receptors occurs in granule cells from NR2B-containing receptors to NR2C-containing ones. We investigated the mechanisms underlying switching of NR2B and NR2C subunit composition in primary cultures of mouse granule cells at the physiological KCl concentration (5 mM). Granule cells extensively extended their neuritic processes 48 h after having been cultured in serum-free medium containing 5 mM KCl. Consistent with this morphological change, NR2B mRNA and NR2C mRNA were down- and up-regulated, respectively, in the granule cells. This dual regulation of the two mRNAs was abrogated by blocking excitation of granule cells with TTX. This neuronal activity-dependent regulation of NR2B and NR2C mRNAs was abolished by the addition of selective antagonists of AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors. Furthermore, the dual regulation of NR2B and NR2C mRNAs in TTX-treated cells was restored by the addition of NMDA in the presence of the AMPA receptor antagonist, but not by that of AMPA in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist. Importantly, the NMDA receptor activation drove the NR2B/NR2C switching of NMDA receptors in the cell-surface membrane of granule cells. This investigation demonstrates that stimulation of NMDA receptors in conjunction with the AMPA receptor-mediated excitation of granule cells plays a key role in functional subunit switching of NMDA receptors in maturing granule cells at the physiological KCl concentration.
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Holst MI, Maercker C, Pintea B, Masseroli M, Liebig C, Jankowski J, Miething A, Martini J, Schwaller B, Oberdick J, Schilling K, Baader SL. Engrailed-2 regulates genes related to vesicle formation and transport in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:495-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chou AH, Yeh TH, Ouyang P, Chen YL, Chen SY, Wang HL. Polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 causes cerebellar dysfunction of SCA3 transgenic mice by inducing transcriptional dysregulation. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:89-101. [PMID: 18502140 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we prepared a SCA3 animal model by generating transgenic mice expressing polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3-Q79. Ataxin-3-Q79 was expressed in brain areas implicated in SCA3 neurodegeneration, including cerebellum, pontine nucleus and substantia nigra. Ataxin-3-Q79 transgenic mice displayed motor dysfunction with an onset age of 5-6 months, and neurological symptoms deteriorated in the following months. A prominent neuronal loss was not found in the cerebellum of 10 to 11-month-old ataxin-3-Q79 mice displaying pronounced ataxic symptoms, suggesting that instead of neuronal demise, ataxin-3-Q79 causes neuronal dysfunction of the cerebellum and resulting ataxia. To test the involvement of transcriptional dysregulation in ataxin-3-Q79-induced cerebellar malfunction, microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR assays were performed to identify altered cerebellar mRNA expressions of ataxin-3-Q79 mice. Compared to non-transgenic mice or mice expressing wild-type ataxin-3-Q22, 10 to 11-month-old ataxin-3-Q79 mice exhibited downregulated mRNA expressions of proteins involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission, intracellular calcium signaling/mobilization or MAP kinase pathways, GABA(A/B) receptor subunits, heat shock proteins and transcription factor regulating neuronal survival and differentiation. Upregulated expressions of Bax, cyclin D1 and CDK5-p39, which may mediate neuronal death, were also observed in ataxin-3-Q79 transgenic mice. The involvement of transcriptional abnormality in initiating the pathological process of SCA3 was indicated by the finding that 4 to 5-month-old ataxin-3-Q79 mice, which did not display neurological phenotype, exhibited downregulated mRNA levels of genes involved in glutamatergic signaling and signal transduction. Our study suggests that polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 causes cerebellar dysfunction and ataxia by disrupting the normal pattern of gene transcriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hsun Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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McKee AE, Neretti N, Carvalho LE, Meyer CA, Fox EA, Brodsky AS, Silver PA. Exon expression profiling reveals stimulus-mediated exon use in neural cells. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R159. [PMID: 17683528 PMCID: PMC2374990 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-8-r159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal cells respond to changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) by affecting both the abundance and architecture of specific mRNAs. Although calcium-induced transcription and transcript variation have both been recognized as important sources of gene regulation, the interplay between these two phenomena has not been evaluated on a genome-wide scale. RESULTS Here, we show that exon-centric microarrays can be used to resolve the [Ca2+]i-modulated gene expression response into transcript-level and exon-level regulation. Global assessments of affected transcripts reveal modulation within distinct functional gene categories. We find that transcripts containing calcium-modulated exons exhibit enrichment for calcium ion binding, calmodulin binding, plasma membrane associated, and metabolic proteins. Additionally, we uncover instances of regulated exon use in potassium channels, neuroendocrine secretory proteins and metabolic enzymes, and demonstrate that regulated changes in exon expression give rise to distinct transcript variants. CONCLUSION Our findings connect extracellular stimuli to specific exon behavior, and suggest that changes in transcript and exon abundance are reflective of a coordinated gene expression response to elevated [Ca2+]i. The technology we describe here lends itself readily to the resolution of stimulus-induced gene expression at both the transcript and exon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E McKee
- Department of Systems Biology, 200 Longwood Avenue, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Aller M, Wisden W. Changes in expression of some two-pore domain potassium channel genes (KCNK) in selected brain regions of developing mice. Neuroscience 2008; 151:1154-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gurda GT, Guo L, Lee SH, Molkentin JD, Williams JA. Cholecystokinin activates pancreatic calcineurin-NFAT signaling in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:198-206. [PMID: 17978097 PMCID: PMC2174201 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-05-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) release induced by protease inhibitors leads to pancreatic growth. This response has been shown to be mediated by the phosphatase calcineurin, but its downstream effectors are unknown. Here we examined activation of calcineurin-regulated nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATs) in isolated acinar cells, as well as in an in vivo model of pancreatic growth. Western blotting of endogenous NFATs and confocal imaging of NFATc1-GFP in pancreatic acini showed that CCK dose-dependently stimulated NFAT translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus within 0.5-1 h. This shift in localization correlated with CCK-induced activation of NFAT-driven luciferase reporter and was similar to that induced by a calcium ionophore and constitutively active calcineurin. The effect of CCK was dependent on calcineurin, as these changes were blocked by immunosuppressants FK506 and CsA and by overexpression of the endogenous protein inhibitor CAIN. Parallel NFAT activation took place in vivo. Pancreatic growth was accompanied by an increase in nuclear NFATs and subsequent elevation in expression of NFAT-luciferase in the pancreas, but not in organs unresponsive to CCK. The changes also required calcineurin, as they were blocked by FK506. We conclude that CCK activates NFATs in a calcineurin-dependent manner, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz T Gurda
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA.
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41
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Yamaguchi I, Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Hamasaki K, Hirano K, Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, Kawasita Y, Kanematsu T, Eguchi K. Cerebellar ataxia in a patient receiving calcineurin inhibitors after living donor liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:3495-7. [PMID: 18089418 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurological complications of calcineurin inhibitors are frequent problems after transplantation. Cerebellar ataxia with other neurological findings and an abnormal density area in the subcortical white matter are found by MRI in the brains of most patients with central nervous system complications caused by calcineurin inhibitors. Such neurological complications are not life-threatening, but have a negative impact on the quality of life. We describe a 58-year-old woman who developed cerebellar ataxia at 4 days after living donor liver transplantation. She walked with a swaying gait, and after walking for 5 minutes she was unable to stand. Her symptoms persisted after a change from tacrolimus to cyclosporine, but dose reduction of cyclosporine and addition of mycophenolate mofetil cured the ataxia. We diagnosed a case of cerebellar ataxia without leukoencephalopathy or other neurological symptoms, as a new complication of calcineurin inhibitor treatment. We concluded that careful attention should be paid to neurological complications of calcineurin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yamaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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42
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Zaninetti R, Tacchi S, Erriquez J, Distasi C, Maggi R, Cariboni A, Condorelli F, Canonico PL, Genazzani AA. Calcineurin primes immature gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neuroendocrine cells for migration. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:729-36. [PMID: 18032695 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, many neurons display calcium-dependent migration, but the role of this messenger in regulating gene expression leading to this event has not yet been elucidated. Among the decoders of calcium signals is calcineurin, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin serine/threonine phosphatase that has been involved in both short-term and long-term cellular changes. By using immortalized GnRH-secreting neurons, we now show that, in vitro, Ca(2+)-dependent gene expression, proceeding via calcineurin and the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells, is a key player controlling the chemomigratory potential of developing GnRH-secreting neurons. Furthermore, our data highlight the switch nature of this phosphatase, whose activation or inactivation guides cells to proceed from one genetic program to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zaninetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Payne HL, Ives JH, Sieghart W, Thompson CL. AMPA and kainate receptors mediate mutually exclusive effects on GABA(A) receptor expression in cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurones. J Neurochem 2007; 104:173-86. [PMID: 17986225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies on animal models of epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia, e.g., stargazer mice (stg) have identified changes in the GABAergic properties of neurones associated with the affected brain loci. Whether these changes contribute to or constitute homeostatic adaptations to a state of altered neuronal excitability is as yet unknown. Using cultured cerebellar granule neurones from control [+/+; alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR)-competent, Kainate receptor (KAR)-competent] and stg (AMPAR-incompetent, KAR-competent), we investigated whether non-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity regulates GABA(A) receptor (GABAR) expression. Neurones were maintained in 5 mmol/L KCl-containing basal media or depolarizing media containing either 25 mmol/L KCl or the non-NMDAR agonist kainic acid (KA) (100 micromol/L). KCl- and KA-mediated depolarization down-regulated GABAR alpha1, alpha6 and beta2, but up-regulated alpha4, beta3 and delta subunits in +/+ neurones. The KCl-evoked but not KA-evoked effects were reciprocated in stg neurones compatible with AMPAR-regulation of GABAR expression. Conversely, GABAR gamma2 expression was insensitive to KCl-mediated depolarization, but was down-regulated by KA-treatment in a 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX)-reversible manner in +/+ and stg neurones compatible with a KAR-mediated response. KA-mediated up-regulation of GABAR alpha4, beta3 and delta was inhibited by L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-VGCC) blockers and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, 4-[(2S)-2-[(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)methylamino]-3-oxo-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl] phenyl isoquinoline sulfonic acid ester (KN-62). Up-regulation of GABAR alpha4 and beta3 was also prevented by calcineurin (CaN) inhibitors, FK506 and cyclosporin A. Down-regulation of GABAR alpha1, alpha6 and beta2 was independent of L-VGCC activity, but was prevented by inhibitors of CaN. Thus, we provide evidence that a KAR-mediated and at least three mutually exclusive AMPAR-mediated signalling mechanisms regulate neuronal GABAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Payne
- Centre for Integrative Neurosciences, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.
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Kaja S, Hann V, Payne HL, Thompson CL. Aberrant cerebellar granule cell-specific GABAA receptor expression in the epileptic and ataxic mouse mutant, Tottering. Neuroscience 2007; 148:115-25. [PMID: 17614209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tottering (cacna1a(tg)) mouse arose as a consequence of a spontaneous mutation in cacna1a, the gene encoding the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC, Ca(V)2.1). The mouse phenotype includes ataxia and intermittent myoclonic seizures which have been attributed to impaired excitatory neurotransmission at cerebellar granule cell (CGC) parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapses [Zhou YD, Turner TJ, Dunlap K (2003) Enhanced G-protein-dependent modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum of the Ca(2+)-channel mutant mouse, tottering. J Physiol 547:497-507]. We hypothesized that the expression of cerebellar GABA(A) receptors may be affected by the mutation. Indeed, abnormal GABA(A) receptor function and expression in the cacna1a(tg) forebrain has been reported previously [Tehrani MH, Barnes EM Jr (1995) Reduced function of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in tottering mouse brain: role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Epilepsy Res 22:13-21; Tehrani MH, Baumgartner BJ, Liu SC, Barnes EM Jr (1997) Aberrant expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits in the tottering mouse: an animal model for absence seizures. Epilepsy Res 28:213-223]. Here we show a deficit of 40.2+/-3.6% in the total number of cerebellar GABA(A) receptors expressed (gamma2+delta subtypes) in adult cacna1a(tg) relative to controls. [(3)H]Muscimol autoradiography identified that this was partly due to a significant loss of CGC-specific alpha6 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptor subtypes. A large proportion of this loss of alpha6 receptors was attributable to a significantly reduced expression of the CGC-specific benzodiazepine-insensitive Ro15-4513 (BZ-IS) binding subtype, alpha6betagamma2 subunit-containing receptors. BZ-IS binding was reduced by 36.6+/-2.6% relative to controls in cerebellar membrane homogenates and by 37.2+/-3.7% in cerebellar sections. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed that the steady-state expression level of alpha6 and gamma2 subunits was selectively reduced relative to controls by 30.2+/-8.2% and 38.8+/-13.1%, respectively, alpha1, beta3 and delta were unaffected. Immunohistochemically probed control and cacna1a(tg) cerebellar sections verified that alpha6 and gamma2 subunit expression was reduced and that this deficit was restricted to the CGC layer. Thus, we have shown that abnormal cerebellar P/Q-type VGCC activity results in a deficit of CGC-specific subtype(s) of GABA(A) receptors which may contribute to, or may be a consequence of the impaired cerebellar network signaling that occurs in cacna1a(tg) mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Calcium Channels, N-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, N-Type/metabolism
- Cerebellar Ataxia/genetics
- Cerebellar Ataxia/metabolism
- Cerebellar Ataxia/physiopathology
- Cerebellar Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebellar Cortex/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epilepsy/genetics
- Epilepsy/metabolism
- Epilepsy/physiopathology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Neurons/metabolism
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/genetics
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaja
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Science Research Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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45
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Moldrich RX, Dauphinot L, Laffaire J, Rossier J, Potier MC. Down syndrome gene dosage imbalance on cerebellum development. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:87-94. [PMID: 17408845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder whereby genes on chromosome 21 are present in three copies. This gene copy imbalance is thought to be responsible for a number of debilitating conditions experienced by individuals with DS. Amongst these is a reduced cerebellar volume, or cerebellar hypoplasia, which is believed to contribute to the perturbation of fine motor control. Mouse models of DS (such as Ts65Dn, Ts1Cje, Tc1) exhibit a cerebellar phenotype similar to that of individuals with DS and which primarily manifests as a disruption of the density of the granule cell layer. Dissecting which of the three-copy genes are responsible for this phenotype (the primary gene dosage effect) has been a task undertaken by researchers working with various segmental trisomies and transgenic mice. It is generally agreed that, when expressed, three-copy genes of trisomic mice are expressed at around 1.5 times that of the same genes in euploid (wild-type) mice. However, amongst these studies there does not appear to be a consensus on the nature and extent of differential expression of two-copy genes in trisomic mice-the secondary dosage effect. Much of this variation may have to do with the stage of development investigated and the nature and complexity of the tissue (i.e. whole brain versus the cerebellum). The recent discovery that trisomic granule cell precursors are less sensitive to sonic hedgehog-induced proliferation has opened up another avenue for the identification of three-copy genes responsible for the cerebellar phenotype. It is hoped that further investigation of this phenomenon, together with new mouse segmental trisomies and transgenics, will reveal the cause of the proliferation deficit and allow for potential treatment.
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Bui CJ, McGann AC, Middleton FA, Beaman-Hall CM, Vallano ML. Transcriptional profiling of depolarization-dependent phenotypic alterations in primary cultures of developing granule neurons. Brain Res 2006; 1119:13-25. [PMID: 16989786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rat cerebellar granule neurons cultured in medium supplemented with elevated KCl are extensively used as a model to examine the coupling between neural activity and Ca(2+)-dependent gene expression. Elevated (25 mM) KCl is believed to mimic endogenous neural activity because it promotes depolarization and Ca(+2)-dependent survival and some aspects of maturation. By comparison, at least half of the granule neurons grown in standard medium containing 5 mM KCl undergo apoptosis beginning approximately 4 days in vitro. However, accumulating evidence suggests that chronic depolarization induces phenotypic abnormalities whereas growth in chemically defined medium containing 5 mM KCl more closely resembles the constitutive phenotype. To examine this, oligonucleotide microarrays and RT-PCR of selected mRNAs were used to compare transcription profiles of cultures grown in 5 mM and 25 mM KCl. In some cases, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) which, like elevated KCl, promotes long-term survival was also tested. Robust changes in several gene groups were observed and indicated that growth in elevated KCl: induces expression of mRNAs that are not normally observed; represses expression of mRNAs that should be present; maintains expression of mRNAs that are markers of immature neurons. Supplementation of the growth medium with NMDA instead of elevated KCl produces similar abnormalities. Altogether, these data indicate that growth in 5 mM KCl more closely mimics survival and maturation of granule neurons in vivo and should therefore be adopted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong J Bui
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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47
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Biasini E, Massignan T, Fioriti L, Rossi V, Dossena S, Salmona M, Forloni G, Bonetto V, Chiesa R. Analysis of the cerebellar proteome in a transgenic mouse model of inherited prion disease reveals preclinical alteration of calcineurin activity. Proteomics 2006; 6:2823-34. [PMID: 16572473 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inherited prion diseases are linked to insertional and point mutations in the prion protein (PrP) gene, which favor conversion of PrP into a conformationally altered, pathogenic isoform. The cellular mechanism by which this process causes neurological dysfunction is unknown. Transgenic (Tg) (PG14) mice express a mouse PrP homolog of a nine-octapeptide insertion associated with an inherited prion disorder. These mice develop a progressive neurological syndrome characterized by ataxia and cerebellar atrophy due to synaptic degeneration in the molecular layer and massive apoptosis of granule neurons. To investigate the molecular events that may contribute to neurological dysfunction, we carried out a differential proteomic analysis of cerebella from Tg(PG14) mice at the preclinical, onset, and symptomatic phases of their neurological illness. 2-D maps of cerebellar proteins from Tg(PG14) mice were compared to those obtained from age-matched Tg(WT) mice that express wild-type PrP and remain healthy. Proteins whose levels were significantly modified in at least one stage of the Tg(PG14) disease were identified by PMF. Analysis detected a preclinical decrease of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) in granule neurons, suggesting that dysregulation of CaN activity induced by mutant PrP may be responsible for the cerebellar dysfunction in Tg(PG14) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Biasini
- Prion Unit, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea, Milano, Italy
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48
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Payne HL, Donoghue PS, Connelly WMK, Hinterreiter S, Tiwari P, Ives JH, Hann V, Sieghart W, Lees G, Thompson CL. Aberrant GABA(A) receptor expression in the dentate gyrus of the epileptic mutant mouse stargazer. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8600-8. [PMID: 16914686 PMCID: PMC2974089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1088-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stargazer (stg) mutant mice fail to express stargazin [transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein gamma2 (TARPgamma2)] and consequently experience absence seizure-like thalamocortical spike-wave discharges that pervade the hippocampal formation via the dentate gyrus (DG). As in other seizure models, the dentate granule cells of stg develop elaborate reentrant axon collaterals and transiently overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We investigated whether GABAergic parameters were affected by the stg mutation in this brain region. GABA(A) receptor (GABAR) alpha4 and beta3 subunits were consistently upregulated, GABAR delta expression appeared to be variably reduced, whereas GABAR alpha1, beta2, and gamma2 subunits and the GABAR synaptic anchoring protein gephyrin were essentially unaffected. We established that the alpha4 betagamma2 subunit-containing, flunitrazepam-insensitive subtype of GABARs, not normally a significant GABAR in DG neurons, was strongly upregulated in stg DG, apparently arising at the expense of extrasynaptic alpha4 betadelta-containing receptors. This change was associated with a reduction in neurosteroid-sensitive GABAR-mediated tonic current. This switch in GABAR subtypes was not reciprocated in the tottering mouse model of absence epilepsy implicating a unique, intrinsic adaptation of GABAergic networks in stg. Contrary to previous reports that suggested that TARPgamma2 is expressed in the dentate, we find that TARPgamma2 was neither detected in stg nor control DG. We report that TARPgamma8 is the principal TARP isoform found in the DG and that its expression is compromised by the stargazer mutation. These effects on GABAergic parameters and TARPgamma8 expression are likely to arise as a consequence of failed expression of TARPgamma2 elsewhere in the brain, resulting in hyperexcitable inputs to the dentate.
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Zanzouri M, Lauritzen I, Duprat F, Mazzuca M, Lesage F, Lazdunski M, Patel A. Membrane potential-regulated transcription of the resting K+ conductance TASK-3 via the calcineurin pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28910-8. [PMID: 16864570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2P domain K(+) channel TASK-3 is highly expressed in cerebellar granule neurons where it has been proposed to underlie the K(+) leak conductance, IKso. In a previous work we showed that expression of TASK-3 increases in cerebellar granule neurons as they mature in culture. Here we show that within the cerebellum, levels of TASK-3 mRNA increase as granule neurons migrate to their adult positions and receive excitatory mossy fiber input. To understand the mechanism of this increase in TASK-3 expression we used an in vitro model culturing the neurons in either depolarizing conditions mimicking neuronal activity (25K, 25 mm KCl) or in conditions which approach deafferentation (5K, 5 mm KCl). An important increase in TASK-3 mRNA is uniquely observed in 25K and is specific since other background K(+) channel levels remain unchanged or decrease. The rise in TASK-3 mRNA leads to an increase in TASK-3 protein and the IKso conductance resulting in hyperpolarization. Blocking L-type calcium channels or their downstream effector calcineurin, abrogates TASK-3 expression and IKso, leading to hyperexcitability. This is the first study demonstrating that depolarization-induced Ca(2+) entry can directly regulate cellular excitability by dynamically regulating the transcription of a resting K(+) conductance. The appearance of this conductance may play an important role in the transition of depolarized immature neurons to their mature hyperpolarized state during neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zanzouri
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6097, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France
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50
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Rölleke U, Flügge G, Plehm S, Schlumbohm C, Armstrong VW, Dressel R, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, Fuchs E, Czéh B, Walter L. Differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in the brain of a New World monkey, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Neuroimmunol 2006; 176:39-50. [PMID: 16750573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been supposed that central nervous neurons do not express MHC class I molecules. However, recent studies clearly demonstrated functional MHC class I expression in the rodent brain. In the present study, we have extended these studies and investigated the presence of MHC class I transcripts and proteins in the brain of a non-human primate species, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Using in-situ hybridization, we found strong expression of MHC class I transcripts in neocortex, hippocampal formation, substantia nigra and nucleus ruber. In-situ hybridization with emulsion autoradiography demonstrated MHC class I mRNA in distinct pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus, in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and in motor neurons of nucleus ruber. Immunocytochemistry confirmed MHC class I protein expression in these neurons. Two monoclonal antibodies, MRC-Ox18 and HB115, reacted differentially with MHC class I proteins on neuronal and non-neuronal cells, respectively. Interestingly, in marmoset monkeys that were immunosuppressed with FK506 (tacrolimus), expression of neuronal MHC class I proteins, which could be detected with MRC-Ox18, was either very low (neocortex, nucleus ruber, substantia nigra) or absent (hippocampus). In contrast, class I expression in endothelial cells, which was detected by HB115, was not affected by immunosuppression. Our data show that selected neurons in the brain of a non-human primate express MHC class I molecules and that this expression can be modulated by immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Rölleke
- Department of Primate Genetics, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
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