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Yan S, Wang Y, Wang B, Zuo S, Yu Y. Thromboxane A 2 Modulates de novo Synthesis of Adrenal Corticosterone in Mice via p38/14-3-3γ/StAR Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307926. [PMID: 38460156 PMCID: PMC11095200 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Prostanoids are endogenous lipid bioactive mediators that play essential roles in physiological processes such as glucocorticoid secretion. Here, it is found that the thromboxane (Tx)A2 receptor (TP) is highly expressed in the adrenal cortex of mice. Both global and adrenocortical-specific deletion of the TP receptor lead to increased adiposity in mice by elevating corticosterone synthesis. Mechanistically, the TP receptor deletion increases the phosphorylation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and corticosterone synthesis in adrenal cortical cells by suppressing p-p38-mediated phosphorylation of 14-3-3γ adapter protein at S71. The activation of the p38 in the adrenal cortical cells by forced expression of the MKK6EE gene attenuates hypercortisolism in TP-deficient mice. These observations suggest that the TxA2/TP signaling regulates adrenal corticosterone homeostasis independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the TP receptor may serve as a promising therapeutic target for hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Department of PharmacologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School330 Brookline AvenueBostonMassachusetts02115USA
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Department of PharmacologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of PharmacologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Department of PharmacologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
- Department of BiopharmaceuticsTianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of PharmacologyTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyState Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070P. R. China
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Takahashi M, Sengan A, Khan S, Makino R, Cline MA, Tachibana T. Effect of sodium nitroprusside on feeding behavior, voluntary activity, and cloacal temperature in chicks. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113805. [PMID: 35405204 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in vertebrates. The role of NO in physiological responses of birds has been investigated primarily using NOS inhibitors. Therefore, the effect of the absence of NO is well characterized. However, there is little knowledge on the effects of abundant NO in birds, which is the case in birds that have infections. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if intraperitoneal (IP) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, affected feed intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, crop emptying rate, and blood constituents in domesticated chicks (Gallus gallus) as model birds. We found that both IP and ICV injections of SNP significantly decreased feed intake while there was little effect on voluntary activity. Cloacal temperature was temporarily, but significantly, decreased by both types of injection of SNP. Additionally, both IP and ICV injections of SNP significantly decreased the crop emptying rate. The IP injection of SNP significantly increased the plasma concentrations of NO2/NO3, which are metabolites of NO, and corticosterone, and decreased the plasma glucose concentrations, while the ICV injection had no effect. The IP injection of SNP also showed the tendency to increase the nitrotyrosine level, to increase superoxide dismutase activity, and to decrease catalase activity in the plasma. These results suggest that under specific situations which produce abundant NO such as infection, NO would induce anorexia, hypothermia, inhibition of feed passage, and activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Takahashi
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Sengan
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Tachibana T, Takahashi M, Khan S, Makino R, Cline MA. Poly I:C and R848 facilitate nitric oxide production via inducible nitric oxide synthase in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 269:111211. [PMID: 35417747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous bioactive molecule associated with many physiological functions including vasodilation and neurotransmission. NO also plays an important role in immune responses during viral infections in mammals. However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the involvement of NO in viral infections in birds. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if intraperitoneal (IP) injection of poly I:C and R848 (resiquimod), which are analogues of virus component, affects NO production in chicks (Gallus gallus) as a bird model. The involvement of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in poly I:C- and R848-induced anorexia and corticosterone release was also investigated. These virus analogues significantly increased plasma NO metabolites (NOx) concentrations. IP injection of poly I:C and R848 significantly increased iNOS mRNA expression in several organs including the liver. On the other hand, poly I:C and R848 significantly decreased mRNA expressions of endothelial NOS and neural NOS in several organs, indicating that induction of iNOS might be responsible for increased NOx levels in plasma. This finding was further confirmed by using a selective iNOS inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea sulfate (SMT), which abolished the poly I:C- and R848-induced increase in plasma NOx concentration. In addition, SMT partly attenuated the poly I:C- and R848-induced increase in plasma corticosterone concentration, suggesting that corticosterone release induced by these virus analogues may be partly mediated by iNOS. Collectively, the present results suggest that viral infections facilitate NO production by inducing iNOS. The liver would play an important role in the NO production because the response in iNOS mRNA expression to poly I:C and R848 was remarkable. The present results also suggest that NO is associated with corticosterone release in birds under viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Maki Takahashi
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061 Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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de Castro Araujo BL, de Oliveira JL, Rezende JFN, Noguera WS, de Melo AC, Thuler LCS. Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Recurrence and Survival after Melanoma Surgery: A Cohort Study. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:415-423. [PMID: 32643437 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1793351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate if there was an association between intraoperative NSAID use and recurrence or survival. A cohort of patients who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma was retrospectively recruited. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 516 were included (NSAIDs = 307). The 10-year melanoma-specific survival was 63.2%. Log-rank test showed no statistically significant differences in time to treatment failure, melanoma-specific survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival between the study groups. The current study did not support the use of intraoperative NSAIDs in preventing death or recurrence in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Luís de Castro Araujo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital do Câncer II, National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jadivan Leite de Oliveira
- Connective and Bone Tissue Section, Hospital do Câncer II, National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Francisco Neto Rezende
- Connective and Bone Tissue Section, Hospital do Câncer II, National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Claudio Santos Thuler
- Clinical Research Division, National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Neurology Post Graduation Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Piper K, Garelnabi M. Eicosanoids: Atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic health. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2020; 19:100216. [PMID: 32071878 PMCID: PMC7013337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been the leading causes of death in the U.S. for nearly a century. Numerous studies have linked eicosanoids to cardiometabolic disease. Objectives and Methods: This review summaries recent advances and innovative research in eicosanoids and CVD. Numerous review articles and their original human or animal studies were assessed in the relevant and recent studies. OUTCOME We identified and discussed recent trends in eicosanoids known for their roles in CVD. Their subsequent relationships were assessed for any possible implications associated with consumption of different dietary lipids, essentially omega fatty acids. Eicosanoids have been heavily sought after over recent decades for their direct role in mediating the enhancement and resolution of acute immune responses. Given the short half-life of these oxidized lipid metabolites, studies on atherosclerosis have had to rely on the metabolites that are actively involved in eicosanoid production, signaling or redox reactions as markers for atherosclerosis-related molecular behaviors. CONCLUSION Further investigations expending current knowledge, should be applied to narrow the specific class and species of eicosanoids responsible for inciting inflammation especially in the context of recent clinical studies assessing the role of dietary lipid in cardiovascular diseases.
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Kaptan Z, Dar KA, Kapucu A, Bulut H, Üzüm G. Effect of enriched environment and predictable chronic stress on spatial memory in adolescent rats: Predominant expression of BDNF, nNOS, and interestingly malondialdehyde in the right hippocampus. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146326. [PMID: 31299186 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms that promote divergence of function between left and right in the hippocampus, which is most affected by external factors and critical for spatial memory. We investigated the levels of memory-related mediators in the left and right hippocampus and spatial memory in rats exposed to predictable chronic stress (PCS) and an enriched environment (EE) during adolescence. Twenty-eight-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (standard cages), PCS (15 min/day immobilization stress for four weeks), and EE (one hour/day environmentally enriched cages for four weeks) groups. After the applications, spatial memory was tested with the Morris water maze, and the serum levels of corticosterone were evaluated. The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which are critical for synaptic plasticity; malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid-peroxidation indicator); protein carbonyl (protein-oxidation indicator); and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzyme) were evaluated in the left and right hippocampus. Corticosterone levels in both the PCS and EE groups did not change compared with control. In both the PCS and EE groups, spatial memory improved and BDNF was increased in both halves of the hippocampus, still there was an asymmetry. nNOS levels were increased in the dentate gyrus and CA1 regions of the right hippocampus in both PCS and EE groups. MDA levels were increased but PCO levels were decreased in the right hippocampus in both the PCS and EE groups, but SOD did not change in either half of the hippocampus. Our results suggest that both PCS and EE improved spatial memory by increasing BDNF and nNOS in the right hippocampus and that, interestingly; MDA could be the physiological signal molecule in the right hippocampus for spatial memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Kaptan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Akgün Dar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Kapucu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Turkey
| | - Gülay Üzüm
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey.
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Tochitani T, Yamashita A, Matsumoto I, Kouchi M, Fujii Y, Miyawaki I. Dose- and time-dependent changes in blood and adrenal levels of multiple steroids in rats after administration of ketoconazole with or without ACTH. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:601-610. [PMID: 31474741 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To verify simultaneous measurement of blood levels of adrenal steroids as a tool to evaluate drug effects on adrenal steroidogenesis, dose- and time-dependent changes in blood levels of corticosterone and its precursors (pregnenolone, progesterone and deoxycorticosterone), as well as their relationship with the pathological changes in the adrenal gland, were examined in rats dosed with ketoconazole (KET). Also examined were whether effects on adrenal steroidogenesis that were not obvious in the blood steroid levels after sole administration of KET could be revealed by post-administration of ACTH, and the correlation between the blood and adrenal steroid levels. Male rats were dosed with 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg of KET for 1 or 7 days with or without ACTH, and the blood and adrenal concentrations of the steroids were measured. KET increased the blood deoxycorticosterone level even at a dose level and time point at which histopathological changes were not obvious. KET-induced changes in blood levels of other steroids were revealed by ACTH, and the blood and adrenal levels were generally correlated especially after ACTH post-administration. Thus, blood levels of adrenal steroids, including precursors, can be a sensitive and early marker of drug effects on the adrenal steroidogenesis that reflect adrenal levels of steroids. The usefulness of the multiple steroid measurement as a method for mechanism investigation of drug effects on the adrenal gland can be further enhanced by ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izumi Matsumoto
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Mami Kouchi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
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Chen LS, Singh SP, Schuster M, Grinenko T, Bornstein SR, Kanczkowski W. RNA-seq analysis of LPS-induced transcriptional changes and its possible implications for the adrenal gland dysregulation during sepsis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105360. [PMID: 31028792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the adrenal gland stress response is of utmost importance to survive sepsis. Experimental and clinical evidence exists demonstrating that adrenal gland often develops functional and structural damage due to sepsis with mechanisms remaining largely unknown. In the present study, we have used RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to analyze changes in adrenal transcriptome elucidated by bacterial LPS. We aimed to find particularly alterations in genes that were previously not reported to be involved in the adrenal gland dysregulation in contexts of sepsis. Our results demonstrate that systemic administration of LPS significantly altered expression of 8458 genes as compared to saline injected animals. The subsequent quality and functional analysis of these gene signatures revealed that LPS-induced highly homogenous transcriptional response in total upregulating 4312 and downregulating 4146 genes. Furthermore, functional annotation analysis together with gene enrichment set analysis (GSEA) clearly demonstrated that adrenal response to LPS involved alterations in multiple pathways related to the inflammatory response along with previously unexplored activation of the hypoxia pathway. In addition, LPS strongly downregulated genes involved in the adrenal homeostasis, development, and regeneration. Those alterations were subsequently verified in clinically relevant cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model. Collectively, our study demonstrates that RNA-seq is a very useful method that can be applied to search for new unexplored pathways potentially involved in adrenal gland dysregulation during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Sun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Maria Schuster
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatyana Grinenko
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Spiers JG, Chen HJC, Bourgognon JM, Steinert JR. Dysregulation of stress systems and nitric oxide signaling underlies neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:468-483. [PMID: 30716433 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a multimodal response involving the coordination of numerous body systems in order to maximize the chance of survival. However, long term activation of the stress response results in neuronal oxidative stress via reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, contributing to the development of depression. Stress-induced depression shares a high comorbidity with other neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, often appearing as one of the earliest observable symptoms in these diseases. Furthermore, stress and/or depression appear to exacerbate cognitive impairment in the context of AD associated with dysfunctional catecholaminergic signaling. Given there are a number of homologous pathways involved in the pathophysiology of depression and AD, this article will highlight the mechanisms by which stress-induced perturbations in oxidative stress, and particularly NO signaling, contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Joern R Steinert
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
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Shestakova K, Brito A, Mesonzhnik NV, Moskaleva NE, Kurynina KO, Grestskaya NM, Serkov IV, Lyubimov II, Bezuglov VV, Appolonova SA. Rabbit plasma metabolomic analysis of Nitroproston®: a multi target natural prostaglandin based-drug. Metabolomics 2018; 14:112. [PMID: 30830378 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitroproston® is a novel multi-target drug bearing natural prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO)-donating fragments for treatment of inflammatory and obstructive diseases (i.e., asthma and obstructive bronchitis). OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of Nitroproston® administration on plasma metabolomics in vivo. METHODS Experimental in vivo study randomly assigning the target drug (treatment group) or a saline solution without the drug (vehicle control group) to 12 rabbits (n = 6 in each group). Untargeted (5880 initial features; 1869 negative-4011 positive ion peaks; UPLC-IT-TOF/MS) and 84 targeted moieties (Nitroproston® related metabolites, prostaglandins, steroids, purines, pyrimidines and amino acids; HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) were measured from plasma at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 32 and 60 min after administration. RESULTS PGE2, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, PGB2, 1,3-GDN and 15-keto-PGE2 increased in the treatment group. Steroids (i.e., cortisone, progesterone), organic acids, 3-oxododecanoic acid, nicotinate D-ribonucleoside, thymidine, the amino acids serine and aspartate, and derivatives pyridinoline, aminoadipic acid and uric acid increased (p < 0.05 AUCROC curve > 0.75) after treatment. Purines (i.e., xanthine, guanine, guanosine), bile acids, acylcarnitines and the amino acids L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine were decreased. Nitroproston® impacted steroidogenesis, purine metabolism and ammonia recycling pathways, among others. CONCLUSION Nitroproston®, a multi action novel drug based on natural prostaglandins, altered metabolites (i.e., guanine, adenine, cortisol, cortisone and aspartate) involved in purine metabolism, urea and ammonia biological cycles, steroidogenesis, among other pathways. Suggested mechanisms of action, metabolic pathway interconnections and useful information to further understand the metabolic effects of prostaglandin administration are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shestakova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
- PhD Program in Nanoscience and Advanced Technology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi - P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Natalia V Mesonzhnik
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Natalia E Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Ksenia O Kurynina
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Natalia M Grestskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Ulitsa Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Igor V Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS, Severniy pr., 1, Chernogolovka, Russia, 142432
| | - Igor I Lyubimov
- LLC "Gurus BioPharm", Territory of Skolkovo Innovation Center, Bolshoy Boulevard, 42 Building 1, Moscow, Russia, 143026
| | - Vladimir V Bezuglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Ulitsa Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991.
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Mohn CE, Troncoso GR, Bozzini C, Conti MI, Fernandez Solari J, Elverdin JC. Changes in PGE2 signaling after submandibulectomy alter post-tooth extraction socket healing. Wound Repair Regen 2018. [PMID: 29524350 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ester Mohn
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gastón Rodolfo Troncoso
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Clarisa Bozzini
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Inés Conti
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Javier Fernandez Solari
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Elverdin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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13
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Son GH, Cha HK, Chung S, Kim K. Multimodal Regulation of Circadian Glucocorticoid Rhythm by Central and Adrenal Clocks. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:444-459. [PMID: 29713692 PMCID: PMC5915959 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) control a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, cardiovascular and pulmonary activities, immune and inflammatory responses, and various brain functions. During stress responses, GCs are secreted through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, whereas circulating GC levels in unstressed states follow a robust circadian oscillation with a peak around the onset of the active period of a day. A recent advance in chronobiological research has revealed that multiple regulatory mechanisms, along with classical neuroendocrine regulation, underlie this GC circadian rhythm. The hierarchically organized circadian system, with a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and local oscillators in peripheral tissues, including the adrenal gland, mediates periodicities in physiological processes in mammals. In this review, we primarily focus on our understanding of the circadian regulation of adrenal GC rhythm, with particular attention to the cooperative actions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus central and adrenal local clocks, and the clinical implications of this rhythm in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
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14
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Najenson AC, Courreges AP, Perazzo JC, Rubio MF, Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG. Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces inflammation and enhances apoptosis in rat acute pancreatitis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29117461 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM We previously reported that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces serum amylase and intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation in the onset of acute pancreatitis whereas secretin increases them. In the present work, we sought to establish the effect of ANP and secretin on the inflammatory response and cell death in experimental acute pancreatitis. METHODS The expression and activity of key inflammatory mediators and apoptosis were evaluated in the presence or absence of the atrial peptide, secretin or both in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Also, ultrastructural changes in pancreatic acinar cells were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS ANP significantly reduced NF-κB activation and TNF-α intrapancreatic levels. Furthermore, it decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 expression and activity while it diminished myeloperoxidase activity. ANP also stimulated apoptosis as shown by caspase-3 expression and activation as well as TUNEL assay. These findings correlated well with the ultrastructural changes observed in the exocrine pancreas. Although secretin reduced various inflammatory markers, it also diminished caspase-3 activation and the overall response was the aggravation of the disease as reflected by the ultrastructural alterations of pancreatic acinar cells. In the presence of ANP, various effects evoked by secretin were antagonized. CONCLUSION Present findings show that ANP significantly attenuated the severity of acute pancreatitis in the rat by inducing apoptosis and reducing the inflammatory response and further suggest that ANP may have eventual therapeutic implications in the disease and/or in medical interventions at risk of its developing like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Najenson
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM-CONICET-UBA); Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. P. Courreges
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM-CONICET-UBA); Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - J. C. Perazzo
- Instituto de Patología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. F. Rubio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM-CONICET-UBA); Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. S. Vatta
- Cátedra de Fisiología-Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA-CONICET-UBA); Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - L. G. Bianciotti
- Instituto de Inmunología; Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM-CONICET-UBA); Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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15
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Rudzitis-Auth J, Nickels RM, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Suppresses the Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in the Microvasculature of Endometriotic Lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:450-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Nemeth M, Wallner B, Siutz C, Pschernig E, Wagner KH, Millesi E. Steroid hormone concentrations and body mass are differently affected by polyunsaturated fatty acids during the oestrous cycle in guinea pigs. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1077-1086. [PMID: 29306361 DOI: 10.1071/rd17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive functions in female mammals can be significantly affected by the actions of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on steroid hormone secretion rates. Nevertheless, the effects of plasma free PUFAs on the oestrous cycle have seldom been considered. Therefore, in the present study, the diet of domestic guinea pigs was supplemented with high concentrations of different PUFAs and the effects of altered plasma PUFA patterns on steroid hormone concentrations, measured non-invasively, and body mass during oestrus and dioestrus were analysed. The oestrous cycle was characterised by increased oestrogen and cortisol concentrations in oestrus, corroborated by lowest bodyweight, whereas progesterone concentrations were highest in dioestrus. Plasma concentrations of the long-chain PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω3) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:5 ω6) affected steroid hormone concentrations differently in oestrus and dioestrus. DHA positively affected oestrogen and progesterone concentrations and diminished cortisol concentrations only in oestrus. In contrast, AA negatively affected oestrogen and stimulated cortisol concentrations in oestrus and reduced progesterone concentrations in general. These findings imply selective and opposite contributions of DHA and AA to ovarian functions during different stages of the oestrous cycle, indicating a high biological relevance of plasma free PUFAs in female reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nemeth
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Siutz
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pschernig
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Millesi
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Dasgupta R, Ray PP, Maity A, Pradhan D, Sarkar S, Maiti BR. DUAL ACTION OF ARECOLINE ON ADRENAL FUNCTION AND GLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN HOMEOSTASIS IN METABOLIC STRESS IN MICE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2017; 13:400-409. [PMID: 31149208 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background People chew betel nut (Areca catechu) for physical work and stress reduction, but it contains arecoline, which has both therapeutic value and untoward effects on endocrine and gonadal functions. Objective Aim of the present study is to investigate its role on adrenal with its target in metabolic stress in mice. Materials and methods Mice were deprived of water / food, each for 5 days / treated with arecoline (10 mg / kg body wt daily for 5 days) / arecoline after water or food deprivation, for 5 days each. Results Water or food-deprivation caused adrenocortical hyperactivity, evident from abundance of enlarged mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) with elevation of corticosterone level (C: 68.31 ± 2.30, WD: 159.31 ± 4.10 / FD: 194.12 ± 3.40 μg/ mL). Arecoline treatment alone or in water deprivation (C: 68.31 ± 2.30, AR: 144.50 ± 4.33, AR+WD: 194.42 ± 3.35 μg/ mL) / food deprivation (AR + FD: 180.89 ± 4.51 μg/ mL) stress also stimulated adrenocortical activity as recorded in metabolic stress. In contrast, adrenomedullary activity was not altered following water/ food deprivation. Arecoline treatment alone or in metabolic stress suppressed adrenomedullary activity by showing depletion of chromaffin granules (E/NE?), epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Both the stress decreased blood glucose and liver glycogen levels. Arecoline treatment decreased blood glucose level, with a rise in liver glycogen level, but elevated blood glucose level in water deprivation unlike in starvation. Conclusion Arecoline alone or in metabolic stress involves adrenal and probably other endocrine glands (pancreas, posterior pituitary and rennin-angiotensin system) to maintain homeostasis in metabolic stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dasgupta
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - P Paramita Ray
- Bangabasi College, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - A Maity
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - D Pradhan
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - S Sarkar
- City College, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
| | - B R Maiti
- University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Calcutta, India
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18
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Chung S, Lee EJ, Cha HK, Kim J, Kim D, Son GH, Kim K. Cooperative roles of the suprachiasmatic nucleus central clock and the adrenal clock in controlling circadian glucocorticoid rhythm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46404. [PMID: 28401917 PMCID: PMC5388859 DOI: 10.1038/srep46404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system consists of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other tissues. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are adrenal steroid hormones with widespread physiological effects that undergo daily oscillations. We previously demonstrated that the adrenal peripheral clock plays a pivotal role in circadian GC rhythm by driving cyclic GC biosynthesis. Here, we show that the daily rhythm in circulating GC levels is controlled by bimodal actions of central and adrenal clockwork. When mice were subjected to daytime restricted feeding to uncouple central and peripheral rhythms, adrenal GC contents and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression peaked around zeitgeber time 00 (ZT00), consistent with shifted adrenal clock gene expression. However, restricted feeding produced two distinct peaks in plasma GC levels: one related to adrenal GC content and the other around ZT12, which required an intact SCN. Light pulse-evoked activation of the SCN increased circulating GC levels in both wild-type and adrenal clock-disrupted mutant mice without marked induction of GC biosynthesis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that adrenal clock-dependent steroidogenesis and a SCN-driven central mechanism regulating GC release cooperate to produce daily circulatory GC rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
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19
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Schwafertz C, Schinner S, Kühn MC, Haase M, Asmus A, Mülders-Opgenoorth B, Ansurudeen I, Hornsby PJ, Morawietz H, Oetjen E, Schott M, Willenberg HS. Endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:108-115. [PMID: 27889473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-derived products influence the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in human adrenocortical cells by modulating proteins such as steroidogenic acute-regulatory (StAR) protein, steroidogenic factor (SF)-1 and CITED2. However, the potential endothelial cell-derived factors that mediate this effect are still unknown. The current study was perfomed to look into the control of β-catenin activity by endothelial cell-derived factors and to identify a mechanism by which they affect β-catenin activity in adrenocortical NCIH295R cells. Using reporter gene assays and Western blotting, we found that endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECCM) led to nuclear translocation of β-catenin and an increase in β-catenin-dependent transcription that could be blocked by U0126, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Furthermore, we found that a receptor tyrosin kinase (RTK) was involved in ECCM-induced β-catenin-dependent transcription. Through selective inhibition of RTK using Su5402, it was shown that receptors responding to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mediate the action of ECCM. Adrenocortical cells treated with bFGF showed a significant greater level of bFGF mRNA. In addition, HUVECs secrete bFGF in a density-dependent manner. In conclusion, the data suggest that endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells also via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schwafertz
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Schinner
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus C Kühn
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Haase
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amelie Asmus
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Mülders-Opgenoorth
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L1:01 Rolf Luft Centrum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Department of Physiology and Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology for Pharmacist's Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schott
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger S Willenberg
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany.
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20
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Schulze I, Poos EM, Meyer H, List AK, Kaestner SBR, Rehage J. Effects of preoperative carprofen on cardio-respiratory, hormonal and metabolic stress response in calves during umbilical surgery under isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia. Vet J 2016; 216:18-24. [PMID: 27687921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of preoperative carprofen on the cardiorespiratory, hormonal and metabolic stress response during umbilical surgery under isoflurane anaesthesia combined with local anaesthesia, in calves. A randomised, blinded experimental study was conducted in 24 calves. Carprofen (n = 12; 1.4 mg/kg) or physiological saline solution (controls; n = 12) was administered 1 h prior to surgery. Anaesthesia was induced with xylazine (0.1 mg/kg, IM) and, after the onset of sedation (i.e. after 5-8 min), ketamine was administered (2 mg/kg, IV). Anaesthesia was then maintained with isoflurane (ISO) in oxygen to effect and completed by infiltration of the incision line with 20 mL of 2% procaine. Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic parameters were examined before, during and after surgery at short intervals. In both groups, anaesthesia appeared adequate for the surgical intervention. Heart rate, stroke index and arterial blood pressure were significantly elevated after the onset of surgery. Oxygen partial pressure and oxygen delivery increased, while the oxygen extraction ratio decreased intraoperatively, ensuring sufficient oxygen supply. In the control group, the mean surge in serum cortisol concentrations tended to be higher (P = 0.089) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was significantly greater (P <0.05) than in the carprofen group during surgery. In conclusion, the anaesthetic protocol used in this study induced reliable analgesia in both groups. The lower serum cortisol levels and SVR may indicate a reduced surgical stress response in calves undergoing umbilical surgery under ISO anaesthesia after administering carprofen preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schulze
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - E M Poos
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - H Meyer
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A K List
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S B R Kaestner
- Clinic for Small Animals (Kaestner), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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21
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Beaven EA, Colthorpe KL, Spiers JG, Chen HJC, Lavidis NA, Albrecht J. Oral administration of green plant-derived chemicals and antioxidants alleviates stress-induced cellular oxidative challenge. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:515-521. [PMID: 27180341 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the efficacy of the combination antioxidant, Formula 42 (F42), on cellular stress indicators in animal and human models of stress-induced oxidative stress. METHODS A sub-chronic psychological stress model in rodents was used to induce stress and oxidative stress indicators over a 10-day period during which animals received oral doses of F42 or water. Following treatment, body weight, plasma stress hormone corticosterone, and oxidative capacity were evaluated. In healthy human subjects, a randomized double-blind crossover study was used to examine the antioxidant effect of F42 or placebo in an exercise-induced oxidative stress model. Erythrocyte and plasma oxidative status was evaluated using the fluorescent activation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) as an indicator. RESULTS Oral administration of F42 reduced the corticosterone response to acute stress compared to vehicle but did not differ at the conclusion of the 10-day study. However, F42 administration did reduce stress-induced growth restriction and alleviate DCF activation in circulating erythrocytes by approximately 10% following 10 days of stress exposure. Oral administration of F42 also significantly reduced DCF activation by approximately 10% in healthy human subjects undergoing exercise-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of F42 in rodents produces transient reductions in stress hormones and reduces stress indicators following sub-chronic psychological stress exposure. In humans, F42 acts as an early and potent antioxidant capable of scavenging free radicals within 30 min of ingestion.
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22
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Kanczkowski W, Sue M, Bornstein SR. Adrenal Gland Microenvironment and Its Involvement in the Regulation of Stress-Induced Hormone Secretion during Sepsis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:156. [PMID: 28018291 PMCID: PMC5155014 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of all living organisms depends on maintenance of a steady state of homeostasis, which process relies on its ability to react and adapt to various physical and emotional threats. The defense against stress is executed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system. Adrenal gland is a major effector organ of stress system. During stress, adrenal gland rapidly responds with increased secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines into circulation, which hormones, in turn, affect metabolism, to provide acutely energy, vasculature to increase blood pressure, and the immune system to prevent it from extensive activation. Sepsis resulting from microbial infections is a sustained and extreme example of stress situation. In many critical ill patients, levels of both corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropin, the two major regulators of adrenal hormone production, are suppressed. Levels of GCs, however, remain normal or are elevated in these patients, suggesting a shift from central to local intra-adrenal regulation of adrenal stress response. Among many mechanisms potentially involved in this process, reduced GC metabolism and activation of intra-adrenal cellular systems composed of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary cells, endothelial cells, and resident and recruited immune cells play a key role. Hence, dysregulated function of any of these cells and cellular compartments can ultimately affect adrenal stress response. The purpose of this mini review is to highlight recent insights into our understanding of the adrenal gland microenvironment and its role in coordination of stress-induced hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Waldemar Kanczkowski,
| | - Mariko Sue
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King’s College London, London, UK
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23
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Chen HJC, Spiers JG, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Acute restraint stress induces specific changes in nitric oxide production and inflammatory markers in the rat hippocampus and striatum. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:219-29. [PMID: 26607104 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mild stress has been shown to cause hippocampal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) overexpression and the resultant nitric oxide (NO) production has been implicated in the etiology of depression. However, the extent of nitrosative changes including NOS enzymatic activity and the overall output of NO production in regions of the brain like the hippocampus and striatum following acute stress has not been characterized. In this study, outbred male Wistar rats aged 6-7 weeks were randomly allocated into 0 (control), 60, 120, or 240 min stress groups and neural regions were cryodissected for measurement of constitutive and inducible NOS enzymatic activity, nitrosative status, and relative gene expression of neuronal and inducible NOS. Hippocampal constitutive NOS activity increased initially but was superseded by the inducible isoform as stress duration was prolonged. Interestingly, hippocampal neuronal NOS and interleukin-1β mRNA expression was downregulated, while the inducible NOS isoform was upregulated in conjunction with other inflammatory markers. This pro-inflammatory phenotype within the hippocampus was further confirmed with an increase in the glucocorticoid-antagonizing macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Mif, and the glial surveillance marker, Ciita. This indicates that despite high levels of glucocorticoids, acute stress sensitizes a neuroinflammatory response within the hippocampus involving both pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible NOS while concurrently modulating the immunophenotype of glia. Furthermore, there was a delayed increase in striatal inducible NOS expression while no change was found in other pro-inflammatory mediators. This suggests that short term stress induces a generalized increase in inducible NOS signaling that coincides with regionally specific increased markers of adaptive immunity and inflammation within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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24
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Hau M, Casagrande S, Ouyang J, Baugh A. Glucocorticoid-Mediated Phenotypes in Vertebrates. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Sarin H. Pressuromodulation at the cell membrane as the basis for small molecule hormone and peptide regulation of cellular and nuclear function. J Transl Med 2015; 13:372. [PMID: 26610602 PMCID: PMC4660824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent knowledge that the specificity of the biological interactions of small molecule hydrophiles and lipophiles across microvascular and epithelial barriers, and with cells, can be predicted on the basis of their conserved biophysical properties, and the knowledge that biological peptides are cell membrane impermeant, it has been further discussed herein that cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are primarily regulated by small molecule hormone and peptide/factor interactions at the cell membrane (CM) receptors. The means of regulating cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are the various forms of CM Pressuromodulation that exist, which include Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) or Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) cum External Cationomodulation (≥3+ → 1+); which are with respect to acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecule hormones, growth factors or cytokines, and also include Indirect CM- or CM Receptor-Mediated Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Indirect 1ary CM-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Perturbomodulation), Indirect 2ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Tri or Quad Receptor Internal Pseudo-Cationomodulation: SS 1+), Indirect 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Single or Dual Receptor Endocytic External Cationomodulation: 2+) or Indirect (Pseudo) 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Receptor Endocytic Hydroxylocarbonyloetheroylomodulation: 0), which are with respect to sub-acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecules, growth factors or cytokines. As a generalization, all forms of CM pressuromodulation decrease CM and nuclear membrane (NM) compliance (whole cell compliance), due to pressuromodulation of the intracellular microtubule network and increases the exocytosis of pre-synthesized vesicular endogolgi peptides and small molecules as well as nuclear-to-rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins to the CM, with the potential to simultaneously increase the NM-associated chromatin DNA transcription of higher molecular weight protein forms, secretory and CM-destined, mitochondrial and nuclear, including the highest molecular weight nuclear proteins, Ki67 (359 kDa) and Separase (230 kDa), with the latter leading to mitogenesis and cell division; while, in the case of growth factors or cytokines with external cationomodulation capability, CM Receptor External Cationomodulation of CM receptors (≥3+ → 1+) results in cationic extracellular interaction (≥3+) with extracellular matrix heparan sulfates (≥3+ → 1+) concomitant with lamellopodesis and cell migration. It can be surmised that the modulation of cellular, and nuclear, function is mostly a reactive process, governed, primarily, by small molecule hormone and peptide interactions at the cell membrane, with CM receptors and the CM itself. These insights taken together, provide valuable translationally applicable knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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Modulation of the Expression of Components of the Stress Response by Dietary Arachidonic Acid in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Larvae. Lipids 2015; 50:1029-41. [PMID: 26233819 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), larvae, the effect of different levels of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) on the expression of genes related to the fish stress response. Copies of mRNA from genes related to steroidogenesis [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), c-Fos, and CYP11β (11β-hydroxylase gene)], glucocorticoid receptor complex [GR (glucocorticoid receptor) and HSP (heat shock proteins) 70 and 90) and antioxidative stress (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase] were quantified. Eighteen day-old larvae were fed for 14 days with three experimental diets with increasing levels of ARA (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2% d.w.) and similar levels of docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids (5 and 3%, respectively). The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real time RT-PCR with the standard curve method (absolute quantification). Increase dietary levels of ARA induced a significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulation of genes related to cortisol synthesis, such as StAR and CYP11β and up-regulated genes related to glucocorticoid receptor complex, such as HSP70 and GR. No effects were observed on antioxidant enzymes gene expression. These results revealed the regulatory role of dietary ARA on the expression of stress-related genes in European sea bass larvae.
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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Chen HJC, Spiers JG, Sernia C, Anderson ST, Lavidis NA. Reactive nitrogen species contribute to the rapid onset of redox changes induced by acute immobilization stress in rats. Stress 2014; 17:520-7. [PMID: 25238022 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.966264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress leads to the rapid secretion of glucocorticoids, which accelerates cellular metabolism, resulting in increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation. Although the nitrergic system has been implicated in numerous stress-related diseases, the time course and extent of nitrosative changes during acute stress have not been characterized. Outbred male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control (n = 9) or 120 min acute immobilization stress (n = 9) groups. Serial blood samples were collected at 0 (baseline), 60, 90, and 120 min. Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased by approximately 350% at 60, 90, and 120 (p < 0.001) min of stress. The production of nitric oxide, measured as the benzotriazole form of 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein, increased during stress exposure by approximately 5%, 10%, and 15% at 60 (p < 0.05), 90 (p < 0.01) and 120 (p < 0.001) min, respectively, compared to controls. Nitric oxide metabolism, measured as the stable metabolites nitrite and nitrate, showed a 40-60% increase at 60, 90, and 120 (p < 0.001) min of stress. The oxidative status of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in plasma was significantly elevated at 60 (p < 0.01), 90, and 120 (p < 0.001) min. A delayed decrease of approximately 25% in the glutathione redox ratio at 120 min (p < 0.001) also indicates stress-induced cellular oxidative stress. The peroxidation of plasma lipids increased by approximately 10% at 90 (p < 0.05) and 15% at 120 (p < 0.001) min, indicative of oxidative damage. It was concluded that a single episode of stress causes early and marked changes of both oxidative and nitrosative status sufficient to induce oxidative damage in peripheral tissues.
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Dhir A, Kulkarni SK. Nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor counteracts immobilization stress-induced alterations in different behavioral and biochemical parameters in mice. Inflamm Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03353885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Comparison of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam influence on postoperative and oxidative stress in ovariohysterectomized bitches. Pol J Vet Sci 2014; 17:493-9. [DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2014-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of flunixin meglumine (FM) and meloxicam (M) on postoperative and oxidative stress in ovariohysterectomized bitches. Twenty four bitches were divided into three groups (n=8 in each) and treated during premedication as follows: FM (2.2 mg/kg, iv, Fluvil, Vilsan, Turkey), M (0.2 mg/kg, sc, Maxicam, Sanovel, Turkey) or 0.9% saline (1 ml, iv, IE, Turkey) - control (C) group. The concentrations of serum cortisol, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant potential (AOP) and glutation (GSH) were measured in blood samples collected during incision (0 h), closure of incision line (0.5 h) and 1, 2.5, 12 and 24 hours after incision. It was observed that cortisol level was higher at 0.5, 1 and 2.5 h in group C (p < 0.05), 0.5 h in group FM (p < 0.001), and 1 and 2.5 h in group M (p < 0.01), as compared to that determine at 0 h. Group C showed higher cortisol level during 0.5 h (p < 0.05) than that found in the other groups. Group FM displayed lower levels during 1 h (p < 0.01) and 2.5 h (p < 0.05) as compared to those observed in other groups. Concentrations of MDA, AOP and GSH between all the groups did not show any significant differences. MDA level was higher at 0.5 and 1 h in groupM (p < 0.05) than that found in group C and it was the lowest at 2.5 h in group C (p < 0.05). AOP was higher at 2.5 h in group FM and M (p < 0.05) than that observed in group C, and at 12 and 24 h in group M than that found in group C and FM. GSH did not show any significant differences between the groups. NO level in group FM after 12 h was higher (p < 0.05) than that at 0.5, 1 and 24 h. Moreover, NO level was lower at 0.5 (p < 0.01), 1 (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.05) in group FM than that observed in group C and M. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine decreases cortisol and NO levels more efficiently than meloxicam. Therefore, it is suggested that postoperative stress following ovariohysterectomy may be prevented by flunixin meglumine in bitches.
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Kuznetsova NV, Pal'chikova NA, Kuzminova OI, Selyatitskaya VG. Production of corticosteroid hormones in vitro by adrenals in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:28-31. [PMID: 24913572 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied baseline and ACTH-stimulated in vitro production of corticosteroids by rat adrenals. Production of the basic corticosteroids pregnenolone (early precursor in corticosteroid synthesis), progesterone (intermediate precursor in synthesis of gluco- and mineralocorticoid hormones), and corticosterone (major glucocorticoid hormone in rodents) in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was enhanced by 1.8-2.0 times in comparison with the control animals. Addition of ACTH to the incubation medium stimulated pregnenolone production by the adrenals equally in the control and experimental (diabetic) groups, while the increase in corticosterone production was less pronounced in the experimental group. Stimulation of corticosterone production in response to ACTH after saturation of the incubation medium with pregnenolone was also less pronounced in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kuznetsova
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia,
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Shaashua L, Rosenne E, Neeman E, Sorski L, Sominsky L, Matzner P, Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S. Plasma IL-12 levels are suppressed in vivo by stress and surgery through endogenous release of glucocorticoids and prostaglandins but not catecholamines or opioids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:11-23. [PMID: 24636497 PMCID: PMC3959722 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a prominent Th1 differentiator and leukocyte activator. Ample studies showed suppression of IL-12 production by numerous stress factors, including prostaglandins, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and opioids, but did so in vitro and in the context of artificial leukocyte activation, not simulating the in vivo setting. In a recent study we reported in vivo suppression of plasma IL-12 levels by behavioral stress and surgery. The current study aims to elucidate neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in naïve F344 rats. To this end, both adrenalectomy and administration of specific antagonists were used, targeting the aforementioned stress factors. The results indicated that corticosterone and prostaglandins are prominent mediators of the IL-12-suppressing effects of stress and surgery, apparently through directly suppressing leukocyte IL-12 production. Following surgery, endogenous prostaglandins exerted their effects mainly through elevating corticosterone levels. Importantly, stress-induced release of epinephrine or opioids had no impact on plasma IL-12 levels, while pharmacological administration of epinephrine reduced plasma IL-12 levels by elevating corticosterone levels. Last, a whole blood in vitro study indicated that prostaglandins and corticosterone, but not epinephrine, suppressed IL-12 production in non-stimulated leukocytes, and only corticosterone did so in the context of CpG-C-induced IL-12 production. Overall, the findings reiterate the notion that results from in vitro or pharmacological in vivo studies cannot indicate the effects of endogenously released stress hormones under stress/surgery conditions. Herein, corticosterone and prostaglandins, but not catecholamines or opioids, were key mediators of the suppressive effect of stress and surgery on in vivo plasma IL-12 levels in otherwise naïve animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Shaashua
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Rosenne
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Neeman
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Luba Sominsky
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pini Matzner
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gayle G. Page
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Study of the signaling function of sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin III in isolated adrenal gland: unsuitability of clonal and primary adrenocortical cells. Methods Enzymol 2014. [PMID: 23830631 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405882-8.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Members of the peroxiredoxin (Prx) family of antioxidant enzymes are inactivated via hyperoxidation of the active site cysteine by the substrate H2O2 and are reactivated via an ATP-consuming process catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). PrxIII is reversibly inactivated by H2O2 produced by cytochrome P450 11B1 (CYP11B1) in mitochondria during corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal gland of mice injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Inactivation of PrxIII triggers a sequence of events including accumulation of H2O2, activation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK), inhibition of cholesterol transfer, and suppression of corticosterone synthesis. Srx expression is significantly induced by ACTH injection. The coupling of CYP11B1 activity to PrxIII inactivation and Srx induction provides a feedback regulatory mechanism for steroidogenesis that functions independently of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Furthermore, the PrxIII-Srx regulatory pathway is critical for the circadian rhythm of corticosterone production. Although adrenocortical tumor cell lines such as Y-1 and H295R have been used extensively for studying the mechanism of steroidogenesis, those clonal cells were found to be unsuitable as an in vitro model for redox signaling because the amount of Srx in the cell lines is much higher than that in mouse adrenal gland and not affected by ACTH stimulation. Furthermore, the levels of PrxIII in the clonal cells are greatly reduced compared to that in the adrenal gland, and ACTH does not induce PrxIII hyperoxidation in the clonal cells. Primary adrenocortical cells isolated from the mouse adrenal gland were also found to be an invalid model because Srx levels are increased, along with decreased levels of hyperoxidized PrxIII, soon after isolation of these cells. Organ culture system is, however, appropriate for studying the PrxIII-Srx regulatory function as the levels of hyperoxidized PrxIII and Srx in the adrenal glands maintained overnight in culture medium are not changed.
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Martínez-Lazcano JC, González-Guevara E, del Carmen Rubio M, Franco-Pérez J, Custodio V, Hernández-Cerón M, Livera C, Paz C. The effects of ozone exposure and associated injury mechanisms on the central nervous system. Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:337-52. [PMID: 23585211 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a component of photochemical smog, which is a major air pollutant and demonstrates properties that are harmful to health because of the toxic properties that are inherent to its powerful oxidizing capabilities. Environmental O3 exposure is associated with many symptoms related to respiratory disorders, which include loss of lung function, exacerbation of asthma, airway damage, and lung inflammation. The effects of O3 are not restricted to the respiratory system or function - adverse effects within the central nervous system (CNS) such as decreased cognitive response, decrease in motor activity, headaches, disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle, neuronal dysfunctions, cell degeneration, and neurochemical alterations have also been described; furthermore, it has also been proposed that O3 could have epigenetic effects. O3 exposure induces the reactive chemical species in the lungs, but the short half-life of these chemical species has led some authors to attribute the injurious mechanisms observed within the lungs to inflammatory processes. However, the damage to the CNS induced by O3 exposure is not well understood. In this review, the basic mechanisms of inflammation and activation of the immune system by O3 exposure are described and the potential mechanisms of damage, which include neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and the signs and symptoms of disturbances within the CNS caused by environmental O3 exposure are discussed.
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Acute restraint stress induces rapid and prolonged changes in erythrocyte and hippocampal redox status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2511-9. [PMID: 23773854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The onset and consequential changes in reduction-oxidation (redox) status that take place in response to short-term stress have not been well defined. This study utilized erythrocytes and neural tissue from male Wistar rats to demonstrate the rapid redox alterations that occur following an acute restraining stress. Serial blood samples collected from catheterized animals were used to measure prolactin, corticosterone, glucose, general oxidative status, and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratios. Restraint increased prolactin concentration by approximately 300% at 30 min and rapidly returned to baseline values by 120 min of stress. Baseline blood glucose and corticosterone increased during stress exposure by approximately 25% and 150% respectively. Over the experimental period, the erythrocytic oxidative status of restrained animals increased by approximately 10% per hour which persisted after stress exposure, while changes in the glutathione redox couple were not observed until 120 min following the onset of stress. Application of restraint stress increased hippocampal oxidative status by approximately 17% while no change was observed in the amygdala. It was concluded that while endocrine and metabolic markers of stress rapidly increase and habituate to stress exposure, redox status continues to change following stress in both peripheral and neural tissue. Studies with longer post-restraint times and the inclusion of several brain regions should further elucidate the consequential redox changes induced by acute restraint stress.
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Hueston CM, Deak T. The inflamed axis: the interaction between stress, hormones, and the expression of inflammatory-related genes within key structures comprising the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Physiol Behav 2013; 124:77-91. [PMID: 24184413 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress increases the expression of cytokines and other inflammatory-related factors in the CNS, plasma, and endocrine glands, and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may play a key role in later stress sensitization. In addition to providing a summary of stress effects on neuroimmune changes within the CNS, we present a series of experiments that characterize stress effects on members of the interleukin-1β (IL-1) super-family and other inflammatory-related genes in key structures comprising the HPA axis (PVN, pituitary and adrenal glands), followed by a series of experiments examining the impact of exogenous hormone administration (CRH and ACTH) and dexamethasone on the expression of inflammatory-related genes in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results demonstrated robust, time-dependent, and asynchronous expression patterns for IL-1 and IL-1R2 in the PVN, with substantial increases in IL-6 and COX-2 in the adrenal glands emerging as key findings. The effects of exogenous CRH and ACTH were predominantly isolated within the adrenals. Finally, pretreatment with dexamethasone severely blunted neuroimmune changes in the adrenal glands, but not in the PVN. These findings provide novel insight into the relationship between stress, the expression of inflammatory signaling factors within key structures comprising the HPA axis, and their interaction with HPA hormones, and provide a foundation for better understanding the role of cytokines as modulators of hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Hueston
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
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Abdu FB. Neuronal activation and plasticity in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 19:495-501. [PMID: 23961211 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis leads to structural and functional changes which may result from unbalanced release of some inflammatory mediators. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intestinal parasitic infection on nitric oxide release and to evaluate the neural plasticity that leads to motility disturbance. Experiments were performed in Swiss mice 8- and 12-weeks following infection with Schistosoma mansoni compared to untreated controls. Jejunal motility was assessed using a Trendelenburg preparation to study aboral directed peristaltic pressure waves. Histological examination was used to determine the pathological characteristics of inflammation. Parasitic infection produces diffuse inflammatory infiltrate in both 8- and 12-weeks infected animals. Inflammation had significant effect on peristaltic pressure waves amplitude and intervals at 8-weeks compared to control; whereas, in 12-weeks post infection there was a significant decrease in peristaltic pressure waves amplitude and interval compared to 8- weeks and control. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME 100 μM) induced a significant increase in amplitude and decrease in intervals in control, 8- and 12- weeks infected animals. In conclusion, parasitic infection leads to disturbance in the release of the inflammatory mediators. This study indicated the role of nitric oxide in developing granulomatous inflammation and participating in motility disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza B Abdu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42699, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
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Blandino P, Hueston CM, Barnum CJ, Bishop C, Deak T. The impact of ventral noradrenergic bundle lesions on increased IL-1 in the PVN and hormonal responses to stress in male sprague dawley rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2489-500. [PMID: 23671261 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of acute stress on inflammatory signaling within the central nervous system is of interest because these factors influence neuroendocrine function both directly and indirectly. Exposure to certain stressors increases expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, Il-1β in the hypothalamus. Increased IL-1 is reciprocally regulated by norepinephrine (stimulatory) and corticosterone (inhibitory), yet neural pathways underlying increased IL-1 have not been clarified. These experiments explored the impact of bilateral lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) on IL-1 expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) after foot shock. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the VNAB (VNABx) and were exposed to intermittent foot shock. VNABx depleted approximately 64% of norepinephrine in the PVN and attenuated the IL-1 response produced by foot shock. However, characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response, a crucial prerequisite for interpreting the effect of VNABx on IL-1 expression, revealed a profound dissociation between ACTH and corticosterone. Specifically, VNABx blocked the intronic CRH response in the PVN and the increase in plasma ACTH, whereas corticosterone was unaffected at all time points examined. Additionally, foot shock led to a rapid and profound increase in cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-1 expression within the adrenal glands, whereas more subtle effects were observed in the pituitary gland. Together the findings were the 1) demonstration that exposure to acute stress increased expression of inflammatory factors more broadly throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; 2) implication of a modest role for norepinephrine-containing fibers of the VNAB as an upstream regulator of PVN IL-1; and 3) suggestion of an ACTH-independent mechanism controlling the release of corticosterone in VNABx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blandino
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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Meron G, Tishler Y, Shaashua L, Rosenne E, Levi B, Melamed R, Gotlieb N, Matzner P, Sorski L, Ben-Eliyahu S. PGE2 suppresses NK activity in vivo directly and through adrenal hormones: effects that cannot be reflected by ex vivo assessment of NK cytotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:128-38. [PMID: 23153554 PMCID: PMC3641317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery can suppress in vivo levels of NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) through various mechanisms, including catecholamine-, glucocorticoid (CORT)-, and prostaglandin (PG)-mediated responses. However, PGs are synthesized locally following tissue damage, driving proinflammatory and CORT responses, while their systemic levels are often unaffected. Thus, we herein studied the role of adrenal factors in mediating in vivo effects of PGs on NKCC, using adrenalectomized and sham-operated F344 rats subjected to surgery or PGE(2) administration. In vivo and ex vivo approaches were employed, based on intravenous administration of the NK-sensitive MADB106 tumor line, and based on ex vivo assessment of YAC-1 and MADB106 target-line lysis. Additionally, in vitro studies assessed the kinetics of the impact of epinephrine, CORT, and PGE(2) on NKCC. The results indicated that suppression of NKCC by epinephrine and PGE(2) are short lasting, and cannot be evident when these compounds are removed from the in vitro assay milieu, or in the context of ex vivo assessment of NKCC. In contrast, the effects of CORT are long-lasting and are reflected in both conditions even after its removal. Marginating-pulmonary NKCC was less susceptible to suppression than circulating NKCC, when tested against the xenogeneic YAC-1 target line, but not against the syngeneic MADB106 line, which seems to involve different cytotoxicity mechanisms. Overall, these findings indicate that elevated systemic PG levels can directly suppress NKCC in vivo, but following laparotomy adrenal hormones mediate most of the effects of endogenously-released PGs. Additionally, the ex vivo approach seems limited in reflecting the short-lasting NK-suppressive effects of catecholamines and PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Meron
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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40
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Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Hota KB, Hota SK, Prasad D, Ilavazhagan G. Withania somnifera root extract ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:431-441. [PMID: 23211660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (WS) root extract has been used traditionally in ayurvedic system of medicine as a memory enhancer and anti-stress agent. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotective and prophylactic potential of WS root extract in ameliorating hypobaric hypoxia (HH) induced memory impairment and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS WS root extract was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats during a period of 21 days pre-exposure and 07 days exposure to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. Spatial memory was assessed by Morris Water Maze. Neurodegeneration, corticosterone, acetylcholine (Ach) levels, acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were assessed in the hippocampus. Synaptic and apoptotic markers were also investigated by immunoblotting. To study the role of NO in regulating corticosterone mediated signaling, the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS) inhibitor, L-Nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-Name) and NO agonist sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were administered from 3rd to 7th day of hypoxic exposure. RESULTS Administration of WS root extract prevented HH induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration along with decreased NO, corticosterone, oxidative stress and AchE activity in hippocampal region. Inhibition of NO synthesis by administration of L-Name reduced corticosterone levels in hippocampus during hypoxic exposure while co-administration of corticosterone increased neurodegeneration. Administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) along with WS root extract supplementation during hypoxic exposure increased corticosterone levels and increased the number of pyknotic cells. CONCLUSION WS root extract ameliorated HH induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration in hippocampus through NO mediated modulation of corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar Baitharu
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, At/Po: Timarpur, Lucknow Road, Delhi-110054, India
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1369-78. [PMID: 22483040 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is now an expanding volume of evidence to support the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. The gut is inhabited by 10¹³-10¹⁴ micro-organisms, which is ten times the number of cells in the human body and contains 150 times as many genes as our genome. It has long been recognised that gut pathogens such as Escherichia coli, if they enter the gut can activate the HPA. However, animals raised in a germ-free environment show exaggerated HPA responses to psychological stress, which normalises with monocolonisation by certain bacterial species including Bifidobacterium infantis. Moreover, increased evidence suggests that animals treated with probiotics have a blunted HPA response. Stress induces increased permeability of the gut allowing bacteria and bacterial antigens to cross the epithelial barrier and activate a mucosal immune response, which in turn alters the composition of the microbiome and leads to enhanced HPA drive. Increasing data from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and major depression indicate that in these syndromes alteration of the HPA may be induced by increased gut permeability. In the case of irritable bowel syndrome the increased permeability can respond to probiotic therapy. Detailed prospective studies in patients with mood disorders examining the gut microbiota, immune parameters and HPA activity are required to throw further light on this emerging area. It is however clear that the gut microbiota must be taken into account when considering the factors regulating the HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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42
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Attia YA, Kamel KI. Semen quality, testosterone, seminal plasma biochemical and antioxidant profiles of rabbit bucks fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of soybean lecithin. Animal 2012; 6:824-33. [PMID: 22558930 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 28 adult V-line rabbits were fed ad libitum a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% soybean lecithin (SL) for 12 weeks. Bucks that received 0.5%, 1.0% or 1.5% dietary SL had a higher ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration, total sperm output and total motile sperm. Dietary SL reduced the percentage of dead sperm and increased the normal sperm, and this concurred with an increase in blood testosterone concentration. Blood and seminal plasma total lipid, acid phosphatase and seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased because of inclusion of SL. Interestingly, SL reduced blood and seminal plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances while increasing blood and seminal plasma glutathione content, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. Conception rate and litter size at birth and weaning were also significantly improved. Practically, it could be suggested that SL is a suitable supplement for improving semen quality, antioxidant status, reproductive traits and the economic efficiency of V-line rabbit bucks and 1% is an adequate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Attia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt.
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Stroth N, Liu Y, Aguilera G, Eiden LE. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide controls stimulus-transcription coupling in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to mediate sustained hormone secretion during stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:944-55. [PMID: 21824204 PMCID: PMC3183119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
External and internal stimuli that threaten homeostasis trigger coordinated stress responses through activation of specialised neuroendocrine circuits. In mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis mediates responses to stressors such as restraint, ultimately enhancing adrenocortical hormone secretion. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in central control of the HPA axis, and we have recently shown PACAP-dependent expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and secretion of corticosterone in response to restraint. We now provide a more detailed analysis of PACAP-dependent HPA axis stimulation in the mouse, indicating that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the primary site of action. We demonstrate by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation that up-regulation of mRNAs encoding CRH and inducible transcription factors, from the Nr4a family (Nur77, Nor1) in the PVN is PACAP-dependent. Furthermore, CRH hnRNA is rapidly up-regulated in cultured hypothalamic neurones after treatment with PACAP. Induction of Nr4a factors (Nur77, Nurr1) in response to restraint is attenuated in the pituitary gland of PACAP-deficient mice. In the adrenal glands, restraint elicits a marked PACAP-dependent increase in adrenocortical mRNA levels of all three Nr4a transcription factors, steroidogenic factor 1 (Nr5a1), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and steroid 21-hydroxylase. Taken together, our results show that PACAP controls HPA responses to restraint primarily at the level of the hypothalamus by up-regulating CRH, possibly involving transcription factors such as Nur77 and Nor1. Subsequent adrenocortical steroidogenesis also appears to involve PACAP-dependent stimulus-transcription coupling, suggesting a mechanism by which PACAP exerts control over HPA axis function during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Stroth
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, PDEGEN, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, PDEGEN, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zimomra ZR, Porterfield VM, Camp RM, Johnson JD. Time-dependent mediators of HPA axis activation following live Escherichia coli. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1648-57. [PMID: 21917906 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00301.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during an immune challenge to liberate energy and modulate immune responses via feedback and regulatory mechanisms. Inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins are known contributors to HPA activation; however, most previous studies only looked at specific time points following LPS administration. Since whole bacteria have different immune stimulatory properties compared with LPS, the aim of the present studies was to determine whether different immune products contribute to HPA activation at different times following live Escherichia coli challenge. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with E. coli (2.5 × 10(7) CFU) and a time course of circulating corticosterone, ACTH, inflammatory cytokines, and PGE(2) was developed. Plasma corticosterone peaked 0.5 h after E. coli and steadily returned to baseline by 4 h. Plasma PGE(2) correlated with the early rise in plasma corticosterone, whereas inflammatory cytokines were not detected until 2 h. Pretreatment with indomethacin, a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, completely blocked the early rise in plasma corticosterone, but not at 2 h, whereas pretreatment with IL-6 antibodies had no effect on the early rise in corticosterone but attenuated corticosterone at 2 h. Interestingly, indomethacin pretreatment did not completely block the early rise in corticosterone following a higher concentration of E. coli (2.5 × 10(8) CFU). Further studies revealed that only animals receiving indomethacin prior to E. coli displayed elevated plasma and liver cytokines at early time points (0.5 and 1 h), suggesting prostaglandins suppress early inflammatory cytokine production. Overall, these data indicate prostaglandins largely mediate the early rise in plasma corticosterone, while inflammatory cytokines contribute to maintaining levels of corticosterone at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Zimomra
- Kent State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent, Ohio, USA
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45
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Ducsay CA, Myers DA. eNOS activation and NO function: differential control of steroidogenesis by nitric oxide and its adaptation with hypoxia. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:259-69. [PMID: 21653733 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes. Aside from its widely studied function in the regulation of vascular function, NO has been shown to impact steroidogenesis in a number of different tissues. The goal of this review is to explore the effects of NO on steroid production and further, to discern its source(s) and mechanism of action. Attention will be given to the regulation of NO synthases in specific endocrine tissues including ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. The effects of hypoxia on generation of NO and subsequent effects on steroid biosynthesis will also be examined. Finally, a potential model for the interaction of hypoxia on NO synthesis and steroid production is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Ducsay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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46
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Hueston CM, Barnum CJ, Eberle JA, Ferraioli FJ, Buck HM, Deak T. Stress-dependent changes in neuroinflammatory markers observed after common laboratory stressors are not seen following acute social defeat of the Sprague Dawley rat. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:187-98. [PMID: 21406198 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to acute stress has been shown to increase the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain, blood and peripheral organs. However, the nature of the inflammatory response evoked by acute stress varies depending on the stressor used and species examined. The goal of the following series of studies was to characterize the consequences of social defeat in the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat using three different social defeat paradigms. In Experiments 1 and 2, adult male SD rats were exposed to a typical acute resident-intruder paradigm of social defeat (60 min) by placement into the home cage of a larger, aggressive Long Evans rat and brain tissue was collected at multiple time points for analysis of IL-1β protein and gene expression changes in the PVN, BNST and adrenal glands. In subsequent experiments, rats were exposed to once daily social defeat for 7 or 21 days (Experiment 3) or housed continuously with an aggressive partner (separated by a partition) for 7 days (Experiment 4) to assess the impact of chronic social stress on inflammatory measures. Despite the fact that social defeat produced a comparable corticosterone response as other stressors (restraint, forced swim and footshock; Experiment 5), acute social defeat did not affect inflammatory measures. A small but reliable increase in IL-1 gene expression was observed immediately after the 7th exposure to social defeat, while other inflammatory measures were unaffected. In contrast, restraint, forced swim and footshock all significantly increased IL-1 gene expression in the PVN; other inflammatory factors (IL-6, cox-2) were unaffected in this structure. These findings provide a comprehensive evaluation of stress-dependent inflammatory changes in the SD rat, raising intriguing questions regarding the features of the stress challenge that may be predictive of stress-dependent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Hueston
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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Mohn CE, Fernandez-Solari J, De Laurentiis A, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Rettori V. Adrenal gland responses to lipopolysaccharide after stress and ethanol administration in male rats. Stress 2011; 14:216-26. [PMID: 21291319 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.532254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of stress, including restraint stress (RS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. LPS binds to a recognition protein (CD14) and toll-like receptor 2/4 in different cells and tissues, including the adrenal gland, to induce the production of cytokines and cause upregulation of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Acute ethanol exposure activates the HPA axis, but in some conditions prolonged administration can dampen this activation as well as decrease the inflammatory responses to LPS. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the adrenal response to a challenge dose of LPS (50 μg/kg) injected i.p., after submitting male rats to RS, twice a day (2 h each time) for 5 days and/or ethanol administration (3 g/kg) by gavage also for 5 days, twice daily. At the end of the experiment, plasma corticosterone concentrations and adrenal gland content of prostaglandin E (PGE) and NOS activity were measured as stress mediators. The results showed that repetitive ethanol administration attenuated the adrenal stress response to LPS challenge alone and after RS, by preventing the increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and by decreasing the PGE content and NOS activity in the adrenal gland. Therefore, we conclude that moderate alcohol consumption could attenuate the effects of psychophysical stress and impair an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Mohn
- Centro de Estudios Farmacol?gicos y Bot?nicos (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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48
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Smith C. The effects of Sceletium tortuosum in an in vivo model of psychological stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:31-36. [PMID: 20816940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Sceletium, and especially Sceletium tortuosum, is traditionally used as masticator and thought to have a sedative effect which may be beneficial to reduce symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. The current study evaluated the scientific merit of these anecdotal claims in an in vivo model of psychological stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered either placebo, 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of Sceletium tortuosum extract for 17 days by daily oral gavage. 50% of rats were exposed to repeated restraint stress lasting 1h for the last 3 days of treatment. Rat behavioral changes in response to stress were assessed using the elevated plus maze on the last day of restraint, immediately after the restraint session. Rats were sacrificed 24h after the last restraint exposure and whole blood collected. RESULTS Behavior indicated a limited effect of lower dose Sceletium to decrease restraint stress-induced self-soothing behavior, as well as to decrease stress-induced corticosterone levels. However, increased IL-1β levels argue against the claim that the plant may act as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, while this result combined with increased levels of C-reactive protein and prostaglandin E(2) suggest intolerance to the treatment. Decreased IL-2 and increased IL-10 levels in response to Sceletium treatment suggest a suppressive effect on T helper 1 immune function. CONCLUSIONS Although data indicates a limited positive effect of Sceletium on restraint-induced anxiety, numerous side-effects were evident. More research is required to derive an optimal therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Matysiak W, Jodłowska-Jędrych B. Does administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug determine morphological changes in adrenal cortex: ultrastructural studies. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 246:109-18. [PMID: 20721677 PMCID: PMC2947012 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rofecoxib (Vioxx© made by Merck Sharp & Dohme, the USA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which belongs to the group of selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenasis-2, i.e., coxibs. Rofecoxib was first registered in the USA, in May 1999. Since then the drug was received by millions of patients. Drugs of this group were expected to exhibit increased therapeutic action. Additionally, there were expectations concerning possibilities of their application, at least as auxiliary drugs, in neoplastic therapy due to intensifying of apoptosis. In connection with the withdrawal of Vioxx© (rofecoxib) from pharmaceutical market, attempts were made to conduct electron-microscopic evaluation of cortical part of the adrenal gland in preparations obtained from animals under influence of the drug. Every morning animals from the experimental group (15 rats) received rofecoxib (suspension in physiological saline)--non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Vioxx©, Merck Sharp and Dohme, the USA), through an intragastric tube in the dose of 1.25 mg during 8 weeks. In the evaluated material, there was found a greater number of secretory vacuoles and large, containing cholesterol and other lipids as well as generated glucocorticoids, lipid drops in cytoplasm containing prominent endoplasmic reticulum. There were also found cells with cytoplasm of smaller density--especially in apical and basal parts of cells. Mitochondria occasionally demonstrated features of delicate swelling. The observed changes, which occurred on cellular level with application of large doses of the drug, result from mobilization of adaptation mechanisms of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Street Radziwiłłowska, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Street Radziwiłłowska, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
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50
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Loria AS, D'Angelo G, Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Early life stress downregulates endothelin receptor expression and enhances acute stress-mediated blood pressure responses in adult rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R185-91. [PMID: 20410476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00333.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that early life stress enhances endothelin (ET-1)-dependent acute stress responses in adulthood. We utilized a unique rat model, wild-type (WT) and ET(B) receptor-deficient spotting lethal (sl/sl) rats, as well as pharmacological blockade of ET receptors, in a model of early life stress, maternal separation (MS). MS was performed in male WT and sl/sl rats 3 h/day from day 2 to 14 of life. Acute air jet stress (AJS)-induced responses (elevation in blood pressure, plasma corticosterone, and plasma ET-1) were evaluated in adult MS rats compared with the nonhandled littermate (control) rats. MS significantly augmented the acute AJS-induced blood pressure response (area under the curve) in WT rats compared with control, while the AJS-induced pressor responses were similar in sl/sl MS and control rats. ET receptor blockade significantly blunted the AJS-induced pressor response in WT MS and control rats. Moreover, AJS-induced plasma corticosterone levels in control rats were sensitive to ET receptor blockade, yet, AJS did not alter plasma corticosterone levels in MS rats. MS significantly increased circulating ET-1 levels, and AJS-induced plasma ET-1 levels were similarly increased in control and MS rats. MS induced a significant downregulation in expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in aortic tissue compared with control rats. These results indicate that early life stress reduced expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors, leading to alterations in the ET pathway, and an exaggerated acute stress-mediated pressor response in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia S Loria
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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