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Hu Y, Yang A, Li H, Zhao R, Bao C, Yu Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhuo L, Han Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao H. Lymph node-targeted STING agonist nanovaccine against chronic HBV infection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:372. [PMID: 39196331 PMCID: PMC11358573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that substantially increases the risk of developing liver disease. The development of a novel strategy to induce anti-HB seroconversion and achieve a long-lasting immune response against chronic HBV infection remains challenging. Here, we found that chronic HBV infection affected the signaling pathway involved in STING-mediated induction of host immune responses in dendritic cells (DCs) and then generated a lymph node-targeted nanovaccine that co-delivered hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) (named the PP-SG nanovaccine). The feasibility and efficiency of the PP-SG nanovaccine for CHB treatment were evaluated in HBV-carrier mice. Serum samples were analyzed for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBV DNA, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and liver samples were evaluated for HBV DNA and RNA and HBcAg, accompanied by an analysis of HBV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses during PP-SG nanovaccine treatment. The PP-SG nanovaccine increased antigen phagocytosis and DC maturation, efficiently and safely eliminated HBV, achieved a long-lasting immune response against HBV reinjection, and disrupted chronic HBV infection-induced immune tolerance, as characterized by the generation and multifunctionality of HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells and the downregulation of immune checkpoint molecules. HBV-carrier mice immunized with the PP-SG nanovaccine achieved partial anti-HBs seroconversion. The PP-SG nanovaccine can induce sufficient and persistent viral suppression and achieve anti-HBs seroconversion, rendering it a promising vaccine candidate for clinical chronic hepatitis B therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ailu Yang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiping Bao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yating Yu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yucan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Muñoz-Muela E, Trujillo-Rodríguez M, Serna-Gallego A, Saborido-Alconchel A, Ruiz-Mateos E, López-Cortés LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A. HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and exhaustion profiles in people with HIV after switching to dual therapy vs. maintaining triple therapy based on integrase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115750. [PMID: 37871555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual therapy (DT) has shown comparable results to triple therapy (TT) in efficacy and other immunological aspects. However, there are still some concerns about DT, including several immunological features. Therefore, we evaluated whether HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses and exhaustion phenotypes are adversely influenced after simplification to DT. METHODS HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine and degranulation marker staining, and polyfunctionality indexes after stimulation with a Gag peptide pool. Exhaustion phenotypes were evaluated by PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Forty participants in the TRIDUAL trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03447873) who were randomized to continue integrase inhibitor-based TT (n = 20) or to switch to DT (dolutegravir or darunavir/cobicistat plus lamivudine) (n = 20). After 96 weeks, the magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses was similar in both treatment arms (p = 0.221 and p = 0.602, respectively). The CD4+ polyfunctionality index decreased in the TT arm (p = 0.013) and remained stable in the DT arm, while the polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells was unchanged in both arms. There was a significant decrease in the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and the co-expression of PD-1+TIM-3+LAG-3+, and PD-1 +TIM-3 + in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the decrease in the expression of exhaustion markers did not improve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that simplification to DT does not negatively influence the HIV-1-specific T-cell response or the exhaustion phenotype after 96 weeks of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Muñoz-Muela
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Serna-Gallego
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abraham Saborido-Alconchel
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis F López-Cortés
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alicia Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Padula L, Fisher E, Wijayalath W, Patterson NB, Huang J, Ganeshan H, Robinson T, Bates FA, Hanson MA, Martin ML, Rivas K, Garcia D, Edgel KA, Sedegah M, Villasante E, Strbo N. Induction of antigen specific intrahepatic CD8+ T cell responses by a secreted heat shock protein based gp96-Ig-PfCA malaria vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130054. [PMID: 37056783 PMCID: PMC10086177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionA highly efficacious and durable vaccine against malaria is an essential tool for global malaria eradication. One of the promising strategies to develop such a vaccine is to induce robust CD8+ T cell mediated immunity against malaria liver-stage parasites.MethodsHere we describe a novel malaria vaccine platform based on a secreted form of the heat shock protein, gp96-immunoglobulin, (gp96-Ig) to induce malaria antigen specific, memory CD8+ T cells. Gp96-Ig acts as an adjuvant to activate antigen presenting cells (APCs) and chaperone peptides/antigens to APCs for cross presentation to CD8+ T cells.ResultsOur study shows that vaccination of mice and rhesus monkeys with HEK-293 cells transfected with gp96-Ig and two well-known Plasmodium falciparum CSP and AMA1 (PfCA) vaccine candidate antigens, induces liver-infiltrating, antigen specific, memory CD8+ T cell responses. The majority of the intrahepatic CSP and AMA1 specific CD8+ T cells expressed CD69 and CXCR3, the hallmark of tissue resident memory T cells (Trm). Also, we found intrahepatic, antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells secreting IL-2, which is relevant for maintenance of effective memory responses in the liver.DiscussionOur novel gp96-Ig malaria vaccine strategy represents a unique approach to induce liver-homing, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells critical for Plasmodium liver-stage protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Padula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wathsala Wijayalath
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- CAMRIS International, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Noelle B. Patterson
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanisha Robinson
- Malaria Serology Lab, Immunology Core, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Parsons Technical Services Inc., Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - François A. Bates
- Animal Medicine Branch, Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Margaret A. Hanson
- Necropsy Branch, Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Monica L. Martin
- Animal Medicine Branch, Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Katelyn Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Denisse Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Edgel
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Natasa Strbo,
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Benet S, Blanch-Lombarte O, Ainsua-Enrich E, Pedreño-Lopez N, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Raïch-Regué D, Perez-Zsolt D, Peña R, Jiménez E, de la Concepción MLR, Ávila C, Cedeño S, Escribà T, Romero-Martín L, Alarcón-Soto Y, Rodriguez-Lozano GF, Miranda C, González S, Bailón L, Blanco J, Massanella M, Brander C, Clotet B, Paredes R, Esteve M, Izquierdo- Useros N, Carrillo J, Prado JG, Moltó J, Mothe B. Limited Humoral and Specific T-Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in PWH With Poor Immune Reconstitution. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1913-1923. [PMID: 36200261 PMCID: PMC9619620 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyzed humoral and cellular immune responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) who had CD4+ T-cell counts <200/µL (HIV<200 group). METHODS This prospective cohort study included 58 PWH in the HIV<200 group, 36 with CD4+ T-cell counts >500/µL (HIV>500 group), and 33 HIV-1-negative controls (control group). Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-S immunoglobulin [Ig] G) and the receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD IgG) were quantified before and 4 weeks after the first and the second doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 (at week 8). Viral neutralization activity and T-cell responses were also determined. RESULTS At week 8, anti-S/anti-RBD IgG responses increased in all groups (P < .001). Median (interquartile range) anti-S and anti-RBD IgG levels at week 8 were 153.6 (26.4-654.9) and 171.9 (61.8-425.8) binding antibody units (BAU)/mL, respectively, in the HIV<200 group, compared with 245.6 (145-824) and 555.8 (166.4-1751) BAU/mL in the HIV>500 group and 274.7 (193.7-680.4) and 281.6 (181-831.8) BAU/mL in controls (P < .05). Neutralizing capacity and specific T-cell immune responses were absent or reduced in 33% of those in the HIV<200 group, compared with 3.7% in the HIV>500 group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS One-third of PWH with CD4+ T-cell counts <200/µL show low anti-S/anti-RBD IgG levels, reduced in vitro neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2, and no vaccine-induced T cells after receiving coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Benet
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Núria Pedreño-Lopez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Dàlia Raïch-Regué
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Perez-Zsolt
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Jiménez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Ávila
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Samandhy Cedeño
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Tuixent Escribà
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Luis Romero-Martín
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Yovaninna Alarcón-Soto
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Miranda
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sandra González
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucía Bailón
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Autonomous UniversityBarcelona. Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Esteve
- Preventive Medicine Service. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Autonomous UniversityBarcelona. Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo- Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Fundació lluita contra la sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Tiemeijer BM, Descamps L, Hulleman J, Sleeboom JJF, Tel J. A Microfluidic Approach for Probing Heterogeneity in Cytotoxic T-Cells by Cell Pairing in Hydrogel Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1910. [PMID: 36363930 PMCID: PMC9692327 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) exhibit strong effector functions to leverage antigen-specific anti-tumoral and anti-viral immunity. When naïve CTLs are activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) they display various levels of functional heterogeneity. To investigate this, we developed a single-cell droplet microfluidics platform that allows for deciphering single CTL activation profiles by multi-parameter analysis. We identified and correlated functional heterogeneity based on secretion profiles of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, and CD69 and CD25 surface marker expression levels. Furthermore, we strengthened our approach by incorporating low-melting agarose to encapsulate pairs of single CTLs and artificial APCs in hydrogel droplets, thereby preserving spatial information over cell pairs. This approach provides a robust tool for high-throughput and single-cell analysis of CTLs compatible with flow cytometry for subsequent analysis and sorting. The ability to score CTL quality, combined with various potential downstream analyses, could pave the way for the selection of potent CTLs for cell-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. Tiemeijer
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Descamps
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Hulleman
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. F. Sleeboom
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Peter L, Wendering DJ, Schlickeiser S, Hoffmann H, Noster R, Wagner DL, Zarrinrad G, Münch S, Picht S, Schulenberg S, Moradian H, Mashreghi MF, Klein O, Gossen M, Roch T, Babel N, Reinke P, Volk HD, Amini L, Schmueck-Henneresse M. Tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products to prevent and treat severe COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:52-73. [PMID: 35252469 PMCID: PMC8882037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive therapeutic immunosuppression that compromises their immune response to infections and vaccines. For this reason, SOT patients have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increased risk of death from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapies and vaccines is reduced due to the constant immunosuppression in this patient group. Here, we propose adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells made resistant to a common immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, for optimized performance in the immunosuppressed patient. Using a ribonucleoprotein approach of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have generated tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products from convalescent donors and demonstrate their specificity and function through characterizations at the single-cell level, including flow cytometry, single-cell RNA (scRNA) Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE), and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analyses. Based on the promising results, we aim for clinical validation of this approach in transplant recipients. Additionally, we propose a combinatory approach with tacrolimus, to prevent an overshooting immune response manifested as bystander T cell activation in the setting of severe COVID-19 immunopathology, and tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products, allowing for efficient clearance of viral infection. Our strategy has the potential to prevent severe COVID-19 courses in SOT or autoimmunity settings and to prevent immunopathology while providing viral clearance in severe non-transplant COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Peter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Jacqueline Wendering
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Hoffmann
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Noster
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Laurin Wagner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Münch
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Picht
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Schulenberg
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanieh Moradian
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Nattrass RG, Krafft L, Zjablovskaja P, Schuster M, Kasmapour B, Sarisoy C, Minich J, Bach E, Streeck H. The effect of age on the magnitude and longevity of Th1-directed CD4 T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. Immunology 2022; 166:327-340. [PMID: 35396852 PMCID: PMC9111694 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is associated with changes in the immune system which increase the risk for severe COVID‐19. Here, we investigate SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive CD4 T cells from individuals recovered from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with mild COVID‐19 symptoms after 3, 6 and 9 months using incubation with SARS‐CoV‐2 S1, S2 and N‐peptide pools, followed by flow cytometry for a Th1‐activation profile or proliferation analyses. We found that SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive CD4 T cells are decreasing on average after 9 months but highly polyfunctional CD4 T cells can peak after 6‐month recovery. We show that individuals older than 60 years of age have significantly more SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive T cells in their blood after 3 months of recovery compared to younger individuals and that the percentage of SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive Th1‐directed CD4 T cells in the blood of mild‐COVID‐19‐recovered individuals correlates with age. Finally, we show that individuals over the age of 40 have significantly increased the amounts of highly polyfunctional SARS‐CoV‐2‐S‐peptide‐reactive CD4 T cells, compared to SARS‐CoV‐2 naïve individuals, than those under the age of 40. These findings suggest that in individuals recovered from mild COVID‐19, increased age is associated with significantly more highly polyfunctional SARS‐CoV‐2‐reactive CD4 T cells with a Th1‐profile and that these responses persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Nattrass
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
| | - Lisa Krafft
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
| | | | | | | | - Cem Sarisoy
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jessica Minich
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
| | - Elena Bach
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)partner site Bonn‐CologneBraunschweigGermany
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8
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Zhao HJ, Hu YF, Han QJ, Zhang J. Innate and adaptive immune escape mechanisms of hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:881-896. [PMID: 35317051 PMCID: PMC8908287 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i9.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an international health problem with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates. Although current clinical chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment strategies can partly inhibit and eliminate HBV, viral breakthrough may result due to non-adherence to treatment, the emergence of viral resistance, and a long treatment cycle. Persistent CHB infection arises as a consequence of complex interactions between the virus and the host innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, understanding the immune escape mechanisms involved in persistent HBV infection is important for designing novel CHB treatment strategies to clear HBV and achieve long-lasting immune control. This review details the immunological and biological characteristics and escape mechanisms of HBV and the novel immune-based therapies that are currently used for treating HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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9
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Central Inflammatory Cytokines in Tuberculous Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:95-107. [PMID: 35298290 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No formal agreement exists regarding central inflammatory cytokine aberrations in tuberculosis (TB). We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with TB compared with controls. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to June 22, 2021. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they assessed unadjusted levels of cytokines in unstimulated CSF samples and drew the comparison(s) between any of the following pairs: patients with TB versus controls without central nervous system (CNS) infection and meningitis, patients with TB versus patients with meningitis of etiologies other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-uninfected patients with TB, and HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-infected patients without TB. The primary outcome was the difference in mean CSF inflammatory cytokine levels between each of the 2 groups mentioned. The standardized mean difference was chosen to measure effect using a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator random-effects model. Of 1170 records identified, 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated effect sizes for 30 different cytokines. About half of the studies took place in South Africa and India (18 out of 40 studies). Studies were mostly (92.5%) on patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM), with only 3 articles of patients with neurotuberculosis and spinal TB. The quality of studies was rated as low to moderate and high with a 1.2:1 ratio. Compared with controls without CNS infection and meningitis, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-17F, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-2R, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), TGFβ1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were increased in patients with TBM. Compared with patients with meningitis of etiologies other than M. tuberculosis or combined meningitis and nonmeningitis patients, patients with TBM had higher CSF concentrations of IFNγ, IL-13, and sIL-2R, whereas levels of IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-1Ra, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, and sTNFR55 were decreased. Compared with patients with meningitis of bacterial etiologies other than M. tuberculosis, CSF levels of IFNγ and sIL-2R were increased in patients with TBM, whereas levels of IL-1Ra, IL-13, IL-17, and TNF R55-BP were decreased. Patients with TBM were not different from patients with CM for most CSF cytokines assessed, but IFNγ and IL-1β were increased. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-8, IFNγ, sIL-2R, IL-13, and IL-17 were higher in patients with TBM than those with viral or aseptic meningitis. Compared with HIV-negative patients with TBM, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-5 were decreased in HIV-positive patients with TBM, whereas IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-2 were increased. Elevated TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17, and IFNα2 were found in HIV-positive patients with TBM compared with their counterparts without TBM. This study should be considered an explorative meta-analytic review, leading us to offer the best TBM-associated central inflammatory cytokines. Our study could prepare a panel of central cytokines as a potential aid in diagnosing TBM and its differentiation from meningitis of other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Chang Y, Yang S, Peng Q, Ge S, Kang B, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant proteins consisting of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins fused with bacterial lipoprotein OprI. Virol J 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35062983 PMCID: PMC8781047 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease, which threatens the global pig industry. There is no commercially available vaccine against ASF and effective subunit vaccines would represent a real breakthrough.
Methods
In this study, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins, OPM (OprI-p30-modified p54) and OPMT (OprI-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope), which combine the bacterial lipoprotein OprI with ASF virus proteins p30 and p54. Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by these proteins was first assessed. Then, humoral and cellular immunity induced by the proteins were evaluated in mice.
Results
Both OPM and OPMT activated DCs with elevated expression of relevant surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, OPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines including interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and proliferation of lymphocytes. Importantly, the sera from mice vaccinated with OPM or OPMT neutralized more than 86% of ASF virus in vitro.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that OPMT has good immunostimulatory activities and immunogenicity in mice, and might be an appropriate candidate to elicit immune responses in swine. Our study provides valuable information on further development of a subunit vaccine against ASF.
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11
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Chiu CY, Chang JJ, Dantanarayana AI, Soloman A, Evans VA, Pascoe R, Gubser C, Trautman L, Fromentin R, Chomont N, McMahon JH, Cameron PU, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances IL-2 and CD107a Production from HIV-Specific T Cells Ex Vivo in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:54-62. [PMID: 34853078 PMCID: PMC8702486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune dysfunction persists, including elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins on total and HIV-specific T cells. Reversing immune exhaustion is one strategy to enhance the elimination of HIV-infected cells that persist in PWH on ART. We aimed to evaluate whether blocking CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) alone or in combination would enhance HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function ex vivo. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using human PBMCs from PWH on ART (n = 11) and expression of CD107a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 was quantified with HIV peptides and Abs to IC. We found the following: 1) IC blockade enhanced the induction of CD107a and IL-2 but not IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to Gag and Nef peptides; 2) the induction of CD107a and IL-2 was greatest with multiple combinations of two Abs; and 3) Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT in combinations showed synergistic induction of IL-2 in HIV-specific CD8+ and CD107a and IL-2 production in HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that the combination of Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, or TIGIT can increase the frequency of cells expressing CD107a and IL-2 that associated with cytotoxicity and survival of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PWH on ART. These combinations should be further explored for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Y. Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ajantha Soloman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Céline Gubser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lydie Trautman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada;,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000
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12
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Muliaditan T, Halim L, Whilding LM, Draper B, Achkova DY, Kausar F, Glover M, Bechman N, Arulappu A, Sanchez J, Flaherty KR, Obajdin J, Grigoriadis K, Antoine P, Larcombe-Young D, Hull CM, Buus R, Gordon P, Grigoriadis A, Davies DM, Schurich A, Maher J. Synergistic T cell signaling by 41BB and CD28 is optimally achieved by membrane proximal positioning within parallel chimeric antigen receptors. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100457. [PMID: 35028604 PMCID: PMC8714859 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Second generation (2G) chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) contain a CD28 or 41BB co-stimulatory endodomain and elicit remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies. Third generation (3G) CARs extend this linear blueprint by fusing both co-stimulatory units in series. However, clinical impact has been muted despite compelling evidence that co-signaling by CD28 and 41BB can powerfully amplify natural immune responses. We postulate that effective dual co-stimulation requires juxta-membrane positioning of endodomain components within separate synthetic receptors. Consequently, we designed parallel (p)CARs in which a 2G (CD28+CD3ζ) CAR is co-expressed with a 41BB-containing chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. We demonstrate that the pCAR platform optimally harnesses synergistic and tumor-dependent co-stimulation to resist T cell exhaustion and senescence, sustaining proliferation, cytokine release, cytokine signaling, and metabolic fitness upon repeated stimulation. When engineered using targeting moieties of diverse composition, affinity, and specificity, pCAR T cells consistently elicit superior anti-tumor activity compared with T cells that express traditional linear CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muliaditan
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Leena Halim
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lynsey M. Whilding
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Benjamin Draper
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniela Y. Achkova
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fahima Kausar
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maya Glover
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natasha Bechman
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Appitha Arulappu
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katie R. Flaherty
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kristiana Grigoriadis
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Bioinformatics, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pierre Antoine
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Larcombe-Young
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Caroline M. Hull
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard Buus
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Peter Gordon
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Bioinformatics, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M. Davies
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John Maher
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 2UD, UK
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13
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Yang S, Zhou G, Chang Y, Ma Y, Liang X, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant proteins comprising African swine fever virus proteins p30 and p54 fused to a cell-penetrating peptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108251. [PMID: 34715492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease threatening the global pig industry. Currently, vaccine is not commercially available for ASF. Hence, it is desirable to develop effective subunit vaccines against ASF. Here, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins comprising ASFV proteins p30 and p54 fused to a novel cell-penetrating peptide Z12, which were labeled as ZPM (Z12-p30-modified p54) and ZPMT (Z12-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope). Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The transduction capacity of these recombinant proteins was assessed in RAW264.7 cells. Both ZPM and ZPMT exhibited higher transduction efficiency than the other proteins. Subsequently, humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by these proteins were evaluated in mice. ZPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lymphocyte proliferation. Importantly, sera from mice immunized with ZPM or ZPMT neutralized greater than 85% of ASFV in vitro. Our results indicate that ZPMT induces potent neutralizing antibody responses and cellular immunity in mice. Therefore, ZPMT may be a suitable candidate to elicit immune responses in swine, providing valuable information for the development of subunit vaccines against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Sicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yanyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaxia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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14
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Park SJ, Lee M, Kim D, Oh DH, Prasad KS, Eun S, Lee J. Echinacea purpurea Extract Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity In Vivo by Upregulating MHC II and Th1-type CD4 + T Cell Responses. J Med Food 2021; 24:1039-1049. [PMID: 34668764 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of factors that cause immune system disruption, including infection caused by foreign antigens and decreased immunity due to excessive exercise, and public interest in improving immunity is growing. In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Echinacea purpurea (E) extract in C57BL/6N mice that were exposed to a forced swimming exercise. There were six experimental groups as follows: wild-type, forced swimming exercise control, positive control (red ginseng, 300 mg/kg), and E (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w.) groups. The mice were administered the E extract for 2 weeks. We detected chicoric acid, the active substance of E, through high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated changes in the following laboratory values in response to forced swimming exercise using flow cytometry and ELISA: the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and number of leukocytes. Oral E intake increased levels of MHC II, CD4+ T cells, Th1 cytokines, and NK cell activity. In addition, E treatment increased B cell proliferation, leukocyte counts, and immunoglobulin levels. Taken together, these results suggest that the chicoric acid of E can improve immune response by controlling NK cell activity, which may be a useful function for immunomodulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Minhee Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dakyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Oh
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | | | - Sangwon Eun
- R&D Division, Daehan Chemtech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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15
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Alrubayyi A, Gea-Mallorquí E, Touizer E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Kopycinski J, Charlton B, Fisher-Pearson N, Muir L, Rosa A, Roustan C, Earl C, Cherepanov P, Pellegrino P, Waters L, Burns F, Kinloch S, Dong T, Dorrell L, Rowland-Jones S, McCoy LE, Peppa D. Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5839. [PMID: 34611163 PMCID: PMC8492866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, to inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). Here we show that the majority of PLWH with ART suppressed HIV viral load, mount a detectable adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Humoral and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are comparable between HIV-positive and negative subjects and persist 5-7 months following predominately mild COVID-19 disease. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleoprotein are the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. We further show that the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses relates to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH. These findings suggest that inadequate immune reconstitution on ART, could hinder immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with implications for the individual management and vaccine effectiveness in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bethany Charlton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christopher Earl
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health UCL, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK.
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16
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Ku MW, Authié P, Nevo F, Souque P, Bourgine M, Romano M, Charneau P, Majlessi L. Lentiviral vector induces high-quality memory T cells via dendritic cells transduction. Commun Biol 2021; 4:713. [PMID: 34112936 PMCID: PMC8192903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a lentiviral vector harboring the human β2-microglobulin promoter, with predominant expression in immune cells and minimal proximal enhancers to improve vector safety. This lentiviral vector efficiently transduces major dendritic cell subsets in vivo. With a mycobacterial immunogen, we observed distinct functional signatures and memory phenotype in lentiviral vector- or Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-immunized mice, despite comparable antigen-specific CD8+ T cell magnitudes. Compared to Ad5, lentiviral vector immunization resulted in higher multifunctional and IL-2-producing CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, lentiviral vector immunization primed CD8+ T cells towards central memory phenotype, while Ad5 immunization favored effector memory phenotype. Studies using HIV antigens in outbred rats demonstrated additional clear-cut evidence for an immunogenic advantage of lentiviral vector over Ad5. Additionally, lentiviral vector provided enhance therapeutic anti-tumor protection than Ad5. In conclusion, coupling lentiviral vector with β2-microglobulin promoter represents a promising approach to produce long-lasting, high-quality cellular immunity for vaccinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen Ku
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France ,Ecole Doctorale Frontières du Vivant (FdV), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Authié
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Nevo
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marta Romano
- grid.508031.fUnit In Vivo Models, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Charneau
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Laboratoire Commun Pasteur-TheraVectys, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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17
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Optimal Maturation of the SIV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response after Primary Infection Is Associated with Natural Control of SIV: ANRS SIC Study. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108174. [PMID: 32966788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient CD8+ T cells are associated with natural HIV control, but it has remained unclear how these cells are generated and maintained. We have used a macaque model of spontaneous SIVmac251 control to monitor the development of efficient CD8+ T cell responses. Our results show that SIV-specific CD8+ T cells emerge during primary infection in all animals. The ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress SIV is suboptimal in the acute phase but increases progressively in controller macaques before the establishment of sustained low-level viremia. Controller macaques develop optimal memory-like SIV-specific CD8+ T cells early after infection. In contrast, a persistently skewed differentiation phenotype characterizes memory SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controller macaques. Accordingly, the phenotype of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells defined early after infection appears to favor the development of protective immunity in controllers, whereas SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controllers fail to gain antiviral potency, feasibly as a consequence of early defects imprinted in the memory pool.
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18
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Alrubayyi A, Gea-Mallorquí E, Touizer E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Kopycinski J, Charlton B, Fisher-Pearson N, Muir L, Rosa A, Roustan C, Earl C, Cherepanov P, Pellegrino P, Waters L, Burns F, Kinloch S, Dong T, Dorrell L, Rowland-Jones S, McCoy LE, Peppa D. Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-309746. [PMID: 33758833 PMCID: PMC7987102 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-309746/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, to inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). We show that the majority of PLWH, controlled on ART, mount a functional adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Humoral and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are comparable between HIV-positive and negative subjects and persist 5-7 months following predominately mild COVID-19 disease. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid are the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. We further show that the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses relates to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses are observed. These findings suggest that inadequate immune reconstitution on ART, could hinder immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with implications for the individual management and vaccine effectiveness in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Charlton
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Earl
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Alrubayyi A, Gea-Mallorquí E, Touizer E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Kopycinski J, Charlton B, Fisher-Pearson N, Muir L, Rosa A, Roustan C, Earl C, Cherepanov P, Pellegrino P, Waters L, Burns F, Kinloch S, Dong T, Dorrell L, Rowland-Jones S, McCoy LE, Peppa D. Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.15.431215. [PMID: 33619489 PMCID: PMC7899453 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.15.431215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses generated against SARS-CoV-2, to better inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). Although not all PLWH are considered immunosuppressed, residual cellular immune deficiency and ongoing inflammation could influence COVID-19 disease severity, the evolution and durability of protective memory responses. Here, we performed an integrated analysis, characterizing the nature, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in PLWH, controlled on ART, and HIV negative subjects. Both groups were in the convalescent phase of predominately mild COVID-19 disease. The majority of PLWH mounted SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, as measured by ELISpot, at levels comparable to HIV negative subjects. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid were the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. Notably, the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses related to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses were observed. Both humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected at 5-7 months post-infection, providing evidence of medium-term durability of responses irrespective of HIV serostatus. Incomplete immune reconstitution on ART and a low CD4:CD8 ratio could, however, hamper the development of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and serve as a useful tool for risk stratification of PLWH. These findings have implications for the individual management and potential effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Charlton
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Earl
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Isaacs A, Li Z, Cheung STM, Wijesundara DK, McMillan CLD, Modhiran N, Young PR, Ranasinghe C, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. Adjuvant Selection for Influenza and RSV Prefusion Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020071. [PMID: 33498370 PMCID: PMC7909420 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines exhibit favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles and can be designed to mimic native antigen structures. However, pairing with an appropriate adjuvant is imperative in order to elicit effective humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we aimed to determine an optimal adjuvant pairing with the prefusion form of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) subunit vaccines in BALB/c mice in order to inform future subunit vaccine adjuvant selection. We tested a panel of adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide (alhydrogel), QS21, Addavax, Addavax with QS21 (AdQS21), and Army Liposome Formulation 55 with monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 (ALF55). We found that all adjuvants elicited robust humoral responses in comparison to placebo, with the induction of potent neutralizing antibodies observed in all adjuvanted groups against influenza and in AdQS21, alhydrogel, and ALF55 against RSV. Upon HA vaccination, we observed that none of the adjuvants were able to significantly increase the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ cells when compared to unadjuvanted antigen. The varying responses to antigens with each adjuvant highlights that those adjuvants most suited for pairing purposes can vary depending on the antigen used and/or the desired immune response. We therefore suggest that an adjuvant trial for different subunit vaccines in development would likely be necessary in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Zheyi Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Stacey T. M. Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Christopher L. D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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21
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FitzPatrick MEB, Provine NM, Garner LC, Powell K, Amini A, Irwin SL, Ferry H, Ambrose T, Friend P, Vrakas G, Reddy S, Soilleux E, Klenerman P, Allan PJ. Human intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells comprise transcriptionally and functionally distinct subsets. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108661. [PMID: 33472060 PMCID: PMC7816164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide key adaptive immune responses in infection, cancer, and autoimmunity. However, transcriptional heterogeneity of human intestinal TRM cells remains undefined. Here, we investigate transcriptional and functional heterogeneity of human TRM cells through study of donor-derived TRM cells from intestinal transplant recipients. Single-cell transcriptional profiling identifies two transcriptional states of CD8+ TRM cells, delineated by ITGAE and ITGB2 expression. We define a transcriptional signature discriminating these populations, including differential expression of cytotoxicity- and residency-associated genes. Flow cytometry of recipient-derived cells infiltrating the graft, and lymphocytes from healthy gut, confirm these CD8+ TRM phenotypes. CD8+ CD69+CD103+ TRM cells produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and demonstrate greater polyfunctional cytokine production, whereas β2-integrin+CD69+CD103− TRM cells have higher granzyme expression. Analysis of intestinal CD4+ T cells identifies several parallels, including a β2-integrin+ population. Together, these results describe the transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional heterogeneity of human intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells. Human intestinal transplants were used to identify bona fide TRM cells Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies two distinct CD8+ TRM subsets CD103+CD69+ and CD103−CD69+ TRM cell subsets show distinct localization and function β2-integrin is highly expressed on CD103− TRM cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E B FitzPatrick
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lucy C Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate Powell
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sophie L Irwin
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Ferry
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tim Ambrose
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter Friend
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Georgios Vrakas
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Srikanth Reddy
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Soilleux
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Philip J Allan
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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22
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Behrens NE, Wertheimer A, Love MB, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Evaluation of HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV-infected older patients with controlled viremia on long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236320. [PMID: 32941433 PMCID: PMC7498024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected older individuals may have a diminished immune response because of exhaustion/immune aging of T-cells. Therefore, we have investigated HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in 100 HIV-infected patients (HIV+) who have aged on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieved controlled viremia (mostly undetectable viral load; 92 patients with <20 to <40 HIV RNA copies/mL and 8 <60 to <100) and improved CD4 T-cell counts. We show that the median frequencies of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ T-cells were higher in HIV+ than uninfected individuals (HIV-), including increasing levels of IFN-γproduced by CD4+ T-cells and decreasing levels by CD8+ T-cells with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. No correlation was found between T-cell responses and varying levels of undetectable viremia. HIV-specific TNF-α made by CD8+ T-cells was higher in HIV+ than HIV-, including decreasing levels with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Furthermore, the CD8+ T-cell mediators, CD107a and Granzyme-B, were higher in HIV+ than HIV-, and decreased with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Remarkably, HIV-specific CD8 T-cells produced decreasing levels of IFN-γwith increasing age of HIV+, including decreased levels of CD107a and Granzyme-B in older HIV+. However, HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells produced increasing levels of TNF-α with increasing age of the HIV+, suggesting continued inflammation. In conclusion, HIV+ with controlled viremia on long-term ART and with higher CD4 T-cell counts showed reduced HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses as compared to those with lower CD4 T-cell counts, and older HIV+ exhibited decreasing levels of CD8 T-cell responses with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- College of Medicine, and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Love
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klotz
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Swathirajan CR, Vignesh R, Waldrop G, Shanmugasundaram U, Nandagopal P, Solomon SS, Pradeep A, Saravanan S, Murugavel KG. HIV-specific T-cell Responses and Generalized Activation in HIV-1 Infected Long-term Non-progressors and Progressors from South India. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:302-314. [PMID: 30543175 PMCID: PMC6416489 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666181212122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anti-viral cytokine expressions by cytotoxic T-cells and lower activation rates have been reported to correlate with suppressed HIV replication in long-term non-progressors (LTNP). Immune mechanisms underlying disease non-progression in LTNP might vary with HIV-1 subtype and geographical locations. Objective: This study evaluates cytokine expression and T-cells activation in relation to disease non-progression in LTNP. Methods: HIV-1 Subtype C infected LTNP (n=20) and progressors (n=15) were enrolled and flowcytometry assays were performed to study HIV-specific CD8 T-cells expressing IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MIP-1β against gag and env peptides. CD4+ T-cell activation was evaluated by surface expression of HLADR and CD38. Results: Proportions of cytokines studied did not differ significantly between LTNP and progressors, while contrasting correlations with disease progression markers were observed in LTNP. CD4+ T-cell activation rates were significantly lower in LTNP compared to progressors which indicate the potential role of T-cell activation rates in disease non-progression in LTNP. Conclusion: LTNP and progressors showed similar CD8+ T-cell responses, but final conclusions can be drawn only by comparing multiple immune factors in larger LTNP cohort with HIV-1 infected individuals at various levels of disease progression. A possible role of HIV-1 subtype variation and ethnic differences in addition to host-genetic and viral factors cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India.,UniKL-Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL-RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 3, Jalan Greentown, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Greer Waldrop
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | | | - Pannerselvam Nandagopal
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India.,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Amrose Pradeep
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
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24
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Pattabiram S, Thiruvengadam K, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Kumar S, Muthu M, Subramaniam S, Swaminathan S, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction and maintenance of bi-functional (IFN-γ + IL-2+ and IL-2+ TNF-α+) T cell responses by DNA prime MVA boosted subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213911. [PMID: 30921340 PMCID: PMC6438518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccine design relies on accurate knowledge of protection against a pathogen, so as to be able to induce relevant and effective protective responses against it. An ideal Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine should induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses to prevent initial infection of host cells or limit early events of viral dissemination. A Phase I HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009.The trial tested a HIV-1 subtype C vaccine in a prime-boost regimen, comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and Modified Vaccine Ankara (MVA) (TBC-M4) boost. The trial reported that the vaccine regimen was safe, well tolerated, and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. However, preliminary immunological studies were limited to vaccine-induced IFN-γ responses against the Env and Gag peptides. The present study is a retrospective study to characterize in detail the nature of the vaccine-induced cell mediated immune responses among volunteers, using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) that were archived during the trial. ELISpot was used to measure IFN-γ responses and polyfunctional T cells were analyzed by intracellular multicolor flow cytometry. It was observed that DNA priming and MVA boosting induced Env and Gag specific bi-functional and multi-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. The heterologous prime-boost regimen appeared to be slightly superior to the homologous prime-boost regimen in inducing favorable cell mediated immune responses. These results suggest that an in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced cellular immune response can aid in the identification of correlates of an effective immunogenic response, and inform future design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthy Pattabiram
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Kumar
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Malathy Muthu
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Subramaniam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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25
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CD8+ T cells: mechanistic target of rapamycin and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in elite HIV-1 control. AIDS 2018; 32:2835-2838. [PMID: 30407253 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Park SJ, Lee D, Lee M, Kwon HO, Kim H, Park J, Jeon W, Cha M, Jun S, Park K, Lee J. The Effects of Curcuma longa L., Purple Sweet Potato, and Mixtures of the Two on Immunomodulation in C57BL/6J Mice Infected with LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Retrovirus. J Med Food 2018; 21:689-700. [PMID: 29862890 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is stimulated to protect the body from external antigens and is controlled by several types of immune cells. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa L., purple sweet potato, and mixtures of the two (CPM) were investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Mice were divided into seven groups as follows: normal control, infected control (LP-BM5 MuLV infection), positive control (LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of red ginseng 300 mg/kg body weight), the original powder of C. longa L. (C; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of C 189 mg/kg body weight), the original powder of purple sweet potato (P; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of P 1811 mg/kg body weight), CPM Low (CPL; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+CPM 2 g/kg body weight), and CPM High (CPH; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+CPM 5 g/kg body weight). Dietary supplementation lasted for 12 weeks. Dietary supplementation of CPM inhibited LP-BM5 MuLV-induced lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly and inhibited reduction of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II. Moreover, CPM reduced the decrease in T- and B cell proliferation, reduced the population of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, and remedied the unbalanced production of T helper-1 (Th1)/T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines in LP-BM5 MuLV-infected mice. In addition, CPM inhibited reduction of phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages and decreased serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). These results suggest that CPM had a positive effect on immunomodulation in C57BL/6 mice induced by LP-BM5 leukemia retrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeung Park
- 1 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
| | - Dasom Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
| | - Minhee Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
| | - Han-Ol Kwon
- 2 Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute , Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- 3 Department of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- 4 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- 4 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minseok Cha
- 5 SDC Research & Development Center , Damyang-gun, Korea
| | - Suhwa Jun
- 5 SDC Research & Development Center , Damyang-gun, Korea
| | - Kwangjin Park
- 5 SDC Research & Development Center , Damyang-gun, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
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27
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Nag M, Wang Y, De Paris K, E Fogle J. Histone Modulation Blocks Treg-Induced Foxp3 Binding to the IL-2 Promoter of Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells from Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060287. [PMID: 29861472 PMCID: PMC6024775 DOI: 10.3390/v10060287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical for controlling HIV infection. During the chronic phase of lentiviral infection, CD8+ T cells lose their proliferative capacity and exhibit impaired antiviral function. This loss of CD8+ T cell function is due, in part, to CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cell-mediated suppression. Our research group has demonstrated that lentivirus-activated CD4+CD25+ Treg cells induce the repressive transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in autologous CD8+ T cells following co-culture. We have recently reported that Treg-induced Foxp3 binds the interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN- γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promoters in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. These data suggest an important role of Foxp3-mediated CD8+ T cell dysfunction in lentiviral infection. To elucidate the mechanism of this suppression, we previously reported that decreased methylation facilitates Foxp3 binding in mitogen-activated CD8+ T cells from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. We demonstrated the reduced binding of Foxp3 to the IL-2 promoter by increasing methylation of CD8+ T cells. In the studies presented here, we ask if another form of epigenetic modulation might alleviate Foxp3-mediated suppression in CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that decreasing histone acetylation in virus-specific CD8+ T cells would decrease Treg-induced Foxp3 binding to the IL-2 promoter. Indeed, using anacardic acid (AA), a known histone acetyl transferase (HAT) inhibitor, we demonstrate a reduction in Foxp3 binding to the IL-2 promoter in virus-specific CD8+ T cells co-cultured with autologous Treg cells. These data identify a novel mechanism of Foxp3-mediated CD8+ T cell dysfunction during lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Nag
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Fogle
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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28
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Prior Puma Lentivirus Infection Modifies Early Immune Responses and Attenuates Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040210. [PMID: 29677149 PMCID: PMC5923504 DOI: 10.3390/v10040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that cats that were infected with non-pathogenic Puma lentivirus (PLV) and then infected with pathogenic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (co-infection with the host adapted/pathogenic virus) had delayed FIV proviral and RNA viral loads in blood, with viral set-points that were lower than cats infected solely with FIV. This difference was associated with global CD4+ T cell preservation, greater interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA expression, and no cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in co-infected cats relative to cats with a single FIV infection. In this study, we reinforced previous observations that prior exposure to an apathogenic lentivirus infection can diminish the effects of acute infection with a second, more virulent, viral exposure. In addition, we investigated whether the viral load differences that were observed between PLV/FIV and FIV infected cats were associated with different immunocyte phenotypes and cytokines. We found that the immune landscape at the time of FIV infection influences the infection outcome. The novel findings in this study advance our knowledge about early immune correlates and documents an immune state that is associated with PLV/FIV co-infection that has positive outcomes for lentiviral diseases.
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29
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Ravimohan S, Tamuhla N, Nfanyana K, Ni H, Steenhoff AP, Gross R, Weissman D, Bisson GP. Elevated Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy CD39+CD8+ T Cell Frequency Is Associated With Early Mortality in Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Tuberculosis Co-infection. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1453-1456. [PMID: 28203772 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlates of death soon after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation remain unclear. We investigated the association between expression of CD39, a novel immune exhaustion marker, and early mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis co-infection. Elevated pre-ART CD39+CD8+ T cell frequency was independently associated with mortality within 6 months of ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Ravimohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone
| | | | | | - Houping Ni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and
| | - Andrew P Steenhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone.,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and
| | - Robert Gross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone
| | - Gregory P Bisson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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30
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Karulin AY, Megyesi Z, Caspell R, Hanson J, Lehmann PV. Multiplexing T- and B-Cell FLUOROSPOT Assays: Experimental Validation of the Multi-Color ImmunoSpot ® Software Based on Center of Mass Distance Algorithm. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1808:95-113. [PMID: 29956177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8567-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, ELISPOT has become a highly implemented mainstream assay in immunological research, immune monitoring, and vaccine development. Unique single cell resolution along with high throughput potential sets ELISPOT apart from flow cytometry, ELISA, microarray- and bead-based multiplex assays. The necessity to unambiguously identify individual T and B cells that do, or do not co-express certain analytes, including polyfunctional cytokine producing T cells has stimulated the development of multi-color ELISPOT assays. The success of these assays has also been driven by limited sample/cell availability and resource constraints with reagents and labor. There are few commercially available test kits and instruments available at present for multi-color FLUOROSPOT. Beyond commercial descriptions of competing systems, little is known about their accuracy in experimental settings detecting individual cells that secrete multiple analytes vs. random overlays of spots. Here, we present a theoretical and experimental validation study for three and four color T- and B-cell FLUOROSPOT data analysis. The ImmunoSpot® Fluoro-X™ analysis system we used includes an automatic image acquisition unit that generates individual color images free of spectral overlaps and multi-color spot counting software based on the maximal allowed distance between centers of spots of different colors or Center of Mass Distance (COMD). Using four color B-cell FLUOROSPOT for IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG3; and three/four color T-cell FLUOROSPOT for IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GzB, in serial dilution experiments, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of Fluoro-X™ multi-color spot counting algorithms. Statistical predictions based on the Poisson spatial distribution, coupled with scrambled image counting, permit objective correction of true multi-color spot counts to exclude randomly overlaid spots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jodi Hanson
- Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, USA
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31
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Schussek S, Trieu A, Apte SH, Sidney J, Sette A, Doolan DL. Novel Plasmodium antigens identified via genome-based antibody screen induce protection associated with polyfunctional T cell responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15053. [PMID: 29118376 PMCID: PMC5678182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines against complex intracellular pathogens, such as Plasmodium spp., where protection is likely mediated by cellular immune responses, has proven elusive. The availability of whole genome, proteome and transcriptome data has the potential to advance rational vaccine development but yet there are no licensed vaccines against malaria based on antigens identified from genomic data. Here, we show that the Plasmodium yoelii orthologs of four Plasmodium falciparum proteins identified by an antibody-based genome-wide screening strategy induce a high degree of sterile infection-blocking protection against sporozoite challenge in a stringent rodent malaria model. Protection increased in multi-antigen formulations. Importantly, protection was highly correlated with the induction of multifunctional triple-positive T cells expressing high amounts of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF. These data demonstrate that antigens identified by serological screening are targets of multifunctional cellular immune responses that correlate with protection. Our results provide experimental validation for the concept of rational vaccine design from genomic sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schussek
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Programme, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Angela Trieu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Programme, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Simon H Apte
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Programme, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Denise L Doolan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Programme, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia. .,Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4879, Australia.
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32
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Okoye IS, Houghton M, Tyrrell L, Barakat K, Elahi S. Coinhibitory Receptor Expression and Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Maintaining a Balance in CD8 + T Cell Responses to Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1215. [PMID: 29033936 PMCID: PMC5626929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer and chronic viral infections, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen stimulation. This results in expression of multiple inhibitory receptors also called “immune checkpoints” by T cells. Although these inhibitory receptors under normal conditions maintain self-tolerance and prevent immunopathology, their sustained expression deteriorates T cell function: a phenomenon called exhaustion. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy involve blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed cell death 1 in order to reverse T cell exhaustion and reinvigorate immunity, which has translated to dramatic clinical remission in many cases of metastatic melanoma and lung cancer. With the paucity of therapeutic vaccines against chronic infections such as HIV, HPV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, such adjunct checkpoint blockade strategies are required including the blockade of other inhibitory receptors such as T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains, T cell Ig and mucin-domain containing-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3, and V-domain Ig-containing suppressor of T cell activation. The nature of different chronic viral infections and cancers is likely to influence the level, composition, and pattern of inhibitory receptors expressed by responding T cells. This will have implications for checkpoint antibody blockade strategies employed for treating tumors and chronic viral infections. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer insight into the role of coinhibitory receptor expression in T cell exhaustion and reveal novel antibody-blockade therapeutic targets for chronic viral infections and cancer. Understanding the mechanism of T cell exhaustion in response to chronic virus infections and cancer as well as the nature of restored T cell responses will contribute to further improvement of immune checkpoint blockade strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Okoye
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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In vitro inhibition of HIV-1 replication in autologous CD4 + T cells indicates viral containment by multifactorial mechanisms. Virol Sin 2017; 32:485-494. [PMID: 28918477 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are present during chronic infection, but the relative contributions of these effector mechanisms to viral containment remain unclear. Here, using an in vitro model involving autologous CD4+ T cells, primary HIV-1 isolates, HIV-1-specific CTLs, and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, we show that b12, a potent and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody to HIV-1, was able to block viral infection when preincubated with virus prior to infection, but was much less effective than CTLs at limiting virus replication when added to infected cell cultures. However, the same neutralizing antibody was able to contain viruses by antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition in vitro, which was mediated by natural killer cells (NKs) and dependent on an Fc-Fc receptor interaction. Meanwhile, bulk CTLs from HIV-1 controllers were more effective in suppression of virus replication than those from progressors. These findings indicate that control of HIV-1 replication in activated CD4+ T cells is ineffectively mediated by neutralizing antibodies alone, but that both CTLs and antibody-dependent NK-mediated immune mechanisms contribute to viral containment. Our study systemically compared three major players in controlling HIV-1 infection, CTLs, NAbs, and NKs, in an autologous system and highlighted the multifactorial mechanisms for viral containment and vaccine success.
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Castro Eiro MD, Alvarez MG, Cooley G, Viotti RJ, Bertocchi GL, Lococo B, Albareda MC, De Rissio AM, Natale MA, Parodi C, Tarleton RL, Laucella SA. The Significance of Discordant Serology in Chagas Disease: Enhanced T-Cell Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi in Serodiscordant Subjects. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1141. [PMID: 28966620 PMCID: PMC5605634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjects are considered infected with Trypanosoma cruzi when tested positive by at least two out of three serological tests, whereas a positive result in only one of up to three tests is termed “serodiscordant” (SD). Assessment of parasite-specific T-cell responses may help discriminate the uninfected from infected individuals among SD subjects. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SD and seropositive (SP) subjects, who were born in areas endemic for T. cruzi infection but living in Buenos Aires city, Argentina, at the time of the study, and seronegative unexposed subjects were included for analysis. The function and phenotype of T cells were assessed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-2 enzyme-linked immunospot assay and multiparameter flow cytometry. T. cruzi-specific antibodies were quantified by conventional serology and a multiplex assay format. Results SD subjects exhibited immunity cell responses to T. cruzi but in contrast to SP subjects, T cells in SD subjects more often display the simultaneous production of IFN-γ and IL-2 in response to T. cruzi antigens and have a resting phenotype. SD individuals also have higher IFN-γ spot counts, polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells enriched in IL-2 secreting cells and low levels of antibodies specific for a set of T. cruzi-derived recombinant proteins compared with the SP group. Long-term follow-up of SD individuals confirmed that humoral and T-cell responses fluctuate but are sustained over time in these subjects. T cells in SD subjects for T. cruzi infection did not recognize Leishmania antigens. Conclusion Both T-cell and humoral responses in most subjects assessed by conventional tests as SD for T. cruzi infection indicate prior exposure to infection and the establishment of immunological memory suggestive of a resolved infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa D Castro Eiro
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Alvarez
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rodolfo J Viotti
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bruno Lococo
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M De Rissio
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Natale
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Susana A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells can efficaciously control HIV replication, and it has been hypothesized that inducing those responses before exposure occurs may prevent HIV infection. However, conventional attempts to generate protective CD8 T-cell responses against HIV have generally failed. Based on current knowledge from chronic HIV infection and previous vaccine trials, this review details optimal CD8 and CD4 T-cell response design that may confer protection from HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS The failure of two vaccines geared toward inducing T-cell response (STEP trial and HVTN505/Phambili) as well as the modest protection of the RV144 that mainly demonstrated nonneutralizing antibodies to be a correlate of protection have rattled the idea that a pure T-cell-based vaccine may induce protection. Moreover, in the recent years, CD4 T cells, and in particular the T follicular helper cell subset, received attention as a critical component for T-cell-inducing and antibody-inducing vaccines. SUMMARY It is apparent that all vaccines depend for their efficacy on a cellular component either to directly kill virally infected cells or to provide important helper signals for the development of efficacious B-cell responses. Recent vaccine trials have had a major impact on the field and are guiding new approaches for HIV vaccine design.
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Gonzalo-Gil E, Ikediobi U, Sutton RE. Mechanisms of Virologic Control and Clinical Characteristics of HIV+ Elite/Viremic Controllers. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:245-259. [PMID: 28656011 PMCID: PMC5482301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease is pandemic, with approximately 36 million infected individuals world-wide. For the vast majority of these individuals, untreated HIV eventually causes CD4+ T cell depletion and profound immunodeficiency, resulting in morbidity and mortality. But for a remarkable few (0.2 to 0.5 percent), termed elite controllers (ECs), viral loads (VLs) remain suppressed to undetectable levels (< 50 copies/ml) and peripheral CD4+ T cell counts remain high (200 to 1000/μl), all in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viremic controllers (VCs) are a similar but larger subset of HIV-1 infected individuals who have the ability to suppress their VLs to low levels. These patients have been intensively studied over the last 10 years in order to determine how they are able to naturally control HIV in the absence of medications, and a variety of mechanisms have been proposed. Defective HIV does not explain the clinical status of most ECs/VCs; rather these individuals appear to somehow control HIV infection, through immune or other unknown mechanisms. Over time, many ECs and VCs eventually lose the ability to control HIV, leading to CD4+ T cell depletion and immunologic dysfunction in the absence of ART. Elucidating novel mechanisms of HIV control in this group of patients will be an important step in understanding HIV infection. This will extend our knowledge of HIV-host interaction and may pave the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and advance the cure agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard E. Sutton
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Richard E. Sutton, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Tel (203) 737-3648, Fax (203) 737-6174, .
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Pallett LJ, Davies J, Colbeck EJ, Robertson F, Hansi N, Easom NJW, Burton AR, Stegmann KA, Schurich A, Swadling L, Gill US, Male V, Luong T, Gander A, Davidson BR, Kennedy PTF, Maini MK. IL-2 high tissue-resident T cells in the human liver: Sentinels for hepatotropic infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1567-1580. [PMID: 28526759 PMCID: PMC5461007 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver provides a tolerogenic immune niche exploited by several highly prevalent pathogens as well as by primary and metastatic tumors. We have sampled healthy and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected human livers to probe for a subset of T cells specialized to overcome local constraints and mediate immunity. We characterize a population of T-betloEomesloBlimp-1hiHobitlo T cells found within the intrahepatic but not the circulating memory CD8 T cell pool expressing liver-homing/retention markers (CD69+CD103+ CXCR6+CXCR3+). These tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are preferentially expanded in patients with partial immune control of HBV infection and can remain in the liver after the resolution of infection, including compartmentalized responses against epitopes within all major HBV proteins. Sequential IL-15 or antigen exposure followed by TGFβ induces liver-adapted TRM, including their signature high expression of exhaustion markers PD-1 and CD39. We suggest that these inhibitory molecules, together with paradoxically robust, rapid, cell-autonomous IL-2 and IFNγ production, equip liver CD8 TRM to survive while exerting local noncytolytic hepatic immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Emily J Colbeck
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Francis Robertson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Navjyot Hansi
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Nicholas J W Easom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Victoria Male
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - TuVinh Luong
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Amir Gander
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
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Almeida CA, van Miert P, O'Driscoll K, Zoet YM, Chopra A, Watson M, de Santis D, Witt C, John M, Claas FHJ, D'Orsogna LJ. Stimulation of HIV-specific T cell clonotypes using allogeneic HLA. Cell Immunol 2017; 316:32-40. [PMID: 28372798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that HIV-specific CD8 T cell clonotypes can be stimulated by allogeneic HLA molecules. Multiple HIV-specific CD8 T cell clones were derived from 12 individuals with chronic HIV infection, specific for 13 different HIV Gag antigens and restricted to 7 different HLA molecules. The generated T cell clones were assayed for alloreactivity against a panel of single HLA class I expressing cell lines (SALs). HIV-specific T cells recognising at least one allogeneic HLA molecule could be identified from 7 of 12 patients tested. Allorecognition was associated with IFNγ cytokine production, CD137 upregulation and cytotoxicity, suggesting high avidity allo-stimulation. Allo-HLA recognition by HIV-specific T cells was specific to the HIV target peptide/HLA restriction and TCR TRBV usage of the T cells. HIV-specific T cells do crossreact against allogeneic HLA molecules in an epitope and TRBV specific manner. Therefore allo-HLA stimulation could be exploited to induce or augment HIV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral-Ann Almeida
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paula van Miert
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kane O'Driscoll
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yvonne M Zoet
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark Watson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Dianne de Santis
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia
| | - Campbell Witt
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Mina John
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lloyd J D'Orsogna
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Bargalló ME, Guardo AC, Maleno MJ, Miralles L, Egaña-Gorroño L, Escribà T, García F, Gatell JM, Arnedo M, Plana M. Utility of Systematic Isolation of immune cell subsets from HIV-infected individuals for miRNA profiling. J Immunol Methods 2016; 442:12-19. [PMID: 28039100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are frequently used for genomic analyses, but several factors can affect the yield and integrity of nucleic acids, including the methods of cell collection and isolation. The goal of this work was to analyze the utility of systematic isolation of different immune cell subsets by immunomagnetic separation and the RNA integrity after isolated cells from samples of HIV-infected patients. METHODS PBMC from Healthy Controls (HC, n=15), Elite Controllers (EC, n=15), Viremic Controllers (VC, n=15), Viremic Progressors (VP, n=15) and HIV-infected patients on therapy (ART, n=15) were isolated by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation. Subsets were separated with monoclonal antibodies (CD56, CD14, CD4, and CD8) conjugated to microbeads. We evaluated the yield and purity of each subset isolated from PBMCs under resting and activated conditions; LPS, anti-CD3/CD28 and anti-CD16 were used to activate monocytes, PBMC, T cells and NK cells, respectively. The quality of extracted RNA was tested by 2100 Bioanalyzer. RESULTS In resting conditions, the average yield of CD14+ (monocytes) was decreased (p=0.021) in HIV+ patients compared with healthy controls. CD56+ (Natural Killer-NKs; p=0.03) and CD8+ (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes-CTL p=0.001) cells were increased in HIV+ patients after 72h of activation. The purity assay detected significant differences in CD14+ (p≤0.001) and CD8+ (p=0.034) subpopulations when comparing PBMC isolated either from healthy controls or HIV+ patients. The number of activated cells in HIV+ presented differences in CD8 subset (p=0.003). Finally, similar quantities of high quality RNA were extracted from immune cells subsets obtained by our method. Specifically, we show that Bioanalyzer electrophenograms reveal optimal RIN values in HIV positive and negative patients in resting condition (EC:8;HC:6.5;VC:8.80;VP:8;HAART:7.5) and activated condition (EC:9;HC:6.7;VC:8.2;VP:7.2;HAART:8.6). CONCLUSION This method allowed us to obtain a sufficient quantity of different isolated immune cell subsets from HIV-infected individuals at different disease stages. Moreover, the assessed qualities of nucleic acids allow us to perform subsequent molecular studies, such as microRNA profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel E Bargalló
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto C Guardo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Maleno
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miralles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lander Egaña-Gorroño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuixent Escribà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Gatell
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Arnedo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Demers KR, Makedonas G, Buggert M, Eller MA, Ratcliffe SJ, Goonetilleke N, Li CK, Eller LA, Rono K, Maganga L, Nitayaphan S, Kibuuka H, Routy JP, Slifka MK, Haynes BF, McMichael AJ, Bernard NF, Robb ML, Betts MR. Temporal Dynamics of CD8+ T Cell Effector Responses during Primary HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005805. [PMID: 27486665 PMCID: PMC4972399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell cytolytic function is a primary factor underlying progressive HIV infection, but whether HIV-specific CD8+ T cells initially possess cytolytic effector capacity, and when and why this may be lost during infection, is unclear. Here, we assessed CD8+ T cell functional evolution from primary to chronic HIV infection. We observed a profound expansion of perforin+ CD8+ T cells immediately following HIV infection that quickly waned after acute viremia resolution. Selective expression of the effector-associated transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin in cytokine-producing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated HIV-specific from bulk memory CD8+ T cell effector expansion. As infection progressed expression of perforin was maintained in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells with high levels of T-bet, but not necessarily in the population of T-betLo HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that expand as infection progresses. Together, these data demonstrate that while HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in acute HIV infection initially possess cytolytic potential, progressive transcriptional dysregulation leads to the reduced CD8+ T cell perforin expression characteristic of chronic HIV infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are critical for the initial control of HIV infection. However, this control is typically incomplete, being able to neither clear infection nor maintain plasma viremia below undetectable levels. Mounting evidence has implicated CD8+ T cell cytotoxic capacity as a critical component of the HIV-specific response associated with spontaneous long-term control of HIV replication. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic responses are largely absent in the vast majority of HIV chronically infected individuals and it is unclear when or why this functionality is lost. In this study we show that HIV-specific CD8+ T cells readily express the cytolytic protein perforin during the acute phase of chronic progressive HIV infection but rapidly lose the ability to upregulate this molecule following resolution of peak viremia. Maintenance of perforin expression by HIV-specific CD8+ T cells appears to be associated with the expression level of the transcription factor T-bet, but not with the T-bet paralogue, Eomes. These findings further delineate qualitative attributes of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity that may serve as targets for future HIV vaccine and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey R. Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George Makedonas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinksa University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Ratcliffe
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Chris K. Li
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Rono
- Walter Reed Project-Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
| | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Department of Retrovirology, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Modification of the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in an HIV elite controller after chikungunya virus infection. AIDS 2016; 30:1905-11. [PMID: 27124898 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on the quality of the HIV-specific CD8 T-cell (CTL) response in an HIV elite controller. DESIGN Three blood samples were obtained from an elite controller at 27 days (EC-CHIKV, Sample 1, S1), 41 days (S2) and 1 year (S3) after CHIKV infection. Additionally, samples from another nine elite controllers and nine viremic chronics were obtained. METHODS CD4 T-cell counts, viral load and immune activation were recorded. Natural killer (NK) cells and HIV-specific CTL quality were evaluated. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. RESULTS A male HIV elite controller was confirmed for CHIKV infection. At S1, he presented 211 cells/μl CD4 T-cell count, a HIV viral load blip (145 copies/ml) and high T-cell activation. NK cell percentage and activation were higher at S2. All parameters were recovered by S3. CTLs at S1 were exclusively monofunctional with a high proportion (>80%) of degranulating CTLs. By S3, CTL polyfunctionality was more similar to that of a typical elite controller. The distribution of CTL memory subsets also displayed altered profiles. CONCLUSION The results showed that the phenotype and function of HIV-specific CTLs were modified in temporal association with an HIV viral load blip that followed CHIKV infection. This might have helped to control the transient HIV rebound. Additionally, NK cells could have been involved in this control. These results provide useful information to help understand how elite controllers maintain their status, control HIV infection and alert about the negative impact to the immune function of HIV-infected individuals living in CHIKV endemic areas.
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Jongwe TI, Chapman R, Douglass N, Chetty S, Chege G, Williamson AL. HIV-1 Subtype C Mosaic Gag Expressed by BCG and MVA Elicits Persistent Effector T Cell Responses in a Prime-Boost Regimen in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159141. [PMID: 27427967 PMCID: PMC4948879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of HIV/AIDS positive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with highly heterogeneous HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) viruses. One of the best ways to reduce the burden of this disease is the development of an affordable and effective prophylactic vaccine. Mosaic immunogens are computationally designed to overcome the hurdle of HIV diversity by maximizing the expression of potential T cell epitopes. Mycobacterium bovis BCG ΔpanCD auxotroph and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines expressing HIV-1C mosaic Gag (GagM) were tested in a prime-boost regimen to demonstrate immunogenicity in a mouse study. The BCG-GagM vaccine was stable and persisted 11.5 weeks post vaccination in BALB/c mice. Priming with BCG-GagM and boosting with MVA-GagM elicited higher Gag-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT responses than the BCG-GagM only and MVA-GagM only homologous vaccination regimens. The heterologous vaccination also generated a more balanced and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell Gag-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT response with a predominant effector memory phenotype. A Th1 bias was induced by the vaccines as determined by the predominant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. This study shows that a low dose of MVA (104 pfu) can effectively boost a BCG prime expressing the same mosaic immunogen, generating strong, cellular immune responses against Gag in mice. Our data warrants further evaluation in non-human primates. A low dose vaccine would be an advantage in the resource limited countries of sub-Saharan Africa and India (where the predominating virus is HIV-1 subtype C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsungai Ivai Jongwe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Douglass
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerald Chege
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Fergusson J, Hühn M, Swadling L, Walker L, Kurioka A, Llibre A, Bertoletti A, Holländer G, Newell E, Davis M, Sverremark-Ekström E, Powrie F, Capone S, Folgori A, Barnes E, Willberg C, Ussher J, Klenerman P. CD161(int)CD8+ T cells: a novel population of highly functional, memory CD8+ T cells enriched within the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:401-13. [PMID: 26220166 PMCID: PMC4732939 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor CD161 is expressed by lymphocytes found in human gut and liver, as well as blood, especially natural killer (NK) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and a population of unconventional T cells known as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The association of high CD161 expression with innate T-cell populations including MAIT cells is established. Here we show that CD161 is also expressed, at intermediate levels, on a prominent subset of polyclonal CD8+ T cells, including antiviral populations that display a memory phenotype. These memory CD161(int)CD8+ T cells are enriched within the colon and express both CD103 and CD69, markers associated with tissue residence. Furthermore, this population was characterized by enhanced polyfunctionality, increased levels of cytotoxic mediators, and high expression of the transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (EOMES). Such populations were induced by novel vaccine strategies based on adenoviral vectors, currently in trial against hepatitis C virus. Thus, intermediate CD161 expression marks potent polyclonal, polyfunctional tissue-homing CD8+ T-cell populations in humans. As induction of such responses represents a major aim of T-cell prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines in viral disease and cancer, analysis of these populations could be of value in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/pathology
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C/immunology
- Hepatitis C/prevention & control
- Hepatitis C/virology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Integrin alpha Chains/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Signal Transduction
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Fergusson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - M.H. Hühn
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - L. Swadling
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - L.J. Walker
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Newcastle University Institute of Cellular Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne And Wear, United Kingdom, NE2 4HH
| | - A. Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - A. Llibre
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - A. Bertoletti
- Program Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - G. Holländer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - E.W. Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - M.M. Davis
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - E. Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - S. Capone
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Folgori
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - C.B. Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - J.E. Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - P. Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9TU, UK
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Yoon HG, Baek SJ, Jun W, Lee J. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Purple Sweet Potato Extract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Virus-Induced Murine Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. J Med Food 2015; 18:882-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Nam
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Jung Baek
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Adegoke A, Gladney K, Gallant M, Grant M. Heteroclitic Peptides Increase Proliferation and Reduce Evidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cell Dysfunction. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:455-63. [PMID: 26230145 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8(+) T cell dysfunction parallels disease progression; therefore, restoring potent HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is a key therapeutic goal. Certain CD8(+) T cell peptide epitope variants, termed heteroclitic, enhance cytokine production by the HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells of some individuals. In this study, we investigated whether heteroclitic peptides that enhance cytokine production by HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells also reduce functional and phenotypic evidence of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in those instances. Twenty-four variant peptides of human histocompatibility-linked leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted reference HIV peptide epitopes designated as A2-7; Nef 83→91, A2-8; Nef 135→143, A2-Gag; Gag 77→85 and A2-9; Gag 433→440 were synthesized with conservative and semiconservative amino acid substitutions at positions 3, 5, and 7 or 3, 5, and 8 of Gag 433→440. Variants that enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and/or interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in enzyme-linked immunospot assays (29 cases overall) were subsequently tested by 7-day in vitro peptide stimulation for their effects on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression. Heteroclitic variants enhanced HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation by >20% in 13/29 cases tested, reduced PD-1 expression on proliferating cells by 15-50% in 10 cases, and reduced PD-1 expression on proliferating cells by >50% in 3 cases. In five cases, the same heteroclitic peptide increased proliferation by >20% and reduced PD-1 expression by >15%. These data demonstrate that heteroclitic peptides can alter the magnitude and character of HIV-specific CD8(+) cell responses relative to reference peptides and may have a unique immunotherapeutic value in therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Adegoke
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Krista Gladney
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Michael Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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46
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Success and failure of the cellular immune response against HIV-1. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:563-70. [PMID: 25988888 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular immune response to HIV-1 has now been studied in extraordinary detail. A very large body of data provides the most likely reasons that the HIV-specific cellular immune response succeeds in a small number of people but fails in most. Understanding the success and failure of the HIV-specific cellular immune response has implications that extend not only to immunotherapies and vaccines for HIV-1 but also to the cellular immune response in other disease states. This Review focuses on the mechanisms that are most likely responsible for durable and potent immunologic control of HIV-1. Although we now have a detailed picture of the cellular immune responses to HIV-1, important questions remain regarding the nature of these responses and how they arise.
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47
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Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cells with Stem Cell-Like Properties. J Virol 2015; 89:7829-40. [PMID: 25995260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00789-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells can influence HIV-1 disease progression during untreated HIV-1 infection, but the functional and phenotypic properties of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells in individuals treated with suppressive antiretroviral therapy remain less well understood. Here we show that a subgroup of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells with stem cell-like properties, termed T memory stem cells (TSCM cells), is enriched in patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy compared with their levels in untreated progressors or controllers. In addition, a prolonged duration of antiretroviral therapy was associated with a progressive increase in the relative proportions of these stem cell-like HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells. Interestingly, the proportions of HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells and total HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells were associated with the CD4 T cell counts during treatment with antiretroviral therapy but not with CD4 T cell counts, viral loads, or immune activation parameters in untreated patients, including controllers. HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells had increased abilities to secrete interleukin-2 in response to viral antigen, while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was more limited in comparison to alternative HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell subsets; however, only proportions of IFN-γ-secreting HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells were associated with CD4 T cell counts during antiretroviral therapy. Together, these data suggest that HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells represent a long-lasting component of the cellular immune response to HIV-1 that persists in an antigen-independent fashion during antiretroviral therapy but seems unable to survive and expand under conditions of ongoing viral replication during untreated infection. IMPORTANCE Memory CD8 T cells that imitate the functional properties of stem cells to maintain lifelong cellular immunity have been hypothesized for many years, but only recently have such cells, termed T memory stem cells (TSCM cells), been physically identified and isolated in humans, mice, and nonhuman primates. Here, we investigated whether cellular immune responses against HIV-1 include such T memory stem cells. Our data show that HIV-1-specific CD8 T memory stem cells are detectable during all stages of HIV-1 infection but occur most visibly at times of prolonged viral antigen suppression by antiretroviral combination therapy. These cells may therefore be particularly relevant for designing antiviral immune defense strategies against the residual reservoir of HIV-1-infected cells that persists despite treatment and leads to viral rebound upon treatment discontinuation.
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48
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Oh HS, Choi BK, Kim YH, Lee DG, Hwang S, Lee MJ, Park SH, Bae YS, Kwon BS. 4-1BB Signaling Enhances Primary and Secondary Population Expansion of CD8+ T Cells by Maximizing Autocrine IL-2/IL-2 Receptor Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126765. [PMID: 25962156 PMCID: PMC4427336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is known to enhance proliferation of T cells, prevent activation-induced cell death, and promote memory formation of CD8+ T cells. In particular, it is well acknowledged that 4-1BB triggering preferentially enhances the expansion of CD8+ T cells rather than CD4+ T cells, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we found that 4-1BB triggering markedly increased IL-2Rα (CD25) and IL-2 expressions of CD8+ T cells but minimally for CD4+ T cells. Proliferation of CD8+ T cells was moderately enhanced by direct 4-1BB triggering in the absence of signaling through IL-2Rα/IL-2 interactions, but further promoted in the presence of IL-2Rα/IL-2 interactions. Among the TNFRSF members including OX40, GITR, CD30, and CD27, 4-1BB was superior in the ability to induce IL-2Rα expression on CD8+ T cells. When the primary and secondary expansions of CD8+ T cells in vivo were examined by adoptively transferring OVA-specific CD8+ T cells along with the treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB and/or antagonistic anti-CD25 F(ab’)2 mAb, 4-1BB triggering enhanced both primary and secondary expansion of CD8+ T cells in vivo, and the 4-1BB effects were moderately suppressed in primary expansion while completely abolished in secondary expansion of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells by blocking IL-2Rα. These results suggest that 4-1BB-mediated increases of IL-2Rα and IL-2 prolong the effects of transient TCR- and 4-1BB-mediated signaling in CD8+ T cells, and that 4-1BB triggering preferentially enhances the expansion of CD8+ T cells through the amplification of autocrine IL-2/IL-2R signaling loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho S. Oh
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Beom K. Choi
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Young H. Kim
- Immune Cell Production Unit, Program for Immunotherapeutic Research, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Don G. Lee
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sunhee Hwang
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Myoung J. Lee
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sang H. Park
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1694. [PMID: 25789969 PMCID: PMC4385920 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of inflammatory liver disease, of which the clinical recovery and effective anti-viral therapy is associated with the sustained viral control of effector T cells. In humans, chronic HBV infection often shows weak or absent virus-specific T-cell reactivity, which is described as the ‘exhaustion' state characterized by poor effector cytotoxic activity, impaired cytokine production and sustained expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene-3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and CD244. As both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells participate in the immune responses against chronic hepatitis virus through distinct manners, compelling evidences have been proposed, which restore the anti-viral function of these exhausted T cells by blocking those inhibitory receptors with its ligand and will pave the way for the development of more effective immunotherapeutic and prophylactic strategies for the treatment of chronic infectious diseases. A large number of studies have stated the essentiality of T-cell exhaustion in virus-infected diseases, such as LCMV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus infections and cancers. Besides, the functional restoration of HCV- and HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by PD-1 blockade has already been repeatedly verified, and also for the immunological control of tumors in humans, blocking the PD-1 pathway could be a major immunotherapeutic strategy. Although the specific molecular pathways of T-cell exhaustion remain ambiguous, several transcriptional pathways have been implicated in T-cell exhaustion recently; among them Blimp-1, T-bet and NFAT2 were able to regulate exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection, suggesting a distinct lineage fate for this sub-population of T cells. This paper summarizes the current literature relevant to T-cell exhaustion in patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis, the options for identifying new potential therapeutic targets to treat HBV infection and highlights priorities for further study.
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Increased Levels of Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Result in Resistance to R5-Tropic HIV-1 in a Subset of Elite Controllers. J Virol 2015; 89:5502-14. [PMID: 25740989 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elite controllers (ECs) are a rare group of HIV seropositive individuals who are able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, however, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined CD4(+) T cell resistance to HIV in a cohort of elite controllers and explored transcriptional signatures associated with cellular resistance. We demonstrate that a subgroup of elite controllers possess CD4(+) T cells that are specifically resistant to R5-tropic HIV while remaining fully susceptible to X4-tropic and vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped viruses. Transcriptome analysis revealed 17 genes that were differentially regulated in resistant elite controllers relative to healthy controls. Notably, the genes encoding macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), CCL3 and CCL3L1, were found to be upregulated. The MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES chemokines are natural ligands of CCR5 and are known to interfere with HIV replication. For three elite controllers, we observed increased production of MIP-1α and/or MIP-1β at the protein level. The supernatant from resistant EC cells contained MIP-1α and MIP-1β and was sufficient to confer R5-tropic resistance to susceptible CD4(+) T cells. Additionally, this effect was reversed by using inhibitory anti-MIP antibodies. These results suggest that the T cells of these particular elite controllers may be naturally resistant to HIV infection by blocking R5-tropic viral entry. IMPORTANCE HIV is a pandemic health problem, and the majority of seropositive individuals will eventually progress to AIDS unless antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered. However, rare patients, termed elite controllers, have a natural ability to control HIV infection in the absence of ART, but the mechanisms by which they achieve this phenotype have not been fully explored. This paper identifies one mechanism that may contribute to this natural resistance: some elite controllers have CD4(+) T cells that produce high levels of MIP chemokines, which block R5-tropic HIV entry. This mechanism could potentially be exploited to achieve a therapeutic effect in other HIV-seropositive individuals.
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