1
|
Gyimesi M, Oikari LE, Yu C, Sutherland HG, Nyholt DR, Griffiths LR, Van Wijnen AJ, Okolicsanyi RK, Haupt LM. CpG methylation changes in human mesenchymal and neural stem cells in response to in vitro niche modifications. Biochimie 2024; 223:147-157. [PMID: 38640996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies hold promise in addressing the burden of neurodegenerative diseases with human embryonic neural stem cells (hNSC-H9s) and bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as viable candidates. The induction of hMSC neurospheres (hMSC-IN) generate a more lineage-restricted common neural progenitor-like cell population, potentially tunable by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). We examined CpG (5 mC) site methylation patterns using Illumina Infinium 850 K EPIC arrays in hNSC-H9, hMSCs and hMSC-IN cultures with HSPG agonist heparin at early and late phases of growth. We identified key regulatory CpG sites in syndecans (SDC2; SDC4) that potentially regulate gene expression in monolayers. Unique hMSC-IN hypomethylation in glypicans (GPC3; GPC4) underscore their significance in neural lineages with Sulfatase 1 and 2 (SULF1 &2) CpG methylation changes potentially driving the neurogenic shift. hMSC-INs methylation levels at SULF1 CpG sites and SULF2:cg25401628 were more closely aligned with hNSC-H9 cells than with hMSCs. We further suggest SOX2 regulation governed by lncSOX2-Overall Transcript (lncSOX2-OT) methylation changes with preferential activation of ENO2 over other neuronal markers within hMSC-INs. Our findings illuminate epigenetic dynamics governing neural lineage commitment of hMSC-INs offering insights for targeted mechanisms for regenerative medicine and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gyimesi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Chieh Yu
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Heidi G Sutherland
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | | | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rukh S, Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Lamantia AS. Out of Line or Altered States? Neural Progenitors as a Target in a Polygenic Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:1-21. [PMID: 37231803 DOI: 10.1159/000530898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The genesis of a mature complement of neurons is thought to require, at least in part, precursor cell lineages in which neural progenitors have distinct identities recognized by exclusive expression of one or a few molecular markers. Nevertheless, limited progenitor types distinguished by specific markers and lineal progression through such subclasses cannot easily yield the magnitude of neuronal diversity in most regions of the nervous system. The late Verne Caviness, to whom this edition of Developmental Neuroscience is dedicated, recognized this mismatch. In his pioneering work on the histogenesis of the cerebral cortex, he acknowledged the additional flexibility required to generate multiple classes of cortical projection and interneurons. This flexibility may be accomplished by establishing cell states in which levels rather than binary expression or repression of individual genes vary across each progenitor's shared transcriptome. Such states may reflect local, stochastic signaling via soluble factors or coincidence of cell surface ligand/receptor pairs in subsets of neighboring progenitors. This probabilistic, rather than determined, signaling could modify transcription levels via multiple pathways within an apparently uniform population of progenitors. Progenitor states, therefore, rather than lineal relationships between types may underlie the generation of neuronal diversity in most regions of the nervous system. Moreover, mechanisms that influence variation required for flexible progenitor states may be targets for pathological changes in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders, especially those with polygenic origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Rukh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel W Meechan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel Lamantia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kebir S, Ullrich V, Berger P, Dobersalske C, Langer S, Rauschenbach L, Trageser D, Till A, Lorbeer FK, Wieland A, Wilhelm-Buchstab T, Ahmad A, Fröhlich H, Cima I, Prasad S, Matschke J, Jendrossek V, Remke M, Grüner BM, Roesch A, Siveke JT, Herold-Mende C, Blau T, Keyvani K, van Landeghem FK, Pietsch T, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Sure U, Brüstle O, Simon M, Glas M, Scheffler B. A Sequential Targeting Strategy Interrupts AKT-Driven Subclone-Mediated Progression in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:488-500. [PMID: 36239995 PMCID: PMC9843437 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapy resistance and fatal disease progression in glioblastoma are thought to result from the dynamics of intra-tumor heterogeneity. This study aimed at identifying and molecularly targeting tumor cells that can survive, adapt, and subclonally expand under primary therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify candidate markers and to experimentally access dynamics of subclonal progression in glioblastoma, we established a discovery cohort of paired vital cell samples obtained before and after primary therapy. We further used two independent validation cohorts of paired clinical tissues to test our findings. Follow-up preclinical treatment strategies were evaluated in patient-derived xenografts. RESULTS We describe, in clinical samples, an archetype of rare ALDH1A1+ tumor cells that enrich and acquire AKT-mediated drug resistance in response to standard-of-care temozolomide (TMZ). Importantly, we observe that drug resistance of ALDH1A1+ cells is not intrinsic, but rather an adaptive mechanism emerging exclusively after TMZ treatment. In patient cells and xenograft models of disease, we recapitulate the enrichment of ALDH1A1+ cells under the influence of TMZ. We demonstrate that their subclonal progression is AKT-driven and can be interfered with by well-timed sequential rather than simultaneous antitumor combination strategy. CONCLUSIONS Drug-resistant ALDH1A1+/pAKT+ subclones accumulate in patient tissues upon adaptation to TMZ therapy. These subclones may therefore represent a dynamic target in glioblastoma. Our study proposes the combination of TMZ and AKT inhibitors in a sequential treatment schedule as a rationale for future clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sied Kebir
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivien Ullrich
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Berger
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celia Dobersalske
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Langer
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Trageser
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska K. Lorbeer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Wieland
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ashar Ahmad
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer SCAI, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Igor Cima
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shruthi Prasad
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann Matschke
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Grüner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Roesch
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens T. Siveke
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Blau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Sure
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bethel Clinic, University of Bielefeld Medical Center, OWL, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn Scheffler
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Corresponding Author: Björn Scheffler, Professor for Translational Oncology, DKFZ-Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, WTZ-F, UG 01.041, Essen D-45147, Germany. Phone: 49 (0)201-723-8130; Fax: 49 (0)201-723-6752; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bierman-Duquette RD, Safarians G, Huang J, Rajput B, Chen JY, Wang ZZ, Seidlits SK. Engineering Tissues of the Central Nervous System: Interfacing Conductive Biomaterials with Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101577. [PMID: 34808031 PMCID: PMC8986557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conductive biomaterials provide an important control for engineering neural tissues, where electrical stimulation can potentially direct neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) maturation into functional neuronal networks. It is anticipated that stem cell-based therapies to repair damaged central nervous system (CNS) tissues and ex vivo, "tissue chip" models of the CNS and its pathologies will each benefit from the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and conductive biomaterials. Here, technological advances in conductive biomaterials are reviewed over the past two decades that may facilitate the development of engineered tissues with integrated physiological and electrical functionalities. First, one briefly introduces NS/PCs of the CNS. Then, the significance of incorporating microenvironmental cues, to which NS/PCs are naturally programmed to respond, into biomaterial scaffolds is discussed with a focus on electrical cues. Next, practical design considerations for conductive biomaterials are discussed followed by a review of studies evaluating how conductive biomaterials can be engineered to control NS/PC behavior by mimicking specific functionalities in the CNS microenvironment. Finally, steps researchers can take to move NS/PC-interfacing, conductive materials closer to clinical translation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gevick Safarians
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joyce Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bushra Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jessica Y. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ze Zhong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Microglia Isolation from Neural Stem Cell-Enriched Regions. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34558002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1783-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cell of the central nervous system and are instrumental in detecting and eliminating invading pathogens and debris. They also play key roles in neural development, neurodegeneration, and maintaining microenvironment homeostasis. The relatively low number of microglia that can be isolated from primary dissociates precludes many in vitro assays from being efficiently conducted. Here we describe a method to isolate large numbers of functional microglia in a repeatable fashion using serially expanded cultures derived from neurogenic regions of the brain.
Collapse
|
6
|
Induction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in a Rat Hemisection Spinal Cord Injury Model With Combined Neural Stem Cell, Endothelial Progenitor Cell, and Biomimetic Hydrogel Matrix Therapy. Crit Care Explor 2021; 3:e0436. [PMID: 34151277 PMCID: PMC8205216 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating injury that may lead to loss of independent function. Stem-cell therapies have shown promise; however, a clinically efficacious stem-cell therapy has yet to be developed. Functionally, endothelial progenitor cells induce angiogenesis, and neural stem cells induce neurogenesis. In this study, we explored using a multimodal therapy combining endothelial progenitor cells with neural stem cells encapsulated in a bioactive biomimetic hydrogel matrix to facilitate stem cell-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat hemisection spinal cord injury model. DESIGN Laboratory experimentation. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Female Fischer 344 rats. INTERVENTIONS Three groups of rats: 1) control, 2) biomimetic hydrogel therapy, and 3) combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, biomimetic hydrogel therapy underwent right-sided spinal cord hemisection at T9-T10. The blinded Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan motor score was obtained weekly; after 4 weeks, observational histologic analysis of the injured spinal cords was completed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blinded Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan motor score of the hind limb revealed significantly improved motor function in rats treated with combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, and biomimetic hydrogel therapy (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. The acellular biomimetic hydrogel group did not demonstrate a significant improvement in motor function compared with the control group. Immunohistochemistry evaluation of the injured spinal cords demonstrated de novo neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, and biomimetic hydrogel therapy group, whereas, in the control group, a gap or scar was found in the injured spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates proof of concept that multimodal therapy with endothelial progenitor cells and neural stem cells combined with a bioactive biomimetic hydrogel can be used to induce de novo CNS tissue in an injured rat spinal cord.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yanar K, Molbay M, Özaydın-Goksu E, Unek G, Cetindağ E, Unal A, Korgun ET. Contribution of Human Trophoblast Progenitor Cells to Neurogenesis in Rat Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model. Brain Inj 2021; 35:850-862. [PMID: 33780298 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1906948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : A decrease in the blood flow below a current level in the brain results in ischemia. Studies demonstrated that human trophoblast progenitor cells (hTPCs) contribute to the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, hTPCs might be a promising source to repair ischemia in cerebral ischemia models. For this purpose, we evaluated the expression of many neurogenesis markers by performing hTPC transplantation after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS : hTPCs, isolated from the term placentae, were characterized by immunofluorescent staining and differentiated into neuron-like cells. Differentiation was confirmed with immunostaining of GFAP and NeuN proteins. Cerebral ischemia models were generated in rats via middle cerebral artery occlusion and, after 24 hours, hTPCs were injected via the tail vein. Animals were sacrificed on day 3 or day 11. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with proteins associated with neurogenesis and neuronal development, such as DLX2, DLX5, LHX6, NGN1, and NGN2, Olig1, Olig2, and PDGFRα. RESULTS : According to our results, hTPCs may alleviate ischemic damage in the brain and contribute to the neurogenesis after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS : Based on our findings, this topic should be further investigated as the hTPC-based therapies may be a reliable source that can be used in the treatment of stroke and ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yanar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Muge Molbay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Eylem Özaydın-Goksu
- Department of Neurology, Antalya Research and Training Hospital, Neurology Clinic, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gozde Unek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emre Cetindağ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ali Unal
- Department of Neurology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emin Turkay Korgun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Samoylova EM, Baklaushev VP. Cell Reprogramming Preserving Epigenetic Age: Advantages and Limitations. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1035-1047. [PMID: 33050850 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920090047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of cell aging advanced significantly since the discovery of this phenomenon by Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961. In addition to the well-known shortening of telomeric regions of chromosomes, cell aging is closely associated with changes of the DNA methylation profile. Establishing, maintaining, or reversing epigenetic age of a cell is central to the technology of cell reprogramming. Two distinct approaches - iPSC- and transdifferentiation-based cell reprogramming - affect differently epigenetic age of the cells. The iPSC-based reprogramming protocols are generally believed to result in the reversion of DNA methylation profiles towards less differentiated states, while the original methylation profiles are preserved in the direct trans-differentiation protocols. Clearly, in order to develop adequate model of CNS pathologies, one has to have thorough understanding of the biological roles of DNA methylation in the development, maintenance of functional activity, tissue and cell diversity, restructuring of neural networks during learning, as well as in aging-associated neuronal decline. Direct cell reprogramming is an excellent alternative and a valuable supplement to the iPSC-based technologies both as a source of mature cells for modeling of neurodegenerative diseases, and as a novel powerful strategy for in vivo cell replacement therapy. Further advancement of the regenerative and personalized medicine will strongly depend on optimization of the production of patient-specific autologous cells involving alternative approaches of direct and indirect cell reprogramming that take into account epigenetic age of the starting cell material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Samoylova
- Federal Research Clinical Center, FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 115682, Russia.
| | - V P Baklaushev
- Federal Research Clinical Center, FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zmat3 Is a Key Splicing Regulator in the p53 Tumor Suppression Program. Mol Cell 2021; 80:452-469.e9. [PMID: 33157015 PMCID: PMC7654708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, the p53-dependent transcriptional programs mediating tumor suppression remain incompletely understood. Here, to uncover critical components downstream of p53 in tumor suppression, we perform unbiased RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic screens in vivo. These screens converge upon the p53-inducible gene Zmat3, encoding an RNA-binding protein, and we demonstrate that ZMAT3 is an important tumor suppressor downstream of p53 in mouse KrasG12D-driven lung and liver cancers and human carcinomas. Integrative analysis of the ZMAT3 RNA-binding landscape and transcriptomic profiling reveals that ZMAT3 directly modulates exon inclusion in transcripts encoding proteins of diverse functions, including the p53 inhibitors MDM4 and MDM2, splicing regulators, and components of varied cellular processes. Interestingly, these exons are enriched in NMD signals, and, accordingly, ZMAT3 broadly affects target transcript stability. Collectively, these studies reveal ZMAT3 as a novel RNA-splicing and homeostasis regulator and a key component of p53-mediated tumor suppression.
Collapse
|
10
|
Khozhai LI, Otellin VA. Parvalbumin Expression in Rat Subventricular
Zone as Affected by Acute Hypoxia during Early Postnatal Ontogeny. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020060058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Electrical stimulation affects neural stem cell fate and function in vitro. Exp Neurol 2019; 319:112963. [PMID: 31125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) has been applied in cell culture system to enhance neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, neuronal differentiation, migration, and integration. According to the mechanism of its function, ES can be classified into induced electrical (EFs) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EFs guide axonal growth and induce directional cell migration, whereas EMFs promote neurogenesis and facilitates NSCs to differentiate into functional neurons. Conductive nanomaterials have been used as functional scaffolds to provide mechanical support and biophysical cues in guiding neural cell growth and differentiation and building complex neural tissue patterns. Nanomaterials may have a combined effect of topographical and electrical cues on NSC migration and differentiation. Electrical cues may promote NSC neurogenesis via specific ion channel activation, such as SCN1α and CACNA1C. To accelerate the future application of ES in preclinical research, we summarized the specific setting, such as current frequency, intensity, and stimulation duration used in various ES devices, as well as the nanomaterials involved, in this review with the possible mechanisms elucidated. This review can be used as a checklist for ES work in stem cell research to enhance the translational process of NSCs in clinical application.
Collapse
|
12
|
Parsons-White AB, Spitzer N. Environmentally relevant manganese overexposure alters neural cell morphology and differentiation in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:22-28. [PMID: 29486219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a trace metal and micronutrient that is necessary for neurological function. Because of its ability to cross the blood brain barrier, excessive amounts of Mn are neurotoxic and can lead to a neurological disorder, manganism. Environmental overexposure to Mn correlates with impaired cognitive development in children. Though symptoms of manganism and overexposure are well defined, the changes in cellular mechanisms underlying these symptoms are not fully understood. We used cultured adult neural stem cells (NSCs) from young adult rats as an accessible model to investigate the effect of Mn on cellular mechanisms underlying neural differentiation. Concentrations of Mn below current EPA limits caused a dose- and time-dependent collapse of neurites and restructuring of cellular morphology. This effect was confirmed in B35 neuroblastoma cells. These findings indicate that Mn alters cytoskeleton dynamics during differentiation. In addition, Mn overexposure caused downregulation of DCX, a neuronal migration marker, and GFAP, a neural stem cell and astrocyte marker, in NSCs. We conclude that environmentally relevant concentrations of Mn impair cytoskeletal structure and morphology, and may impair differentiation in NSCs. These effects of Mn overexposure on brain cell function could underlie manganism and neurocognitive and developmental defects associated with environmental Mn overexposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Parsons-White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Dr, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Nadja Spitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Dr, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Electromagnetic Fields for the Regulation of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:9898439. [PMID: 28932245 PMCID: PMC5592400 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9898439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized magnetic fields (MFs) could easily penetrate the scalp, skull, and meninges, thus inducing an electrical current in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is primarily used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for inducing specific effects on different regions or cells that play roles in various brain activities. Studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have led to novel attractive therapeutic approaches. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in adult human brain are able to self-renew and possess multidifferential ability to maintain homeostasis and repair damage after acute central nervous system. In the present review, we summarized the electrical activity of NSCs and the fundamental mechanism of electromagnetic fields and their effects on regulating NSC proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation. Although it was authorized for the rTMS use in resistant depression patients by US FDA, there are still unveiling mechanism and limitations for rTMS in clinical applications of acute central nervous system injury, especially on NSC regulation as a rehabilitation strategy. More in-depth studies should be performed to provide detailed parameters and mechanisms of rTMS in further studies, making it a powerful tool to treat people who are surviving with acute central nervous system injuries.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Good health while aging depends upon optimal cellular and organ functioning that contribute to the regenerative ability of the body during the lifespan, especially when injuries and diseases occur. Although diet may help in the maintenance of cellular fitness during periods of stability or modest decline in the regenerative function of an organ, this approach is inadequate in an aged system, in which the ability to maintain homeostasis is further challenged by aging and the ensuing suboptimal functioning of the regenerative unit, tissue-specific stem cells. Focused nutritional approaches can be used as an intervention to reduce decline in the body's regenerative capacity. This article brings together nutrition-associated therapeutic approaches with the fields of aging, immunology, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer to propose ways in which diet and nutrition can work with standard-of-care and integrated medicine to help improve the brain's function as it ages. The field of regenerative medicine has exploded during the past 2 decades as a result of the discovery of stem cells in nearly every organ system of the body, including the brain, where neural stem cells persist in discrete areas throughout life. This fact, and the uncovering of the genetic basis of plasticity in somatic cells and cancer stem cells, open a door to a world where maintenance and regeneration of organ systems maintain health and extend life expectancy beyond its present limits. An area that has received little attention in regenerative medicine is the influence on regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of nutrition. We propose that a strong relation exists between brain regenerative medicine and nutrition and that nutritional intervention at key times of life could be used to not only maintain optimal functioning of regenerative units as humans age but also play a primary role in therapeutic treatments to combat injury and diseases (in particular, those that occur in the latter one-third of the lifespan).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Steindler
- Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kawaguchi-Niida M, Shibata N, Furuta Y. Smad4 is essential for directional progression from committed neural progenitor cells through neuronal differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:55-64. [PMID: 28669622 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the TGFβ super-family, consisting of TGFβ/activin- and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) branch pathways, is involved in the central nervous system patterning, growth, and differentiation during embryogenesis. Neural progenitor cells are implicated in various pathological conditions, such as brain injury, infarction, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the roles of TGFβ/BMP signaling in the postnatal neural progenitor cells in the brain are still poorly understood. We examined the functional contribution of Smad4, a key integrator of TGFβ/BMP signaling pathways, to the regulation of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Conditional loss of Smad4 in neural progenitor cells caused an increase in the number of neural stem like cells in the SVZ. Smad4 conditional mutants also exhibited attenuation in neuronal lineage differentiation in the adult brain that led to a deficit in olfactory bulb neurons as well as to a reduction of brain parenchymal volume. SVZ-derived neural stem/progenitor cells from the Smad4 mutant brains yielded increased growth of neurospheres, elevated self-renewal capacity and resistance to differentiation. These results indicate that loss of Smad4 in neural progenitor cells causes defects in progression of neural progenitor cell commitment within the SVZ and subsequent neuronal differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Kawaguchi-Niida
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cebrián-Silla A, Alfaro-Cervelló C, Herranz-Pérez V, Kaneko N, Park DH, Sawamoto K, Alvarez-Buylla A, Lim DA, García-Verdugo JM. Unique Organization of the Nuclear Envelope in the Post-natal Quiescent Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28648897 PMCID: PMC5511107 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (B1 astrocytes; NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular-zone (V-SVZ) originate in the embryo. Surprisingly, recent work has shown that B1 cells remain largely quiescent. They are reactivated postnatally to function as primary progenitors for neurons destined for the olfactory bulb and some corpus callosum oligodendrocytes. The cellular and molecular properties of quiescent B1 cells remain unknown. Here we found that a subpopulation of B1 cells has a unique nuclear envelope invagination specialization similar to envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS), reported in certain lymphocytes and some cancer cells. Using molecular markers, [3H]thymidine birth-dating, and Ara-C, we found that B1 cells with ELCS correspond to quiescent NSCs. ELCS begin forming in embryonic radial glia cells and represent a specific nuclear compartment containing particular epigenetic modifications and telomeres. These results reveal a unique nuclear compartment in quiescent NSCs, which is useful for identifying these primary progenitors and study their gene regulation. A subpopulation of V-SVZ B cells presents nuclear ELCS ELCS appear in RGCs at E14.5 and remain in a subpopulation of B cells postnatally Type B cells with ELCS exhibit characteristics of quiescent NSCs ELCS present characteristic chromatin modifications
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Alfaro-Cervelló
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dae Hwi Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo R, Zhang S, Xiao M, Qian F, He Z, Li D, Zhang X, Li H, Yang X, Wang M, Chai R, Tang M. Accelerating bioelectric functional development of neural stem cells by graphene coupling: Implications for neural interfacing with conductive materials. Biomaterials 2016; 106:193-204. [PMID: 27566868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to govern cell-specific behaviors in tissue engineering for neural repair and regeneration, a better understanding of material-cell interactions, especially the bioelectric functions, is extremely important. Graphene has been reported to be a potential candidate for use as a scaffold and neural interfacing material. However, the bioelectric evolvement of cell membranes on these conductive graphene substrates remains largely uninvestigated. In this study, we used a neural stem cell (NSC) model to explore the possible changes in membrane bioelectric properties - including resting membrane potentials and action potentials - and cell behaviors on graphene films under both proliferation and differentiation conditions. We used a combination of single-cell electrophysiological recordings and traditional cell biology techniques. Graphene did not affect the basic membrane electrical parameters (capacitance and input resistance), but resting membrane potentials of cells on graphene substrates were more strongly negative under both proliferation and differentiation conditions. Also, NSCs and their progeny on graphene substrates exhibited increased firing of action potentials during development compared to controls. However, graphene only slightly affected the electric characterizations of mature NSC progeny. The modulation of passive and active bioelectric properties on the graphene substrate was accompanied by enhanced NSC differentiation. Furthermore, spine density, synapse proteins expressions and synaptic activity were all increased in graphene group. Modeling of the electric field on conductive graphene substrates suggests that the electric field produced by the electronegative cell membrane is much higher on graphene substrates than that on control, and this might explain the observed changes of bioelectric development by graphene coupling. Our results indicate that graphene is able to accelerate NSC maturation during development, especially with regard to bioelectric evolvement. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the role of conductive materials in tuning the membrane bioelectric properties in a graphene model and pave the way for future studies on the development of methods and materials for manipulating membrane properties in a controllable way for NSC-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Miao Xiao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fuping Qian
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zuhong He
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing Research Institute, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reinartz R, Wang S, Kebir S, Silver DJ, Wieland A, Zheng T, Küpper M, Rauschenbach L, Fimmers R, Shepherd TM, Trageser D, Till A, Schäfer N, Glas M, Hillmer AM, Cichon S, Smith AA, Pietsch T, Liu Y, Reynolds BA, Yachnis A, Pincus DW, Simon M, Brüstle O, Steindler DA, Scheffler B. Functional Subclone Profiling for Prediction of Treatment-Induced Intratumor Population Shifts and Discovery of Rational Drug Combinations in Human Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:562-574. [PMID: 27521447 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of clonal heterogeneity may be key to understanding mechanisms of therapeutic failure in human cancer. However, little is known on the consequences of therapeutic intervention on the clonal composition of solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we used 33 single cell-derived subclones generated from five clinical glioblastoma specimens for exploring intra- and interindividual spectra of drug resistance profiles in vitro In a personalized setting, we explored whether differences in pharmacologic sensitivity among subclones could be employed to predict drug-dependent changes to the clonal composition of tumors. RESULTS Subclones from individual tumors exhibited a remarkable heterogeneity of drug resistance to a library of potential antiglioblastoma compounds. A more comprehensive intratumoral analysis revealed that stable genetic and phenotypic characteristics of coexisting subclones could be correlated with distinct drug sensitivity profiles. The data obtained from differential drug response analysis could be employed to predict clonal population shifts within the naïve parental tumor in vitro and in orthotopic xenografts. Furthermore, the value of pharmacologic profiles could be shown for establishing rational strategies for individualized secondary lines of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a previously unrecognized strategy for revealing functional consequences of intratumor heterogeneity by enabling predictive modeling of treatment-related subclone dynamics in human glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 562-74. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Reinartz
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sied Kebir
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anja Wieland
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marius Küpper
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics & Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timothy M Shepherd
- Department of Neuroradiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Trageser
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Schäfer
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy A Smith
- Health Cancer Center at Orlando Health, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Anthony Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, & Lab Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David W Pincus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany.,DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis A Steindler
- JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Björn Scheffler
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. .,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany.,DKFZ-Division of Translational Oncology/Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg & University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Azari H, Reynolds BA. In Vitro Models for Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a021279. [PMID: 26438595 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of generating new neurons of different phenotype and function from undifferentiated stem and progenitor cells starts at very early stages of development and continues in discrete regions of the mammalian nervous system throughout life. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuronal cell development, biology, function, and interaction with other cells, especially in the neurogenic niche of fully developed adults, is important in defining and developing new therapeutic regimes in regenerative neuroscience. Studying these complex and dynamic processes in vivo is challenging because of the complexity of the nervous system and the presence of many known and unknown confounding variables. However, the challenges could be overcome with simple and robust in vitro models that more or less recapitulate the in vivo events. In this work, we will present an overview of present available in vitro cell-based models of neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Azari
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Neural Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences & Shiraz Stem Cell Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Delgado RN, Lu C, Lim DA. Maintenance of neural stem cell regional identity in culture. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1187321. [PMID: 27606338 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1187321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are distributed throughout the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) in the adult mouse brain. NSCs located in spatially distinct regions of the V-SVZ generate different types of olfactory bulb (OB) neurons, and the regional expression of specific transcription factors correlates with these differences in NSC developmental potential. In a recent article, we show that Nkx2.1-expressing embryonic precursors give rise to NKX2.1+ NSCs located in the ventral V-SVZ of adult mice. Here we characterize a V-SVZ monolayer culture system that retains regional gene expression and neurogenic potential of NSCs from the dorsal and ventral V-SVZ. In particular, we find that Nkx2.1-lineage V-SVZ NSCs maintain Nkx2.1 expression through serial passage and can generate new neurons in vitro. Thus, V-SVZ NSCs retain key aspects of their in vivo regional identity in culture, providing new experimental opportunities for understanding how such developmental patterns are established and maintained during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Delgado
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Changqing Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Premedical and Forensic School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, Premedical and Forensic School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ortega F, Costa MR. Live Imaging of Adult Neural Stem Cells in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:78. [PMID: 27013941 PMCID: PMC4779908 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cells of the neural lineage within the brain is not restricted to early development. New neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes are produced in the adult brain throughout the entire murine life. However, despite the extensive research performed in the field of adult neurogenesis during the past years, fundamental questions regarding the cell biology of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) remain to be uncovered. For instance, it is crucial to elucidate whether a single aNSC is capable of differentiating into all three different macroglial cell types in vivo or these distinct progenies constitute entirely separate lineages. Similarly, the cell cycle length, the time and mode of division (symmetric vs. asymmetric) that these cells undergo within their lineage progression are interesting questions under current investigation. In this sense, live imaging constitutes a valuable ally in the search of reliable answers to the previous questions. In spite of the current limitations of technology new approaches are being developed and outstanding amount of knowledge is being piled up providing interesting insights in the behavior of aNSCs. Here, we will review the state of the art of live imaging as well as the alternative models that currently offer new answers to critical questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortega
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramos AD, Attenello FJ, Lim DA. Uncovering the roles of long noncoding RNAs in neural development and glioma progression. Neurosci Lett 2015; 625:70-9. [PMID: 26733304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified, and emerging data indicate that lncRNAs can have important biological functions and roles in human diseases including cancer. Many lncRNAs appear to be expressed specifically in the brain, and the roles of lncRNAs in neural stem cells (NSCs) and brain development are now beginning to be discovered. Here we review recent advances in understanding the diversity of lncRNA structure and functions in NSCs and brain development. NSCs in the adult mouse ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate new neurons throughout life, and we discuss how key elements of this adult neurogenic system have facilitated the discovery and functional characterization of known and novel lncRNAs. A review of lncRNAs described in other NSC systems reveals a variety of molecular mechanisms, including binding and recruitment of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and RNA-splicing factors. Finally, we review emerging evidence indicating that specific lncRNAs can be key drivers of glial tumors, and discuss next steps towards an in vivo understanding of lncRNA function in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Ramos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Frank J Attenello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Walton NM, de Koning A, Xie X, Shin R, Chen Q, Miyake S, Tajinda K, Gross AK, Kogan JH, Heusner CL, Tamura K, Matsumoto M. Gastrin-releasing peptide contributes to the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuronal development. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2454-66. [PMID: 24806094 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the postnatal hippocampus, newly generated neurons contribute to learning and memory. Disruptions in neurogenesis and neuronal development have been linked to cognitive impairment and are implicated in a broad variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To identify putative factors involved in this process, we examined hippocampal gene expression alterations in mice possessing a heterozygous knockout of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha heterozygous knockout gene (CaMK2α-hKO), an established model of cognitive impairment that also displays altered neurogenesis and neuronal development. Using this approach, we identified gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) as the most dysregulated gene. In wild-type mice, GRP labels NeuN-positive neurons, the lone exception being GRP-positive, NeuN-negative cells in the subgranular zone, suggesting GRP expression may be relevant to neurogenesis and/or neuronal development. Using a model of in vitro hippocampal neurogenesis, we determined that GRP signaling is essential for the continued survival and development of newborn neurons, both of which are blocked by transient knockdown of GRP's cognate receptor (GRPR). Furthermore, GRP appears to negatively regulate neurogenesis-associated proliferation in neural stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intracerebroventricular infusion of GRP resulted in a decrease in immature neuronal markers, increased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and decreased neurogenesis. Despite increased levels of GRP mRNA, CaMK2α-hKO mutant mice expressed reduced levels of GRP peptide. This lack of GRP may contribute to the elevated neurogenesis and impaired neuronal development, which are reversed following exogenous GRP infusion. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that GRP modulates neurogenesis and neuronal development and may contribute to hippocampus-associated cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Walton
- CNS, Astellas Research Institute of America LLC, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Potts MB, Siu JJ, Price JD, Salinas RD, Cho MJ, Ramos AD, Hahn J, Margeta M, Oldham MC, Lim DA. Analysis of Mll1 deficiency identifies neurogenic transcriptional modules and Brn4 as a factor for direct astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming. Neurosurgery 2015; 75:472-82; discussion 482. [PMID: 24887289 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed lineage leukemia-1 (Mll1) epigenetically regulates gene expression patterns that specify cellular identity in both embryonic development and adult stem cell populations. In the adult mouse brain, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone generate new neurons throughout life, and Mll1 is required for this postnatal neurogenesis but not for glial cell differentiation. Analysis of Mll1-dependent transcription may identify neurogenic genes useful for the direct reprogramming of astrocytes into neurons. OBJECTIVE To identify Mll1-dependent transcriptional modules and to determine whether genes in the neurogenic modules can be used to directly reprogram astrocytes into neurons. METHODS We performed gene coexpression module analysis on microarray data from differentiating wild-type and Mll1-deleted subventricular zone NSCs. Key developmental regulators belonging to the neurogenic modules were overexpressed in Mll1-deleted cells and cultured cortical astrocytes, and cell phenotypes were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. RESULTS Transcriptional modules that correspond to neurogenesis were identified in wild-type NSCs. Modules related to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were enriched in Mll1-deleted NSCs, consistent with their gliogenic potential. Overexpression of genes selected from the neurogenic modules enhanced the production of neurons from Mll1-deleted cells, and overexpression of Brn4 (Pou3f4) in nonneurogenic cortical astroglia induced their transdifferentiation into electrophysiologically active neurons. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that Mll1 is required for the expression of neurogenic but not gliogenic transcriptional modules in a multipotent NSC population and further indicate that specific Mll1-dependent genes may be useful for direct reprogramming strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Potts
- *Department of Neurological Surgery, ‡The Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, §Department of Pathology, and ¶Department of Neurology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and ‖Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cortés-Campos C, Letelier J, Ceriani R, Whitlock KE. Zebrafish adult-derived hypothalamic neurospheres generate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Biol Open 2015. [PMID: 26209533 PMCID: PMC4582115 DOI: 10.1242/bio.010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypothalamic decapeptide essential for fertility in vertebrates. Human male patients lacking GnRH and treated with hormone therapy can remain fertile after cessation of treatment suggesting that new GnRH neurons can be generated during adult life. We used zebrafish to investigate the neurogenic potential of the adult hypothalamus. Previously we have characterized the development of GnRH cells in the zebrafish linking genetic pathways to the differentiation of neuromodulatory and endocrine GnRH cells in specific regions of the brain. Here, we developed a new method to obtain neural progenitors from the adult hypothalamus in vitro. Using this system, we show that neurospheres derived from the adult hypothalamus can be maintained in culture and subsequently differentiate glia and neurons. Importantly, the adult derived progenitors differentiate into neurons containing GnRH and the number of cells is increased through exposure to either testosterone or GnRH, hormones used in therapeutic treatment in humans. Finally, we show in vivo that a neurogenic niche in the hypothalamus contains GnRH positive neurons. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that neurospheres can be derived from the hypothalamus of the adult zebrafish and that these neural progenitors are capable of producing GnRH containing neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cortés-Campos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR), 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joaquín Letelier
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utera km 1, Sevilla 41013, España
| | - Ricardo Ceriani
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cooper RJ, Spitzer N. Silver nanoparticles at sublethal concentrations disrupt cytoskeleton and neurite dynamics in cultured adult neural stem cells. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:231-8. [PMID: 25952507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have potent antimicrobial properties at concentrations far below those that cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells. This property has resulted in the widespread use of AgNPs in consumer products, leading to environmental exposures at sub-lethal levels through ingestion and inhalation. Although the toxicity of AgNPs has been well characterized, effects of environmentally relevant exposures have not been extensively investigated in spite of studies that suggest accumulation of silver in tissues, including brain. To assess the sublethal effects of AgNPs on neural cell function, we used cultured SVZ-NSCs, a model of neurogenesis and neural cells. Throughout life, neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles proliferate and migrate via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb. Once there, they complete differentiation into neurons and glia and integrate into existing circuits. This process of neurogenesis is tightly regulated, and is considered a part of healthy brain function. We found that 1.0 μg/mL AgNP exposure in cultured differentiating NSCs induced the formation of f-actin inclusions, indicating a disruption of actin function. These inclusions did not co-localize with AgNPs, and therefore do not represent sequestered nanoparticles. Further, AgNP exposure led to a reduction in neurite extension and branching in live cells, cytoskeleton-mediated processes vital to neurogenesis. We conclude that AgNPs at sublethal concentrations disrupt actin dynamics in SVZ-NSCs, and that an associated disruption in neurogenesis may contribute to documented deficits in brain function following AgNP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Nadja Spitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Demir M, Laywell ED. Neurotoxic effects of AZT on developing and adult neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:93. [PMID: 25852464 PMCID: PMC4367529 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azidothymidine (AZT) is a synthetic, chain-terminating nucleoside analog used to treat HIV-1 infection. While AZT is not actively transported across the blood brain barrier, it does accumulate at high levels in cerebrospinal fluid, and subsequently diffuses into the overlying parenchyma. Due to the close anatomical proximity of the neurogenic niches to the ventricular system, we hypothesize that diffusion from CSF exposes neural stem/progenitor cells and their progeny to biologically relevant levels of AZT sufficient to perturb normal cell functions. We employed in vitro and in vivo models of mouse neurogenesis in order to assess the effects of AZT on developing and adult neurogenesis. Using in vitro assays we show that AZT reduces the population expansion potential of neural stem/progenitor cells by inducing senescence. Additionally, in a model of in vitro neurogenesis AZT severely attenuates neuroblast production. These effects are mirrored in vivo by clinically-relevant animal models. We show that in utero AZT exposure perturbs both population expansion and neurogenesis among neural stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, a short-term AZT regimen in adult mice suppresses subependymal zone neurogenesis. These data reveal novel negative effects of AZT on neural stem cell biology. Given that the sequelae of HIV infection often include neurologic deficits—subsumed under AIDS Dementia Complex (Brew, 1999)—it is important to determine to what extent AZT negatively affects neurological function in ways that contribute to, or exacerbate, ADC in order to avoid attributing iatrogenic drug effects to the underlying disease process, and thereby skewing the risk/benefit analysis of AZT therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Demir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric D Laywell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rademacher DJ, Mendoza-Elias N, Meredith GE. Effects of context-drug learning on synaptic connectivity in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:205-15. [PMID: 25359418 PMCID: PMC4300287 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Context-drug learning produces structural and functional synaptic changes in the circuitry of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, how the synaptic changes translated to the neuronal targets was not established. Thus, in the present study, immunohistochemistry with a cell-specific marker and the stereological quantification of synapses was used to determine if context-drug learning increases the number of excitatory and inhibitory/modulatory synapses contacting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons and/or the pyramidal neurons in the BLA circuitry. Amphetamine-conditioned place preference increased the number of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses contacting the spines and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and the number of multisynaptic boutons contacting pyramidal neurons and GABA interneurons. Context-drug learning increased asymmetric (excitatory) synapses onto dendrites of GABA interneurons and increased symmetric (inhibitory or modulatory) synapses onto dendrites but not perikarya of these same interneurons. The formation of context-drug associations alters the synaptic connectivity in the BLA circuitry, findings that have important implications for drug-seeking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Rademacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Nasya Mendoza-Elias
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Gloria E. Meredith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Loghlen A, Martin N, Krusche B, Pemberton H, Alonso MM, Chandler H, Brookes S, Parrinello S, Peters G, Gil J. The nuclear receptor NR2E1/TLX controls senescence. Oncogene 2014; 34:4069-4077. [PMID: 25328137 PMCID: PMC4305339 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor NR2E1 (also known as TLX or tailless) controls the self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs) and has been implied as an oncogene which initiates brain tumors including glioblastomas. Despite NR2E1 regulating targets like p21(CIP1) or PTEN we still lack a full explanation for its role in NSC self-renewal and tumorigenesis. We know that polycomb repressive complexes also control stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis, but so far, no formal connection has been established between NR2E1 and PRCs. In a screen for transcription factors regulating the expression of the polycomb protein CBX7, we identified NR2E1 as one of its more prominent regulators. NR2E1 binds at the CBX7 promoter, inducing its expression. Notably CBX7 represses NR2E1 as part of a regulatory loop. Ectopic NR2E1 expression inhibits cellular senescence, extending cellular lifespan in fibroblasts via CBX7-mediated regulation of p16(INK4a) and direct repression of p21(CIP1). In addition NR2E1 expression also counteracts oncogene-induced senescence. The importance of NR2E1 to restrain senescence is highlighted through the process of knocking down its expression, which causes premature senescence in human fibroblasts and epithelial cells. We also confirmed that NR2E1 regulates CBX7 and restrains senescence in NSCs. Finally, we observed that the expression of NR2E1 directly correlates with that of CBX7 in human glioblastoma multiforme. Overall we identified control of senescence and regulation of polycomb action as two possible mechanisms that can join those so far invoked to explain the role of NR2E1 in control of NSC self-renewal and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana O'Loghlen
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Nadine Martin
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helen Pemberton
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hollie Chandler
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Sharon Brookes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gordon Peters
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ottone C, Krusche B, Whitby A, Clements M, Quadrato G, Pitulescu ME, Adams RH, Parrinello S. Direct cell-cell contact with the vascular niche maintains quiescent neural stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1045-56. [PMID: 25283993 PMCID: PMC4298702 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is a prominent component of the subventricular zone neural stem cell niche. Although quiescent neural stem cells physically contact blood vessels at specialised endfeet, the significance of this interaction is not understood. In contrast, it is well established that vasculature-secreted soluble factors promote lineage progression of committed progenitors. Here we specifically investigated the role of cell-cell contact-dependent signalling in the vascular niche. Unexpectedly, we find that direct cell-cell interactions with endothelial cells enforces quiescence and promotes stem cell identity. Mechanistically, endothelial ephrinB2 and Jagged1 mediate these effects by suppressing cell-cycle entry downstream of mitogens and inducing stemness genes to jointly inhibit differentiation. In vivo, endothelial-specific ablation of either of the genes which encode these proteins, Efnb2 and Jag1 respectively, aberrantly activates quiescent stem cells, resulting in depletion. Thus, we identify the vasculature as a critical niche compartment for stem cell maintenance, furthering our understanding of how anchorage to the niche maintains stem cells within a pro-differentiative microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottone
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ariadne Whitby
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melanie Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giorgia Quadrato
- Hertie Institute for Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marshall GP, Deleyrolle LP, Reynolds BA, Steindler DA, Laywell ED. Microglia from neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions display differential proliferative potential and neuroblast support. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:180. [PMID: 25076873 PMCID: PMC4100441 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia isolated from the neurogenic subependymal zone (SEZ) and hippocampus (HC) are capable of massive in vitro population expansion that is not possible with microglia isolated from non-neurogenic regions. We asked if this regional heterogeneity in microglial proliferative capacity is cell intrinsic, or is conferred by interaction with respective neurogenic or non-neurogenic niches. By combining SEZ and cerebral cortex (CTX) primary tissue dissociates to generate heterospatial cultures, we find that exposure to the SEZ environment does not enhance CTX microglia expansion; however, the CTX environment exerts a suppressive effect on SEZ microglia expansion. Furthermore, addition of purified donor SEZ microglia to either CTX- or SEZ-derived cultures suppresses the expansion of host microglia, while the addition of donor CTX microglia enhances the over-all microglia yield. These data suggest that SEZ and CTX microglia possess intrinsic, spatially restricted characteristics that are independent of their in vitro environment, and that they represent unique and functionally distinct populations. Finally, we determined that the repeated supplementation of neurogenic SEZ cultures with expanded SEZ microglia allows for sustained levels of inducible neurogenesis, provided that the ratio of microglia to total cells remains within a fairly narrow range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Marshall
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis A Steindler
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric D Laywell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Paez-Gonzalez P, Asrican B, Rodriguez E, Kuo CT. Identification of distinct ChAT⁺ neurons and activity-dependent control of postnatal SVZ neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:934-42. [PMID: 24880216 PMCID: PMC4122286 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal/adult SVZ neurogenesis is believed to be primarily controlled by neural stem cell (NSC)-intrinsic mechanisms, interacting with extracellular/niche-driven cues. Although behavioral paradigms and disease states have suggested possibilities for higher-level inputs, it is currently unknown if neural activity patterns from discrete circuits can directly regulate SVZ neurogenesis. We have identified a previously undescribed population of ChAT+ neurons residing within the rodent SVZ neurogenic niche. These neurons showed morphological and functional differences from neighboring striatal counterparts, and released acetylcholine locally in activity-dependent fashion. Optogenetic inhibition and stimulation of subependymal ChAT+ neurons in vivo showed that they are necessary and sufficient to control neurogenic proliferation. Furthermore, whole-cell recordings and biochemical experiments revealed direct SVZ NSC responses to local acetylcholine release, synergizing with FGF receptor activation to increase neuroblast production. These results uncovered an unknown gateway connecting SVZ neurogenesis to neuronal activity-dependent control, and possibilities for modulating neuroregenerative capacities in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Brent Asrican
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Erica Rodriguez
- 1] Neurobiology Graduate Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2]
| | - Chay T Kuo
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Neurobiology Graduate Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [3] Brumley Neonatal Perinatal Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [4] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [5] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [6] Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hwang WW, Salinas RD, Siu JJ, Kelley KW, Delgado RN, Paredes MF, Alvarez-Buylla A, Oldham MC, Lim DA. Distinct and separable roles for EZH2 in neurogenic astroglia. eLife 2014; 3:e02439. [PMID: 24867641 PMCID: PMC4032491 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic mechanisms that enable specialized astrocytes to retain neurogenic competence throughout adult life are still poorly understood. Here we show that astrocytes that serve as neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) express the histone methyltransferase EZH2. This Polycomb repressive factor is required for neurogenesis independent of its role in SVZ NSC proliferation, as Ink4a/Arf-deficiency in Ezh2-deleted SVZ NSCs rescues cell proliferation, but neurogenesis remains defective. Olig2 is a direct target of EZH2, and repression of this bHLH transcription factor is critical for neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, Ezh2 prevents the inappropriate activation of genes associated with non-SVZ neuronal subtypes. In the human brain, SVZ cells including local astroglia also express EZH2, correlating with postnatal neurogenesis. Thus, EZH2 is an epigenetic regulator that distinguishes neurogenic SVZ astrocytes, orchestrating distinct and separable aspects of adult stem cell biology, which has important implications for regenerative medicine and oncogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02439.001 In addition to the billions of nerve cells called neurons, the brain and spinal cord also contain star-shaped cells called astrocytes. At first it was thought that all astrocytes were the same, but it later became clear that there are several different types of astrocytes that perform different functions. Most neurons are formed in the embryo, but some astrocytes that are found deep within the brain can act as ‘neurogenic stem cells’ and continue to produce new neurons during adult life. However, it was not clear how these neurogenic astrocytes were different from other astrocytes. Now Hwang et al. have found that neurogenic astrocytes contain a protein called EZH2 that is not found in other types of astrocyte in the adult brain. Researchers already knew that this protein, which acts to help keep DNA tightly packed inside the nucleus and to keep genes switched off, was important for brain development. EZH2 was also known to prevent stem cells from prematurely turning into specialized cell types. But, surprisingly, Hwang et al. found that EZH2 has two distinct roles in neurogenic astrocytes: it allows them to multiply to make more astrocytes, and it also helps guide astrocytes into becoming neurons. Hwang et al. showed that different sets of genes were involved in these two roles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02439.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W Hwang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ryan D Salinas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason J Siu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ryan N Delgado
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
As the emergence of cancer is most frequent in proliferating tissues, replication errors are considered to be at the base of this disease. This review concentrates mainly on two neural cancers, neuroblastoma and glioma, with completely different backgrounds that are well documented with respect to their ontogeny. Although clinical data on other cancers of the nervous system are available, usually little can be said about their origins. Neuroblastoma is initiated in the embryo at a moment when the nervous system (NS) is in full expansion and occasionally genomic damage can lead to neoplasia. Glioma, to the contrary, occurs in the adult brain supposed to be mostly in a postmitotic state. According to current consensus, neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the adult are thought to accumulate enough genomic mutations to diverge on a carcinogenic course leading to diverse forms of glioma. After weighing the pros and cons of this current hypothesis in this review, it will be argued that this may be improbable, yielding to the original old concept of glial origin of glioma.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wieland A, Trageser D, Gogolok S, Reinartz R, Höfer H, Keller M, Leinhaas A, Schelle R, Normann S, Klaas L, Waha A, Koch P, Fimmers R, Pietsch T, Yachnis AT, Pincus DW, Steindler DA, Brüstle O, Simon M, Glas M, Scheffler B. Anticancer effects of niclosamide in human glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 19:4124-36. [PMID: 23908450 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma is a highly malignant, invariably fatal brain tumor for which effective pharmacotherapy remains an unmet medical need. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Screening of a compound library of 160 synthetic and natural toxic substances identified the antihelmintic niclosamide as a previously unrecognized candidate for clinical development. Considering the cellular and interindividual heterogeneity of glioblastoma, a portfolio of short-term expanded primary human glioblastoma cells (pGBM; n = 21), common glioma lines (n = 5), and noncancer human control cells (n = 3) was applied as a discovery platform and for preclinical validation. Pharmacodynamic analysis, study of cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, cell migration, proliferation, and on the frequency of multipotent/self-renewing pGBM cells were conducted in vitro, and orthotopic xenotransplantation was used to confirm anticancer effects in vivo. RESULTS Niclosamide led to cytostatic, cytotoxic, and antimigratory effects, strongly reduced the frequencies of multipotent/self-renewing cells in vitro, and after exposure significantly diminished the pGBMs' malignant potential in vivo. Mechanism of action analysis revealed that niclosamide simultaneously inhibited intracellular WNT/CTNNB1-, NOTCH-, mTOR-, and NF-κB signaling cascades. Furthermore, combinatorial drug testing established that a heterozygous deletion of the NFKBIA locus in glioblastoma samples could serve as a genomic biomarker for predicting a synergistic activity of niclosamide with temozolomide, the current standard in glioblastoma therapy. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data advocate the use of pGBMs for exploration of compound libraries to reveal unexpected leads, for example, niclosamide that might be suited for further development toward personalized clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wieland
- Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen D, Yu SP, Wei L. Ion channels in regulation of neuronal regenerative activities. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:156-62. [PMID: 24399572 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of the nervous system is achieved by the regrowth of damaged neuronal axons, the restoration of damaged nerve cells, and the generation of new neurons to replace those that have been lost. In the central nervous system, the regenerative ability is limited by various factors including damaged oligodendrocytes that are essential for neuronal axon myelination, an emerging glial scar, and secondary injury in the surrounding areas. Stem cell transplantation therapy has been shown to be a promising approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases because of the regenerative capability of the stem cells that secrete neurotrophic factors and give rise to differentiated progeny. However, some issues of stem cell transplantation, such as survival, homing, and efficiency of neural differentiation after transplantation, still need to be improved. Ion channels allow for the exchange of ions between the intra- and extracellular spaces or between the cytoplasm and organelles. These ion channels maintain the ion homeostasis in the brain and play a key role in regulating the physiological function of the nervous system and allowing the processing of neuronal signals. In seeking a potential strategy to enhance the efficacy of stem cell therapy in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, this review briefly summarizes the roles of ion channels in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, chemotropic axon guidance of growth cones, and axon outgrowth after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans potently inhibit invasion and serve as a central organizer of the brain tumor microenvironment. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15603-17. [PMID: 24068827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3004-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most pervasive and lethal of all brain malignancies. One factor that contributes to this poor prognosis is the highly invasive character of the tumor. GBM is characterized by microscopic infiltration of tumor cells throughout the brain, whereas non-neural metastases, as well as select lower grade gliomas, develop as self-contained and clearly delineated lesions. Illustrated by rodent xenograft tumor models as well as pathological human patient specimens, we present evidence that one fundamental switch between these two distinct pathologies--invasion and noninvasion--is mediated through the tumor extracellular matrix. Specifically, noninvasive lesions are associated with a rich matrix containing substantial amounts of glycosylated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), whereas glycosylated CSPGs are essentially absent from diffusely infiltrating tumors. CSPGs, acting as central organizers of the tumor microenvironment, dramatically influence resident reactive astrocytes, inducing their exodus from the tumor mass and the resultant encapsulation of noninvasive lesions. Additionally, CSPGs induce activation of tumor-associated microglia. We demonstrate that the astrogliotic capsule can directly inhibit tumor invasion, and its absence from GBM presents an environment favorable to diffuse infiltration. We also identify the leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase receptor (PTPRF) as a putative intermediary between extracellular glycosylated CSPGs and noninvasive tumor cells. In all, we present CSPGs as critical regulators of brain tumor histopathology and help to clarify the role of the tumor microenvironment in brain tumor invasion.
Collapse
|
38
|
Derivation of neural stem cells from an animal model of psychiatric disease. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e323. [PMID: 24193728 PMCID: PMC3849963 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several psychiatric and neurological diseases are associated with altered hippocampal neurogenesis, suggesting differing neural stem cell (NSC) function may play a critical role in these diseases. To investigate the role of resident NSCs in a murine model of psychiatric disease, we sought to isolate and characterize NSCs from alpha-calcium-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II heterozygous knockout (CaMK2α-hKO) mice, a model of schizophrenia/bipolar disorder. These mice display altered neurogenesis, impaired neuronal development and are part of a larger family possessing phenotypic and behavioral correlates of schizophrenia/bipolar disorder and a shared pathology referred to as the immature dentate gyrus (iDG). The extent to which NSCs contribute to iDG pathophysiology remains unclear. To address this, we established heterogeneous cultures of NSCs isolated from the hippocampal neuropoietic niche. When induced to differentiate, CaMK2α-hKO-derived NSCs recapitulate organotypic hippocampal neurogenesis, but generate larger numbers of immature neurons than wild-type (WT) littermates. Furthermore, mutant neurons fail to assume mature phenotypes (including morphology and MAP2/calbindin expression) at the same rate observed in WT counterparts. The increased production of immature neurons which fail to mature indicates that this reductionist model retains key animal- and iDG-specific maturational deficits observed in animal models and human patients. This is doubly significant, as these stem cells lack several developmental inputs present in vivo. Interestingly, NSCs were isolated from animals prior to the emergence of overt iDG pathophysiology, suggesting mutant NSCs may possess lasting intrinsic alterations and that altered NSC function may contribute to iDG pathophysiology in adult animals.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gonzales-Roybal G, Lim DA. Chromatin-based epigenetics of adult subventricular zone neural stem cells. Front Genet 2013; 4:194. [PMID: 24115953 PMCID: PMC3792351 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In specific regions of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons throughout life. Emerging evidence indicate that chromatin-based transcriptional regulation is a key epigenetic mechanism for the life-long function of adult NSCs. In the adult mouse brain, NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) retain the ability to produce both neurons and glia for the life of the animal. In this review, we discuss the origin and function of SVZ NSCs as they relate to key epigenetic concepts of development and potential underlying mechanism of chromatin-based transcriptional regulation. A central point of discussion is how SVZ NSCs - which possess many characteristics of mature, non-neurogenic astrocytes - maintain a "youthful" ability to produce both neuronal and glial lineages. In addition to reviewing data regarding the function of chromatin-modifying factors in SVZ neurogenesis, we incorporate our growing understanding that long non-coding RNAs serve as an important element to chromatin-based transcriptional regulation, including that of SVZ NSCs. Discoveries regarding the epigenetic mechanisms of adult SVZ NSCs may provide key insights into fundamental principles of adult stem cell biology as well as the more complex and dynamic developmental environment of the embryonic brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzales-Roybal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lepski G, Jannes CE, Nikkhah G, Bischofberger J. cAMP promotes the differentiation of neural progenitor cells in vitro via modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:155. [PMID: 24065885 PMCID: PMC3777016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) remain poorly understood. In this study we investigated the role of Ca2+ and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) in the differentiation of NPCs extracted from the subventricular zone of E14.5 rat embryos. Patch clamp recordings revealed that increasing cAMP-signaling with Forskolin or IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine) significantly facilitated neuronal functional maturation. A continuous application of IBMX to the differentiation medium substantially increased the functional expression of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, as well as neuronal firing frequency. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents and in the amplitude of evoked glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic currents. The most prominent acute effect of applying IBMX was an increase in L-type Ca2+currents. Conversely, blocking L-type channels strongly inhibited dendritic outgrowth and synapse formation even in the presence of IBMX, indicating that voltage-gated Ca2+ influx plays a major role in neuronal differentiation. Finally, we found that nifedipine completely blocks IBMX-induced CREB phosphorylation (cAMP-response-element-binding protein), indicating that the activity of this important transcription factor equally depends on both enhanced cAMP and voltage-gated Ca2+-signaling. Taken together, these data indicate that the up-regulation of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+-channels and early electrical excitability are critical steps in the cAMP-dependent differentiation of SVZ-derived NPCs into functional neurons. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the acute effects of cAMP on voltage-gated Ca+2channels in NPC-derived developing neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Albert-Ludwig Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Baumann G, Travieso L, Liebl DJ, Theus MH. Pronounced hypoxia in the subventricular zone following traumatic brain injury and the neural stem/progenitor cell response. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:830-41. [PMID: 23828590 PMCID: PMC9948687 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213494558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits identifiable changes within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ). Previously, we demonstrated that EphB3/ephrinB3 interaction inhibits neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and downregulating this pathway following TBI plays a pivotal role in the expansion of the SVZ neurogenic compartment. It remains unclear, however, what early initiating factors may precede these changes. Using hypoxyprobe-1 (HPb) to identify regions of low oxygen tension or hypoxia (<1%), we found HPb uptake throughout the cortex (CTX), corpus callosum (CC) and SVZ within the first 24 h following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. At this early time point, HPb co-localized with EphB3 in the SVZ. NSPC specific markers also co-localized with HPb staining throughout the lateral wall of the ventricle. To determine the cell autonomous effects of hypoxia on EphB3/ephrinB3 signaling in NSPCs, we used an in vitro model of hypoxia to mimic 1% oxygen in the presence and absence of soluble aggregated ephrinB3 (eB3). As expected, hypoxia stimulated the uptake of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and reduced cell death. Coincident with these proliferative changes, both Hif1-α and phospho (p)-AKT were increased while EphB3 expression was decreased. Stimulation of EphB3 attenuated hypoxia-induced proliferation and prevented phosphorylation of AKT. Hif1-α accumulation, on the other hand, was not affected by EphB3/ephrinB3 signaling. These findings indicate that this pathway limits the NSPC response to hypoxic stimuli. These studies also suggest that early transient changes in oxygen tension following localized cortical injury may initiate a growth-promoting response in the SVZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Baumann
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lissette Travieso
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michelle H Theus
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Glas M, Coch C, Trageser D, Dassler J, Simon M, Koch P, Mertens J, Quandel T, Gorris R, Reinartz R, Wieland A, Von Lehe M, Pusch A, Roy K, Schlee M, Neumann H, Fimmers R, Herrlinger U, Brüstle O, Hartmann G, Besch R, Scheffler B. Targeting the cytosolic innate immune receptors RIG-I and MDA5 effectively counteracts cancer cell heterogeneity in glioblastoma. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1064-74. [PMID: 23390110 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity, for example, the intratumoral coexistence of cancer cells with and without stem cell characteristics, represents a potential root of therapeutic resistance and a significant challenge for modern drug development in glioblastoma (GBM). We propose here that activation of the innate immune system by stimulation of innate immune receptors involved in antiviral and antitumor responses can similarly target different malignant populations of glioma cells. We used short-term expanded patient-specific primary human GBM cells to study the stimulation of the cytosolic nucleic acid receptors melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Specifically, we analyzed cells from the tumor core versus "residual GBM cells" derived from the tumor resection margin as well as stem cell-enriched primary cultures versus specimens without stem cell properties. A portfolio of human, nontumor neural cells was used as a control for these studies. The expression of RIG-I and MDA5 could be induced in all of these cells. Receptor stimulation with their respective ligands, p(I:C) and 3pRNA, led to in vitro evidence for an effective activation of the innate immune system. Most intriguingly, all investigated cancer cell populations additionally responded with a pronounced induction of apoptotic signaling cascades revealing a second, direct mechanism of antitumor activity. By contrast, p(I:C) and 3pRNA induced only little toxicity in human nonmalignant neural cells. Granted that the challenge of effective central nervous system (CNS) delivery can be overcome, targeting of RIG-I and MDA5 could thus become a quintessential strategy to encounter heterogeneous cancers in the sophisticated environments of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glas
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. martin.glas@ukb
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Protective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by Notch modulator Thbs4. Nature 2013; 497:369-73. [PMID: 23615612 PMCID: PMC3667629 DOI: 10.1038/nature12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal/adult neural stem cells (NSCs) within the rodent subventricular/subependymal zone (SVZ/SEZ) generate Doublecortin (DCX)+ neuroblasts that migrate and integrate into olfactory bulb circuitry1,2. Continuous production of neuroblasts is controlled by SVZ microenvironmental niche3,4. It is generally believed that enhancing neurogenic activities of endogenous NSCs may provide needed therapeutic options for disease states and after brain injury. However, SVZ NSCs can also differentiate into astrocytes. It remains unclear if there are conditions that favor astrogenesis over neurogenesis in the SVZ niche, and if astrocytes produced there exhibit different properties from others in the brain. We have uncovered that SVZ-generated astrocytes express high levels of Thrombospondin-4 (Thbs4)5,6, a secreted homopentameric glycoprotein, in contrast to cortical astrocytes which are Thbs4low. We found that localized photothrombotic/ischemic cortical injury initiates a marked increase in Thbs4hi astrocyte production from the postnatal SVZ niche. Tamoxifen-inducible nestin-CreERtm4 lineage-tracing demonstrated that it is these SVZ-generated Thbs4hi astrocytes, and not DCX+ neuroblasts, that home-in on the injured cortex. This robust post-injury astrogenic response required SVZ Notch activation, modulated by Thbs4 via direct Notch1 receptor binding and endocytosis to activate downstream signals, including increased Nfia transcription factor expression important for glia production7. Consequently, Thbs4KO/KO animals showed severe defects in cortical injury-induced SVZ astrogenesis, instead producing cells expressing DCX from SVZ to the injury sites. These alterations in cellular responses resulted in abnormal glial scar formation after injury, and significantly increased microvascular hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma of Thbs4KO/KO animals. Taken together, these findings have significant implications for post-injury applications of endogenous and transplanted NSCs in the therapeutic setting, as well as disease states where Thbs family members play important roles8,9.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ramos AD, Diaz A, Nellore A, Delgado RN, Park KY, Gonzales-Roybal G, Oldham MC, Song JS, Lim DA. Integration of genome-wide approaches identifies lncRNAs of adult neural stem cells and their progeny in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:616-28. [PMID: 23583100 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been described in cell lines and various whole tissues, but lncRNA analysis of development in vivo is limited. Here, we comprehensively analyze lncRNA expression for the adult mouse subventricular zone neural stem cell lineage. We utilize complementary genome-wide techniques including RNA-seq, RNA CaptureSeq, and ChIP-seq to associate specific lncRNAs with neural cell types, developmental processes, and human disease states. By integrating data from chromatin state maps, custom microarrays, and FACS purification of the subventricular zone lineage, we stringently identify lncRNAs with potential roles in adult neurogenesis. shRNA-mediated knockdown of two such lncRNAs, Six3os and Dlx1as, indicate roles for lncRNAs in the glial-neuronal lineage specification of multipotent adult stem cells. Our data and workflow thus provide a uniquely coherent in vivo lncRNA analysis and form the foundation of a user-friendly online resource for the study of lncRNAs in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Ramos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ramos AD, Diaz A, Nellore A, Delgado RN, Park KY, Gonzales-Roybal G, Oldham MC, Song JS, Lim DA. Integration of genome-wide approaches identifies lncRNAs of adult neural stem cells and their progeny in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2013. [PMID: 23583100 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been described in cell lines and various whole tissues, but lncRNA analysis of development in vivo is limited. Here, we comprehensively analyze lncRNA expression for the adult mouse subventricular zone neural stem cell lineage. We utilize complementary genome-wide techniques including RNA-seq, RNA CaptureSeq, and ChIP-seq to associate specific lncRNAs with neural cell types, developmental processes, and human disease states. By integrating data from chromatin state maps, custom microarrays, and FACS purification of the subventricular zone lineage, we stringently identify lncRNAs with potential roles in adult neurogenesis. shRNA-mediated knockdown of two such lncRNAs, Six3os and Dlx1as, indicate roles for lncRNAs in the glial-neuronal lineage specification of multipotent adult stem cells. Our data and workflow thus provide a uniquely coherent in vivo lncRNA analysis and form the foundation of a user-friendly online resource for the study of lncRNAs in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Ramos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Silvestrini MT, Yin D, Coppes VG, Mann P, Martin AJ, Larson PS, Starr PA, Gupta N, Panter SS, Desai TA, Lim DA. Radially branched deployment for more efficient cell transplantation at the scale of the human brain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2013; 91:92-103. [PMID: 23343609 DOI: 10.1159/000343213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical studies, cell transplantation into the brain has shown great promise for the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. However, the use of a straight cannula and syringe for cell delivery to the human brain does not approximate cell distribution achieved in animal studies. This technical deficiency may limit the successful clinical translation of cell transplantation. OBJECTIVE To develop a stereotactic device that effectively distributes viable cells to the human brain. Our primary aims were to (1) minimize the number of transcortical penetrations required for transplantation, (2) reduce variability in cell dosing and (3) increase cell survival. METHODS We developed a modular cannula system capable of radially branched deployment (RBD) of a cell delivery catheter at variable angles from the longitudinal device axis. We also developed an integrated catheter-plunger system, eliminating the need for a separate syringe delivery mechanism. The RBD prototype was evaluated in vitro and in vivo with subcortical injections into the swine brain. Performance was compared to a 20G straight cannula with dual side ports, a device used in current clinical trials. RESULTS RBD enabled therapeutic delivery in a precise 'tree-like' pattern branched from a single initial trajectory, thereby facilitating delivery to a volumetrically large target region. RBD could transplant materials in a radial pattern up to 2.0 cm from the initial penetration tract. The novel integrated catheter-plunger system facilitated manual delivery of small and precise volumes of injection (1.36 ± 0.13 µl per cm of plunger travel). Both dilute and highly concentrated neural precursor cell populations tolerated transit through the device with high viability and unaffected developmental potential. While reflux of infusate along the penetration tract was problematic with the use of the 20G cannula, RBD was resistant to this source of cell dose variability in agarose. RBD enabled radial injections to the swine brain when used with a modern clinical stereotactic system. CONCLUSIONS By increasing the total delivery volume through a single transcortical penetration in agarose models, RBD strategy may provide a new approach for cell transplantation to the human brain. Incorporation of RBD or selected aspects of its design into future clinical trials may increase the likelihood of successful translation of cell-based therapy to the human patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Silvestrini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ortega F, Berninger B, Costa MR. Primary culture and live imaging of adult neural stem cells and their progeny. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1052:1-11. [PMID: 23640252 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSC) generate neurons throughout life, but little is known about the sequence of events involved in the transition from NSC to neurons. Studying the intermediary steps involved in the specification of neuronal cells from NSCs requires observation of cells in real time. Here we describe a primary culture of the adult subependymal zone (SEZ) which allows for continuous live imaging to characterize the mode of cell division and lineage progression of adult NSCs and their progeny. To this end, cells are cultured at low density under adherent conditions and without growth factors. Under these conditions, NSCs display classical hallmarks of adult SEZ NSCs in vivo, such as astroglial marker expression and promoter activity, a slow cell cycle, and a predominantly neurogenic potential. Video time-lapse microscopy experiments using this cell preparation allow for studying the steps involved in the generation of fast-dividing precursors and neuroblasts from slow-dividing astroglia/NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortega
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pellegrini L, Bennis Y, Guillet B, Velly L, Bruder N, Pisano P. [Cell therapy for stroke: from myth to reality]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 169:291-306. [PMID: 23246427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only available therapy for acute ischemic stroke, but its use is limited by a narrow therapeutic window and cannot stimulate endogenous repair and regeneration of damaged brain tissue. Stem cell-based approaches hold much promise as potential novel treatments to restore neurological function after stroke. STATE OF THE ART In this review, we summarize data from preclinical and clinical studies to investigate the potential application of stem cell therapies for treatment of stroke. Stem cells have been proposed as a potential source of new cells to replace those lost due to central nervous system injury, as well as a source of trophic molecules to minimize damage and promote recovery. Various stem cells from multiple sources can generate neural cells that survive and form synaptic connections after transplantation in the stroke-injured brain. Stem cells also exhibit neurorevitalizing properties that may ameliorate neurological deficits through stimulation of neurogenesis, angiogenesis and inhibition of inflammation. PERSPECTIVES/CONCLUSION Performed in stroke, cell therapy would decrease brain damage and reduce functional deficits. After the damage has been done, it would still improve neurological functions by activating endogenous repair. Nevertheless, many questions raised by experimental studies particularly related to long-term safety and technical details of cell preparation and administration must be resolved before wider clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pellegrini
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation 1, CHU de la Timone, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kozlova EN, Berens C. Guiding Differentiation of Stem Cells in Vivo by Tetracycline-Controlled Expression of Key Transcription Factors. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2537-54. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x637407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem or progenitor cells is an attractive strategy for cell replacement therapy. However, poor long-term survival and insufficiently reproducible differentiation to functionally appropriate cells in vivo still present major obstacles for translation of this methodology to clinical applications. Numerous experimental studies have revealed that the expression of just a few transcription factors can be sufficient to drive stem cell differentiation toward a specific cell type, to transdifferentiate cells from one fate to another, or to dedifferentiate mature cells to pluripotent stem/progenitor cells (iPSCs). We thus propose here to apply the strategy of expressing the relevant key transcription factors to guide the differentiation of transplanted cells to the desired cell fate in vivo. To achieve this requires tools allowing us to control the expression of these genes in the transplant. Here, we describe drug-inducible systems that allow us to sequentially and timely activate gene expression from the outside, with a particular emphasis on the Tet system, which has been widely and successfully used in stem cells. These regulatory systems offer a tool for strictly limiting gene expression to the respective optimal stage after transplantation. This approach will direct the differentiation of the immature stem/progenitor cells in vivo to the desired cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Theus MH, Ricard J, Liebl DJ. Reproducible expansion and characterization of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells in adherent cultures derived from the adult subventricular zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.8. [PMID: 22415840 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d08s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) residing in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse forebrain have been shown to enhance their neurogenic potential in response to CNS injury. Mechanisms involved in regulating adult neurogenesis under naïve or stressed conditions can be studied using a monolayer cell-culture system of the nestin-expressing NSPC lineage to analyze proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Here, a protocol for the expansion of NSPCs for studies aimed at understanding the functional role of NSPCs in maintaining adult neurogenic processes is described. This unit outlines detailed procedures for: (1) isolation, maintenance, and culture of the NSPC component of the SVZ niche from the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle; (2) characterization of NSPC functions by examining proliferation, survival, and differentiation; and (3) efficient siRNA transfection methods in 96-well format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Theus
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|