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Ackerman SJ, Stacy NI. Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the "haeckel"? J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:247-259. [PMID: 38736141 PMCID: PMC11288384 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The origins and evolution of the eosinophilic leukocyte have received only scattered attention since Paul Ehrlich first named this granulocyte. Studies suggest that myeloperoxidase, expressed by granulocytes, and eosinophil peroxidase diverged some 60 to 70 million years ago, but invertebrate to vertebrate evolution of the eosinophil lineage is unknown. Vertebrate eosinophils have been characterized extensively in representative species at light microscopic, ultrastructural, genetic, and biochemical levels. Understanding of eosinophil function continues to expand and includes to date regulation of "Local Immunity And/Or Remodeling/Repair" (the so-called LIAR hypothesis), modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, maintenance of tissue and metabolic homeostasis, and, under pathologic conditions, inducers of tissue damage, repair, remodeling, and fibrosis. This contrasts with their classically considered primary roles in host defense against parasites and other pathogens, as well as involvement in T-helper 2 inflammatory and immune responses. The eosinophils' early appearance during evolution and continued retention within the innate immune system across taxa illustrate their importance during evolutionary biology. However, successful pregnancies in eosinophil-depleted humans/primates treated with biologics, host immune responses to parasites in eosinophil-deficient mice, and the absence of significant developmental or functional abnormalities in eosinophil-deficient mouse strains under laboratory conditions raise questions of the continuing selective advantages of the eosinophil lineage in mammals and humans. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview on evolutionary origins of eosinophils across the animal kingdom, discuss some of their main functions in the context of potential evolutionary relevance, and highlight the need for further research on eosinophil functions and functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, MBRB2074, MC669, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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2
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Genome Evolution and the Future of Phylogenomics of Non-Avian Reptiles. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030471. [PMID: 36766360 PMCID: PMC9913427 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-avian reptiles comprise a large proportion of amniote vertebrate diversity, with squamate reptiles-lizards and snakes-recently overtaking birds as the most species-rich tetrapod radiation. Despite displaying an extraordinary diversity of phenotypic and genomic traits, genomic resources in non-avian reptiles have accumulated more slowly than they have in mammals and birds, the remaining amniotes. Here we review the remarkable natural history of non-avian reptiles, with a focus on the physical traits, genomic characteristics, and sequence compositional patterns that comprise key axes of variation across amniotes. We argue that the high evolutionary diversity of non-avian reptiles can fuel a new generation of whole-genome phylogenomic analyses. A survey of phylogenetic investigations in non-avian reptiles shows that sequence capture-based approaches are the most commonly used, with studies of markers known as ultraconserved elements (UCEs) especially well represented. However, many other types of markers exist and are increasingly being mined from genome assemblies in silico, including some with greater information potential than UCEs for certain investigations. We discuss the importance of high-quality genomic resources and methods for bioinformatically extracting a range of marker sets from genome assemblies. Finally, we encourage herpetologists working in genomics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields to work collectively towards building genomic resources for non-avian reptiles, especially squamates, that rival those already in place for mammals and birds. Overall, the development of this cross-amniote phylogenomic tree of life will contribute to illuminate interesting dimensions of biodiversity across non-avian reptiles and broader amniotes.
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3
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Griffin DK, Larkin DM, O’Connor RE, Romanov MN. Dinosaurs: Comparative Cytogenomics of Their Reptile Cousins and Avian Descendants. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:106. [PMID: 36611715 PMCID: PMC9817885 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles known as dinosaurs pervade scientific and popular culture, while interest in their genomics has increased since the 1990s. Birds (part of the crown group Reptilia) are living theropod dinosaurs. Chromosome-level genome assemblies cannot be made from long-extinct biological material, but dinosaur genome organization can be inferred through comparative genomics of related extant species. Most reptiles apart from crocodilians have both macro- and microchromosomes; comparative genomics involving molecular cytogenetics and bioinformatics has established chromosomal relationships between many species. The capacity of dinosaurs to survive multiple extinction events is now well established, and birds now have more species in comparison with any other terrestrial vertebrate. This may be due, in part, to their karyotypic features, including a distinctive karyotype of around n = 40 (~10 macro and 30 microchromosomes). Similarity in genome organization in distantly related species suggests that the common avian ancestor had a similar karyotype to e.g., the chicken/emu/zebra finch. The close karyotypic similarity to the soft-shelled turtle (n = 33) suggests that this basic pattern was mostly established before the Testudine-Archosaur divergence, ~255 MYA. That is, dinosaurs most likely had similar karyotypes and their extensive phenotypic variation may have been mediated by increased random chromosome segregation and genetic recombination, which is inherently higher in karyotypes with more and smaller chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis M. Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
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4
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Viana PF, Feldberg E, Takagui FH, Menezes S, Vogt RC, Ezaz T. Matamatas Chelus spp. (Testudines, Chelidae) have a remarkable evolutionary history of sex chromosomes with a long-term stable XY microchromosome system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6676. [PMID: 35461353 PMCID: PMC9035145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Chelus, commonly known as Matamata is one of the most emblematic and remarkable species among the Neotropical chelids. It is an Amazonian species with an extensive distribution throughout Negro/Orinoco and Amazonas River basins. Currently, two species are formally recognized: Chelus orinocensis and Chelus fimbriata and although it is still classified as "Least Concern" in the IUCN, the Matamatas are very appreciated and illegally sold in the international pet trade. Regardless, little is known regarding many aspects of its natural history. Chromosomal features for Chelus, for instance, are meagre and practically restricted to the description of the diploid number (2n = 50) for Chelus fimbriata, and its sex determining strategies are yet to be fully investigated. Here, we examined the karyotype of Chelus fimbriata and the newly described Chelus orinocensis, applying an extensive conventional and molecular cytogenetic approach. This allowed us to identify a genetic sex determining mechanism with a micro XY sex chromosome system in both species, a system that was likely present in their most common recent ancestor Chelus colombiana. Furthermore, the XY system found in Chelus orinocensis and Chelus fimbriata, as seen in other chelid species, recruited several repeat motifs, possibly prior to the split of South America and Australasian lineages, indicating that such system indeed dates back to the earliest lineages of Chelid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik F Viana
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Fábio Hiroshi Takagui
- Animal Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of General Biology, CCB, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Menezes
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Centro de Estudos de Quelônios da Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Richard C Vogt
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Centro de Estudos de Quelônios da Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 12 2616, Australia
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5
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Oliveira VCS, Altmanová M, Viana PF, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Ráb P, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi A, Feldberg E, Hatanaka T, Scholz S, Meurer A, de Bello Cioffi M. Revisiting the Karyotypes of Alligators and Caimans (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) after a Half-Century Delay: Bridging the Gap in the Chromosomal Evolution of Reptiles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061397. [PMID: 34198806 PMCID: PMC8228166 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although crocodilians have attracted enormous attention in other research fields, from the cytogenetic point of view, this group remains understudied. Here, we analyzed the karyotypes of eight species formally described from the Alligatoridae family using differential staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization with rDNA and repetitive motifs as a probe, whole chromosome painting (WCP), and comparative genome hybridization. All Caimaninae species have a diploid chromosome number (2n) 42 and karyotypes dominated by acrocentric chromosomes, in contrast to both species of Alligatorinae, which have 2n = 32 and karyotypes that are predominantly metacentric, suggesting fusion/fission rearrangements. Our WCP results supported this scenario by revealing the homeology of the largest metacentric pair present in both Alligator spp. with two smaller pairs of acrocentrics in Caimaninae species. The clusters of 18S rDNA were found on one chromosome pair in all species, except for Paleosuchus spp., which possessed three chromosome pairs bearing these sites. Similarly, comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated an advanced stage of sequence divergence among the caiman genomes, with Paleosuchus standing out as the most divergent. Thus, although Alligatoridae exhibited rather low species diversity and some level of karyotype stasis, their genomic content indicates that they are not as conserved as previously thought. These new data deepen the discussion of cytotaxonomy in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C. S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (V.C.S.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (T.H.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic;
| | - Patrik F. Viana
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69083-000, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Luiz A. C. Bertollo
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (V.C.S.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (T.H.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic;
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-36-41-939-68-50; Fax: +49-3641-93-96-852
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69083-000, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (V.C.S.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (T.H.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | | | | | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (V.C.S.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (T.H.); (M.d.B.C.)
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6
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Vassetzky NS, Kosushkin SA, Korchagin VI, Ryskov AP. New Ther1-derived SINE Squam3 in scaled reptiles. Mob DNA 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33752750 PMCID: PMC7983390 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-021-00238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SINEs comprise a significant part of animal genomes and are used to study the evolution of diverse taxa. Despite significant advances in SINE studies in vertebrates and higher eukaryotes in general, their own evolution is poorly understood. RESULTS We have discovered and described in detail a new Squam3 SINE specific for scaled reptiles (Squamata). The subfamilies of this SINE demonstrate different distribution in the genomes of squamates, which together with the data on similar SINEs in the tuatara allowed us to propose a scenario of their evolution in the context of reptilian evolution. CONCLUSIONS Ancestral SINEs preserved in small numbers in most genomes can give rise to taxa-specific SINE families. Analysis of this aspect of SINEs can shed light on the history and mechanisms of SINE variation in reptilian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Vassetzky
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergei A Kosushkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaly I Korchagin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey P Ryskov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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7
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Pappalardo AM, Ferrito V, Biscotti MA, Canapa A, Capriglione T. Transposable Elements and Stress in Vertebrates: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1970. [PMID: 33671215 PMCID: PMC7922186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their identification as genomic regulatory elements, Transposable Elements (TEs) were considered, at first, molecular parasites and later as an important source of genetic diversity and regulatory innovations. In vertebrates in particular, TEs have been recognized as playing an important role in major evolutionary transitions and biodiversity. Moreover, in the last decade, a significant number of papers has been published highlighting a correlation between TE activity and exposition to environmental stresses and dietary factors. In this review we present an overview of the impact of TEs in vertebrate genomes, report the silencing mechanisms adopted by host genomes to regulate TE activity, and finally we explore the effects of environmental and dietary factor exposures on TE activity in mammals, which is the most studied group among vertebrates. The studies here reported evidence that several factors can induce changes in the epigenetic status of TEs and silencing mechanisms leading to their activation with consequent effects on the host genome. The study of TE can represent a future challenge for research for developing effective markers able to detect precocious epigenetic changes and prevent human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences-Section of Animal Biology "M. La Greca", University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Ferrito
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences-Section of Animal Biology "M. La Greca", University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Biscotti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Adriana Canapa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia 21-Ed7, 80126 Naples, Italy
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8
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The Amazonian Red Side-Necked Turtle Rhinemys rufipes (Spix, 1824) (Testudines, Chelidae) Has a GSD Sex-Determining Mechanism with an Ancient XY Sex Microchromosome System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092088. [PMID: 32932633 PMCID: PMC7563702 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Amazonian red side-necked turtle Rhynemis rufipes is an endemic Amazonian Chelidae species that occurs in small streams throughout Colombia and Brazil river basins. Little is known about various biological aspects of this species, including its sex determination strategies. Among chelids, the greatest karyotype diversity is found in the Neotropical species, with several 2n configurations, including cases of triploidy. Here, we investigate the karyotype of Rhinemys rufipes by applying combined conventional and molecular cytogenetic procedures. This allowed us to discover a genetic sex-determining mechanism that shares an ancestral micro XY sex chromosome system. This ancient micro XY system recruited distinct repeat motifs before it diverged from several South America and Australasian species. We propose that such a system dates back to the earliest lineages of the chelid species before the split of South America and Australasian lineages.
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9
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Karyotypic Evolution of Sauropsid Vertebrates Illuminated by Optical and Physical Mapping of the Painted Turtle and Slider Turtle Genomes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080928. [PMID: 32806747 PMCID: PMC7464131 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent sequencing and software enhancements have advanced our understanding of the evolution of genomic structure and function, especially addressing novel evolutionary biology questions. Yet fragmentary turtle genome assemblies remain a challenge to fully decipher the genetic architecture of adaptive evolution. Here, we use optical mapping to improve the contiguity of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) genome assembly and use de novo fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, BAC-FISH, to physically map the genomes of the painted and slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Optical mapping increased C. picta's N50 by ~242% compared to the previous assembly. Physical mapping permitted anchoring ~45% of the genome assembly, spanning 5544 genes (including 20 genes related to the sex determination network of turtles and vertebrates). BAC-FISH data revealed assembly errors in C. picta and T. s. elegans assemblies, highlighting the importance of molecular cytogenetic data to complement bioinformatic approaches. We also compared C. picta's anchored scaffolds to the genomes of other chelonians, chicken, lizards, and snake. Results revealed a mostly one-to-one correspondence between chromosomes of painted and slider turtles, and high homology among large syntenic blocks shared with other turtles and sauropsids. Yet, numerous chromosomal rearrangements were also evident across chelonians, between turtles and squamates, and between avian and non-avian reptiles.
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10
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Brian Simison W, Parham JF, Papenfuss TJ, Lam AW, Henderson JB. An Annotated Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of the Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:456-462. [PMID: 32227195 PMCID: PMC7186784 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrates, turtles have many unique characteristics providing biologists with opportunities to study novel evolutionary innovations and processes. We present here a high-quality, partially phased, and chromosome-level Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans, TSE) genome as a reference for future research on turtle and tetrapod evolution. This TSE assembly is 2.269 Gb in length, has one of the highest scaffold N50 and N90 values of any published turtle genome to date (N50 = 129.68 Mb and N90 = 19 Mb), and has a total of 28,415 annotated genes. We introduce synteny analyses using BUSCO single-copy orthologs, which reveal two chromosome fusion events accounting for differences in chromosome counts between emydids and other cryptodire turtles and reveal many fission/fusion events for birds, crocodiles, and snakes relative to TSE. This annotated chromosome-level genome will provide an important reference genome for future studies on turtle, vertebrate, and chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Brian Simison
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
| | - James F Parham
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Fullerton
| | | | - Athena W Lam
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
| | - James B Henderson
- Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
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11
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Chow JC, Anderson PE, Shedlock AM. Sea Turtle Population Genomic Discovery: Global and Locus-Specific Signatures of Polymorphism, Selection, and Adaptive Potential. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2797-2806. [PMID: 31504487 PMCID: PMC6786478 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of genomics, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become a preferred molecular marker to study signatures of selection and population structure and to enable improved population monitoring and conservation of vulnerable populations. We apply a SNP calling pipeline to assess population differentiation, visualize linkage disequilibrium, and identify loci with sex-specific genotypes of 45 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) sampled from the southeastern coast of the United States, including 42 individuals experimentally confirmed for gonadal sex. By performing reference-based SNP calling in independent runs of Stacks, 3,901–6,998 SNPs and up to 30 potentially sex-specific genotypes were identified. Up to 68 pairs of loci were found to be in complete linkage disequilibrium, potentially indicating regions of natural selection and adaptive evolution. This study provides a valuable SNP diagnostic workflow and a large body of new biomarkers for guiding targeted studies of sea turtle genome evolution and for managing legally protected nonmodel iconic species that have high economic and ecological importance but limited genomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Chow
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
| | - Paul E Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Andrew M Shedlock
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina.,College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina.,Marine Genomics Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina
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12
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Hale A, Merchant M, White M. Detection and analysis of autophagy in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:192-207. [PMID: 32061056 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental temperature depression in the fall and winter, American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) brumate. Brumation is characterized by lethargy, fasting, decreased metabolism, and decreased body temperature. During brumation, alligators will periodically emerge for basking or other encounters when environmental conditions permit. This sporadic activity and lack of nutrient intake may place strain on nutrient reserves. Nutrient scarcity, at the cellular and/or organismal level, promotes autophagy, a well-conserved subcellular catabolic process used to maintain energy homeostasis during periods of metabolic or hypoxic stress. An analysis of the putative alligator autophagy-related proteins has been conducted, and the results will be used to investigate the physiological role of autophagy during the brumation period. Using published genomic data, we have determined that autophagy is highly conserved, and alligator amino acid sequences exhibit a high percentage of identity with human homologs. Transcriptome analysis conducted using liver tissue derived from alligators confirmed the expression of one or more isoforms of each of the 34 autophagy initiation and elongation genes assayed. Five autophagy-related proteins (ATG5, ATG9A, BECN1, ATG16L1, and MAP1-LC3B), with functions spanning the major stages of autophagy, have been detected in alligator liver tissue by western blot analysis. In addition, ATG5 was detected in alligator liver tissue by immunohistochemistry. This is the first characterization of autophagy in crocodylians, and the first description of autophagy-related protein expression in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hale
- Department of Biology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana
| | - Mary White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
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13
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Miller JB, McKinnon LM, Whiting MF, Ridge PG. CAM: an alignment-free method to recover phylogenies using codon aversion motifs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6984. [PMID: 31198636 PMCID: PMC6555396 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common phylogenomic approaches for recovering phylogenies are often time-consuming and require annotations for orthologous gene relationships that are not always available. In contrast, alignment-free phylogenomic approaches typically use structure and oligomer frequencies to calculate pairwise distances between species. We have developed an approach to quickly calculate distances between species based on codon aversion. METHODS Utilizing a novel alignment-free character state, we present CAM, an alignment-free approach to recover phylogenies by comparing differences in codon aversion motifs (i.e., the set of unused codons within each gene) across all genes within a species. Synonymous codon usage is non-random and differs between organisms, between genes, and even within a single gene, and many genes do not use all possible codons. We report a comprehensive analysis of codon aversion within 229,742,339 genes from 23,428 species across all kingdoms of life, and we provide an alignment-free framework for its use in a phylogenetic construct. For each species, we first construct a set of codon aversion motifs spanning all genes within that species. We define the pairwise distance between two species, A and B, as one minus the number of shared codon aversion motifs divided by the total codon aversion motifs of the species, A or B, containing the fewest motifs. This approach allows us to calculate pairwise distances even when substantial differences in the number of genes or a high rate of divergence between species exists. Finally, we use neighbor-joining to recover phylogenies. RESULTS Using the Open Tree of Life and NCBI Taxonomy Database as expected phylogenies, our approach compares well, recovering phylogenies that largely match expected trees and are comparable to trees recovered using maximum likelihood and other alignment-free approaches. Our technique is much faster than maximum likelihood and similar in accuracy to other alignment-free approaches. Therefore, we propose that codon aversion be considered a phylogenetically conserved character that may be used in future phylogenomic studies. AVAILABILITY CAM, documentation, and test files are freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/ridgelab/cam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Miller
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McKinnon
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Whiting
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
- Brigham Young University, M.L. Bean Museum, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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Muniz FL, Ximenes AM, Bittencourt PS, Hernández-Rangel SM, Campos Z, Hrbek T, Farias IP. Detecting population structure of Paleosuchus trigonatus (Alligatoridae: Caimaninae) through microsatellites markers developed by next generation sequencing. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2473-2484. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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An open-source k-mer based machine learning tool for fast and accurate subtyping of HIV-1 genomes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206409. [PMID: 30427878 PMCID: PMC6235296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For many disease-causing virus species, global diversity is clustered into a taxonomy of subtypes with clinical significance. In particular, the classification of infections among the subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a routine component of clinical management, and there are now many classification algorithms available for this purpose. Although several of these algorithms are similar in accuracy and speed, the majority are proprietary and require laboratories to transmit HIV-1 sequence data over the network to remote servers. This potentially exposes sensitive patient data to unauthorized access, and makes it impossible to determine how classifications are made and to maintain the data provenance of clinical bioinformatic workflows. We propose an open-source supervised and alignment-free subtyping method (Kameris) that operates on k-mer frequencies in HIV-1 sequences. We performed a detailed study of the accuracy and performance of subtype classification in comparison to four state-of-the-art programs. Based on our testing data set of manually curated real-world HIV-1 sequences (n = 2, 784), Kameris obtained an overall accuracy of 97%, which matches or exceeds all other tested software, with a processing rate of over 1,500 sequences per second. Furthermore, our fully standalone general-purpose software provides key advantages in terms of data security and privacy, transparency and reproducibility. Finally, we show that our method is readily adaptable to subtype classification of other viruses including dengue, influenza A, and hepatitis B and C virus.
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16
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Radhakrishnan S, Valenzuela N. Chromosomal Context Affects the Molecular Evolution of Sex-linked Genes and Their Autosomal Counterparts in Turtles and Other Vertebrates. J Hered 2018; 108:720-730. [PMID: 29036698 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes evolve differently from autosomes because natural selection acts distinctly on them given their reduced recombination and smaller population size. Various studies of sex-linked genes compared with different autosomal genes within species support these predictions. Here, we take a novel alternative approach by comparing the rate of evolution between subsets of genes that are sex-linked in selected reptiles/vertebrates and the same genes located in autosomes in other amniotes. We report for the first time the faster evolution of Z-linked genes in a turtle (the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis) relative to autosomal orthologs in other taxa, including turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). This faster rate was absent in its close relative, the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), thus revealing important lineage effects, and was only surpassed by mammalian-X linked genes. In contrast, we found slower evolution of X-linked genes in the musk turtle Staurotypus triporcatus (XX/XY) and homologous Z-linked chicken genes. TSD lineages displayed overall faster sequence evolution than taxa with genotypic sex determination (GSD), ruling out global effects of GSD on molecular evolution beyond those by sex-linkage. Notably, results revealed a putative selective sweep around two turtle genes involved in vertebrate gonadogenesis (Pelodiscus-Z-linked Nf2 and Chrysemys-autosomal Tspan7). Our observations reveal important evolutionary changes at the gene level mediated by chromosomal context in turtles despite their low overall evolutionary rate and illuminate sex chromosome evolution by empirically testing expectations from theoretical models. Genome-wide analyses are warranted to test the generality and prevalence of the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Radhakrishnan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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17
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Suh A, Smeds L, Ellegren H. Abundant recent activity of retrovirus-like retrotransposons within and among flycatcher species implies a rich source of structural variation in songbird genomes. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:99-111. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suh
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Linnéa Smeds
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hans Ellegren
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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18
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Han B, Li Y, Han H, Zhao Y, Pan Q, Ren L. Three IgH isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY are expressed in Gentoo penguin and zebra finch. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173334. [PMID: 28403146 PMCID: PMC5389807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on a limited number of birds suggested that the IgD-encoding gene was absent in birds. However, one of our recent studies showed that the gene was definitely expressed in the ostrich and emu. Interestingly, we also identified subclass diversification of IgM and IgY in these two birds. To better understand immunoglobulin genes in birds, in this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), belonging respectively to the order Passeriformes, the most successful bird order in terms of species diversity and numbers, and Sphenisciformes, a relatively primitive avian order. Similar to the results obtained in chickens and ducks, only three genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY, were identified in both species. Besides, we detected a transcript encoding a short membrane-bound IgA lacking the last two CH exons in the Gentoo penguin. We did not find any evidence supporting the presence of IgD gene or subclass diversification of IgM/IgY in penguin or zebra finch. The obtained data in our study provide more insights into the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in birds and may help to better understand the evolution of immunoglobulin genes in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyue Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
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19
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Radhakrishnan S, Literman R, Neuwald J, Severin A, Valenzuela N. Transcriptomic responses to environmental temperature by turtles with temperature-dependent and genotypic sex determination assessed by RNAseq inform the genetic architecture of embryonic gonadal development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172044. [PMID: 28296881 PMCID: PMC5352168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate sexual fate is decided primarily by the individual's genotype (GSD), by the environmental temperature during development (TSD), or both. Turtles exhibit TSD and GSD, making them ideal to study the evolution of sex determination. Here we analyze temperature-specific gonadal transcriptomes (RNA-sequencing validated by qPCR) of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta TSD) before and during the thermosensitive period, and at equivalent stages in soft-shell turtles (Apalone spinifera-GSD), to test whether TSD's and GSD's transcriptional circuitry is identical but deployed differently between mechanisms. Our data show that most elements of the mammalian urogenital network are active during turtle gonadogenesis, but their transcription is generally more thermoresponsive in TSD than GSD, and concordant with their sex-specific function in mammals [e.g., upregulation of Amh, Ar, Esr1, Fog2, Gata4, Igf1r, Insr, and Lhx9 at male-producing temperature, and of β-catenin, Foxl2, Aromatase (Cyp19a1), Fst, Nf-kb, Crabp2 at female-producing temperature in Chrysemys]. Notably, antagonistic elements in gonadogenesis (e.g., β-catenin and Insr) were thermosensitive only in TSD early-embryos. Cirbp showed warm-temperature upregulation in both turtles disputing its purported key TSD role. Genes that may convert thermal inputs into sex-specific development (e.g., signaling and hormonal pathways, RNA-binding and heat-shock) were differentially regulated. Jak-Stat, Nf-κB, retinoic-acid, Wnt, and Mapk-signaling (not Akt and Ras-signaling) potentially mediate TSD thermosensitivity. Numerous species-specific ncRNAs (including Xist) were differentially-expressed, mostly upregulated at colder temperatures, as were unannotated loci that constitute novel TSD candidates. Cirbp showed warm-temperature upregulation in both turtles. Consistent transcription between turtles and alligator revealed putatively-critical reptilian TSD elements for male (Sf1, Amh, Amhr2) and female (Crabp2 and Hspb1) gonadogenesis. In conclusion, while preliminary, our data helps illuminate the regulation and evolution of vertebrate sex determination, and contribute genomic resources to guide further research into this fundamental biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Radhakrishnan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Robert Literman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Neuwald
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Severin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
Genome size in mammals and birds shows remarkably little interspecific variation compared with other taxa. However, genome sequencing has revealed that many mammal and bird lineages have experienced differential rates of transposable element (TE) accumulation, which would be predicted to cause substantial variation in genome size between species. Thus, we hypothesize that there has been covariation between the amount of DNA gained by transposition and lost by deletion during mammal and avian evolution, resulting in genome size equilibrium. To test this model, we develop computational methods to quantify the amount of DNA gained by TE expansion and lost by deletion over the last 100 My in the lineages of 10 species of eutherian mammals and 24 species of birds. The results reveal extensive variation in the amount of DNA gained via lineage-specific transposition, but that DNA loss counteracted this expansion to various extents across lineages. Our analysis of the rate and size spectrum of deletion events implies that DNA removal in both mammals and birds has proceeded mostly through large segmental deletions (>10 kb). These findings support a unified "accordion" model of genome size evolution in eukaryotes whereby DNA loss counteracting TE expansion is a major determinant of genome size. Furthermore, we propose that extensive DNA loss, and not necessarily a dearth of TE activity, has been the primary force maintaining the greater genomic compaction of flying birds and bats relative to their flightless relatives.
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21
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Rice ES, Kohno S, John JS, Pham S, Howard J, Lareau LF, O'Connell BL, Hickey G, Armstrong J, Deran A, Fiddes I, Platt RN, Gresham C, McCarthy F, Kern C, Haan D, Phan T, Schmidt C, Sanford JR, Ray DA, Paten B, Guillette LJ, Green RE. Improved genome assembly of American alligator genome reveals conserved architecture of estrogen signaling. Genome Res 2017; 27:686-696. [PMID: 28137821 PMCID: PMC5411764 DOI: 10.1101/gr.213595.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, like all crocodilians, has temperature-dependent sex determination, in which the sex of an embryo is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg during a critical period of development. The lack of genetic differences between male and female alligators leaves open the question of how the genes responsible for sex determination and differentiation are regulated. Insight into this question comes from the fact that exposing an embryo incubated at male-producing temperature to estrogen causes it to develop ovaries. Because estrogen response elements are known to regulate genes over long distances, a contiguous genome assembly is crucial for predicting and understanding their impact. We present an improved assembly of the American alligator genome, scaffolded with in vitro proximity ligation (Chicago) data. We use this assembly to scaffold two other crocodilian genomes based on synteny. We perform RNA sequencing of tissues from American alligator embryos to find genes that are differentially expressed between embryos incubated at male- versus female-producing temperature. Finally, we use the improved contiguity of our assembly along with the current model of CTCF-mediated chromatin looping to predict regions of the genome likely to contain estrogen-responsive genes. We find that these regions are significantly enriched for genes with female-biased expression in developing gonads after the critical period during which sex is determined by incubation temperature. We thus conclude that estrogen signaling is a major driver of female-biased gene expression in the post-temperature sensitive period gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Rice
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301, USA
| | - John St John
- Driver Group, LLC, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Son Pham
- BioTuring, Incorporated, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jonathan Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Liana F Lareau
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brendan L O'Connell
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.,Dovetail Genomics, LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Glenn Hickey
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Joel Armstrong
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Alden Deran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Ian Fiddes
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Roy N Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Cathy Gresham
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Fiona McCarthy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - David Haan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Tan Phan
- HCM University of Science, Ho Chí Minh, Vietnam 748500
| | - Carl Schmidt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA
| | - Jeremy R Sanford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Benedict Paten
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Dovetail Genomics, LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
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22
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Kapusta A, Suh A. Evolution of bird genomes-a transposon's-eye view. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:164-185. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kapusta
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Evolutionary Biology (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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23
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Mezzasalma M, Visone V, Petraccioli A, Odierna G, Capriglione T, Guarino FM. Non-random accumulation of LINE1-like sequences on differentiated snake W chromosomes. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - V. Visone
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Petraccioli
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - G. Odierna
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - T. Capriglione
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - F. M. Guarino
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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24
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Adams RH, Blackmon H, Reyes-Velasco J, Schield DR, Card DC, Andrew AL, Waynewood N, Castoe TA. Microsatellite landscape evolutionary dynamics across 450 million years of vertebrate genome evolution. Genome 2016; 59:295-310. [PMID: 27064176 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites) across the vertebrate tree of life remain largely undocumented and poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed patterns of genomic microsatellite abundance and evolution across 71 vertebrate genomes. The highest abundances of microsatellites exist in the genomes of ray-finned fishes, squamate reptiles, and mammals, while crocodilian, turtle, and avian genomes exhibit reduced microsatellite landscapes. We used comparative methods to infer evolutionary rates of change in microsatellite abundance across vertebrates and to highlight particular lineages that have experienced unusually high or low rates of change in genomic microsatellite abundance. Overall, most variation in microsatellite content, abundance, and evolutionary rate is observed among major lineages of reptiles, yet we found that several deeply divergent clades (i.e., squamate reptiles and mammals) contained relatively similar genomic microsatellite compositions. Archosauromorph reptiles (turtles, crocodilians, and birds) exhibit reduced genomic microsatellite content and the slowest rates of microsatellite evolution, in contrast to squamate reptile genomes that have among the highest rates of microsatellite evolution. Substantial branch-specific shifts in SSR content in primates, monotremes, rodents, snakes, and fish are also evident. Collectively, our results support multiple major shifts in microsatellite genomic landscapes among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Adams
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Heath Blackmon
- b Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Cir., University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6097, USA
| | - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Drew R Schield
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daren C Card
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Audra L Andrew
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Nyimah Waynewood
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- a Department of Biology, 501 S. Nedderman Dr., University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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25
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Wang X, Cheng G, Lu Y, Zhang C, Wu X, Han H, Zhao Y, Ren L. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Phylogeny, Genomic Organization and Expression of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes in Alligator sinensis, an Endangered Reptile Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147704. [PMID: 26901135 PMCID: PMC4762898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians are evolutionarily distinct reptiles that are distantly related to lizards and are thought to be the closest relatives of birds. Compared with birds and mammals, few studies have investigated the Ig light chain of crocodilians. Here, employing an Alligator sinensis genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and available genome data, we characterized the genomic organization of the Alligator sinensis IgL gene loci. The Alligator sinensis has two IgL isotypes, λ and κ, the same as Anolis carolinensis. The Igλ locus contains 6 Cλ genes, each preceded by a Jλ gene, and 86 potentially functional Vλ genes upstream of (Jλ-Cλ)n. The Igκ locus contains a single Cκ gene, 6 Jκs and 62 functional Vκs. All VL genes are classified into a total of 31 families: 19 Vλ families and 12 Vκ families. Based on an analysis of the chromosomal location of the light chain genes among mammals, birds, lizards and frogs, the data further confirm that there are two IgL isotypes in the Alligator sinensis: Igλ and Igκ. By analyzing the cloned Igλ/κ cDNA, we identified a biased usage pattern of V families in the expressed Vλ and Vκ. An analysis of the junctions of the recombined VJ revealed the presence of N and P nucleotides in both expressed λ and κ sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the V genes revealed V families shared by mammals, birds, reptiles and Xenopus, suggesting that these conserved V families are orthologous and have been retained during the evolution of IgL. Our data suggest that the Alligator sinensis IgL gene repertoire is highly diverse and complex and provide insight into immunoglobulin gene evolution in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaobing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Wuhu 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Wu R, Liu Q, Zhang P, Liang D. Tandem amino acid repeats in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) and other squamates may have a role in increasing genetic variability. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:109. [PMID: 26868501 PMCID: PMC4751654 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tandem amino acid repeats are characterised by the consecutive recurrence of a single amino acid. They exhibit high rates of length mutations in addition to point mutations and have been proposed to be involved in genetic plasticity. Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) diversify in both morphology and physiology. The underlying mechanism is yet to be understood. In a previous phylogenomic analysis of reptiles, the density of tandem repeats in an anole lizard diverged heavily from that of the other reptiles. To gain further insight into the tandem amino acid repeats in squamates, we analysed the repeat content in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) proteome and compared the amino acid repeats in a large orthologous protein data set from six vertebrates (the Western clawed frog, the green anole, the Chinese softshell turtle, the zebra finch, mouse and human). Results Our results revealed that the number of amino acid repeats in the green anole exceeded those found in the other five species studied. Species-only repeats were found in high proportion in the green anole but not in the other five species, suggesting that the green anole had gained many amino acid repeats in either the Anolis or the squamate lineage. Since the amino acid repeat containing genes in the green anole were highly enriched in genes related to transcription and development, an important family of developmental genes, i.e., the Hox family, was further studied in a wide collection of squamates. Abundant amino acid repeats were also observed, implying the general high tolerance of amino acid repeats in squamates. A particular enrichment of amino acid repeats was observed in the central class Hox genes that are known to be responsible for defining cervical to lumbar regions. Conclusions Our study suggests that the abundant amino acid repeats in the green anole, and possibly in other squamates, may play a role in increasing the genetic variability, and contribute to the evolutionary diversity of this clade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2430-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riga Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Putnam NH, O'Connell BL, Stites JC, Rice BJ, Blanchette M, Calef R, Troll CJ, Fields A, Hartley PD, Sugnet CW, Haussler D, Rokhsar DS, Green RE. Chromosome-scale shotgun assembly using an in vitro method for long-range linkage. Genome Res 2016; 26:342-50. [PMID: 26848124 PMCID: PMC4772016 DOI: 10.1101/gr.193474.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-range and highly accurate de novo assembly from short-read data is one of the most pressing challenges in genomics. Recently, it has been shown that read pairs generated by proximity ligation of DNA in chromatin of living tissue can address this problem, dramatically increasing the scaffold contiguity of assemblies. Here, we describe a simpler approach (“Chicago”) based on in vitro reconstituted chromatin. We generated two Chicago data sets with human DNA and developed a statistical model and a new software pipeline (“HiRise”) that can identify poor quality joins and produce accurate, long-range sequence scaffolds. We used these to construct a highly accurate de novo assembly and scaffolding of a human genome with scaffold N50 of 20 Mbp. We also demonstrated the utility of Chicago for improving existing assemblies by reassembling and scaffolding the genome of the American alligator. With a single library and one lane of Illumina HiSeq sequencing, we increased the scaffold N50 of the American alligator from 508 kbp to 10 Mbp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan L O'Connell
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95066, USA
| | | | - Brandon J Rice
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | | | - Robert Calef
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | | | - Andrew Fields
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Paul D Hartley
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | | | - David Haussler
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95066, USA; UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95066, USA
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Dovetail Genomics LLC, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95066, USA
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28
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Chen MY, Liang D, Zhang P. Selecting Question-Specific Genes to Reduce Incongruence in Phylogenomics: A Case Study of Jawed Vertebrate Backbone Phylogeny. Syst Biol 2015; 64:1104-20. [PMID: 26276158 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incongruence between different phylogenomic analyses is the main challenge faced by phylogeneticists in the genomic era. To reduce incongruence, phylogenomic studies normally adopt some data filtering approaches, such as reducing missing data or using slowly evolving genes, to improve the signal quality of data. Here, we assembled a phylogenomic data set of 58 jawed vertebrate taxa and 4682 genes to investigate the backbone phylogeny of jawed vertebrates under both concatenation and coalescent-based frameworks. To evaluate the efficiency of extracting phylogenetic signals among different data filtering methods, we chose six highly intractable internodes within the backbone phylogeny of jawed vertebrates as our test questions. We found that our phylogenomic data set exhibits substantial conflicting signal among genes for these questions. Our analyses showed that non-specific data sets that are generated without bias toward specific questions are not sufficient to produce consistent results when there are several difficult nodes within a phylogeny. Moreover, phylogenetic accuracy based on non-specific data is considerably influenced by the size of data and the choice of tree inference methods. To address such incongruences, we selected genes that resolve a given internode but not the entire phylogeny. Notably, not only can this strategy yield correct relationships for the question, but it also reduces inconsistency associated with data sizes and inference methods. Our study highlights the importance of gene selection in phylogenomic analyses, suggesting that simply using a large amount of data cannot guarantee correct results. Constructing question-specific data sets may be more powerful for resolving problematic nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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29
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Karamichalis R, Kari L, Konstantinidis S, Kopecki S. An investigation into inter- and intragenomic variations of graphic genomic signatures. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:246. [PMID: 26249837 PMCID: PMC4527362 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motivated by the general need to identify and classify species based on molecular evidence, genome comparisons have been proposed that are based on measuring mostly Euclidean distances between Chaos Game Representation (CGR) patterns of genomic DNA sequences. Results We provide, on an extensive dataset and using several different distances, confirmation of the hypothesis that CGR patterns are preserved along a genomic DNA sequence, and are different for DNA sequences originating from genomes of different species. This finding lends support to the theory that CGRs of genomic sequences can act as graphic genomic signatures. In particular, we compare the CGR patterns of over five hundred different 150,000 bp genomic sequences spanning one complete chromosome from each of six organisms, representing all kingdoms of life: H. sapiens (Animalia; chromosome 21), S. cerevisiae (Fungi; chromosome 4), A. thaliana (Plantae; chromosome 1), P. falciparum (Protista; chromosome 14), E. coli (Bacteria - full genome), and P. furiosus (Archaea - full genome). To maximize the diversity within each species, we also analyze the interrelationships within a set of over five hundred 150,000 bp genomic sequences sampled from the entire aforementioned genomes. Lastly, we provide some preliminary evidence of this method’s ability to classify genomic DNA sequences at lower taxonomic levels by comparing sequences sampled from the entire genome of H. sapiens (class Mammalia, order Primates) and of M. musculus (class Mammalia, order Rodentia), for a total length of approximately 174 million basepairs analyzed. We compute pairwise distances between CGRs of these genomic sequences using six different distances, and construct Molecular Distance Maps, which visualize all sequences as points in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, to simultaneously display their interrelationships. Conclusion Our analysis confirms, for this dataset, that CGR patterns of DNA sequences from the same genome are in general quantitatively similar, while being different for DNA sequences from genomes of different species. Our assessment of the performance of the six distances analyzed uses three different quality measures and suggests that several distances outperform the Euclidean distance, which has so far been almost exclusively used for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rallis Karamichalis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Lila Kari
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Stavros Konstantinidis
- Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Steffen Kopecki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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30
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Suh A. The Specific Requirements for CR1 Retrotransposition Explain the Scarcity of Retrogenes in Birds. J Mol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Joyce WG. The origin of turtles: a paleontological perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:181-93. [PMID: 25712176 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The origin of turtles and their unusual body plan has fascinated scientists for the last two centuries. Over the course of the last decades, a broad sample of molecular analyses have favored a sister group relationship of turtles with archosaurs, but recent studies reveal that this signal may be the result of systematic biases affecting molecular approaches, in particular sampling, non-randomly distributed rate heterogeneity among taxa, and the use of concatenated data sets. Morphological studies, by contrast, disfavor archosaurian relationships for turtles, but the proposed alternative topologies are poorly supported as well. The recently revived paleontological hypothesis that the Middle Permian Eunotosaurus africanus is an intermediate stem turtle is now robustly supported by numerous characters that were previously thought to be unique to turtles and that are now shown to have originated over the course of tens of millions of years unrelated to the origin of the turtle shell. Although E. africanus does not solve the placement of turtles within Amniota, it successfully extends the stem lineage of turtles to the Permian and helps resolve some questions associated with the origin of turtles, in particular the non-composite origin of the shell, the slow origin of the shell, and the terrestrial setting for the origin of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Joyce
- Department of Geoscience, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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32
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Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA. Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs. Science 2014; 346:1254449. [PMID: 25504731 PMCID: PMC4386873 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide context for the diversification of archosaurs--the group that includes crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds--we generated draft genomes of three crocodilians: Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator), Crocodylus porosus (the saltwater crocodile), and Gavialis gangeticus (the Indian gharial). We observed an exceptionally slow rate of genome evolution within crocodilians at all levels, including nucleotide substitutions, indels, transposable element content and movement, gene family evolution, and chromosomal synteny. When placed within the context of related taxa including birds and turtles, this suggests that the common ancestor of all of these taxa also exhibited slow genome evolution and that the comparatively rapid evolution is derived in birds. The data also provided the opportunity to analyze heterozygosity in crocodilians, which indicates a likely reduction in population size for all three taxa through the Pleistocene. Finally, these data combined with newly published bird genomes allowed us to reconstruct the partial genome of the common ancestor of archosaurs, thereby providing a tool to investigate the genetic starting material of crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Joel Armstrong
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Dent Earl
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Glenn Hickey
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Michael W Vandewege
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John A St John
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Matthew K Fujita
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Juan C Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jerzy Jurka
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Kenji K Kojima
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | | | | | - Arian F Smit
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roy N Platt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Christine A Lavoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Meganathan P Ramakodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John W Finger
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alexander Suh
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Department of Evolutionary Biology (EBC), Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Porosus Pty. Ltd., Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, NT 0837, Australia
| | - Lee Miles
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda Y Chong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jaime Gongora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher Moran
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - John McCormack
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Shane C Burgess
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric Lyons
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Christina Williams
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jason T Howard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cathy R Gresham
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David D Pollock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Haussler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Eric W Triplett
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. Center for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher A Brochu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Fiona M McCarthy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brant C Faircloth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90019, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedict Paten
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Suh A, Churakov G, Ramakodi MP, Platt RN, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Smit AF, Vliet KA, Hoffmann FG, Brosius J, Green RE, Braun EL, Ray DA, Schmitz J. Multiple lineages of ancient CR1 retroposons shaped the early genome evolution of amniotes. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 7:205-17. [PMID: 25503085 PMCID: PMC4316615 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken repeat 1 (CR1) retroposons are long interspersed elements (LINEs) that are ubiquitous within amniote genomes and constitute the most abundant family of transposed elements in birds, crocodilians, turtles, and snakes. They are also present in mammalian genomes, where they reside as numerous relics of ancient retroposition events. Yet, despite their relevance for understanding amniote genome evolution, the diversity and evolution of CR1 elements has never been studied on an amniote-wide level. We reconstruct the temporal and quantitative activity of CR1 subfamilies via presence/absence analyses across crocodilian phylogeny and comparative analyses of 12 crocodilian genomes, revealing relative genomic stasis of retroposition during genome evolution of extant Crocodylia. Our large-scale phylogenetic analysis of amniote CR1 subfamilies suggests the presence of at least seven ancient CR1 lineages in the amniote ancestor; and amniote-wide analyses of CR1 successions and quantities reveal differential retention (presence of ancient relics or recent activity) of these CR1 lineages across amniote genome evolution. Interestingly, birds and lepidosaurs retained the fewest ancient CR1 lineages among amniotes and also exhibit smaller genome sizes. Our study is the first to analyze CR1 evolution in a genome-wide and amniote-wide context and the data strongly suggest that the ancestral amniote genome contained myriad CR1 elements from multiple ancient lineages, and remnants of these are still detectable in the relatively stable genomes of crocodilians and turtles. Early mammalian genome evolution was thus characterized by a drastic shift from CR1 prevalence to dominance and hyperactivity of L2 LINEs in monotremes and L1 LINEs in therians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suh
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany Department of Evolutionary Biology (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gennady Churakov
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Meganathan P Ramakodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University Present address: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA Present address: Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roy N Platt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | - Jerzy Jurka
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Mountain View, California
| | - Kenji K Kojima
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Mountain View, California
| | | | - Arian F Smit
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University
| | - Jürgen Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany
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34
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Card DC, Schield DR, Reyes-Velasco J, Fujita MK, Andrew AL, Oyler-McCance SJ, Fike JA, Tomback DF, Ruggiero RP, Castoe TA. Two low coverage bird genomes and a comparison of reference-guided versus de novo genome assemblies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106649. [PMID: 25192061 PMCID: PMC4156343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a greater number and diversity of high-quality vertebrate reference genomes become available, it is increasingly feasible to use these references to guide new draft assemblies for related species. Reference-guided assembly approaches may substantially increase the contiguity and completeness of a new genome using only low levels of genome coverage that might otherwise be insufficient for de novo genome assembly. We used low-coverage (∼3.5-5.5x) Illumina paired-end sequencing to assemble draft genomes of two bird species (the Gunnison Sage-Grouse, Centrocercus minimus, and the Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana). We used these data to estimate de novo genome assemblies and reference-guided assemblies, and compared the information content and completeness of these assemblies by comparing CEGMA gene set representation, repeat element content, simple sequence repeat content, and GC isochore structure among assemblies. Our results demonstrate that even lower-coverage genome sequencing projects are capable of producing informative and useful genomic resources, particularly through the use of reference-guided assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren C. Card
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Drew R. Schield
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacobo Reyes-Velasco
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Fujita
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Audra L. Andrew
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Oyler-McCance
- United States Geological Survey – Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Fike
- United States Geological Survey – Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diana F. Tomback
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Ruggiero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Castoe
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
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McGlothlin JW, Chuckalovcak JP, Janes DE, Edwards SV, Feldman CR, Brodie ED, Pfrender ME, Brodie ED. Parallel evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in three voltage-gated sodium channel genes in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2836-46. [PMID: 25135948 PMCID: PMC4209135 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of a gene family expressed in a single species often experience common selection pressures. Consequently, the molecular basis of complex adaptations may be expected to involve parallel evolutionary changes in multiple paralogs. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome library scans to investigate the evolution of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) family in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, a predator of highly toxic Taricha newts. Newts possess tetrodotoxin (TTX), which blocks Nav’s, arresting action potentials in nerves and muscle. Some Thamnophis populations have evolved resistance to extremely high levels of TTX. Previous work has identified amino acid sites in the skeletal muscle sodium channel Nav1.4 that confer resistance to TTX and vary across populations. We identify parallel evolution of TTX resistance in two additional Nav paralogs, Nav1.6 and 1.7, which are known to be expressed in the peripheral nervous system and should thus be exposed to ingested TTX. Each paralog contains at least one TTX-resistant substitution identical to a substitution previously identified in Nav1.4. These sites are fixed across populations, suggesting that the resistant peripheral nerves antedate resistant muscle. In contrast, three sodium channels expressed solely in the central nervous system (Nav1.1–1.3) showed no evidence of TTX resistance, consistent with protection from toxins by the blood–brain barrier. We also report the exon–intron structure of six Nav paralogs, the first such analysis for snake genes. Our results demonstrate that the molecular basis of adaptation may be both repeatable across members of a gene family and predictable based on functional considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W McGlothlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Department of Biology, University of Virginia
| | - John P Chuckalovcak
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA
| | - Daniel E Janes
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Division of Genetics and Developmental Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
| | | | | | - Michael E Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame
| | - Edmund D Brodie
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia Mountain Lake Biological Station, University of Virginia
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Hargreaves AD, Swain MT, Hegarty MJ, Logan DW, Mulley JF. Restriction and recruitment-gene duplication and the origin and evolution of snake venom toxins. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2088-95. [PMID: 25079342 PMCID: PMC4231632 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom has been hypothesized to have originated and diversified through a process that involves duplication of genes encoding body proteins with subsequent recruitment of the copy to the venom gland, where natural selection acts to develop or increase toxicity. However, gene duplication is known to be a rare event in vertebrate genomes, and the recruitment of duplicated genes to a novel expression domain (neofunctionalization) is an even rarer process that requires the evolution of novel combinations of transcription factor binding sites in upstream regulatory regions. Therefore, although this hypothesis concerning the evolution of snake venom is very unlikely and should be regarded with caution, it is nonetheless often assumed to be established fact, hindering research into the true origins of snake venom toxins. To critically evaluate this hypothesis, we have generated transcriptomic data for body tissues and salivary and venom glands from five species of venomous and nonvenomous reptiles. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis of these data reveals that snake venom does not evolve through the hypothesized process of duplication and recruitment of genes encoding body proteins. Indeed, our results show that many proposed venom toxins are in fact expressed in a wide variety of body tissues, including the salivary gland of nonvenomous reptiles and that these genes have therefore been restricted to the venom gland following duplication, not recruited. Thus, snake venom evolves through the duplication and subfunctionalization of genes encoding existing salivary proteins. These results highlight the danger of the elegant and intuitive "just-so story" in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - John F Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, United Kingdom
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Field DJ, Gauthier JA, King BL, Pisani D, Lyson TR, Peterson KJ. Toward consilience in reptile phylogeny: miRNAs support an archosaur, not lepidosaur, affinity for turtles. Evol Dev 2014; 16:189-96. [PMID: 24798503 PMCID: PMC4215941 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phylogenetic position of crown turtles (Testudines) among amniotes has been a source of particular contention. Recent morphological analyses suggest that turtles are sister to all other reptiles, whereas the vast majority of gene sequence analyses support turtles as being inside Diapsida, and usually as sister to crown Archosauria (birds and crocodilians). Previously, a study using microRNAs (miRNAs) placed turtles inside diapsids, but as sister to lepidosaurs (lizards and Sphenodon) rather than archosaurs. Here, we test this hypothesis with an expanded miRNA presence/absence dataset, and employ more rigorous criteria for miRNA annotation. Significantly, we find no support for a turtle + lepidosaur sister-relationship; instead, we recover strong support for turtles sharing a more recent common ancestor with archosaurs. We further test this result by analyzing a super-alignment of precursor miRNA sequences for every miRNA inferred to have been present in the most recent common ancestor of tetrapods. This analysis yields a topology that is fully congruent with our presence/absence analysis; our results are therefore in accordance with most gene sequence studies, providing strong, consilient molecular evidence from diverse independent datasets regarding the phylogenetic position of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Field
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jacques A. Gauthier
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Benjamin L. King
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom and School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler R. Lyson
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10 Street and Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Kevin J. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Sequence and gene content of a large fragment of a lizard sex chromosome and evaluation of candidate sex differentiating gene R-spondin 1. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:899. [PMID: 24344927 PMCID: PMC3880147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scant genomic information from non-avian reptile sex chromosomes is available, and for only a few lizards, several snakes and one turtle species, and it represents only a small fraction of the total sex chromosome sequences in these species. Results We report a 352 kb of contiguous sequence from the sex chromosome of a squamate reptile, Pogona vitticeps, with a ZZ/ZW sex microchromosome system. This contig contains five protein coding genes (oprd1, rcc1, znf91, znf131, znf180), and major families of repetitive sequences with a high number of copies of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons, including the CR1 and Bov-B LINEs. The two genes, oprd1 and rcc1 are part of a homologous syntenic block, which is conserved among amniotes. While oprd1 and rcc1 have no known function in sex determination or differentiation in amniotes, this homologous syntenic block in mammals and chicken also contains R-spondin 1 (rspo1), the ovarian differentiating gene in mammals. In order to explore the probability that rspo1 is sex determining in dragon lizards, genomic BAC and cDNA clones were mapped using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Their location on an autosomal microchromosome pair, not on the ZW sex microchromosomes, eliminates rspo1 as a candidate sex determining gene in P. vitticeps. Conclusion Our study has characterized the largest contiguous stretch of physically mapped sex chromosome sequence (352 kb) from a ZZ/ZW lizard species. Although this region represents only a small fraction of the sex chromosomes of P. vitticeps, it has revealed several features typically associated with sex chromosomes including the accumulation of large blocks of repetitive sequences.
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Misof B, Meyer B, von Reumont BM, Kück P, Misof K, Meusemann K. Selecting informative subsets of sparse supermatrices increases the chance to find correct trees. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:348. [PMID: 24299043 PMCID: PMC3890606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Character matrices with extensive missing data are frequently used in phylogenomics with potentially detrimental effects on the accuracy and robustness of tree inference. Therefore, many investigators select taxa and genes with high data coverage. Drawbacks of these selections are their exclusive reliance on data coverage without consideration of actual signal in the data which might, thus, not deliver optimal data matrices in terms of potential phylogenetic signal. In order to circumvent this problem, we have developed a heuristics implemented in a software called mare which (1) assesses information content of genes in supermatrices using a measure of potential signal combined with data coverage and (2) reduces supermatrices with a simple hill climbing procedure to submatrices with high total information content. We conducted simulation studies using matrices of 50 taxa × 50 genes with heterogeneous phylogenetic signal among genes and data coverage between 10–30%. Results With matrices of 50 taxa × 50 genes with heterogeneous phylogenetic signal among genes and data coverage between 10–30% Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree reconstructions failed to recover correct trees. A selection of a data subset with the herein proposed approach increased the chance to recover correct partial trees more than 10-fold. The selection of data subsets with the herein proposed simple hill climbing procedure performed well either considering the information content or just a simple presence/absence information of genes. We also applied our approach on an empirical data set, addressing questions of vertebrate systematics. With this empirical dataset selecting a data subset with high information content and supporting a tree with high average boostrap support was most successful if information content of genes was considered. Conclusions Our analyses of simulated and empirical data demonstrate that sparse supermatrices can be reduced on a formal basis outperforming the usually used simple selections of taxa and genes with high data coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Misof
- , Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, zmb, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20645-50. [PMID: 24297902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314475110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakes possess many extreme morphological and physiological adaptations. Identification of the molecular basis of these traits can provide novel understanding for vertebrate biology and medicine. Here, we study snake biology using the genome sequence of the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), a model of extreme physiological and metabolic adaptation. We compare the python and king cobra genomes along with genomic samples from other snakes and perform transcriptome analysis to gain insights into the extreme phenotypes of the python. We discovered rapid and massive transcriptional responses in multiple organ systems that occur on feeding and coordinate major changes in organ size and function. Intriguingly, the homologs of these genes in humans are associated with metabolism, development, and pathology. We also found that many snake metabolic genes have undergone positive selection, which together with the rapid evolution of mitochondrial proteins, provides evidence for extensive adaptive redesign of snake metabolic pathways. Additional evidence for molecular adaptation and gene family expansions and contractions is associated with major physiological and phenotypic adaptations in snakes; genes involved are related to cell cycle, development, lungs, eyes, heart, intestine, and skeletal structure, including GRB2-associated binding protein 1, SSH, WNT16, and bone morphogenetic protein 7. Finally, changes in repetitive DNA content, guanine-cytosine isochore structure, and nucleotide substitution rates indicate major shifts in the structure and evolution of snake genomes compared with other amniotes. Phenotypic and physiological novelty in snakes seems to be driven by system-wide coordination of protein adaptation, gene expression, and changes in the structure of the genome.
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Lu B, Yang W, Dai Q, Fu J. Using genes as characters and a parsimony analysis to explore the phylogenetic position of turtles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79348. [PMID: 24278129 PMCID: PMC3836853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic position of turtles within the vertebrate tree of life remains controversial. Conflicting conclusions from different studies are likely a consequence of systematic error in the tree construction process, rather than random error from small amounts of data. Using genomic data, we evaluate the phylogenetic position of turtles with both conventional concatenated data analysis and a "genes as characters" approach. Two datasets were constructed, one with seven species (human, opossum, zebra finch, chicken, green anole, Chinese pond turtle, and western clawed frog) and 4584 orthologous genes, and the second with four additional species (soft-shelled turtle, Nile crocodile, royal python, and tuatara) but only 1638 genes. Our concatenated data analysis strongly supported turtle as the sister-group to archosaurs (the archosaur hypothesis), similar to several recent genomic data based studies using similar methods. When using genes as characters and gene trees as character-state trees with equal weighting for each gene, however, our parsimony analysis suggested that turtles are possibly sister-group to diapsids, archosaurs, or lepidosaurs. None of these resolutions were strongly supported by bootstraps. Furthermore, our incongruence analysis clearly demonstrated that there is a large amount of inconsistency among genes and most of the conflict relates to the placement of turtles. We conclude that the uncertain placement of turtles is a reflection of the true state of nature. Concatenated data analysis of large and heterogeneous datasets likely suffers from systematic error and over-estimates of confidence as a consequence of a large number of characters. Using genes as characters offers an alternative for phylogenomic analysis. It has potential to reduce systematic error, such as data heterogeneity and long-branch attraction, and it can also avoid problems associated with computation time and model selection. Finally, treating genes as characters provides a convenient method for examining gene and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhao Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Tokita M, Chaeychomsri W, Siruntawineti J. Skeletal gene expression in the temporal region of the reptilian embryos: implications for the evolution of reptilian skull morphology. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:336. [PMID: 24711977 PMCID: PMC3970585 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles have achieved highly diverse morphological and physiological traits that allow them to exploit various ecological niches and resources. Morphology of the temporal region of the reptilian skull is highly diverse and historically it has been treated as an important character for classifying reptiles and has helped us understand the ecology and physiology of each species. However, the developmental mechanism that generates diversity of reptilian skull morphology is poorly understood. We reveal a potential developmental basis that generates morphological diversity in the temporal region of the reptilian skull by performing a comparative analysis of gene expression in the embryos of reptile species with different skull morphology. By investigating genes known to regulate early osteoblast development, we find dorsoventrally broadened unique expression of the early osteoblast marker, Runx2, in the temporal region of the head of turtle embryos that do not form temporal fenestrae. We also observe that Msx2 is also uniquely expressed in the mesenchymal cells distributed at the temporal region of the head of turtle embryos. Furthermore, through comparison of gene expression pattern in the embryos of turtle, crocodile, and snake species, we find a possible correlation between the spatial patterns of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in cranial mesenchymal cells and skull morphology of each reptilian lineage. Regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal region of the reptilian skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tenno-dai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Win Chaeychomsri
- Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Jindawan Siruntawineti
- Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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Arkhipova IR, Rodriguez F. Genetic and epigenetic changes involving (retro)transposons in animal hybrids and polyploids. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:295-311. [PMID: 23899811 DOI: 10.1159/000352069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are discrete genetic units that have the ability to change their location within chromosomal DNA, and constitute a major and rapidly evolving component of eukaryotic genomes. They can be subdivided into 2 distinct types: retrotransposons, which use an RNA intermediate for transposition, and DNA transposons, which move only as DNA. Rapid advances in genome sequencing significantly improved our understanding of TE roles in genome shaping and restructuring, and studies of transcriptomes and epigenomes shed light on the previously unknown molecular mechanisms underlying genetic and epigenetic TE controls. Knowledge of these control systems may be important for better understanding of reticulate evolution and speciation in the context of bringing different genomes together by hybridization and perturbing the established regulatory balance by ploidy changes. See also sister article focusing on plants by Bento et al. in this themed issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Arkhipova
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. iarkhipova @ mbl.edu
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Kálmán M, Somiya H, Lazarevic L, Milosevic I, Ari C, Majorossy K. Absence of post-lesion reactive gliosis in elasmobranchs and turtles and its bearing on the evolution of astroglia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:351-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - Hiro Somiya
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya; Japan
| | | | | | - Csilla Ari
- Department of Anatomy; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | - K. Majorossy
- Department of Anatomy; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
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45
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Magadán-Mompó S, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. IgH loci of American alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on IgA evolution. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:531-41. [PMID: 23558556 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin loci of two representatives of the order Crocodylia were studied from full genome sequences. Both Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus have 13 genes for the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins. The IGHC locus contains genes encoding four immunoglobulins M (IgM), one immunoglobulin D (IgD), three immunoglobulins A (IgA), three immunoglobulins Y (IgY), and two immunoglobulins D2 (IgD2). IgA and IgD2 genes were found in reverse transcriptional orientation compared to the other Ig genes. The IGHD gene contains 11 exons, four of which containing stop codons or sequence alterations. As described in other reptiles, the IgD2 is a chimeric Ig with IgA- and IgD-related domains. This work clarifies the origin of bird IgA and its evolutionary relationship with amphibian immunoglobulin X (IgX) as well as their links with mammalian IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography-IEO, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Bradley Shaffer H, Minx P, Warren DE, Shedlock AM, Thomson RC, Valenzuela N, Abramyan J, Amemiya CT, Badenhorst D, Biggar KK, Borchert GM, Botka CW, Bowden RM, Braun EL, Bronikowski AM, Bruneau BG, Buck LT, Capel B, Castoe TA, Czerwinski M, Delehaunty KD, Edwards SV, Fronick CC, Fujita MK, Fulton L, Graves TA, Green RE, Haerty W, Hariharan R, Hernandez O, Hillier LW, Holloway AK, Janes D, Janzen FJ, Kandoth C, Kong L, de Koning APJ, Li Y, Literman R, McGaugh SE, Mork L, O'Laughlin M, Paitz RT, Pollock DD, Ponting CP, Radhakrishnan S, Raney BJ, Richman JM, St John J, Schwartz T, Sethuraman A, Spinks PQ, Storey KB, Thane N, Vinar T, Zimmerman LM, Warren WC, Mardis ER, Wilson RK. The western painted turtle genome, a model for the evolution of extreme physiological adaptations in a slowly evolving lineage. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R28. [PMID: 23537068 PMCID: PMC4054807 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-3-r28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the genome of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii, one of the most widespread, abundant, and well-studied turtles. We place the genome into a comparative evolutionary context, and focus on genomic features associated with tooth loss, immune function, longevity, sex differentiation and determination, and the species' physiological capacities to withstand extreme anoxia and tissue freezing. RESULTS Our phylogenetic analyses confirm that turtles are the sister group to living archosaurs, and demonstrate an extraordinarily slow rate of sequence evolution in the painted turtle. The ability of the painted turtle to withstand complete anoxia and partial freezing appears to be associated with common vertebrate gene networks, and we identify candidate genes for future functional analyses. Tooth loss shares a common pattern of pseudogenization and degradation of tooth-specific genes with birds, although the rate of accumulation of mutations is much slower in the painted turtle. Genes associated with sex differentiation generally reflect phylogeny rather than convergence in sex determination functionality. Among gene families that demonstrate exceptional expansions or show signatures of strong natural selection, immune function and musculoskeletal patterning genes are consistently over-represented. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative genomic analyses indicate that common vertebrate regulatory networks, some of which have analogs in human diseases, are often involved in the western painted turtle's extraordinary physiological capacities. As these regulatory pathways are analyzed at the functional level, the painted turtle may offer important insights into the management of a number of human health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA
| | - Patrick Minx
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Daniel E Warren
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Andrew M Shedlock
- College of Charleston Biology Department and Grice Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina College of Graduate Studies and Center for Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Robert C Thomson
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - John Abramyan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Daleen Badenhorst
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyle K Biggar
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Glen M Borchert
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA
| | | | - Rachel M Bowden
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leslie T Buck
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Blanche Capel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mike Czerwinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kim D Delehaunty
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Catrina C Fronick
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Matthew K Fujita
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lucinda Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Tina A Graves
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Baskin School of Engineering University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13PT, UK
| | - Ramkumar Hariharan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Omar Hernandez
- FUDECI, Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales. Av, Universidad, Bolsa a San Francisco, Palacio de Las Academias, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - LaDeana W Hillier
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Alisha K Holloway
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Janes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fredric J Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Cyriac Kandoth
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lesheng Kong
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13PT, UK
| | - AP Jason de Koning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yang Li
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13PT, UK
| | - Robert Literman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Mork
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michelle O'Laughlin
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ryan T Paitz
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - David D Pollock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building of Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13PT, UK
| | - Srihari Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brian J Raney
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Joy M Richman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - John St John
- Baskin School of Engineering University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tonia Schwartz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Arun Sethuraman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Phillip Q Spinks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Nay Thane
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Tomas Vinar
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia
| | - Laura M Zimmerman
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Matsubara K, Kuraku S, Tarui H, Nishimura O, Nishida C, Agata K, Kumazawa Y, Matsuda Y. Intra-genomic GC heterogeneity in sauropsids: evolutionary insights from cDNA mapping and GC(3) profiling in snake. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:604. [PMID: 23140509 PMCID: PMC3549455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant sauropsids (reptiles and birds) are divided into two major lineages, the lineage of Testudines (turtles) and Archosauria (crocodilians and birds) and the lineage of Lepidosauria (tuatara, lizards, worm lizards and snakes). Karyotypes of these sauropsidan groups generally consist of macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. In chicken, microchromosomes exhibit a higher GC-content than macrochromosomes. To examine the pattern of intra-genomic GC heterogeneity in lepidosaurian genomes, we constructed a cytogenetic map of the Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata) with 183 cDNA clones by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and examined the correlation between the GC-content of exonic third codon positions (GC3) of the genes and the size of chromosomes on which the genes were localized. RESULTS Although GC3 distribution of snake genes was relatively homogeneous compared with those of the other amniotes, microchromosomal genes showed significantly higher GC3 than macrochromosomal genes as in chicken. Our snake cytogenetic map also identified several conserved segments between the snake macrochromosomes and the chicken microchromosomes. Cross-species comparisons revealed that GC3 of most snake orthologs in such macrochromosomal segments were GC-poor (GC3 < 50%) whereas those of chicken orthologs in microchromosomes were relatively GC-rich (GC3 ≥ 50%). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the chromosome size-dependent GC heterogeneity had already occurred before the lepidosaur-archosaur split, 275 million years ago. This character was probably present in the common ancestor of lepidosaurs and but lost in the lineage leading to Anolis during the diversification of lepidosaurs. We also identified several genes whose GC-content might have been influenced by the size of the chromosomes on which they were harbored over the course of sauropsid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Matsubara
- Department of Information and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan.
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Tokita M, Chaeychomsri W, Siruntawineti J. Developmental basis of toothlessness in turtles: insight into convergent evolution of vertebrate morphology. Evolution 2012; 67:260-73. [PMID: 23289576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The tooth is a major component of the vertebrate feeding apparatus and plays a crucial role in species survival, thus subjecting tooth developmental programs to strong selective constraints. However, irrespective of their functional importance, teeth have been lost in multiple lineages of tetrapod vertebrates independently. To understand both the generality and the diversity of developmental mechanisms that cause tooth agenesis in tetrapods, we investigated expression patterns of a series of tooth developmental genes in the lower jaw of toothless turtles and compared them to that of toothed crocodiles and the chicken as a representative of toothless modern birds. In turtle embryos, we found impairment of Shh signaling in the oral epithelium and early-stage arrest of odontoblast development caused by termination of Msx2 expression in the dental mesenchyme. Our data indicate that such changes underlie tooth agenesis in turtles and suggest that the mechanism that leads to early-stage odontogenic arrest differs between birds and turtles. Our results demonstrate that the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate early-stage arrest of tooth development are diverse in tetrapod lineages, and odontogenic developmental programs may respond to changes in upstream molecules similarly thereby evolving convergently with feeding morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tenno-dai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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Chiari Y, Cahais V, Galtier N, Delsuc F. Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria). BMC Biol 2012; 10:65. [PMID: 22839781 PMCID: PMC3473239 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphological peculiarities of turtles have, for a long time, impeded their accurate placement in the phylogeny of amniotes. Molecular data used to address this major evolutionary question have so far been limited to a handful of markers and/or taxa. These studies have supported conflicting topologies, positioning turtles as either the sister group to all other reptiles, to lepidosaurs (tuatara, lizards and snakes), to archosaurs (birds and crocodiles), or to crocodilians. Genome-scale data have been shown to be useful in resolving other debated phylogenies, but no such adequate dataset is yet available for amniotes. RESULTS In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to obtain seven new transcriptomes from the blood, liver, or jaws of four turtles, a caiman, a lizard, and a lungfish. We used a phylogenomic dataset based on 248 nuclear genes (187,026 nucleotide sites) for 16 vertebrate taxa to resolve the origins of turtles. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian concatenation analyses and species tree approaches performed under the most realistic models of the nucleotide and amino acid substitution processes unambiguously support turtles as a sister group to birds and crocodiles. The use of more simplistic models of nucleotide substitution for both concatenation and species tree reconstruction methods leads to the artefactual grouping of turtles and crocodiles, most likely because of substitution saturation at third codon positions. Relaxed molecular clock methods estimate the divergence between turtles and archosaurs around 255 million years ago. The most recent common ancestor of living turtles, corresponding to the split between Pleurodira and Cryptodira, is estimated to have occurred around 157 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. This is a more recent estimate than previously reported, and questions the interpretation of controversial Lower Jurassic fossils as being part of the extant turtles radiation. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a phylogenetic framework and timescale with which to interpret the evolution of the peculiar morphological, developmental, and molecular features of turtles within the amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Chiari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Vincent Cahais
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Galtier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Delsuc
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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