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Pourahmad R, saleki K, Zare Gholinejad M, Aram C, Soltani Farsani A, Banazadeh M, Tafakhori A. Exploring the effect of gut microbiome on Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101776. [PMID: 39099604 PMCID: PMC11296257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread and irreversible form of dementia and accounts for more than half of dementia cases. The most significant risk factors for AD are aging-related exacerbations, degradation of anatomical pathways, environmental variables and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finding a decisive therapeutic solution is a major current issue. Nuanced interactions between major neuropathological mechanisms in AD in patients and microbiome have recently gained rising attention. The presence of bacterial amyloid in the gut triggers the immune system, resulting in increased immune feedbacks and endogenous neuronal amyloid within the CNS. Also, early clinical research revealed that changing the microbiome with beneficial bacteria or probiotics could affect brain function in AD. New approaches focus on the possible neuroprotective action of disease-modifying medications in AD. In the present review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiota on the brain and review emerging research that suggests a disruption in the microbiota-brain axis can affect AD by mediating neuroinflammation. Such novel methods could help the development of novel therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Pourahmad
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of E-Learning in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Cena Aram
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Banazadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bánáti D, Hellman-Regen J, Mack I, Young HA, Benton D, Eggersdorfer M, Rohn S, Dulińska-Litewka J, Krężel W, Rühl R. Defining a vitamin A5/X specific deficiency - vitamin A5/X as a critical dietary factor for mental health. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:443-475. [PMID: 38904956 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A healthy and balanced diet is an important factor to assure a good functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated signaling was identified as an important mechanism of transmitting major diet-dependent physiological and nutritional signaling such as the control of myelination and dopamine signalling. Recently, vitamin A5/X, mainly present in vegetables as provitamin A5/X, was identified as a new concept of a vitamin which functions as the nutritional precursor for enabling RXR-mediated signaling. The active form of vitamin A5/X, 9-cis-13,14-dehydroretinoic acid (9CDHRA), induces RXR-activation, thereby acting as the central switch for enabling various heterodimer-RXR-signaling cascades involving various partner heterodimers like the fatty acid and eicosanoid receptors/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the cholesterol receptors/liver X receptors (LXRs), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the vitamin A(1) receptors/retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Thus, nutritional supply of vitamin A5/X might be a general nutritional-dependent switch for enabling this large cascade of hormonal signaling pathways and thus appears important to guarantee an overall organism homeostasis. RXR-mediated signaling was shown to be dependent on vitamin A5/X with direct effects for beneficial physiological and neuro-protective functions mediated systemically or directly in the brain. In summary, through control of dopamine signaling, amyloid β-clearance, neuro-protection and neuro-inflammation, the vitamin A5/X - RXR - RAR - vitamin A(1)-signaling might be "one of" or even "the" critical factor(s) necessary for good mental health, healthy brain aging, as well as for preventing drug addiction and prevention of a large array of nervous system diseases. Likewise, vitamin A5/X - RXR - non-RAR-dependent signaling relevant for myelination/re-myelination and phagocytosis/brain cleanup will contribute to such regulations too. In this review we discuss the basic scientific background, logical connections and nutritional/pharmacological expert recommendations for the nervous system especially considering the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Bánáti
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julian Hellman-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Section Neurobiology, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hayley A Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - David Benton
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Healthy Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Loeffler DA. Enhancing of cerebral Abeta clearance by modulation of ABC transporter expression: a review of experimental approaches. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1368200. [PMID: 38872626 PMCID: PMC11170721 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1368200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) from the brain is impaired in both early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mechanisms for clearing cerebral Aβ include proteolytic degradation, antibody-mediated clearance, blood brain barrier and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier efflux, glymphatic drainage, and perivascular drainage. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane efflux pumps driven by ATP hydrolysis. Their functions include maintenance of brain homeostasis by removing toxic peptides and compounds, and transport of bioactive molecules including cholesterol. Some ABC transporters contribute to lowering of cerebral Aβ. Mechanisms suggested for ABC transporter-mediated lowering of brain Aβ, in addition to exporting of Aβ across the blood brain and blood cerebrospinal fluid barriers, include apolipoprotein E lipidation, microglial activation, decreased amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein, and restricting the entrance of Aβ into the brain. The ABC transporter superfamily in humans includes 49 proteins, eight of which have been suggested to reduce cerebral Aβ levels. This review discusses experimental approaches for increasing the expression of these ABC transporters, clinical applications of these approaches, changes in the expression and/or activity of these transporters in AD and transgenic mouse models of AD, and findings in the few clinical trials which have examined the effects of these approaches in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. The possibility that therapeutic upregulation of ABC transporters which promote clearance of cerebral Aβ may slow the clinical progression of AD merits further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Loeffler
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Research Institute, Corewell Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
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Vladimir de la Rosa J, Tabraue C, Huang Z, Orizaola MC, Martin‐Rodríguez P, Steffensen KR, Zapata JM, Boscá L, Tontonoz P, Alemany S, Treuter E, Castrillo A. Reprogramming of the LXRα Transcriptome Sustains Macrophage Secondary Inflammatory Responses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307201. [PMID: 38549193 PMCID: PMC11132038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages regulate essential aspects of innate immunity against pathogens. In response to microbial components, macrophages activate primary and secondary inflammatory gene programs crucial for host defense. The liver X receptors (LXRα, LXRβ) are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors that direct gene expression important for cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, but little is known about the individual roles of LXRα and LXRβ in antimicrobial responses. Here, the results demonstrate that induction of LXRα transcription by prolonged exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supports inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. LXRα transcription is induced by NF-κB and type-I interferon downstream of TLR4 activation. Moreover, LPS triggers a reprogramming of the LXRα cistrome that promotes cytokine and chemokine gene expression through direct LXRα binding to DNA consensus sequences within cis-regulatory regions including enhancers. LXRα-deficient macrophages present fewer binding of p65 NF-κB and reduced histone H3K27 acetylation at enhancers of secondary inflammatory response genes. Mice lacking LXRα in the hematopoietic compartment show impaired responses to bacterial endotoxin in peritonitis models, exhibiting reduced neutrophil infiltration and decreased expansion and inflammatory activation of recruited F4/80lo-MHC-IIhi peritoneal macrophages. Together, these results uncover a previously unrecognized function for LXRα-dependent transcriptional cis-activation of secondary inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and the host response to microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vladimir de la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
- Departamento de MorfologíaUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, NEOHuddinge14183Sweden
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Marta C. Orizaola
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Patricia Martin‐Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteHuddinge14186Sweden
| | - Juan Manuel Zapata
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesUCLACalifornia90095USA
| | - Susana Alemany
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, NEOHuddinge14183Sweden
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
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Balan I, Boero G, Chéry SL, McFarland MH, Lopez AG, Morrow AL. Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:582. [PMID: 38792602 PMCID: PMC11122352 DOI: 10.3390/life14050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where the FDA-approved compound brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone, effectively suppresses TLR-mediated inflammatory pathways, predicting symptom improvement. Additionally, pregnane neurosteroids exhibit trophic and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the production of vital trophic proteins and anti-inflammatory factors. Androstane neuroactive steroids, including estrogens and androgens, along with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), display diverse effects on TLR expression and activation. Notably, androstenediol (ADIOL), an androstane neurosteroid, emerges as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, promising for therapeutic interventions. The dysregulation of immune responses via TLR signaling alongside reduced levels of endogenous neurosteroids significantly contributes to symptom severity across various neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroactive steroids, such as allopregnanolone, demonstrate efficacy in alleviating symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders and modulating neuroimmune responses, offering potential intervention avenues. This review emphasizes the significant therapeutic potential of neuroactive steroids in modulating TLR signaling pathways, particularly in addressing inflammatory processes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. It advances our understanding of the complex interplay between neuroactive steroids and immune responses, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual needs and providing insights for future research aimed at unraveling the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Samantha Lucenell Chéry
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Minna H. McFarland
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alejandro G. Lopez
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Zhang R, Wuerch E, Yong VW, Xue M. LXR agonism for CNS diseases: promises and challenges. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:97. [PMID: 38627787 PMCID: PMC11022383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfavorable prognosis of many neurological conditions could be attributed to limited tissue regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) and overwhelming inflammation, while liver X receptor (LXR) may regulate both processes due to its pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory response, and thus receives increasing attentions from neuroscientists and clinicians. Here, we summarize the signal transduction of LXR pathway, discuss the therapeutic potentials of LXR agonists based on preclinical data using different disease models, and analyze the dilemma and possible resolutions for clinical translation to encourage further investigations of LXR related therapies in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Wuerch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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7
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Litvinchuk A, Suh JH, Guo JL, Lin K, Davis SS, Bien-Ly N, Tycksen E, Tabor GT, Remolina Serrano J, Manis M, Bao X, Lee C, Bosch M, Perez EJ, Yuede CM, Cashikar AG, Ulrich JD, Di Paolo G, Holtzman DM. Amelioration of Tau and ApoE4-linked glial lipid accumulation and neurodegeneration with an LXR agonist. Neuron 2024; 112:384-403.e8. [PMID: 37995685 PMCID: PMC10922706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). APOE4 increases and APOE2 decreases risk relative to APOE3. In the P301S mouse model of tauopathy, ApoE4 increases tau pathology and neurodegeneration when compared with ApoE3 or the absence of ApoE. However, the role of ApoE isoforms and lipid metabolism in contributing to tau-mediated degeneration is unknown. We demonstrate that in P301S tau mice, ApoE4 strongly promotes glial lipid accumulation and perturbations in cholesterol metabolism and lysosomal function. Increasing lipid efflux in glia via an LXR agonist or Abca1 overexpression strongly attenuates tau pathology and neurodegeneration in P301S/ApoE4 mice. We also demonstrate reductions in reactive astrocytes and microglia, as well as changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism in glia of tauopathy mice in response to LXR activation. These data suggest that promoting efflux of glial lipids may serve as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate tau and ApoE4-linked neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing L Guo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karin Lin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sonnet S Davis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - G Travis Tabor
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Megan Bosch
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Enmanuel J Perez
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Anil G Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | | | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Ramaswami G, Yuva-Aydemir Y, Akerberg B, Matthews B, Williams J, Golczer G, Huang J, Al Abdullatif A, Huh D, Burkly LC, Engle SJ, Grossman I, Sehgal A, Sigova AA, Fremeau RT, Liu Y, Bumcrot D. Transcriptional characterization of iPSC-derived microglia as a model for therapeutic development in neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2153. [PMID: 38272949 PMCID: PMC10810793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that play a key role in driving neuroinflammation, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Inducible microglia-like cells have been developed as an in vitro platform for molecular and therapeutic hypothesis generation and testing. However, there has been no systematic assessment of similarity of these cells to primary human microglia along with their responsiveness to external cues expected of primary cells in the brain. In this study, we performed transcriptional characterization of commercially available human inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia-like (iMGL) cells by bulk and single cell RNA sequencing to assess their similarity with primary human microglia. To evaluate their stimulation responsiveness, iMGL cells were treated with Liver X Receptor (LXR) pathway agonists and their transcriptional responses characterized by bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. Bulk transcriptome analyses demonstrate that iMGL cells have a similar overall expression profile to freshly isolated human primary microglia and express many key microglial transcription factors and functional and disease-associated genes. Notably, at the single-cell level, iMGL cells exhibit distinct transcriptional subpopulations, representing both homeostatic and activated states present in normal and diseased primary microglia. Treatment of iMGL cells with LXR pathway agonists induces robust transcriptional changes in lipid metabolism and cell cycle at the bulk level. At the single cell level, we observe heterogeneity in responses between cell subpopulations in homeostatic and activated states and deconvolute bulk expression changes into their corresponding single cell states. In summary, our results demonstrate that iMGL cells exhibit a complex transcriptional profile and responsiveness, reminiscent of in vivo microglia, and thus represent a promising model system for therapeutic development in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiaqi Huang
- CAMP4 Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuting Liu
- CAMP4 Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Fu Y, Pickford R, Galper J, Phan K, Wu P, Li H, Kim YB, Dzamko N, Halliday GM, Kim WS. A protective role of ABCA5 in response to elevated sphingomyelin levels in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:20. [PMID: 38212656 PMCID: PMC10784510 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system. Increasing evidence indicates that lysosomal dysfunction is pivotal in the pathogenesis of PD, typically characterized by dysregulation of sphingolipids in lysosomes. ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 5 (ABCA5) is a lysosomal transporter that mediates the removal of excess sphingomyelin from lysosomes. We therefore investigated whether the expression levels of ABCA5 are associated with sphingomyelin levels and α-synuclein pathology in PD. Firstly, we undertook a comprehensive assessment of the six sphingolipid classes that are part of the lysosomal salvage pathway in the disease-affected amygdala and disease-unaffected visual cortex using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that sphingomyelin levels were significantly increased in PD compared to controls and correlated with disease duration only in the amygdala, whereas, the five other sphingolipid classes were slightly altered or unaltered. Concomitantly, the expression of ABCA5 was upregulated in the PD amygdala compared to controls and correlated strongly with sphingomyelin levels. Using neuronal cells, we further verified that the expression of ABCA5 was dependent on cellular levels of sphingomyelin. Interestingly, sphingomyelin levels were strongly associated with α-synuclein in the amygdala and were related to α-synuclein expression. Finally, we revealed that sphingomyelin levels were also increased in PD plasma compared to controls, and that five identical sphingomyelin species were increased in both the brain and the plasma. When put together, these results suggest that in regions accumulating α-synuclein in PD, ABCA5 is upregulated to reduce lysosomal sphingomyelin levels potentially as a protective measure. This process may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention and biomarker development for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jasmin Galper
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Phan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ping Wu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongyun Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Alnaaim SA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Role of Brain Liver X Receptor in Parkinson's Disease: Hidden Treasure and Emerging Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:341-357. [PMID: 37606719 PMCID: PMC10791998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra (SN). The liver X receptor (LXR) is involved in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to clarify the possible role of LXR in PD neuropathology. LXRs are the most common nuclear receptors of transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism and have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and reducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. LXRs are highly expressed in the adult brain and act as endogenous sensors for intracellular cholesterol. LXRs have neuroprotective effects against the development of neuroinflammation in different neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LXRs play an essential role in mitigating PD neuropathology by reducing the expression of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancement of BDNF signaling.In conclusion, LXRs, through regulating brain cholesterol homeostasis, may be effectual in PD. Also, inhibition of node-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by LXRs could effectively prevent neuroinflammation in PD. Taken together, LXRs play a crucial role in PD neuropathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation and associated degeneration of DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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11
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Nguyen C, Saint-Pol J, Dib S, Pot C, Gosselet F. 25-Hydroxycholesterol in health and diseases. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100486. [PMID: 38104944 PMCID: PMC10823077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of all membranes of mammalian cells where it plays a fundamental role not only in cellular architecture, but also, for example, in signaling pathway transduction, endocytosis process, receptor functioning and recycling, or cytoskeleton remodeling. Consequently, intracellular cholesterol concentrations are tightly regulated by complex processes, including cholesterol synthesis, uptake from circulating lipoproteins, lipid transfer to these lipoproteins, esterification, and metabolization into oxysterols that are intermediates for bile acids. Oxysterols have been considered for long time as sterol waste products, but a large body of evidence has clearly demonstrated that they play key roles in central nervous system functioning, immune cell response, cell death, or migration and are involved in age-related diseases, cancers, autoimmunity, or neurological disorders. Among all the existing oxysterols, this review summarizes basic as well as recent knowledge on 25-hydroxycholesterol which is mainly produced during inflammatory or infectious situations and that in turn contributes to immune response, central nervous system disorders, atherosclerosis, macular degeneration, or cancer development. Effects of its metabolite 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nguyen
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Shiraz Dib
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Caroline Pot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France.
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12
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Vacondio D, Nogueira Pinto H, Coenen L, Mulder IA, Fontijn R, van Het Hof B, Fung WK, Jongejan A, Kooij G, Zelcer N, Rozemuller AJ, de Vries HE, de Wit NM. Liver X receptor alpha ensures blood-brain barrier function by suppressing SNAI2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:781. [PMID: 38016947 PMCID: PMC10684660 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) more than 50% of the patients are affected by capillary cerebral amyloid-angiopathy (capCAA), which is characterized by localized hypoxia, neuro-inflammation and loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Moreover, AD patients with or without capCAA display increased vessel number, indicating a reactivation of the angiogenic program. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for BBB dysfunction and angiogenesis in capCAA is still unclear, preventing a full understanding of disease pathophysiology. The Liver X receptor (LXR) family, consisting of LXRα and LXRβ, was reported to inhibit angiogenesis and particularly LXRα was shown to secure BBB stability, suggesting a major role in vascular function. In this study, we unravel the regulatory mechanism exerted by LXRα to preserve BBB integrity in human brain endothelial cells (BECs) and investigate its role during pathological conditions. We report that LXRα ensures BECs identity via constitutive inhibition of the transcription factor SNAI2. Accordingly, deletion of brain endothelial LXRα is associated with impaired DLL4-NOTCH signalling, a critical signalling pathway involved in vessel sprouting. A similar response was observed when BECs were exposed to hypoxia, with concomitant LXRα decrease and SNAI2 increase. In support of our cell-based observations, we report a general increase in vascular SNAI2 in the occipital cortex of AD patients with and without capCAA. Importantly, SNAI2 strongly associated with vascular amyloid-beta deposition and angiopoietin-like 4, a marker for hypoxia. In hypoxic capCAA vessels, the expression of LXRα may decrease leading to an increased expression of SNAI2, and consequently BECs de-differentiation and sprouting. Our findings indicate that LXRα is essential for BECs identity, thereby securing BBB stability and preventing aberrant angiogenesis. These results uncover a novel molecular pathway essential for BBB identity and vascular homeostasis providing new insights on the vascular pathology affecting AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vacondio
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Nogueira Pinto
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Coenen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - I A Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Fontijn
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B van Het Hof
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W K Fung
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kooij
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Zelcer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam Department of Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A J Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N M de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Paseban T, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. The role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in neurological disorders: a mechanistic review. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:531-552. [PMID: 37428709 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2235718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for normal brain function. It is tightly controlled by various biological elements. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane transporter that effluxes cholesterol from cells, particularly astrocytes, into the extracellular space. The recent studies pertaining to ABCA1's role in CNS disorders were included in this study. AREAS COVERED In this comprehensive literature review, preclinical and human studies showed that ABCA1 has a significant role in the following diseases or disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, anxiety, depression, psychosis, epilepsy, stroke, and brain ischemia and trauma. EXPERT OPINION ABCA1 via modulating normal and aberrant brain functions such as apoptosis, phagocytosis, BBB leakage, neuroinflammation, amyloid β efflux, myelination, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmission promotes beneficial effects in aforementioned diseases. ABCA1 is a key molecule in the CNS. By boosting its expression or function, some CNS disorders may be resolved. In preclinical studies, liver X receptor agonists have shown promise in treating CNS disorders via ABCA1 and apoE enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahere Paseban
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Dib S, Loiola RA, Sevin E, Saint-Pol J, Shimizu F, Kanda T, Pahnke J, Gosselet F. TNFα Activates the Liver X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Promotes Cholesterol Efflux from Human Brain Pericytes Independently of ABCA1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065992. [PMID: 36983062 PMCID: PMC10056409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and brain lipid imbalances are observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and the liver X receptor (LXR) signaling pathways are involved in both processes. However, limited information is currently available regarding their relationships in human brain pericytes (HBP) of the neurovascular unit. In cultivated HBP, TNFα activates the LXR pathway and increases the expression of one of its target genes, the transporter ATP-binding cassette family A member 1 (ABCA1), while ABCG1 is not expressed. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) synthesis and release are diminished. The cholesterol efflux is promoted, but is not inhibited, when ABCA1 or LXR are blocked. Moreover, as for TNFα, direct LXR activation by the agonist (T0901317) increases ABCA1 expression and the associated cholesterol efflux. However, this process is abolished when LXR/ABCA1 are both inhibited. Neither the other ABC transporters nor the SR-BI are involved in this TNFα-mediated lipid efflux regulation. We also report that inflammation increases ABCB1 expression and function. In conclusion, our data suggest that inflammation increases HBP protection against xenobiotics and triggers an LXR/ABCA1 independent cholesterol release. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating this efflux at the level of the neurovascular unit remains fundamental to the characterization of links between neuroinflammation, cholesterol and HBP function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Dib
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Pahnke Lab (Drug Development and Chemical Biology), Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, 1004 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Neurobiology, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
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15
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Yin F. Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise. FEBS J 2023; 290:1420-1453. [PMID: 34997690 PMCID: PMC9259766 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of disease-modifying therapeutics. While the abnormal accumulation of lipids was described in the very first report of AD neuropathology, it was not until recent decades that lipid dyshomeostasis became a focus of AD research. Clinically, lipidomic and metabolomic studies have consistently shown alterations in the levels of various lipid classes emerging in early stages of AD brains. Mechanistically, decades of discovery research have revealed multifaceted interactions between lipid metabolism and key AD pathogenic mechanisms including amyloidogenesis, bioenergetic deficit, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and myelin degeneration. In the present review, converging evidence defining lipid dyshomeostasis in AD is summarized, followed by discussions on mechanisms by which lipid metabolism contributes to pathogenesis and modifies disease risk. Furthermore, lipid-targeting therapeutic strategies, and the modification of their efficacy by disease stage, ApoE status, and metabolic and vascular profiles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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16
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van Wouw SAE, van den Berg M, El Ouraoui M, Meurs A, Kingma J, Ottenhoff R, Loix M, Hoeksema MA, Prange K, Pasterkamp G, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ, van Klinken JB, Vaz FM, Jongejan A, de Winther MPJ, Zelcer N. Sterol-regulated transmembrane protein TMEM86a couples LXR signaling to regulation of lysoplasmalogens in macrophages. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100325. [PMID: 36592658 PMCID: PMC9926310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysoplasmalogens are a class of vinyl ether bioactive lipids that have a central role in plasmalogen metabolism and membrane fluidity. The liver X receptor (LXR) transcription factors are important determinants of cellular lipid homeostasis owing to their ability to regulate cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. However, their role in governing the composition of lipid species such as lysoplasmalogens in cellular membranes is less well studied. Here, we mapped the lipidome of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) following LXR activation. We found a marked reduction in the levels of lysoplasmalogen species in the absence of changes in the levels of plasmalogens themselves. Transcriptional profiling of LXR-activated macrophages identified the gene encoding transmembrane protein 86a (TMEM86a), an integral endoplasmic reticulum protein, as a previously uncharacterized sterol-regulated gene. We demonstrate that TMEM86a is a direct transcriptional target of LXR in macrophages and microglia and that it is highly expressed in TREM2+/lipid-associated macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques, where its expression positively correlates with other LXR-regulated genes. We further show that both murine and human TMEM86a display active lysoplasmalogenase activity that can be abrogated by inactivating mutations in the predicted catalytic site. Consequently, we demonstrate that overexpression of Tmem86a in BMDM markedly reduces lysoplasmalogen abundance and membrane fluidity, while reciprocally, silencing of Tmem86a increases basal lysoplasmalogen levels and abrogates the LXR-dependent reduction of this lipid species. Collectively, our findings implicate TMEM86a as a sterol-regulated lysoplasmalogenase in macrophages that contributes to sterol-dependent membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A E van Wouw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlene van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maroua El Ouraoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amber Meurs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Prange
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Utrecht UMC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Bioinformatics Laboratory, of Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institutes of Cardiovascular Sciences, Infection and Immunity, and Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Endocytosis of LXRs: Signaling in liver and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:347-375. [PMID: 36631198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are among one of the major transcriptional factors that induces gene regulation in the nucleus. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a transcription factor which regulates essential lipid homeostasis in the body including fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis. Liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR-RXR) heterodimer is activated by either of the ligand binding on LXR or RXR. The promoter region of the gene which is targeted by LXR is bound to the response element of LXR. The activators bind to the heterodimer once the corepressor is dissociated. The cellular process such as endocytosis aids in intracellular trafficking and endosomal formation in transportation of molecules for essential signaling within the cell. LXR isotypes play a crucial role in maintaining lipid homeostasis by regulating the level of cholesterol. In the liver, the deficiency of LXRα can alter the normal physiological conditions depicting the symptoms of various cardiovascular and liver diseases. LXR can degrade low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) by the signaling of LXR-IDOL through endocytic trafficking in lipoprotein uptake. Various gene expressions associated with cholesterol level and lipid synthesis are regulated by LXR transcription factor. With its known diversified ligand binding, LXR is capable of regulating expression of various specific genes responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases. The agonists and antagonists of LXR stand to be an important factor in transcription of the ABC family, essential for high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Endocytosis and signaling mechanism of the LXR family is broad and complex despite their involvement in cellular growth and proliferation. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize the master regulation of LXR activation, regulators, and their implications in various metabolic activities especially in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we also briefed the significant role of LXR endocytosis in T cell immune regulation and a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular and neuroadaptive.
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18
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Gao T, Qian T, Wang T, Su Y, Qiu H, Tang W, Xing Q, Wang L. T0901317, a liver X receptor agonist, ameliorates perinatal white matter injury induced by ischemia and hypoxia in neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136994. [PMID: 36460235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal white matter injury (PWMI) can lead to permanent neurological damage in preterm infants and bring a huge economic burden to their families and society. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors that have been confirmed to mediate the myelination process under physiological conditions and are involved in regulating neurogenesis in adult animal models of acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. However, the role of LXRs in PWMI induced by both ischemic and hypoxic stimulation in the immature brain has not been reported. Herein, we investigated the role of LXRs in a neonatal rat model of white matter loss after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury through intraperitoneal injection of the LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) 1 day before and 15 min postinjury. The in vivo data showed that T09 treatment significantly facilitated myelination and ameliorated neurological behavior after PWMI. Moreover, T09 enhanced the proliferation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in the microenvironment for oligodendrocytes (OLs), maintaining a healthy microenvironment for myelinating OLs. In vitro data suggested that the expression of the myelin-related genes Plp and Cnpase was increased in OLN-93 cells after T09 intervention compared with OLN-93 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). In primary mixed astrocytes/microglia cells, T09 also reduced the expression of Il6, Cox2, Tnfa and Il10 that was induced by OGD. Mechanistically, the mRNA expression level and the protein level of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (Abca1) decreased after HI injury, and the protective effect of T09 might be related to the activation of the LXRβ-ABCA1 signaling pathway. Our study revealed the protective role of LXRs in myelination and white matter homeostasis, providing a potential therapeutic option for PWMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Tianyang Qian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Qiu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wan Tang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laishuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
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19
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Zhou Z, Hui ES, Kranz GS, Chang JR, de Luca K, Pinto SM, Chan WW, Yau SY, Chau BK, Samartzis D, Jensen MP, Wong AYL. Potential mechanisms underlying the accelerated cognitive decline in people with chronic low back pain: A scoping review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101767. [PMID: 36280211 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) demonstrate significantly greater declines in multiple cognitive domains than people who do not have CLBP. Given the high prevalence of CLBP in the ever-growing aging population that may be more vulnerable to cognitive decline, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the accelerated cognitive decline observed in this population, so that proper preventive or treatment approaches can be developed and implemented. The current scoping review summarizes what is known regarding the potential mechanisms underlying suboptimal cognitive performance and cognitive decline in people with CLBP and discusses future research directions. Five potential mechanisms were identified based on the findings from 34 included studies: (1) altered activity in the cortex and neural networks; (2) grey matter atrophy; (3) microglial activation and neuroinflammation; (4) comorbidities associated with CLBP; and (5) gut microbiota dysbiosis. Future studies should deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying this association so that proper prevention and treatment strategies can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Edward S Hui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Jeremy R Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Katie de Luca
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sabina M Pinto
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Winnie Wy Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Bolton Kh Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arnold Y L Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China.
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20
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Chai AB, Callaghan R, Gelissen IC. Regulation of P-Glycoprotein in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314667. [PMID: 36498995 PMCID: PMC9740459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the tightly regulated homeostatic environment of the brain is facilitated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter, is expressed on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells in the BBB, and actively exports a wide variety of substrates to limit exposure of the vulnerable brain environment to waste buildup and neurotoxic compounds. Downregulation of P-gp expression and activity at the BBB have been reported with ageing and in neurodegenerative diseases. Upregulation of P-gp at the BBB contributes to poor therapeutic outcomes due to altered pharmacokinetics of CNS-acting drugs. The regulation of P-gp is highly complex, but unravelling the mechanisms involved may help the development of novel and nuanced strategies to modulate P-gp expression for therapeutic benefit. This review summarises the current understanding of P-gp regulation in the brain, encompassing the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that have been identified to affect P-gp expression and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ingrid C. Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8627-0357
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21
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Romero-Molina C, Garretti F, Andrews SJ, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial efferocytosis: Diving into the Alzheimer's disease gene pool. Neuron 2022; 110:3513-3533. [PMID: 36327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics studies have linked specific cell types, genes, and pathways to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In particular, AD risk alleles primarily affect the abundance or structure, and thus the activity, of genes expressed in macrophages, strongly implicating microglia (the brain-resident macrophages) in the etiology of AD. These genes converge on pathways (endocytosis/phagocytosis, cholesterol metabolism, and immune response) with critical roles in core macrophage functions such as efferocytosis. Here, we review these pathways, highlighting relevant genes identified in the latest AD genetics and genomics studies, and describe how they may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Investigating the functional impact of AD-associated variants and genes in microglia is essential for elucidating disease risk mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Liver X Receptor Regulation of Glial Cell Functions in the CNS. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092165. [PMID: 36140266 PMCID: PMC9496004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of liver X receptors (LXRs) in glial cells (microglia, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) in the central nervous system (CNS). LXRs are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors that, in adults, regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, the modulation of inflammatory responses and glutamate homeostasis. The study of LXR knockout mice has revealed that LXRβ plays a key role in maintaining the health of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, large motor neurons in the spinal cord and retinal ganglion cells in the eye. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), LXRβ is responsible for the health of the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the cochlea. In addition, LXRs are essential for the homeostasis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in LXRαβ−/− mice, the lateral ventricles are empty and lined with lipid-laden cells. As LXRαβ−/− mice age, lipid vacuoles accumulate in astrocytes surrounding blood vessels. By seven months of age, motor coordination becomes impaired, and there is a loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord of LXRβ−/− mice. During development, migration of neurons in the cortex and cerebellum is retarded in LXRβ−/− mice. Since LXRs are not expressed in dopaminergic or motor neurons in adult mice, the neuroprotective effects of LXRs appear to come from LXRs in glial cells where they are expressed. However, despite the numerous neurological deficits in LXR−/− rodents, multiple sclerosis has the clear distinction of being the only human neurodegenerative disease in which defective LXR signaling has been identified. In this review, we summarize the regulation and functions of LXRs in glial cells and analyze how targeting LXRs in glial cells might, in the future, be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases and, perhaps, disorders caused by aberrant neuronal migration during development.
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Song XY, Wu WF, Dai YB, Xu HW, Roman A, Wang L, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. Ablation of Liver X receptor β in mice leads to overactive macrophages and death of spiral ganglion neurons. Hear Res 2022; 422:108534. [PMID: 35623301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss is the most common type of hearing impairment, and is typically characterized by the loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The two Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors which in adults, regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and modulation of macrophage activity. LXRβ plays a key role in maintenance of health of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, large motor neurons in the spinal cord, and retinal ganglion cells in adult mice. We now report that LXRβ is expressed in the SGNs of the cochlea and that loss of LXRβ leads to age-related cochlea degeneration. We found that in the cochlea of LXRβ-/- mice, there is loss of SGNs, activation of macrophages, demyelination in the spiral ganglion, decrease in glutamine synthetase (GS) expression and increase in glutamate accumulation in the cochlea. Part of the cause of damage to the SGNs might be glutamate toxicity which is known to be very toxic to these cells. Our study provides a so far unreported role of LXRβ in maintenance of SGNs whose loss is a very common cause of hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Song
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Wan-Fu Wu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Yu-Bing Dai
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Andrew Roman
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Stockholm 14186, Sweden.
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24
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Abbas NA, Hassan HA. The protective and therapeutic effects of 5-androstene3β, 17β-diol (ADIOL) in abdominal post-operative adhesions in rat: Suppressing TLR4/NFκB/HMGB1/TGF1 β/α SMA pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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26
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Thiel W, Esposito EJ, Findley AP, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Modulation of retinoid-X-receptors differentially regulates expression of apolipoprotein genes apoc1 and apoeb by zebrafish microglia. Biol Open 2021; 11:273656. [PMID: 34878094 PMCID: PMC8822359 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses performed in both human and zebrafish indicate strong expression of Apoe and Apoc1 by microglia. Apoe expression by microglia is well appreciated, but Apoc1 expression has not been well-examined. PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR receptors appear to regulate expression of the apolipoprotein gene cluster in macrophages, but a similar role in microglia in vivo has not been studied. Here, we characterized microglial expression of apoc1 in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) in situ and demonstrate that in the CNS, apoc1 expression is unique to microglia. We then examined the effects of PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR modulation on microglial expression of apoc1 and apoeb during early CNS development using a pharmacological approach. Changes in apoc1 and apoeb transcripts in response to pharmacological modulation were quantified by RT-qPCR in whole heads, and in individual microglia using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) in situ hybridization. We found that expression of apoc1 and apoeb by microglia were differentially regulated by LXR/RXR and PPAR/RXR modulating compounds, respectively, during development. Our results also suggest RXR receptors could be involved in endogenous induction of apoc1 expression by microglia. Collectively, our work supports the use of zebrafish to better understand regulation and function of these apolipoproteins in the CNS. Summary: Here we investigate expression of two apolipoprotein genes by microglia in the zebrafish model during normal development, and in contexts of pharmacological manipulations that target candidate regulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Thiel
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Emma J Esposito
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
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27
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Mittal N, Mittal R. Repurposing old molecules for new indications: Defining pillars of success from lessons in the past. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174569. [PMID: 34653378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing or studying existing drugs for potential therapeutic utility in newer indications has been identified as an attractive option for treating a number of diseases. Various strategies of drug repurposing include serendipitous observation of drug's unexpected effects, directing the failed investigational drugs to new indications and currently adopted systematic approach to identify, screen and develop existing drug molecules for new off-label indications. Drug repurposing is able to constructively overcome the bottleneck restraints encountered during traditional de novo drug development process in grounds of timelines, cost and resources. However, success rates of drug repurposing programs are not very impressive. Through a meticulous examination of some failed repurposing attempts we aimed to identify key factors leading to high attrition rate in such studies. Based on the fundamental elements of knowledge and evaluation, we have defined four pillars toward improving success rate in drug repurposing programs viz. sound knowledge of the repurposed drug's pharmacological characteristics (pillar 1: drug pharmacology); drug formulation considerations in new indication (pillar 2: drug formulation); evaluation in representative biological assays with translational potential (pillar 3: evaluation in biological assays); and robust clinical trial methodologies including biomarker driven approach to provide conclusive evidence of repurposed drug's efficacy in new indication (pillar 4: clinical evaluation). In addition to the pharmacological challenges, certain regulatory concerns, including lack of clear guidelines for evaluation and market exclusivity pose hurdles in the application of drug repurposing, which may however be overcome to a great extent by adopting some strategies as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Mittal
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Rakesh Mittal
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, India
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28
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Reduction of DNMT3a and RORA in the nucleus accumbens plays a causal role in post-traumatic stress disorder-like behavior: reversal by combinatorial epigenetic therapy. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7481-7497. [PMID: 34253866 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating trauma-related disorder, with no reliable therapy. Although PTSD has been associated with epigenetic alterations in peripheral white blood cells, it is unknown where such changes occur in the brain, and whether they play a causal role in PTSD. Using an animal PTSD model, we show distinct DNA methylation profiles of PTSD susceptibility in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Data analysis revealed overall hypomethylation of different genomic CG sites in susceptible animals. This was correlated with the reduction in expression levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3a. Since epigenetic changes in diseases involve different gene pathways, rather than single candidate genes, we next searched for pathways that may be involved in PTSD. Analysis of differentially methylated sites identified enrichment in the RAR activation and LXR/RXR activation pathways that regulate Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Related Orphan Receptor A (RORA) activation. Intra-NAc injection of a lentiviral vector expressing either RORA or DNMT3a reversed PTSD-like behaviors while knockdown of RORA and DNMT3a increased PTSD-like behaviors. To translate our results into a potential pharmacological therapeutic strategy, we tested the effect of systemic treatment with the global methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), for supplementing DNA methylation, or retinoic acid, for activating RORA downstream pathways. We found that combined treatment with the methyl donor SAM and retinoic acid reversed PTSD-like behaviors. Thus, our data point to a novel approach to the treatment of PTSD, which is potentially translatable to humans.
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29
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Katsuki H. Nuclear receptors of NR1 and NR4 subfamilies in the regulation of microglial functions and pathology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00766. [PMID: 34676987 PMCID: PMC8532137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of researches on the NR1 and NR4 nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of microglial functions. Nuclear receptors are attractive candidates for drug targets in the therapies of the central nervous system disorders, because the activation of these receptors is expected to regulate the functions and the phenotypes of microglia, by controlling the expression of specific gene subsets and also by regulating the cellular signaling mechanisms in a nongenomic manner. Several members of NR1 nuclear receptor subfamily have been examined for their ability to regulate microglial functions. For example, stimulation of vitamin D receptor inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Similar regulatory actions of nuclear receptor ligands on inflammation-related genes have also been reported for other NR1 members such as retinoic acid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). In addition, stimulation of PPARγ and LXRs may also result in increased phagocytic activities of microglia. Consistent with these actions, the agonists at nuclear receptors of NR1 subfamily are shown to produce therapeutic effects on animal models of various neurological disorders such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. On the other hand, increasing lines of evidence suggest that the stimulation of NR4 subfamily members of nuclear receptors such as Nur77 and Nurr1 also regulates microglial functions and alleviates neuropathological events in several disease models. Further advancement of these research fields may prove novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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30
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Pedrero-Prieto CM, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Alcaín FJ, Durán-Prado M, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruiz Y. Biological Significance of the Protein Changes Occurring in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Getting Clues from Proteomic Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1655. [PMID: 34573996 PMCID: PMC8467255 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) deeply irrigates the brain together with the relative simplicity of sample extraction from patients make this biological fluid the best target for biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases. During the last decade, biomarker discovery has been especially fruitful for the identification new proteins that appear in the CSF of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients together with amyloid-β (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). Thus, several proteins have been already stablished as important biomarkers, due to an increase (i.e., CHI3L1) or a decrease (i.e., VGF) in AD patients' CSF. Notwithstanding this, only a deep analysis of a database generated with all the changes observed in CSF across multiple proteomic studies, and especially those using state-of-the-art methodologies, may expose those components or metabolic pathways disrupted at different levels in AD. Deep comparative analysis of all the up- and down-regulated proteins across these studies revealed that 66% of the most consistent protein changes in CSF correspond to intracellular proteins. Interestingly, processes such as those associated to glucose metabolism or RXR signaling appeared inversely represented in CSF from AD patients in a significant manner. Herein, we discuss whether certain cellular processes constitute accurate indicators of AD progression by examining CSF. Furthermore, we uncover new CSF AD markers, such as ITAM, PTPRZ or CXL16, identified by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Alcaín
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Juan R. Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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T0901317, an Agonist of Liver X Receptors, Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Liver X Receptors/Interferon Regulatory Factor/P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis/Dynamin-1-Like Protein Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8849131. [PMID: 34194609 PMCID: PMC8181056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8849131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models of Sprague-Dawley rats were established with perforation method. T0901317 was injected intraperitoneally 1-hour post-SAH. GSK2033, an inhibitor of LXRs, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF-1) CRISPR activation were injected intracerebroventricularly to evaluate potential signaling pathway. The severity of SAH, neurobehavior test in both short- and long-term and apoptosis was measured with Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results Expression of LXR-α and IRF-1 increased and peaked at 24 h post-SAH, while LXR-β remained unaffected in SAH+vehicle group compared with Sham group. Post-SAH T0901317 treatment attenuated neuronal impairments in both short- and long-term and decreased neuronal apoptosis, the expression of IRF-1, P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, and increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at 24 h from modeling. GSK2033 inhibited LXRs and reversed T0901317's neuroprotective effects. IRF-1 CRISPR activation upregulated the expression of IRF-1 and abolished the treatment effects of T0901317. Conclusion T0901317 attenuated neuronal apoptosis via LXRs/IRF-1/PUMA/Drp1 pathway in SAH rats.
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Wu D, Hu Y, Song M, Li G. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Impairs Amyloid Beta Clearance by Decreasing Liver X Receptor α Expression. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:634948. [PMID: 34045954 PMCID: PMC8144330 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.634948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance is a distinctive pathological mechanism for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which mediates the lipidation of apolipoprotein E, plays a critical role in Aβ clearance. As an environmental factor for AD, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) can decrease ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression and disrupt Aβ clearance. Liver X receptor α (LXRα) is an autoregulatory transcription factor for ABCA1 and a target of some environmental pollutants, such as organophosphate pesticides. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether DDT could affect Aβ clearance by targeting LXRα. The DDT-pretreated H4 human neuroglioma cells and immortalized astrocytes were incubated with exogenous Aβ to evaluate Aβ consumption. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity and LXRα expression were determined in the DDT-treated cells. Subsequently, the antagonism of DDT on LXRα agonist T0901317 was determined in vitro. The interaction between DDT and LXRα was predicted by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation technology. We observed that DDT could inhibit Aβ clearance and decrease the levels of LXRα mRNA and LXRα protein. Moreover, DDT is supposed to strongly bind to LXRα and exert antagonistic effects on LXRα. In conclusion, this study firstly presented that DDT could inhibit LXRα expression, which would contribute to Aβ clearance decline in vitro. It provides an experimental basis to search for potential therapeutic targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongbo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates Alzheimer's pathological phenotypes by inhibition of microglial cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via Ras/ERK signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111651. [PMID: 34243602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane-3,5-dione (tetrahydrocurcumin, THC) is a major bioactive metabolite of curcumin, demonstrating the potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, etc. In this study, it was found that Aβ induced decreased cell viability, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in BV-2 cells, which were ameliorated by THC. In vivo, THC administration rescued learning and memory, and reduced Aβ burden in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. By proteomic analysis of the hippocampus of mice, 157 differentially expressed proteins were identified in APP/PS1 mice treated with THC (comparing with APP/PS1 mice), which also suggested that the effects of THC on the cell cycle and apoptosis were mostly related to the "Ras signaling pathway", etc. In APP/PS1 mice, the down-regulation of Gab2 and K-Ras, and the up-regulation of caspase-3, TGF-β1 and TNF-ɑ were observed; THC attenuated the abnormal expression of Gab2, K-Ras, caspase-3 and TNF-ɑ, and up-regulated TGF-β1 and Bag1 expression. In BV-2 cells, Aβ induced the down-regulation of Gab2, K-Ras and TGF-β1, and the overexpression of caspase-3, PARP1, cleaved-PARP1 and TNF-ɑ, which were restored by THC. Moreover, THC up-regulated Bag1 expression in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells. The decreased transcriptional expression of Ccnd2 and Cdkn1a were also observed in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells, and THC alleviated the down-regulation of Ccnd2. For the first time, we identified that the action of THC in preventing AD was associated with inhibition of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of microglia via the Ras/ERK signaling pathway, shedding new light on the role of THC in alleviating the progression of AD.
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Dash R, Mitra S, Ali MC, Oktaviani DF, Hannan MA, Choi SM, Moon IS. Phytosterols: Targeting Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:383-401. [PMID: 32600224 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200628022812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived sterols, phytosterols, are well known for their cholesterol-lowering activity in serum and their anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, phytosterols have received considerable attention due to their beneficial effects on various non-communicable diseases, and recommended use as daily dietary components. The signaling pathways mediated in the brain by phytosterols have been evaluated, but little is known about their effects on neuroinflammation, and no clinical studies have been undertaken on phytosterols of interest. In this review, we discuss the beneficial roles of phytosterols, including their attenuating effects on inflammation, blood cholesterol levels, and hallmarks of the disease, and their regulatory effects on neuroinflammatory disease pathways. Despite recent advancements made in phytosterol pharmacology, some critical questions remain unanswered. Therefore, we have tried to highlight the potential of phytosterols as viable therapeutics against neuroinflammation and to direct future research with respect to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Plasma Bio-display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-01897, Korea
| | - Md Chayan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
| | - Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Sung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju-38066, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
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Zhou K, Wang Y, Bretonnel Cohen K, Kim JD, Ma X, Shen Z, Meng X, Xia J. Bridging heterogeneous mutation data to enhance disease gene discovery. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6224263. [PMID: 33847357 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridging heterogeneous mutation data fills in the gap between various data categories and propels discovery of disease-related genes. It is known that genome-wide association study (GWAS) infers significant mutation associations that link genotype and phenotype. However, due to the differences of size and quality between GWAS studies, not all de facto vital variations are able to pass the multiple testing. In the meantime, mutation events widely reported in literature unveil typical functional biological process, including mutation types like gain of function and loss of function. To bring together the heterogeneous mutation data, we propose a 'Gene-Disease Association prediction by Mutation Data Bridging (GDAMDB)' pipeline with a statistic generative model. The model learns the distribution parameters of mutation associations and mutation types and recovers false-negative GWAS mutations that fail to pass significant test but represent supportive evidences of functional biological process in literature. Eventually, we applied GDAMDB in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and predicted 79 AD-associated genes. Besides, 12 of them from the original GWAS, 60 of them are supported to be AD-related by other GWAS or literature report, and rest of them are newly predicted genes. Our model is capable of enhancing the GWAS-based gene association discovery by well combining text mining results. The positive result indicates that bridging the heterogeneous mutation data is contributory for the novel disease-related gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyin Zhou
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Kevin Bretonnel Cohen
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Dong Kim
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohang Ma
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhixue Shen
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Xia
- Hubei Key Lab of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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Dulka K, Szabo M, Lajkó N, Belecz I, Hoyk Z, Gulya K. Epigenetic Consequences of in Utero Exposure to Rosuvastatin: Alteration of Histone Methylation Patterns in Newborn Rat Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073412. [PMID: 33810299 PMCID: PMC8059142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin (RST) is primarily used to treat high cholesterol levels. As it has potentially harmful but not well-documented effects on embryos, RST is contraindicated during pregnancy. To demonstrate whether RST could induce molecular epigenetic events in the brains of newborn rats, pregnant mothers were treated daily with oral RST from the 11th day of pregnancy for 10 days (or until delivery). On postnatal day 1, the brains of the control and RST-treated rats were removed for Western blot or immunohistochemical analyses. Several antibodies that recognize different methylation sites for H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones were quantified. Analyses of cell-type-specific markers in the newborn brains demonstrated that prenatal RST administration did not affect the composition and cell type ratios as compared to the controls. Prenatal RST administration did, however, induce a general, nonsignificant increase in H2AK118me1, H2BK5me1, H3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K36me2, H4, H4K20me2, and H4K20me3 levels, compared to the controls. Moreover, significant changes were detected in the number of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 sites (134.3% ± 19.2% and 127.8% ± 8.5% of the controls, respectively), which are generally recognized as transcriptional activators. Fluorescent/confocal immunohistochemistry for cell-type-specific markers and histone methylation marks on tissue sections indicated that most of the increase at these sites belonged to neuronal cell nuclei. Thus, prenatal RST treatment induces epigenetic changes that could affect neuronal differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dulka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.D.); (M.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Melinda Szabo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.D.); (M.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Noémi Lajkó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.D.); (M.S.); (N.L.)
| | - István Belecz
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zsófia Hoyk
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.D.); (M.S.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Duong MT, Nasrallah IM, Wolk DA, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, and APOE in Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID): Potential Mechanisms and Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:647990. [PMID: 33841127 PMCID: PMC8026881 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.647990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are a common cause of cognitive decline, yet limited therapies exist. This cerebrovascular disease results in neurodegeneration via acute, chronic, local, and systemic mechanisms. The etiology of VCID is complex, with a significant impact from atherosclerosis. Risk factors including hypercholesterolemia and hypertension promote intracranial atherosclerotic disease and carotid artery stenosis (CAS), which disrupt cerebral blood flow and trigger ischemic strokes and VCID. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a cholesterol and phospholipid carrier present in plasma and various tissues. APOE is implicated in dyslipidemia and Alzheimer disease (AD); however, its connection with VCID is less understood. Few experimental models for VCID exist, so much of the present information has been drawn from clinical studies. Here, we review the literature with a focus on the clinical aspects of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and build a working model for the pathogenesis of VCID. We describe potential intermediate steps in this model, linking cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and APOE with VCID. APOE4 is a minor isoform of APOE that promotes lipid dyshomeostasis in astrocytes and microglia, leading to chronic neuroinflammation. APOE4 disturbs lipid homeostasis in macrophages and smooth muscle cells, thus exacerbating systemic inflammation and promoting atherosclerotic plaque formation. Additionally, APOE4 may contribute to stromal activation of endothelial cells and pericytes that disturb the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These and other risk factors together lead to chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, VCID, and neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss potential cholesterol metabolism based approaches for future VCID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tran Duong
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilya M Nasrallah
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A Wolk
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Therapeutic potential of mangiferin in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104939. [PMID: 33346032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones are important chemical class of bioactive products that confers therapeutic benefits. Of several xanthones, mangiferin is known to be distributed widely across several fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Mangiferin has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. Mangiferin attenuates cerebral infarction, cerebral edema, lipid peroxidation (MDA), neuronal damage, etc. Mangiferin further potentiate levels of endogenous antioxidants to confer protection against the oxidative stress inside the neurons. Mangiferin is involved in the regulation of various signaling pathways that influences the production and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in brain. Mangiferin cosunteracted the neurotoxic effect of amyloid-beta, MPTP, rotenone, 6-OHDA etc and confer protection to neurons. These evidence suggested that the mangiferin may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various neurological disorders. The present review demonstrated the pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics of mangiferin and neurotherapeutic potential in several neurological disorders with underlying mechanisms.
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Wang XL, Wolff SEC, Korpel N, Milanova I, Sandu C, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S, Cassel JC, Kalsbeek A, Boutillier AL, Yi CX. Deficiency of the Circadian Clock Gene Bmal1 Reduces Microglial Immunometabolism. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586399. [PMID: 33363534 PMCID: PMC7753637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain immune cells responsible for immune surveillance. Microglial activation is, however, closely associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and obesity. Therefore, it is critical that microglial immune response appropriately adapts to different stressors. The circadian clock controls the cellular process that involves the regulation of inflammation and energy hemostasis. Here, we observed a significant circadian variation in the expression of markers related to inflammation, nutrient utilization, and antioxidation in microglial cells isolated from mice. Furthermore, we found that the core clock gene-Brain and Muscle Arnt-like 1 (Bmal1) plays a role in regulating microglial immune function in mice and microglial BV-2 cells by using quantitative RT-PCR. Bmal1 deficiency decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased gene expression of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory factors in microglia. These changes were also observed in Bmal1 knock-down microglial BV-2 cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and palmitic acid stimulations. Moreover, Bmal1 deficiency affected the expression of metabolic associated genes and metabolic processes, and increased phagocytic capacity in microglia. These findings suggest that Bmal1 is a key regulator in microglial immune response and cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samantha E. C. Wolff
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikita Korpel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irina Milanova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Sandu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7364, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7364, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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ELMostafi H, Bahbiti Y, Elhessni A, Bousalham R, Doumar H, Ouichou A, Benmhammed H, Touil T, Mesfioui A. Neuroprotective potential of Argan oil in neuropsychiatric disorders in rats: A review. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Neuner SM, Tcw J, Goate AM. Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104976. [PMID: 32565066 PMCID: PMC7409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Mezö C, Dokalis N, Mossad O, Staszewski O, Neuber J, Yilmaz B, Schnepf D, de Agüero MG, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Macpherson AJ, Meyer-Luehmann M, Staeheli P, Blank T, Prinz M, Erny D. Different effects of constitutive and induced microbiota modulation on microglia in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:119. [PMID: 32727612 PMCID: PMC7389451 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently revealed that gut microbiota promote amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms when using either germ-free (GF) housing conditions or treatments with antibiotics (ABX) remained unknown. In this study, we show that GF and ABX-treated 5x familial AD (5xFAD) mice developed attenuated hippocampal Aβ pathology and associated neuronal loss, and thereby delayed disease-related memory deficits. While Aβ production remained unaffected in both GF and ABX-treated 5xFAD mice, we noticed in GF 5xFAD mice enhanced microglial Aβ uptake at early stages of the disease compared to ABX-treated 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing of hippocampal microglia from SPF, GF and ABX-treated 5xFAD mice revealed distinct microbiota-dependent gene expression profiles associated with phagocytosis and altered microglial activation states. Taken together, we observed that constitutive or induced microbiota modulation in 5xFAD mice differentially controls microglial Aβ clearance mechanisms preventing neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits.
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Voisin M, Gage MC, Becares N, Shrestha E, Fisher EA, Pineda-Torra I, Garabedian MJ. LXRα Phosphorylation in Cardiometabolic Disease: Insight From Mouse Models. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa089. [PMID: 32496563 PMCID: PMC7324054 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, are a powerful means by which the activity and function of nuclear receptors such as LXRα can be altered. However, despite the established importance of nuclear receptors in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, our understanding of how phosphorylation affects metabolic diseases is limited. The physiological consequences of LXRα phosphorylation have, until recently, been studied only in vitro or nonspecifically in animal models by pharmacologically or genetically altering the enzymes enhancing or inhibiting these modifications. Here we review recent reports on the physiological consequences of modifying LXRα phosphorylation at serine 196 (S196) in cardiometabolic disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity. A unifying theme from these studies is that LXRα S196 phosphorylation rewires the LXR-modulated transcriptome, which in turn alters physiological response to environmental signals, and that this is largely distinct from the LXR-ligand-dependent action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Voisin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Natalia Becares
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Elina Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre of Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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Effects of lycopene on vascular remodeling through the LXR-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in APP/PS1 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:699-705. [PMID: 32253029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest neurodegenerative disease and, in recent years, studies have increasingly shown that vascular lesions are involved in the pathology of AD onset and progression. Many vascular changes precede the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of AD, and vascular lesions and AD have many common risk factors. Understanding the relationship between vascular factors and the pathological process of AD may help us to identify novel prevention and treatment strategies as well as delay disease progress. Previous studies have shown that lycopene has neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer effects; however, the specific molecular mechanism mediating these effects remains unknown. In the present study, we found: 1) lycopene improved learning and memory in an AD mouse model; 2) lycopene inhibited amyloid plaque aggregation and neuroinflammation; and 3) lycopene induced LXR expression and activated the LXR-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that promotion of neurogenesis and improvement of the functions of the neurovascular unit could be a novel direction for the development of AD therapies.
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Valentine WJ, Hashidate-Yoshida T, Yamamoto S, Shindou H. Biosynthetic Enzymes of Membrane Glycerophospholipid Diversity as Therapeutic Targets for Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:5-27. [PMID: 32894505 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties of membranes are dependent on their glycerophospholipid compositions. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) selectively incorporate fatty chains into lysophospholipids to affect the fatty acid composition of membrane glycerophospholipids. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family incorporate fatty chains into phosphatidic acid during the de novo glycerophospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. Other LPLATs of both the AGPAT and the membrane bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families further modify the fatty chain compositions of membrane glycerophospholipids in the remodeling pathway known as the Lands' cycle. The LPLATs functioning in these pathways possess unique characteristics in terms of their biochemical activities, regulation of expressions, and functions in various biological contexts. Essential physiological functions for LPLATs have been revealed in studies using gene-deficient mice, and important roles for several enzymes are also indicated in human diseases where their mutation or dysregulation causes or contributes to the pathological condition. Now several LPLATs are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets, and further understanding of the mechanisms underlying their physiological and pathological roles will aid in the development of novel therapies to treat several diseases that involve altered glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Therapy, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gouveia MH, Cesar CC, Santolalla ML, Anna HPS, Scliar MO, Leal TP, Araújo NM, Soares-Souza GB, Magalhães WCS, Mata IF, Ferri CP, Castro-Costa E, Mbulaiteye SM, Tishkoff SA, Shriner D, Rotimi CN, Tarazona-Santos E, Lima-Costa MF. Genetics of cognitive trajectory in Brazilians: 15 years of follow-up from the Bambuí-Epigen Cohort Study of Aging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18085. [PMID: 31792241 PMCID: PMC6889148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline (ACD) is the gradual process of decreasing of cognitive function over age. Most genetic risk factors for ACD have been identified in European populations and there are no reports in admixed Latin American individuals. We performed admixture mapping, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), and fine-mapping to examine genetic factors associated with 15-year cognitive trajectory in 1,407 Brazilian older adults, comprising 14,956 Mini-Mental State Examination measures. Participants were enrolled as part of the Bambuí-Epigen Cohort Study of Aging. Our admixture mapping analysis identified a genomic region (3p24.2) in which increased Native American ancestry was significantly associated with faster ACD. Fine-mapping of this region identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs142380904 (β = -0.044, SE = 0.01, p = 7.5 × 10-5) associated with ACD. In addition, our GWAS identified 24 associated SNPs, most in genes previously reported to influence cognitive function. The top six associated SNPs accounted for 18.5% of the ACD variance in our data. Furthermore, our longitudinal study replicated previous GWAS hits for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Our 15-year longitudinal study identified both ancestry-specific and cosmopolitan genetic variants associated with ACD in Brazilians, highlighting the need for more trans-ancestry genomic studies, especially in underrepresented ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus H Gouveia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
| | - Cibele C Cesar
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Meddly L Santolalla
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Hanaisa P Sant Anna
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Marilia O Scliar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Leal
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M Araújo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Giordano B Soares-Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Wagner C S Magalhães
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa - NEP, Instituto Mário Penna, Rua Gentios, Terceiro Andar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 3052, Brazil
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cleusa P Ferri
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erico Castro-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Characterization of Redox-Responsive LXR-Activating Nanoparticle Formulations in Primary Mouse Macrophages. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203751. [PMID: 31635211 PMCID: PMC6833070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) has beneficial effects on macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammation, making it a potential candidate for therapeutic targeting in cardiometabolic disease. While small molecule delivery via nanomedicine has promising applications for a number of chronic diseases, questions remain as to how nanoparticle formulation might be tailored to suit different tissue microenvironments and aid in drug delivery. In the current study, we aimed to compare the in vitro drug delivering capability of three nanoparticle (NP) formulations encapsulating the LXR activator, GW-3965. We observed little difference in the base characteristics of standard PLGA-PEG NP when compared to two redox-active polymeric NP formulations, which we called redox-responsive (RR)1 and RR2. Moreover, we also observed similar uptake of these NP into primary mouse macrophages. We used the transcript and protein expression of the cholesterol efflux protein and LXR target ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) as a readout of GW-3956-induced LXR activation. Following an initial acute uptake period that was meant to mimic circulating exposure in vivo, we determined that although the induction of transcript expression was similar between NPs, treatment with the redox-sensitive RR1 NPs resulted in a higher level of ABCA1 protein. Our results suggest that NP formulations responsive to cellular cues may be an effective tool for targeted and disease-specific drug release.
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