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El Baidouri M, Reichheld JP, Belin C. An evolutionary view of the function of CC-type glutaredoxins in plant development and adaptation to the environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4287-4299. [PMID: 38787597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Land plants have to face an oxidizing, heterogeneous, and fast changing environment. Redox-dependent post-translational modifications emerge as a critical component of plant responses to stresses. Among the thiol oxidoreductase superfamily, class III CC-type glutaredoxins (called ROXYs) are land plant specific, and their evolutionary history is highly dynamic. Angiosperms encode many isoforms, classified into five subgroups (Aα, Aβ, Bα, Bβ, Bγ) that probably evolved from five common ancestral ROXYs, with higher evolutionary dynamics in the Bγ subgroup compared with the other subgroups. ROXYs can modulate the transcriptional activity of TGA transcription factor target genes, although their biochemical function is still debated. ROXYs participate in the control of proper plant development and reproduction, and are mainly negative regulators of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This suggests that most ROXYs could play essential and conserved functions in resetting redox-dependent changes in transcriptional activity upon stress signaling to ensure the responsiveness of the system and/or avoid exaggerated responses that could lead to major defects in plant growth and reproduction. In Arabidopsis Bγ members acquired important functions in responses to nitrogen availability and endogenous status, but the rapid and independent evolution of this subclass might suggest that this function results from neofunctionalization, specifically observed in core eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaïne El Baidouri
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Belin
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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2
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Bak DW, Weerapana E. Proteomic strategies to interrogate the Fe-S proteome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119791. [PMID: 38925478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, inorganic cofactors composed of iron and sulfide, participate in numerous essential redox, non-redox, structural, and regulatory biological processes within the cell. Though structurally and functionally diverse, the list of all proteins in an organism capable of binding one or more Fe-S clusters is referred to as its Fe-S proteome. Importantly, the Fe-S proteome is highly dynamic, with continuous cluster synthesis and delivery by complex Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways. This cluster delivery is balanced out by processes that can result in loss of Fe-S cluster binding, such as redox state changes, iron availability, and oxygen sensitivity. Despite continued expansion of the Fe-S protein catalogue, it remains a challenge to reliably identify novel Fe-S proteins. As such, high-throughput techniques that can report on native Fe-S cluster binding are required to both identify new Fe-S proteins, as well as characterize the in vivo dynamics of Fe-S cluster binding. Due to the recent rapid growth in mass spectrometry, proteomics, and chemical biology, there has been a host of techniques developed that are applicable to the study of native Fe-S proteins. This review will detail both the current understanding of the Fe-S proteome and Fe-S cluster biology as well as describing state-of-the-art proteomic strategies for the study of Fe-S clusters within the context of a native proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America.
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America.
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3
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Schlößer M, Moseler A, Bodnar Y, Homagk M, Wagner S, Pedroletti L, Gellert M, Ugalde JM, Lillig CH, Meyer AJ. Localization of four class I glutaredoxins in the cytosol and the secretory pathway and characterization of their biochemical diversification. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1455-1474. [PMID: 38394181 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Class I glutaredoxins (GRXs) are catalytically active oxidoreductases and considered key proteins mediating reversible glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of protein thiols during development and stress responses. To narrow in on putative target proteins, it is mandatory to know the subcellular localization of the respective GRXs and to understand their catalytic activities and putative redundancy between isoforms in the same compartment. We show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, GRXC1 and GRXC2 are cytosolic proteins with GRXC1 being attached to membranes through myristoylation. GRXC3 and GRXC4 are identified as type II membrane proteins along the early secretory pathway with their enzymatic function on the luminal side. Unexpectedly, neither single nor double mutants lacking both GRXs isoforms in the cytosol or the ER show phenotypes that differ from wild-type controls. Analysis of electrostatic surface potentials and clustering of GRXs based on their electrostatic interaction with roGFP2 mirrors the phylogenetic classification of class I GRXs, which clearly separates the cytosolic GRXC1 and GRXC2 from the luminal GRXC3 and GRXC4. Comparison of all four studied GRXs for their oxidoreductase function highlights biochemical diversification with GRXC3 and GRXC4 being better catalysts than GRXC1 and GRXC2 for the reduction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide. With oxidized roGFP2 as an alternative substrate, GRXC1 and GRXC2 catalyze the reduction faster than GRXC3 and GRXC4, which suggests that catalytic efficiency of GRXs in reductive reactions depends on the respective substrate. Vice versa, GRXC3 and GRXC4 are faster than GRXC1 and GRXC2 in catalyzing the oxidation of pre-reduced roGFP2 in the reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schlößer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yana Bodnar
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Homagk
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José M Ugalde
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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Kumar RMS, Ramesh SV, Sun Z, Thankappan S, Nulu NPC, Binodh AK, Kalaipandian S, Srinivasan R. Capsicum chinense Jacq.-derived glutaredoxin (CcGRXS12) alters redox status of the cells to confer resistance against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-I). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:108. [PMID: 38557872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The CcGRXS12 gene protects plants from cellular oxidative damage that are caused by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein possesses GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase property but lacks Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins. They are present in different compartments of plant cells. A chloroplast targeted Class I GRX (CcGRXS12) gene was isolated from Capsicum chinense during the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. Functional characterization of the gene was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic plants transformed with native C. chinense GRX (Nb:GRX), GRX-fused with GFP (Nb:GRX-GFP) and GRX-truncated for chloroplast sequences fused with GFP (Nb:Δ2MGRX-GFP). Overexpression of CcGRXS12 inhibited the PMMoV-I accumulation at the later stage of infection, accompanied with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and suppression of JA/ET pathway transcripts. Further, the reduced accumulation of auxin-induced Glutathione-S-Transferase (pCNT103) in CcGRXS12 overexpressing lines indicated that the protein could protect the plants from the oxidative stress caused by the virus. PMMoV-I infection increased the accumulation of pyridine nucleotides (PNs) mainly due to the reduced form of PNs (NAD(P)H), and it was high in Nb:GRX-GFP lines compared to other transgenic lines. Apart from biotic stress, CcGRXS12 protects the plants from abiotic stress conditions caused by H2O2 and herbicide paraquat. CcGRXS12 exhibited GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase activity in vitro; however, it was devoid of complementary Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism found in yeast. Overall, this study proves that CcGRXS12 plays a crucial role during biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671 124, India
| | - Z Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Asish Kanakaraj Binodh
- Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bohle F, Rossi J, Tamanna SS, Jansohn H, Schlosser M, Reinhardt F, Brox A, Bethmann S, Kopriva S, Trentmann O, Jahns P, Deponte M, Schwarzländer M, Trost P, Zaffagnini M, Meyer AJ, Müller-Schüssele SJ. Chloroplasts lacking class I glutaredoxins are functional but show a delayed recovery of protein cysteinyl redox state after oxidative challenge. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103015. [PMID: 38183796 PMCID: PMC10808970 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox status of protein cysteinyl residues is mediated via glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX)-dependent redox cascades. An oxidative challenge can induce post-translational protein modifications on thiols, such as protein S-glutathionylation. Class I GRX are small thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that reversibly catalyse S-glutathionylation and protein disulfide formation. TRX and GSH/GRX redox systems can provide partial backup for each other in several subcellular compartments, but not in the plastid stroma where TRX/light-dependent redox regulation of primary metabolism takes place. While the stromal TRX system has been studied at detail, the role of class I GRX on plastid redox processes is still unknown. We generate knockout lines of GRXC5 as the only chloroplast class I GRX of the moss Physcomitrium patens. While we find that PpGRXC5 has high activities in GSH-dependent oxidoreductase assays using hydroxyethyl disulfide or redox-sensitive GFP2 as substrates in vitro, Δgrxc5 plants show no detectable growth defect or stress sensitivity, in contrast to mutants with a less negative stromal EGSH (Δgr1). Using stroma-targeted roGFP2, we show increased protein Cys steady state oxidation and decreased reduction rates after oxidative challenge in Δgrxc5 plants in vivo, indicating kinetic uncoupling of the protein Cys redox state from EGSH. Compared to wildtype, protein Cys disulfide formation rates and S-glutathionylation levels after H2O2 treatment remained unchanged. Lack of class I GRX function in the stroma did not result in impaired carbon fixation. Our observations suggest specific roles for GRXC5 in the efficient transfer of electrons from GSH to target protein Cys as well as negligible cross-talk with metabolic regulation via the TRX system. We propose a model for stromal class I GRX function in efficient catalysis of protein dithiol/disulfide equilibria upon redox steady state alterations affecting stromal EGSH and highlight the importance of identifying in vivo target proteins of GRXC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Bohle
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sadia S Tamanna
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hannah Jansohn
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marlene Schlosser
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Reinhardt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexa Brox
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bethmann
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Wang S, Dong Y, Gu L, Chen X, Zhang C, Long L, Wang J, Yang M. Identification and adaptive evolution analysis of glutaredoxin genes in Populus spp. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1154-1170. [PMID: 37703550 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (GRX) is a class of small redox proteins widely involved in cellular redox homeostasis and the regulation of various cellular processes. The role of GRX gene in the differentiation of Populus spp. is rarely reported. We compared the similarities and differences of GRX genes among four sections of poplar using bioinformatics, corrected the annotations of some GRX genes, and focused on analysing their transcript profiling and adaptive evolution in Populus spp. A total of 219 GRX genes were identified in four sections of poplar, among which annotations for 13 genes were corrected. Differences in GRX genes were found between sect. Turanga, represented by P. euphratica, and other poplar sections. Most notably, P. euphratica had the smallest number of duplication events for GRX genes (n = 9) and no tandem duplications, whereas there were >25 duplication events for all other poplars. Furthermore, we detected 18 pairs of GRX genes under positive selection pressure in various sections of poplar, and identified two groups of GRX genes in the Salicaceae that potentially underwent positive selection. Expression profiling results showed that the PtrGRX34 and its orthologous genes were upregulated under stress treatments. In summary, the GRX gene family underwent expansion during poplar differentiation, and some genes underwent rapid evolution during this process, which may be beneficial for Populus spp. to adapt to environmental changes. This study may provide more insights into the molecular mechanisms of Populus spp. adaptation to environmental changes and the adaptive evolution of GRX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - Y Dong
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - L Gu
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - X Chen
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - C Zhang
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - L Long
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - J Wang
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
| | - M Yang
- Institute of Forest Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding, China
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7
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Hendrix S, Dard A, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Redox-mediated responses to high temperature in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2489-2507. [PMID: 36794477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are particularly affected by climate change and will face more frequent and extreme temperature variations in the future. Plants have developed a diverse range of mechanisms allowing them to perceive and respond to these environmental constraints, which requires sophisticated signalling mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in plants exposed to various stress conditions including high temperatures and are presumed to be involved in stress response reactions. The diversity of ROS-generating pathways and the ability of ROS to propagate from cell to cell and to diffuse through cellular compartments and even across membranes between subcellular compartments put them at the centre of signalling pathways. In addition, their capacity to modify the cellular redox status and to modulate functions of target proteins, notably through cysteine oxidation, show their involvement in major stress response transduction pathways. ROS scavenging and thiol reductase systems also participate in the transmission of oxidation-dependent stress signals. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the functions of ROS and oxidoreductase systems in integrating high temperature signals, towards the activation of stress responses and developmental acclimation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hendrix
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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8
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Relationships between the Reversible Oxidation of the Single Cysteine Residue and the Physiological Function of the Mitochondrial Glutaredoxin S15 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010102. [PMID: 36670964 PMCID: PMC9854632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are widespread proteins catalyzing deglutathionylation or glutathionylation reactions or serving for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein maturation. Previous studies highlighted a role of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial class II GRXS15 in Fe-S cluster assembly, whereas only a weak glutathione-dependent oxidation activity was detected with the non-physiological roGFP2 substrate in vitro. Still, the protein must exist in a reduced form for both redox and Fe-S cluster binding functions. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the redox properties of AtGRXS15. The acidic pKa of the sole cysteine present in AtGRXS15 indicates that it should be almost totally under a thiolate form at mitochondrial pH and thus possibly subject to oxidation. Oxidizing treatments revealed that this cysteine reacts with H2O2 or with oxidized glutathione forms. This leads to the formation of disulfide-bridge dimers and glutathionylated monomers which have redox midpoint potentials of -304 mV and -280 mV, respectively. Both oxidized forms are reduced by glutathione and mitochondrial thioredoxins. In conclusion, it appears that AtGRXS15 is prone to oxidation, forming reversible oxidation forms that may be seen either as a catalytic intermediate of the oxidoreductase activity and/or as a protective mechanism preventing irreversible oxidation and allowing Fe-S cluster binding upon reduction.
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9
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Xu H, Li Z, Jiang PF, Zhao L, Qu C, Van de Peer Y, Liu YJ, Zeng QY. Divergence of active site motifs among different classes of Populus glutaredoxins results in substrate switches. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:129-146. [PMID: 34981873 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are essential components of all biological systems. The key characteristics of proteins functioning as enzymes are their substrate specificities and catalytic efficiencies. In plants, most genes encoding enzymes are members of large gene families. Within such families, the contributions of active site motifs to the functional divergence of duplicate genes have not been well elucidated. In this study, we identified 41 glutaredoxin (GRX) genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome. GRXs are ubiquitous enzymes in plants that play important roles in developmental and stress tolerance processes. In poplar, GRX genes were divided into four classes based on clear differences in gene structure and expression pattern, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity of the encoded proteins. Using site-directed mutagenesis, this study revealed that the divergence of the active site motif among different classes of GRX proteins resulted in substrate switches and thus provided new insights into the molecular evolution of these important plant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Chang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Yan-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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10
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Song X, Liu H, Bu D, Xu H, Ma Q, Pei D. Rejuvenation remodels transcriptional network to improve rhizogenesis in mature Juglans tree. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1938-1952. [PMID: 34014320 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting of walnut species (Juglans L.) is known to be rather difficult, especially for mature trees. The adventitious root formation (ARF) capacities of mature trees can be significantly improved by rejuvenation. However, the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of rejuvenation remain largely unknown. To characterize such regulatory networks, we carried out the transcriptomic study using RNA samples of the cambia and peripheral tissues on the bottom of rejuvenated and mature walnut (Juglans hindsii × J. regia) cuttings during the ARF. The RNA sequencing data suggested that zeatin biosynthesis, energy metabolism and substance metabolism were activated by rejuvenation, whereas photosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and the synthesis pathways for secondary metabolites were inhibited. The inter- and intra-module GRNs were constructed using differentially expressed genes. We identified 35 hub genes involved in five modules associated with ARF. Among these hub genes, particularly, beta-glucosidase-like (BGLs) family members involved in auxin metabolism were overexpressed at the early stage of the ARF. Furthermore, BGL12 from the cuttings of Juglans was overexpressed in Populus alba × P. glandulosa. Accelerated ARF and increased number of ARs were observed in the transgenic poplars. These results provide a high-resolution atlas of gene activity during ARF and help to uncover the regulatory modules associated with the ARF promoted by rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Dechao Bu
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.6 Kexueyuan South Road Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huzhi Xu
- Forestry Bureau of Luoning County, Luoning County, Luoyang City, Henan Province 471700, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing 100091, China
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11
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Roret T, Zhang B, Moseler A, Dhalleine T, Gao XH, Couturier J, Lemaire SD, Didierjean C, Johnson MK, Rouhier N. Atypical Iron-Sulfur Cluster Binding, Redox Activity and Structural Properties of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Glutaredoxin 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050803. [PMID: 34069657 PMCID: PMC8161271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are thioredoxin superfamily members exhibiting thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity and/or iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binding capacities. These properties are determined by specific structural factors. In this study, we examined the capacity of the class I Chlamydomonas reinhardtii GRX2 recombinant protein to catalyze both protein glutathionylation and deglutathionylation reactions using a redox sensitive fluorescent protein as a model protein substrate. We observed that the catalytic cysteine of the CPYC active site motif of GRX2 was sufficient for catalyzing both reactions in the presence of glutathione. Unexpectedly, spectroscopic characterization of the protein purified under anaerobiosis showed the presence of a [2Fe-2S] cluster despite having a presumably inadequate active site signature, based on past mutational analyses. The spectroscopic characterization of cysteine mutated variants together with modeling of the Fe–S cluster-bound GRX homodimer from the structure of an apo-GRX2 indicate the existence of an atypical Fe–S cluster environment and ligation mode. Overall, the results further delineate the biochemical and structural properties of conventional GRXs, pointing to the existence of multiple factors more complex than anticipated, sustaining the capacity of these proteins to bind Fe–S clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.Z.); (M.K.J.)
| | - Anna Moseler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Tiphaine Dhalleine
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Xing-Huang Gao
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7238, 75006 Paris, France;
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8226, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Michael K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Metalloenzyme Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.Z.); (M.K.J.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (T.R.); (A.M.); (T.D.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372-745-157
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12
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Boussardon C, Law SR, Rouhier N, Keech O. Gene atlas of iron-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:258-274. [PMID: 33423341 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for the development and physiology of plants, owing to its presence in numerous proteins involved in central biological processes. Here, we established an exhaustive, manually curated inventory of genes encoding Fe-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, and summarized their subcellular localization, spatiotemporal expression and evolutionary age. We have currently identified 1068 genes encoding potential Fe-containing proteins, including 204 iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins, 446 haem proteins and 330 non-Fe-S/non-haem Fe proteins (updates of this atlas are available at https://conf.arabidopsis.org/display/COM/Atlas+of+Fe+containing+proteins). A fourth class, containing 88 genes for which iron binding is uncertain, is indexed as 'unclear'. The proteins are distributed in diverse subcellular compartments with strong differences per category. Interestingly, analysis of the gene age index showed that most genes were acquired early in plant evolutionary history and have progressively gained regulatory elements, to support the complex organ-specific and development-specific functions necessitated by the emergence of terrestrial plants. With this gene atlas, we provide a valuable and updateable tool for the research community that supports the characterization of the molecular actors and mechanisms important for Fe metabolism in plants. This will also help in selecting relevant targets for breeding or biotechnological approaches aiming at Fe biofortification in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | - Simon R Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | | | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
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13
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Distéfano AM, López GA, Setzes N, Marchetti F, Cainzos M, Cascallares M, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. Ferroptosis in plants: triggers, proposed mechanisms, and the role of iron in modulating cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2125-2135. [PMID: 32918080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death plays key roles during essential processes throughout the plant life cycle. It takes part in specific developmental programs and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavorable environments. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. In plants, ferroptosis shares all the main hallmarks described in other systems. Those specific features include biochemical and morphological signatures that seem to be conserved among species. However, plant cells have specific metabolic pathways and a high degree of metabolic compartmentalization. Together with their particular morphology, these features add more complexity to the plant ferroptosis pathway. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in elucidating the roles of ferroptosis in plants, focusing on specific triggers, the main players, and underlying pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Mariana Distéfano
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Alejandro López
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Setzes
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Marchetti
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cainzos
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Milagros Cascallares
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Zabaleta
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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14
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Martins L, Knuesting J, Bariat L, Dard A, Freibert SA, Marchand CH, Young D, Dung NHT, Voth W, Debures A, Saez-Vasquez J, Lemaire SD, Lill R, Messens J, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Riondet C. Redox Modification of the Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxin GRXS17 Activates Holdase Activity and Protects Plants from Heat Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:676-692. [PMID: 32826321 PMCID: PMC7536686 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces misfolding and aggregation of proteins unless they are guarded by chaperone systems. Here, we examined the function of the glutaredoxin GRXS17, a member of thiol reductase families in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GRXS17 is a nucleocytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin consisting of an N-terminal thioredoxin domain and three CGFS active-site motif-containing GRX domains that coordinate three iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in a glutathione-dependent manner. As an Fe-S cluster-charged holoenzyme, GRXS17 is likely involved in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. In addition to its role in cluster biogenesis, GRXS17 presented both foldase and redox-dependent holdase activities. Oxidative stress in combination with heat stress induced loss of its Fe-S clusters followed by subsequent formation of disulfide bonds between conserved active-site cysteines in the corresponding thioredoxin domains. This oxidation led to a shift of GRXS17 to a high-molecular-weight complex and thus activated its holdase activity in vitro. Moreover, GRXS17 was specifically involved in plant tolerance to moderate high temperature and protected root meristematic cells from heat-induced cell death. Finally, GRXS17 interacted with a different set of proteins upon heat stress, possibly protecting them from heat injuries. Therefore, we propose that the Fe-S cluster enzyme GRXS17 is an essential guard that protects proteins against moderate heat stress, likely through a redox-dependent chaperone activity. We reveal the mechanism of an Fe-S cluster-dependent activity shift that converts the holoenzyme GRXS17 into a holdase, thereby preventing damage caused by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martins
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Laetitia Bariat
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Sven A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Young
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Ho Thuy Dung
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Voth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anne Debures
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Julio Saez-Vasquez
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7238, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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15
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Berndt C, Christ L, Rouhier N, Mühlenhoff U. Glutaredoxins with iron-sulphur clusters in eukaryotes - Structure, function and impact on disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148317. [PMID: 32980338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the thioredoxin superfamily of proteins, the observation that numerous glutaredoxins bind iron-sulphur (Fe/S) clusters is one of the more recent and major developments concerning their functional properties. Glutaredoxins are present in most organisms. All members of the class II subfamily (including most monothiol glutaredoxins), but also some members of the class I (mostly dithiol glutaredoxins) and class III (land plant-specific monothiol or dithiol glutaredoxins) are Fe/S proteins. In glutaredoxins characterised so far, the [2Fe2S] cluster is coordinated by two active-site cysteine residues and two molecules of non-covalently bound glutathione in homo-dimeric complexes bridged by the cluster. In contrast to dithiol glutaredoxins, monothiol glutaredoxins possess no or very little oxidoreductase activity, but have emerged as important players in cellular iron metabolism. In this review we summarise the recent developments of the most prominent Fe/S glutaredoxins in eukaryotes, the mitochondrial single domain monothiol glutaredoxin 5, the chloroplastic single domain monothiol glutaredoxin S14 and S16, the nuclear/cytosolic multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin 3, and the mitochondrial/cytosolic dithiol glutaredoxin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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16
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Daniel T, Faruq HM, Laura Magdalena J, Manuela G, Christopher Horst L. Role of GSH and Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxins in Iron Metabolism-Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3860. [PMID: 32854270 PMCID: PMC7503856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) was initially identified and characterized for its redox properties and later for its contributions to detoxification reactions. Over the past decade, however, the essential contributions of glutathione to cellular iron metabolism have come more and more into focus. GSH is indispensable in mitochondrial iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster biosynthesis, primarily by co-ligating FeS clusters as a cofactor of the CGFS-type (class II) glutaredoxins (Grxs). GSH is required for the export of the yet to be defined FeS precursor from the mitochondria to the cytosol. In the cytosol, it is an essential cofactor, again of the multi-domain CGFS-type Grxs, master players in cellular iron and FeS trafficking. In this review, we summarize the recent advances and progress in this field. The most urgent open questions are discussed, such as the role of GSH in the export of FeS precursors from mitochondria, the physiological roles of the CGFS-type Grx interactions with BolA-like proteins and the cluster transfer between Grxs and recipient proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trnka Daniel
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Hossain Md Faruq
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Jordt Laura Magdalena
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Gellert Manuela
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Lillig Christopher Horst
- Christopher Horst Lillig, Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Pontelli MC, Castro IA, Martins RB, Veras FP, Serra LL, Nascimento DC, Cardoso RS, Rosales R, Lima TM, Souza JP, Caetité DB, de Lima MHF, Kawahisa JT, Giannini MC, Bonjorno LP, Lopes MIF, Batah SS, Siyuan L, Assad RL, Almeida SCL, Oliveira FR, Benatti MN, Pontes LLF, Santana RC, Vilar FC, Martins MA, Cunha TM, Calado RT, Alves-Filho JC, Zamboni DS, Fabro A, Louzada-Junior P, Oliveira RDR, Cunha FQ, Arruda E. Infection of human lymphomononuclear cells by SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 34013264 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.07.896506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 severe infection is associated with a hyperinflammatory state, lymphopenia is an immunological hallmark, and correlates with poor prognosis in COVID-19. However, it remains unknown if circulating human lymphocytes and monocytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo . We found that in vitro infection of whole PBMCs from healthy donors was productive of virus progeny. Results revealed that monocytes, as well as B and T lymphocytes, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 active infection and viral replication was indicated by detection of double-stranded RNA. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in monocytes and B lymphocytes from COVID-19 patients, and less frequently in CD4 + T lymphocytes. The rates of SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients increased over time from symptom onset. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes and B and CD4+T lymphocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry in post mortem lung tissue. SARS-CoV-2 infection of blood circulating leukocytes in COVID-19 patients may have important implications for disease pathogenesis, immune dysfunction, and virus spread within the host.
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18
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Molecular basis for the distinct functions of redox-active and FeS-transfering glutaredoxins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3445. [PMID: 32651396 PMCID: PMC7351949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their very close structural similarity, CxxC/S-type (class I) glutaredoxins (Grxs) act as oxidoreductases, while CGFS-type (class II) Grxs act as FeS cluster transferases. Here we show that the key determinant of Grx function is a distinct loop structure adjacent to the active site. Engineering of a CxxC/S-type Grx with a CGFS-type loop switched its function from oxidoreductase to FeS transferase. Engineering of a CGFS-type Grx with a CxxC/S-type loop abolished FeS transferase activity and activated the oxidative half reaction of the oxidoreductase. The reductive half-reaction, requiring the interaction with a second GSH molecule, was enabled by switching additional residues in the active site. We explain how subtle structural differences, mostly depending on the structure of one particular loop, act in concert to determine Grx function.
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19
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Ibrahim IM, Wu H, Ezhov R, Kayanja GE, Zakharov SD, Du Y, Tao WA, Pushkar Y, Cramer WA, Puthiyaveetil S. An evolutionarily conserved iron-sulfur cluster underlies redox sensory function of the Chloroplast Sensor Kinase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:13. [PMID: 31925322 PMCID: PMC6949291 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic efficiency depends on equal light energy conversion by two spectrally distinct, serially-connected photosystems. The redox state of the plastoquinone pool, located between the two photosystems, is a key regulatory signal that initiates acclimatory changes in the relative abundance of photosystems. The Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) links the plastoquinone redox signal with photosystem gene expression but the mechanism by which it monitors the plastoquinone redox state is unclear. Here we show that the purified Arabidopsis and Phaeodactylum CSK and the cyanobacterial CSK homologue, Histidine kinase 2 (Hik2), are iron-sulfur proteins. The Fe-S cluster of CSK is further revealed to be a high potential redox-responsive [3Fe-4S] center. CSK responds to redox agents with reduced plastoquinone suppressing its autokinase activity. Redox changes within the CSK iron-sulfur cluster translate into conformational changes in the protein fold. These results provide key insights into redox signal perception and propagation by the CSK-based chloroplast two-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gilbert E Kayanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stanislav D Zakharov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yanyan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - William A Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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20
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Filiz E, Aydın Akbudak M. Investigation of PIC1 (permease in chloroplasts 1) gene’s role in iron homeostasis: bioinformatics and expression analyses in tomato and sorghum. Biometals 2019; 33:29-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Liu S, Fu H, Jiang J, Chen Z, Gao J, Shu H, Zhang S, Yang C, Liu J. Overexpression of a CPYC-Type Glutaredoxin, OsGrxC2.2, Causes Abnormal Embryos and an Increased Grain Weight in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:848. [PMID: 31316541 PMCID: PMC6610441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a ubiquitous group of oxidoreductase enzymes that are important in plant growth and development; however, the functions of rice Grxs have not been fully elucidated. In this paper, we showed that one of the Grxs, encoded by OsGrxC2.2, exhibited Grx activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsGrxC2.2 was able to regulate embryo development during embryogenesis. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsGrxC2.2 unexpectedly exhibited degenerate embryos as well as embryoless seeds. Our data indicated that the embryonic abnormalities occurred at an early stage during embryogenesis. We found that the expression of several endodermal layer marker genes for embryo development, such as OSH1 (apical region marker), OsSCR (L2 ground tissue marker), and OsPNH1 (L3 vascular tissue marker), were significantly decreased in the OsGrxC2.2-overexpressed transgenic rice lines. In contrast, the transcript levels of the majority of protodermal layer markers, including HAZ1, ROC2, ROC3, and RAmy1A, and the shoot apical meristem marker HB, showed little change between the wild-type (WT) and OsGrxC2.2-overexpressing embryos. Surprisingly, the seed weight of the overexpressed transgenic rice was remarkably increased in comparison to that of the WT. These results indicate that the overexpression of OsGrxC2.2 interferes with the normal embryogenesis of rice embryos and leads to increased grain weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that OsGrxC2.2 is a rice embryo development-associated gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiadong Gao
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng C, Guo S, Tennant WG, Pradhan PK, Black KA, Dos Santos PC. The Thioredoxin System Reduces Protein Persulfide Intermediates Formed during the Synthesis of Thio-Cofactors in Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1892-1904. [PMID: 30855939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters and other thio-cofactors requires the participation of redox agents. A shared feature in these pathways is the formation of transient protein persulfides, which are susceptible to reduction by artificial reducing agents commonly used in reactions in vitro. These agents modulate the reactivity and catalytic efficiency of biosynthetic reactions and, in some cases, skew the enzymes' kinetic behavior, bypassing sulfur acceptors known to be critical for the functionality of these pathways in vivo. Here, we provide kinetic evidence for the selective reactivity of the Bacillus subtilis Trx (thioredoxin) system toward protein-bound persulfide intermediates. Our results demonstrate that the redox flux of the Trx system modulates the rate of sulfide production in cysteine desulfurase assays. Likewise, the activity of the Trx system is dependent on the rate of persulfide formation, suggesting the occurrence of coupled reaction schemes between both enzymatic systems in vitro. Inactivation of TrxA (thioredoxin) or TrxR (thioredoxin reductase) impairs the activity of Fe-S enzymes in B. subtilis, indicating the involvement of the Trx system in Fe-S cluster metabolism. Surprisingly, biochemical characterization of TrxA reveals that this enzyme is able to coordinate Fe-S species, resulting in the loss of its reductase activity. The inactivation of TrxA through the coordination of a labile cluster, combined with its proposed role as a physiological reducing agent in sulfur transfer pathways, suggests a model for redox regulation. These findings provide a potential link between redox regulation and Fe-S metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - Selina Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - William G Tennant
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
| | - Pradyumna K Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27412 , United States
| | - Katherine A Black
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Patricia C Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27106 , United States
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Rey P, Taupin-Broggini M, Couturier J, Vignols F, Rouhier N. Is There a Role for Glutaredoxins and BOLAs in the Perception of the Cellular Iron Status in Plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:712. [PMID: 31231405 PMCID: PMC6558291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) have at least three major identified functions. In apoforms, they exhibit oxidoreductase activity controlling notably protein glutathionylation/deglutathionylation. In holoforms, i.e., iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-bridging forms, they act as maturation factors for the biogenesis of Fe-S proteins or as regulators of iron homeostasis contributing directly or indirectly to the sensing of cellular iron status and/or distribution. The latter functions seem intimately connected with the capacity of specific GRXs to form [2Fe-2S] cluster-bridging homodimeric or heterodimeric complexes with BOLA proteins. In yeast species, both proteins modulate the localization and/or activity of transcription factors regulating genes coding for proteins involved in iron uptake and intracellular sequestration in response notably to iron deficiency. Whereas vertebrate GRX and BOLA isoforms may display similar functions, the involved partner proteins are different. We perform here a critical evaluation of the results supporting the implication of both protein families in similar signaling pathways in plants and provide ideas and experimental strategies to delineate further their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rey
- Plant Protective Proteins Team, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix-Marseille University, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Maël Taupin-Broggini
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Vignols
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, IAM, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Rouhier,
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25
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Ruan MB, Yang YL, Li KM, Guo X, Wang B, Yu XL, Peng M. Identification and characterization of drought-responsive CC-type glutaredoxins from cassava cultivars reveals their involvement in ABA signalling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:329. [PMID: 30514219 PMCID: PMC6280520 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC-type glutaredoxins (GRXs) are plant-specific glutaredoxin, play regulatory roles in response of biotic and abiotic stress. However, it is not clear whether the CC-type GRXs are involve in drought response in cassava (Manihot esculenta), an important tropical tuber root crop. RESULTS Herein, genome-wide analysis identified 18 CC-type GRXs in the cassava genome, of which six (namely MeGRXC3, C4, C7, C14, C15, and C18) were induced by drought stress in leaves of two cassava cultivars Argentina 7 (Arg7) and South China 124 (SC124). Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application induced the expression of all the six CC-type GRXs in leaves of both Arg7 and SC124 plants. Overexpression of MeGRXC15 in Arabidopsis (Col-0) increases tolerance of ABA on the sealed agar plates, but results in drought hypersensitivity in soil-grown plants. The results of microarray assays show that MeGRXC15 overexpression affected the expression of a set of transcription factors which involve in stress response, ABA, and JA/ET signalling pathway. The results of protein interaction analysis show that MeGRXC15 can interact with TGA5 from Arabidopsis and MeTGA074 from cassava. CONCLUSIONS CC-type glutaredoxins play regulatory roles in cassava response to drought possibly through ABA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Kai-Mian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Danzhou, 571701 China
| | - Xin Guo
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
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The thioredoxin-mediated recycling of Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS16 relies on a conserved C-terminal cysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:426-436. [PMID: 30502392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are oxidoreductases involved in diverse cellular processes through their capacity to reduce glutathionylated proteins and/or to coordinate iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. Among class II GRXs, the plant-specific GRXS16 is a bimodular protein formed by an N-terminal endonuclease domain fused to a GRX domain containing a 158CGFS signature. METHODS The biochemical properties (redox activity, sensitivity to oxidation, pKa of cysteine residues, midpoint redox potential) of Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS16 were investigated by coupling oxidative treatments to alkylation shift assays, activity measurements and mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS Activity measurements using redox-sensitive GFP2 (roGFP2) as target protein did not reveal any significant glutathione-dependent reductase activity of A. thaliana GRXS16 whereas it was able to catalyze the oxidation of roGFP2 in the presence of glutathione disulfide. Accordingly, Arabidopsis GRXS16 reacted efficiently with oxidized forms of glutathione, leading to the formation of an intramolecular disulfide between Cys158 and the semi-conserved Cys215, which has a midpoint redox potential of - 298 mV at pH 7.0 and is reduced by plastidial thioredoxins (TRXs) but not GSH. By promoting the formation of this disulfide, Cys215 modulates GRXS16 oxidoreductase activity. CONCLUSION The reduction of AtGRXS16, which is mandatory for its oxidoreductase activity and the binding of Fe-S clusters, depends on light through the plastidial FTR/TRX system. Hence, disulfide formation may constitute a redox switch mechanism controlling GRXS16 function in response to day/night transition or oxidizing conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE From the in vitro data obtained with roGFP2, one can postulate that GRXS16 would mediate protein glutathionylation/oxidation in plastids but not their deglutathionylation.
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27
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Misslinger M, Lechner BE, Bacher K, Haas H. Iron-sensing is governed by mitochondrial, not by cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Metallomics 2018; 10:1687-1700. [PMID: 30395137 PMCID: PMC6250123 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have to adapt their metabolism to the requirements of their ecological niche to avoid iron shortage as well as iron toxicity. Therefore, mechanisms have been evolved to tightly regulate iron uptake, consumption, and detoxification, which depend on sensing the cellular iron status. In the facultative anaerobic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, iron-sensing depends on mitochondrial (ISC) but not cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (CIA), while in mammals further processing of an ISC product via CIA is required for sensing of the cellular iron state. To address the question of how the obligatory aerobic mold Aspergillus fumigatus senses the cellular iron state, mutant strains allowing the downregulation of ISC and CIA were generated. These studies revealed that: (i) Nfs1 (Afu3g14240) and Nbp35 (Afu2g15960), which are involved in ISC and CIA, respectively, are essential for growth; (ii) a decrease in ISC (Nfs1 depletion) but not CIA (Nbp35 depletion) results in a transcriptional iron starvation response, (iii) a decrease in, ISC as well as CIA, increases the chelatable iron pool, accompanied by increased iron toxicity and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and phleomycin. In agreement with ISC being essential for iron-sensing, a decrease in mitochondrial iron import by deletion of the mitochondrial iron importer MrsA resulted in an iron starvation response. Taken together, these data underline that iron-sensing in A. fumigatus depends on ISC but not CIA. Moreover, depletion of the glutathione pool via generating a mutant lacking γ-glutamylcysteine synthase, GshA (Afu3g13900), caused an iron starvation response, underlining a crucial role of glutathione in iron-sensing in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Misslinger
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter
, Medical University of Innsbruck
,
Innrain 80
, 6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Beatrix E. Lechner
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter
, Medical University of Innsbruck
,
Innrain 80
, 6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Katharina Bacher
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter
, Medical University of Innsbruck
,
Innrain 80
, 6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter
, Medical University of Innsbruck
,
Innrain 80
, 6020 Innsbruck
, Austria
.
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28
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Zannini F, Roret T, Przybyla-Toscano J, Dhalleine T, Rouhier N, Couturier J. Mitochondrial Arabidopsis thaliana TRXo Isoforms Bind an Iron⁻Sulfur Cluster and Reduce NFU Proteins In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E142. [PMID: 30322144 PMCID: PMC6210436 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the mitochondrial thioredoxin (TRX) system generally comprises only one or two isoforms belonging to the TRX h or o classes, being less well developed compared to the numerous isoforms found in chloroplasts. Unlike most other plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two TRXo isoforms whose physiological functions remain unclear. Here, we performed a structure⁻function analysis to unravel the respective properties of the duplicated TRXo1 and TRXo2 isoforms. Surprisingly, when expressed in Escherichia coli, both recombinant proteins existed in an apo-monomeric form and in a homodimeric iron⁻sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-bridged form. In TRXo2, the [4Fe-4S] cluster is likely ligated in by the usual catalytic cysteines present in the conserved Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys signature. Solving the three-dimensional structure of both TRXo apo-forms pointed to marked differences in the surface charge distribution, notably in some area usually participating to protein⁻protein interactions with partners. However, we could not detect a difference in their capacity to reduce nitrogen-fixation-subunit-U (NFU)-like proteins, NFU4 or NFU5, two proteins participating in the maturation of certain mitochondrial Fe-S proteins and previously isolated as putative TRXo1 partners. Altogether, these results suggest that a novel regulation mechanism may prevail for mitochondrial TRXs o, possibly existing as a redox-inactive Fe-S cluster-bound form that could be rapidly converted in a redox-active form upon cluster degradation in specific physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- CNRS, LBI2M, Sorbonne Universités, F-29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
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Abdalla M, Eltayb WA, El-Arabey AA, Mo R, Dafaalla TIM, Hamouda HI, Bhat EA, Awadasseid A, Ali HAA. Structure analysis of yeast glutaredoxin Grx6 protein produced in Escherichia coli. Genes Environ 2018; 40:15. [PMID: 30123389 PMCID: PMC6091153 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grx6 is a yeast Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum protein involved in iron-sulfur binding that belongs to monothiol glutaredoxin-protein family. Grx6 has been biochemically characterized previously. Grx6 contains a conserved cysteine residue (Cys-136). Depending on the active-site sequences, Grxs can be classified to classic dithiol Grxs with a CXXC motif known as classes II and monothiol Grxs with a CXXS motif known as classes I, and Grx6 belongs to the class I with a CSYS motif. Results Our results showed how the loop between the N-terminal and C-terminal can affect the stability. When Grx6 was incubated with FeSO4·7H2O and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O, a disulfide bond was formed between the cysteine 136 and glutathione, and the concentration of dimer and tetramer was increased. The results presented various levels of stability of Grx6 with mutant and deleted amino acids. We also highlighted the difference between the monomer and dimer forms of the Grx6, in addition to comparison of the Fe-S cluster positions among holo forms of poplar Grx-C1, human Grx2 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx6. Conclusions In this paper, we used a combination of spectroscopic and proteomic techniques to analyse the sequence and to determine the affected mutations and deletions in the stability of Grx6. Our results have increased the knowledge about the differences between monomer and dimer structures in cellular processes and proteins whose roles and functions depend on YCA1 in yeast. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-018-0103-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohnad Abdalla
- 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan.,2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao Shi, Shandong Sheng 266000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wafa Ali Eltayb
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,4Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi, Nher Anile Sudan
| | - Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Raihan Mo
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - T I M Dafaalla
- 5College of Education, Sinnar University, 11147 Sinnar, Sudan
| | - Hamed I Hamouda
- 3Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao Shi, Shandong Sheng 266000 People's Republic of China
| | - Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749 South Korea
| | - Annoor Awadasseid
- 7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 China
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30
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Noctor G, Reichheld JP, Foyer CH. ROS-related redox regulation and signaling in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Jacquot JP. Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Chemistry and Biology. Volume 2: Biochemistry, Biosynthesis and Human Diseases.Edited by Tracey Rouault. De Gruyter, 2017. Pp. xxi + 470. Price EUR 99.95, GBP 90.99, USD 140.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-3-11-047985-0. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular low-molecular-weight thiol in the majority of organisms in all kingdoms of life. Therefore, functions of GSH and disturbed regulation of its concentration are associated with numerous physiological and pathological situations. Recent Advances: The function of GSH as redox buffer or antioxidant is increasingly being questioned. New functions, especially functions connected to the cellular iron homeostasis, were elucidated. Via the formation of iron complexes, GSH is an important player in all aspects of iron metabolism: sensing and regulation of iron levels, iron trafficking, and biosynthesis of iron cofactors. The variety of GSH coordinated iron complexes and their functions with a special focus on FeS-glutaredoxins are summarized in this review. Interestingly, GSH analogues that function as major low-molecular-weight thiols in organisms lacking GSH resemble the functions in iron homeostasis. CRITICAL ISSUES Since these iron-related functions are most likely also connected to thiol redox chemistry, it is difficult to distinguish between mechanisms related to either redox or iron metabolisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The ability of GSH to coordinate iron in different complexes with or without proteins needs further investigation. The discovery of new Fe-GSH complexes and their physiological functions will significantly advance our understanding of cellular iron homeostasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1235-1251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- 1 Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Life Science Center , Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- 2 Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
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Rey P, Becuwe N, Tourrette S, Rouhier N. Involvement of Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S14 in the maintenance of chlorophyll content. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2319-2332. [PMID: 28741719 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant class-II glutaredoxins (GRXs) are oxidoreductases carrying a CGFS active site signature and are able to bind iron-sulfur clusters in vitro. In order to explore the physiological functions of the 2 plastidial class-II isoforms, GRXS14 and GRXS16, we generated knockdown and overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana lines and characterized their phenotypes using physiological and biochemical approaches. Plants deficient in one GRX did not display any growth defect, whereas the growth of plants lacking both was slowed. Plants overexpressing GRXS14 exhibited reduced chlorophyll content in control, high-light, and high-salt conditions. However, when exposed to prolonged darkness, plants lacking GRXS14 showed accelerated chlorophyll loss compared to wild-type and overexpression lines. We observed that the GRXS14 abundance and the proportion of reduced form were modified in wild type upon darkness and high salt. The dark treatment also resulted in decreased abundance of proteins involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins. We propose that the phenotype of GRXS14-modified lines results from its participation in the control of chlorophyll content in relation with light and osmotic conditions, possibly through a dual action in regulating the redox status of biosynthetic enzymes and contributing to the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters, which are essential cofactors in chlorophyll metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rey
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Ecophysiol Molecul Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Noëlle Becuwe
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Ecophysiol Molecul Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Sébastien Tourrette
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Ecophysiol Molecul Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54280, Champenoux, France
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Zhang X, Wang W, Li C, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Tan X, Wu L, Wang Z, Wang H. Structural insights into the binding of buckwheat glutaredoxin with GSH and regulation of its catalytic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 173:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Remelli W, Santabarbara S, Carbonera D, Bonomi F, Ceriotti A, Casazza AP. Iron Binding Properties of Recombinant Class A Protein Disulfide Isomerase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2116-2125. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Remelli
- Istituto
di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Celoria
26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto
di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Celoria
26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonomi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, DeFENS, Università di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Istituto
di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto
di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Selles B, Zannini F, Couturier J, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Atypical protein disulfide isomerases (PDI): Comparison of the molecular and catalytic properties of poplar PDI-A and PDI-M with PDI-L1A. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174753. [PMID: 28362814 PMCID: PMC5375154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases are overwhelmingly multi-modular redox catalysts able to perform the formation, reduction or isomerisation of disulfide bonds. We present here the biochemical characterization of three different poplar PDI isoforms. PDI-A is characterized by a single catalytic Trx module, the so-called a domain, whereas PDI-L1a and PDI-M display an a-b-b’-a’ and a°-a-b organisation respectively. Their activities have been tested in vitro using purified recombinant proteins and a series of model substrates as insulin, NADPH thioredoxin reductase, NADP malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), peroxiredoxins or RNase A. We demonstrated that PDI-A exhibited none of the usually reported activities, although the cysteines of the WCKHC active site signature are able to form a disulfide with a redox midpoint potential of -170 mV at pH 7.0. The fact that it is able to bind a [Fe2S2] cluster upon Escherichia coli expression and anaerobic purification might indicate that it does not have a function in dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. The two other proteins were able to catalyze oxidation or reduction reactions, PDI-L1a being more efficient in most cases, except that it was unable to activate the non-physiological substrate NADP-MDH, in contrast to PDI-M. To further evaluate the contribution of the catalytic domains of PDI-M, the dicysteinic motifs have been independently mutated in each a domain. The results indicated that the two a domains seem interconnected and that the a° module preferentially catalyzed oxidation reactions whereas the a module catalyzed reduction reactions, in line with the respective redox potentials of -170 mV and -190 mV at pH 7.0. Overall, these in vitro results illustrate that the number and position of a and b domains influence the redox properties and substrate recognition (both electron donors and acceptors) of PDI which contributes to understand why this protein family expanded along evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Selles
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Flavien Zannini
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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Vranish JN, Das D, Barondeau DP. Real-Time Kinetic Probes Support Monothiol Glutaredoxins As Intermediate Carriers in Fe-S Cluster Biosynthetic Pathways. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3114-3121. [PMID: 27653419 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are protein cofactors that are required for many essential cellular functions. Fe-S clusters are synthesized and inserted into target proteins by an elaborate biosynthetic process. The insensitivity of most Fe-S assembly and transfer assays requires high concentrations for components and places major limits on reaction complexity. Recently, fluorophore labels were shown to be effective at reporting cluster content for Fe-S proteins. Here, the incorporation of this labeling approach allowed the design and interrogation of complex Fe-S cluster biosynthetic reactions that mimic in vivo conditions. A bacterial Fe-S assembly complex, composed of the cysteine desulfurase IscS and scaffold protein IscU, was used to generate [2Fe-2S] clusters for transfer to mixtures of putative intermediate carrier and acceptor proteins. The focus of this study was to test whether the monothiol glutaredoxin, Grx4, functions as an obligate [2Fe-2S] carrier protein in the Fe-S cluster distribution network. Interestingly, [2Fe-2S] clusters generated by the IscS-IscU complex transferred to Grx4 at rates comparable to previous assays using uncomplexed IscU as a cluster source in chaperone-assisted transfer reactions. Further, we provide evidence that [2Fe-2S]-Grx4 delivers clusters to multiple classes of Fe-S targets via direct ligand exchange in a process that is both dynamic and reversible. Global fits of cluster transfer kinetics support a model in which Grx4 outcompetes terminal target proteins for IscU-bound [2Fe-2S] clusters and functions as an intermediate cluster carrier. Overall, these studies demonstrate the power of chemically conjugated fluorophore reporters for unraveling mechanistic details of biological metal cofactor assembly and distribution networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Vranish
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States
| | - Deepika Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - David P. Barondeau
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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Abdalla M, Dai YN, Chi CB, Cheng W, Cao DD, Zhou K, Ali W, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Crystal structure of yeast monothiol glutaredoxin Grx6 in complex with a glutathione-coordinated [2Fe-2S] cluster. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:732-737. [PMID: 27710937 PMCID: PMC5053157 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16013418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) constitute a superfamily of proteins that perform diverse biological functions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutaredoxin Grx6 not only serves as a glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductase and as a GSH transferase, but also as an essential [2Fe-2S]-binding protein. Here, the dimeric structure of the C-terminal domain of Grx6 (holo Grx6C), bridged by one [2Fe-2S] cluster coordinated by the active-site Cys136 and two external GSH molecules, is reported. Structural comparison combined with multiple-sequence alignment demonstrated that holo Grx6C is similar to the [2Fe-2S] cluster-incorporated dithiol Grxs, which share a highly conserved [2Fe-2S] cluster-binding pattern and dimeric conformation that is distinct from the previously identified [2Fe-2S] cluster-ligated monothiol Grxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohnad Abdalla
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Biao Chi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wafa Ali
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Petre B, Hecker A, Germain H, Tsan P, Sklenar J, Pelletier G, Séguin A, Duplessis S, Rouhier N. The Poplar Rust-Induced Secreted Protein (RISP) Inhibits the Growth of the Leaf Rust Pathogen Melampsora larici-populina and Triggers Cell Culture Alkalinisation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:97. [PMID: 26925067 PMCID: PMC4756128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells secrete a wide range of proteins in extracellular spaces in response to pathogen attack. The poplar rust-induced secreted protein (RISP) is a small cationic protein of unknown function that was identified as the most induced gene in poplar leaves during immune responses to the leaf rust pathogen Melampsora larici-populina, an obligate biotrophic parasite. Here, we combined in planta and in vitro molecular biology approaches to tackle the function of RISP. Using a RISP-mCherry fusion transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that RISP is secreted into the apoplast. A recombinant RISP specifically binds to M. larici-populina urediniospores and inhibits their germination. It also arrests the growth of the fungus in vitro and on poplar leaves. Interestingly, RISP also triggers poplar cell culture alkalinisation and is cleaved at the C-terminus by a plant-encoded mechanism. Altogether our results indicate that RISP is an antifungal protein that has the ability to trigger cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich, UK
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hugo Germain
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-RivièresQC, Canada
| | - Pascale Tsan
- CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Gervais Pelletier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Dumont S, Bykova NV, Pelletier G, Dorion S, Rivoal J. Cytosolic Triosephosphate Isomerase from Arabidopsis thaliana Is Reversibly Modified by Glutathione on Cysteines 127 and 218. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1942. [PMID: 28066493 PMCID: PMC5177656 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, an increase in cellular oxidants can have multiple effects, including the promotion of mixed disulfide bonds between glutathione and some proteins (S-glutathionylation). The present study focuses on the cytosolic isoform of the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) from Arabidopsis thaliana and its reversible modification by glutathione. We used purified recombinant cTPI to demonstrate the enzyme sensitivity to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide, hydrogen peroxide and diamide. Treatment of cTPI with diamide in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) led to a virtually complete inhibition of its enzymatic activity by S-glutathionylation. Recombinant cTPI was also sensitive to the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) in the micromolar range. Activity of cTPI was restored after reversion of S-glutathionylation by two purified recombinant A. thaliana cytosolic glutaredoxins (GRXs). GRXs-mediated deglutathionylation of cTPI was dependent on a GSH-regenerating system. Analysis of cTPI by mass spectrometry after S-glutathionylation by GSSG revealed that two Cys residues (Cys127 and Cys218) were modified by glutathione. The role of these two residues was assessed using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation of Cys127 and Cys218 to Ser separately or together caused different levels of decrease in enzyme activity, loss of stability, as well as alteration of intrinsic fluorescence, underlining the importance of these Cys residues in protein conformation. Comparison of wild-type and mutant proteins modified with biotinyl glutathione ethyl ester (BioGEE) showed partial binding with single mutants and total loss of binding with the double mutant, demonstrating that both Cys residues were significantly S-glutathionylated. cTPI modification with BioGEE was reversed using DTT. Our study provides the first identification of the amino acid residues involved in cTPI S-glutathionylation and supports the hypothesis that this reversible modification could be part of an oxidative stress response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dumont
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia V. Bykova
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
| | - Guillaume Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Dorion
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean Rivoal,
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Lill R, Dutkiewicz R, Freibert SA, Heidenreich T, Mascarenhas J, Netz DJ, Paul VD, Pierik AJ, Richter N, Stümpfig M, Srinivasan V, Stehling O, Mühlenhoff U. The role of mitochondria and the CIA machinery in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron–sulfur proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:280-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Couturier J, Przybyla-Toscano J, Roret T, Didierjean C, Rouhier N. The roles of glutaredoxins ligating Fe–S clusters: Sensing, transfer or repair functions? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1513-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Albertini M, Berto P, Vallese F, Di Valentin M, Costantini P, Carbonera D. Probing the Solvent Accessibility of the [4Fe-4S] Cluster of the Hydrogenase Maturation Protein HydF from Thermotoga neapolitana by HYSCORE and 3p-ESEEM. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13680-9. [PMID: 25978307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic site of [FeFe]-hydrogenase, the "H-cluster", composed of a [4Fe-4S] unit connected by a cysteinyl residue to a [2Fe] center coordinated by three CO, two CN(-), and a bridging dithiolate, is assembled in a complex maturation pathway, at present not fully characterized, involving three conserved proteins, HydG, HydE, and HydF. HydF is a complex enzyme, which is thought to act as a scaffold and carrier for the [2Fe] subunit of the H-cluster. This maturase protein contains itself a [4Fe-4S] cluster binding site, with three conserved cysteine residues and a noncysteinyl fourth ligand. In this work, we have exploited 3p-ESEEM and HYSCORE spectroscopies to get insight into the structure and the chemical environment of the [4Fe-4S] cluster of HydF from the hyperthermophilic organism Thermotoga neapolitana. The nature of the fourth ligand and the solvent accessibility of the active site comprising the [4Fe-4S] cluster are discussed on the basis of the spectroscopic results obtained upon H/D exchange. We propose that the noncysteinyl ligated Fe atom of the [4Fe-4S] cluster is the site where the [2Fe] subcluster precursor is anchored and finally processed to be delivered to the hydrogenase (HydA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Albertini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Berto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Vallese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Costantini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova , Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Knuesting J, Riondet C, Maria C, Kruse I, Bécuwe N, König N, Berndt C, Tourrette S, Guilleminot-Montoya J, Herrero E, Gaymard F, Balk J, Belli G, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Rey P. Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S17 and its partner, the nuclear factor Y subunit C11/negative cofactor 2α, contribute to maintenance of the shoot apical meristem under long-day photoperiod. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1643-58. [PMID: 25699589 PMCID: PMC4378178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) catalyze the reduction of protein disulfide bonds using glutathione as a reductant. Certain GRXs are able to transfer iron-sulfur clusters to other proteins. To investigate the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GRXS17, we applied a strategy combining biochemical, genetic, and physiological approaches. GRXS17 was localized in the nucleus and cytosol, and its expression was elevated in the shoot meristems and reproductive tissues. Recombinant GRXS17 bound Fe2S2 clusters, a property likely contributing to its ability to complement the defects of a Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain lacking the mitochondrial GRX5. However, a grxs17 knockout Arabidopsis mutant exhibited only a minor decrease in the activities of iron-sulfur enzymes, suggesting that its primary function is as a disulfide oxidoreductase. The grxS17 plants were sensitive to high temperatures and long-day photoperiods, resulting in elongated leaves, compromised shoot apical meristem, and delayed bolting. Both environmental conditions applied simultaneously led to a growth arrest. Using affinity chromatography and split-Yellow Fluorescent Protein methods, a nuclear transcriptional regulator, the Nuclear Factor Y Subunit C11/Negative Cofactor 2α (NF-YC11/NC2α), was identified as a GRXS17 interacting partner. A mutant deficient in NF-YC11/NC2α exhibited similar phenotypes to grxs17 in response to photoperiod. Therefore, we propose that GRXS17 interacts with NF-YC11/NC2α to relay a redox signal generated by the photoperiod to maintain meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carlos Maria
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Noëlle Bécuwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas König
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Sébastien Tourrette
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jocelyne Guilleminot-Montoya
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Gemma Belli
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Wang L, Li Y, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N, Xia B. Characterization of poplar GrxS14 in different structural forms. Protein Cell 2014; 5:329-33. [PMID: 24639280 PMCID: PMC3996159 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Li S. Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses. PLANTS 2014; 3:559-82. [PMID: 27135520 PMCID: PMC4844277 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible reduction of protein disulfide bridges or protein-GSH mixed disulfide bonds via a dithiol or monothiol mechanism, respectively. Three major classes of GRXs, with the CPYC-type, the CGFS-type or the CC-type active site, have been identified in many plant species. In spite of the well-characterized roles for GRXs in Escherichia coli, yeast and humans, the biological functions of plant GRXs have been largely enigmatic. The CPYC-type and CGFS-type GRXs exist in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, whereas the CC-type class has thus far been solely identified in land plants. Only the number of the CC-type GRXs has enlarged dramatically during the evolution of land plants, suggesting their participation in the formation of more complex plants adapted to life on land. A growing body of evidence indicates that plant GRXs are involved in numerous cellular pathways. In this review, emphasis is placed on the recently emerging functions for GRXs in floral organ development and disease resistance. Notably, CC-type GRXs have been recruited to participate in these two seemingly unrelated processes. Besides, the current knowledge of plant GRXs in the assembly and delivery of iron-sulfur clusters, oxidative stress responses and arsenic resistance is also presented. As GRXs require GSH as an electron donor to reduce their target proteins, GSH-related developmental processes, including the control of flowering time and the development of postembryonic roots and shoots, are further discussed. Profiling the thiol redox proteome using high-throughput proteomic approaches and measuring cellular redox changes with fluorescent redox biosensors will help to further unravel the redox-regulated physiological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Li
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Qi W, Li J, Cowan JA. A structural model for glutathione-complexed iron-sulfur cluster as a substrate for ABCB7-type transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3795-8. [PMID: 24584132 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-complexed [2Fe-2S] cluster is shown to significantly stimulate the ATPase activity of an ABCB7-type transporter in both solution and proteoliposome-bound forms (KD ∼ 68 μM). The cluster is a likely natural substrate for this transporter, which has been implicated in cytosolic Fe-S cluster protein maturation. A possible substrate-binding site is identified on a new structural model for the active transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Qi
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, USA.
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Zanello P. The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part II. {[Fe2S2](SγCys)4} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Balsera M, Uberegui E, Schürmann P, Buchanan BB. Evolutionary development of redox regulation in chloroplasts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1327-55. [PMID: 24483204 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The post-translational modification of thiol groups stands out as a key strategy that cells employ for metabolic regulation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Nowhere is this more evident than in chloroplasts-the O2-evolving photosynthetic organelles of plant cells that are fitted with multiple redox systems, including the thioredoxin (Trx) family of oxidoreductases functional in the reversible modification of regulatory thiols of proteins in all types of cells. The best understood member of this family in chloroplasts is the ferredoxin-linked thioredoxin system (FTS) by which proteins are modified via light-dependent disulfide/dithiol (S-S/2SH) transitions. RECENT ADVANCES Discovered in the reductive activation of enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle in illuminated chloroplast preparations, recent studies have extended the role of the FTS far beyond its original boundaries to include a spectrum of cellular processes. Together with the NADP-linked thioredoxin reductase C-type (NTRC) and glutathione/glutaredoxin systems, the FTS also plays a central role in the response of chloroplasts to different types of stress. CRITICAL ISSUES The comparisons of redox regulatory networks functional in chloroplasts of land plants with those of cyanobacteria-prokaryotes considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts-and different types of algae summarized in this review have provided new insight into the evolutionary development of redox regulation, starting with the simplest O2-evolving organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evolutionary appearance, mode of action, and specificity of the redox regulatory systems functional in chloroplasts, as well as the types of redox modification operating under diverse environmental conditions stand out as areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Balsera
- 1 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
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