1
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Wu S, Liu J, Liu H, Wang D, Zhang Y, Niu H, Su X, Sun J, Shen L. PLZF restricts intestinal ILC3 function in gut defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:379-388. [PMID: 36693920 PMCID: PMC10066334 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis by protecting the host from pathogen infections and tissue inflammation. The transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger), encoded by zinc finger BTB domain containing 16 (Zbtb16), is highly and transiently expressed in ILC precursors (ILCPs). However, the role of PLZF in regulating ILC3 development and function remains unknown. Here, we show that PLZF was specifically expressed in mature intestinal ILC3s compared with other ILC subsets. PLZF was dispensable for ILC3 development. However, PLZF deficiency in ILC3s resulted in increased innate interleukin-22 (IL-22) secretion and protection against gut infection and inflammation. Mechanistically, PLZF negatively regulated IL-22 expression by ILC3s in a cell-intrinsic manner by binding to the IL-22 promoter region for transcriptional repression. Together, our data suggest that PLZF restricts intestinal ILC3 function to regulate gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianyue Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dongdi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongshen Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiping Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China.
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2
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Harly C, Robert J, Legoux F, Lantz O. γδ T, NKT, and MAIT Cells During Evolution: Redundancy or Specialized Functions? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:217-225. [PMID: 35821101 PMCID: PMC7613099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Innate-like T cells display characteristics of both innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and mainstream αβ T cells, leading to overlapping functions of innate-like T cells with both subsets. In this review, we show that although innate-like T cells are probably present in all vertebrates, their main characteristics are much better known in amphibians and mammals. Innate-like T cells encompass both γδ and αβ T cells. In mammals, γδ TCRs likely coevolved with molecules of the butyrophilin family they interact with, whereas the semi-invariant TCRs of iNKT and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are evolutionarily locked with their restricting MH1b molecules, CD1d and MR1, respectively. The strong conservation of the Ag recognition systems of innate-like T cell subsets despite similar effector potentialities supports that each one fulfills nonredundant roles related to their Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Harly
- Nantes Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1307, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR6075, Université d'Angers, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Intégrée Nantes Angers CRCI2NA, Nantes, France;
- LabEx Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Francois Legoux
- INSERM U932, Paris Sciences et Lettres Université, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, Paris Sciences et Lettres Université, Institut Curie, Paris, France;
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France; and
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428), Paris, France
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3
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Mulè MP, Martins AJ, Tsang JS. Normalizing and denoising protein expression data from droplet-based single cell profiling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2099. [PMID: 35440536 PMCID: PMC9018908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal single-cell profiling methods that measure protein expression with oligo-conjugated antibodies hold promise for comprehensive dissection of cellular heterogeneity, yet the resulting protein counts have substantial technical noise that can mask biological variations. Here we integrate experiments and computational analyses to reveal two major noise sources and develop a method called "dsb" (denoised and scaled by background) to normalize and denoise droplet-based protein expression data. We discover that protein-specific noise originates from unbound antibodies encapsulated during droplet generation; this noise can thus be accurately estimated and corrected by utilizing protein levels in empty droplets. We also find that isotype control antibodies and the background protein population average in each cell exhibit significant correlations across single cells, we thus use their shared variance to correct for cell-to-cell technical noise in each cell. We validate these findings by analyzing the performance of dsb in eight independent datasets spanning multiple technologies, including CITE-seq, ASAP-seq, and TEA-seq. Compared to existing normalization methods, our approach improves downstream analyses by better unmasking biologically meaningful cell populations. Our method is available as an open-source R package that interfaces easily with existing single cell software platforms such as Seurat, Bioconductor, and Scanpy and can be accessed at "dsb [ https://cran.r-project.org/package=dsb ]".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Mulè
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH-Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
- NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Kragten NA, Taggenbrock RL, Vidal LP, van Lier RA, Stark R, van Gisbergen KP. Hobit and Blimp-1 instruct the differentiation of iNKT cells into resident-phenotype lymphocytes after lineage commitment. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:389-403. [PMID: 34897659 PMCID: PMC9305946 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
iNKT cells are CD1d‐restricted T cells that play a pro‐inflammatory or regulatory role in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Thymic precursors of iNKT cells eventually develop into distinct iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 lineages in the periphery. It remains unclear whether iNKT cells retain developmental potential after lineage commitment. iNKT cells acquire a similar phenotype as tissue‐resident memory T cells, suggesting that they also differentiate along a trajectory that enables them to persist in peripheral tissues. Here, we addressed whether lineage commitment and memory differentiation are parallel or sequential developmental programs of iNKT cells. We defined three subsets of peripheral iNKT cells using CD62L and CD69 expression that separate central, effector, and resident memory phenotype cells. The majority of iNKT1 cells displayed a resident phenotype in contrast to iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells. The transcription factor Hobit, which is upregulated in iNKT cells, plays an essential role in their development together with its homolog Blimp‐1. Hobit and Blimp‐1 instructed the differentiation of central memory iNKT cells into resident memory iNKT cells, but did not impact commitment into iNKT1, iNKT2, or iNKT17 lineages. Thus, we conclude that memory differentiation and the establishment of residency occur after lineage commitment through a Hobit and Blimp‐1‐driven transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Am Kragten
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Lre Taggenbrock
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loreto Parga Vidal
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Aw van Lier
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept. of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Pjm van Gisbergen
- Dept. of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Cheng ZY, He TT, Gao XM, Zhao Y, Wang J. ZBTB Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Development, Differentiation and Effector Function of T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713294. [PMID: 34349770 PMCID: PMC8326903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and differentiation of T cells represents a long and highly coordinated, yet flexible at some points, pathway, along which the sequential and dynamic expressions of different transcriptional factors play prominent roles at multiple steps. The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors, and many of them have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation and effector function of hematopoietic-derived cells as well as a variety of other developmental events. Within the T-cell lineage, several ZBTB proteins, including ZBTB1, ZBTB17, ZBTB7B (THPOK) and BCL6 (ZBTB27), mainly regulate the development and/or differentiation of conventional CD4/CD8 αβ+ T cells, whereas ZBTB16 (PLZF) is essential for the development and function of innate-like unconventional γδ+ T & invariant NKT cells. Given the critical role of T cells in host defenses against infections/tumors and in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, we herein summarize the roles of fourteen ZBTB family members in the development, differentiation and effector function of both conventional and unconventional T cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Won HY, Kim HK, Crossman A, Awasthi P, Gress RE, Park JH. The Timing and Abundance of IL-2Rβ (CD122) Expression Control Thymic iNKT Cell Generation and NKT1 Subset Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642856. [PMID: 34054809 PMCID: PMC8161506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like T cells, comprised of three distinct subsets with divergent effector functions. The molecular mechanism that drives the lineage trifurcation of immature iNKT cells into the NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 subsets remains a controversial issue that remains to be resolved. Because cytokine receptor signaling is necessary for iNKT cell generation, cytokines are proposed to contribute to iNKT subset differentiation also. However, the precise roles and requirements of cytokines in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we show that IL-2Rβ, a nonredundant component of the IL-15 receptor complex, plays a critical role in both the development and differentiation of thymic iNKT cells. While the induction of IL-2Rβ expression on postselection thymocytes is necessary to drive the generation of iNKT cells, surprisingly, premature IL-2Rβ expression on immature iNKT cells was detrimental to their development. Moreover, while IL-2Rβ is necessary for NKT1 generation, paradoxically, we found that the increased abundance of IL-2Rβ suppressed NKT1 generation without affecting NKT2 and NKT17 cell differentiation. Thus, the timing and abundance of IL-2Rβ expression control iNKT lineage fate and development, thereby establishing cytokine receptor expression as a critical regulator of thymic iNKT cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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7
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Wei YD, Du XM, Yang DH, Ma FL, Yu XW, Zhang MF, Li N, Peng S, Liao MZ, Li GP, Bai CL, Liu WS, Hua JL. Dmrt1 regulates the immune response by repressing the TLR4 signaling pathway in goat male germline stem cells. Zool Res 2021; 42:14-27. [PMID: 33420764 PMCID: PMC7840460 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double sex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1), which is expressed in goat male germline stem cells (mGSCs) and Sertoli cells, is one of the most conserved transcription factors involved in sex determination. In this study, we highlighted the role of Dmrt1 in balancing the innate immune response in goat mGSCs. Dmrt1 recruited promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (Plzf), also known as zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 (Zbtb16), to repress the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammatory signaling pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Knockdown of Dmrt1 in seminiferous tubules resulted in widespread degeneration of germ and somatic cells, while the expression of proinflammatory factors were significantly enhanced. We also demonstrated that Dmrt1 stimulated proliferation of mGSCs, but repressed apoptosis caused by the immune response. Thus, Dmrt1 is sufficient to reduce inflammation in the testes, thereby establishing the stability of spermatogenesis and the testicular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Min Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong-Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fang-Lin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng-Fei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Chun-Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China. E-mail:
| | - Wei-Shuai Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
| | - Jin-Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
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8
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Pereira BI, De Maeyer RPH, Covre LP, Nehar-Belaid D, Lanna A, Ward S, Marches R, Chambers ES, Gomes DCO, Riddell NE, Maini MK, Teixeira VH, Janes SM, Gilroy DW, Larbi A, Mabbott NA, Ucar D, Kuchel GA, Henson SM, Strid J, Lee JH, Banchereau J, Akbar AN. Sestrins induce natural killer function in senescent-like CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:684-694. [PMID: 32231301 PMCID: PMC10249464 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with remodeling of the immune system to enable the maintenance of life-long immunity. In the CD8+ T cell compartment, aging results in the expansion of highly differentiated cells that exhibit characteristics of cellular senescence. Here we found that CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells lost the signaling activity of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and expressed a protein complex containing the agonistic natural killer (NK) receptor NKG2D and the NK adaptor molecule DAP12, which promoted cytotoxicity against cells that expressed NKG2D ligands. Immunoprecipitation and imaging cytometry indicated that the NKG2D-DAP12 complex was associated with sestrin 2. The genetic inhibition of sestrin 2 resulted in decreased expression of NKG2D and DAP12 and restored TCR signaling in senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells. Therefore, during aging, sestrins induce the reprogramming of non-proliferative senescent-like CD27-CD28-CD8+ T cells to acquire a broad-spectrum, innate-like killing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branca I Pereira
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roel P H De Maeyer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luciana P Covre
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Ward
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Radu Marches
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emma S Chambers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel C O Gomes
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Natalie E Riddell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sian M Henson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jun H Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Ultra-high throughput single-cell analysis of proteins and RNAs by split-pool synthesis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:213. [PMID: 32382044 PMCID: PMC7205613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell omics provide insight into cellular heterogeneity and function. Recent technological advances have accelerated single-cell analyses, but workflows remain expensive and complex. We present a method enabling simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding of millions of cells for targeted analysis of proteins and RNAs. Quantum barcoding (QBC) avoids isolation of single cells by building cell-specific oligo barcodes dynamically within each cell. With minimal instrumentation (four 96-well plates and a multichannel pipette), cell-specific codes are added to each tagged molecule within cells through sequential rounds of classical split-pool synthesis. Here we show the utility of this technology in mouse and human model systems for as many as 50 antibodies to targeted proteins and, separately, >70 targeted RNA regions. We demonstrate that this method can be applied to multi-modal protein and RNA analyses. It can be scaled by expansion of the split-pool process and effectively renders sequencing instruments as versatile multi-parameter flow cytometers. Maeve O’Huallachain et al. report a method that enables simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding for targeted single-cell protein and RNA analysis. They show the utility of their method in analyses of mRNA and protein expression in human and mouse cells.
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10
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Zhang S, Vieth JA, Krzyzanowska A, Henry EK, Denzin LK, Siracusa MC, Sant'Angelo DB. The Transcription Factor PLZF Is Necessary for the Development and Function of Mouse Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1230-1241. [PMID: 31366712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Basophils are innate immune cells associated with type 2 immunity, allergic reactions, and host defense against parasite infections. In this study, we show that the transcription factor PLZF, which is known for its essential role in the function and development of several innate lymphocyte subsets, is also important for the myeloid-derived basophil lineage. PLZF-deficient mice had decreased numbers of basophil progenitors in the bone marrow and mature basophils in multiple peripheral tissues. Functionally, PLZF-deficient basophils were less responsive to IgE activation and produced reduced amounts of IL-4. The altered function of basophils resulted in a blunted Th2 T cell response to a protein allergen. Additionally, PLZF-deficient basophils had reduced expression of the IL-18 receptor, which impacted migration to lungs. PLZF, therefore, is a major player in controlling type 2 immune responses mediated not only by innate lymphocytes but also by myeloid-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Joshua A Vieth
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Agata Krzyzanowska
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Everett K Henry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; .,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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11
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Hosokawa H, Romero-Wolf M, Yui MA, Ungerbäck J, Quiloan MLG, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Tanaka T, Rothenberg EV. Bcl11b sets pro-T cell fate by site-specific cofactor recruitment and by repressing Id2 and Zbtb16. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1427-1440. [PMID: 30374131 PMCID: PMC6240390 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent progenitors confirm their T cell-lineage identity in the DN2 pro-T cell stages, when expression of the essential transcription factor Bcl11b begins. In vivo and in vitro stage-specific deletions globally identified Bcl11b-controlled target genes in pro-T cells. Proteomic analysis revealed that Bcl11b associates with multiple cofactors, and that its direct action was needed to recruit these cofactors to selective target sites. These sites of Bcl11b-dependent cofactor recruitment were enriched near functionally regulated target genes, and deletion of individual cofactors relieved repression of many Bcl11b-repressed genes. Runx1 collaborated with Bcl11b most frequently for both activation and repression. In parallel, Bcl11b indirectly regulated a subset of target genes by a gene network circuit via Id2 and Zbtb16 (encoding PLZF), which were directly repressed by Bcl11b and controlled distinct alternative programs. Thus, this study defines the molecular basis of direct and indirect Bcl11b actions that promote T cell identity and block alternative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Maile Romero-Wolf
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Ungerbäck
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria L G Quiloan
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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12
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Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights Into Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Biology From Studies of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30013556 PMCID: PMC6036249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and recognize unconventional non-peptide ligands bound to the MHC Class I-like molecules MR1 and CD1d, respectively. MAIT cells and iNKT cells exhibit an effector-memory phenotype and are enriched within the liver and at mucosal sites. In humans, MAIT cell frequencies dwarf those of iNKT cells, while in laboratory mouse strains the opposite is true. Upon activation via TCR- or cytokine-dependent pathways, MAIT cells and iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines and show direct cytotoxic activity. Consequently, they are essential for effective immunity, and alterations in their frequency and function are associated with numerous infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Due to their abundance in mice and the earlier development of reagents, iNKT cells have been more extensively studied than MAIT cells. This has led to the routine use of iNKT cells as a reference population for the study of MAIT cells, and such an approach has proven very fruitful. However, MAIT cells and iNKT cells show important phenotypic, functional, and developmental differences that are often overlooked. With the recent availability of new tools, most importantly MR1 tetramers, it is now possible to directly study MAIT cells to understand their biology. Therefore, it is timely to compare the phenotype, development, and function of MAIT cells and iNKT cells. In this review, we highlight key areas where MAIT cells show similarity or difference to iNKT cells. In addition, we discuss important avenues for future research within the MAIT cell field, especially where comparison to iNKT cells has proven less informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Berkson JD, Prlic M. The MAIT conundrum - how human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:7-11. [PMID: 28987476 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell literature to examine the signals that control MAIT cell activation. We discuss these signals in context of MAIT cell function in mucosal barrier tissues and address how MAIT cells avoid responding to commensal bacteria, while maintaining responsiveness to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Berkson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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14
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Drees C, Vahl JC, Bortoluzzi S, Heger KD, Fischer JC, Wunderlich FT, Peschel C, Schmidt-Supprian M. Roquin Paralogs Differentially Regulate Functional NKT Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2747-2759. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Fan X, Rudensky AY. Hallmarks of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes. Cell 2016; 164:1198-1211. [PMID: 26967286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although they are classically viewed as continuously recirculating through the lymphoid organs and blood, lymphocytes also establish residency in non-lymphoid tissues, most prominently at barrier sites, including the mucosal surfaces and skin. These specialized tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets span the innate-adaptive continuum and include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), unconventional T cells (e.g., NKT, MAIT, γδ T cells, and CD8αα(+) IELs), and tissue-resident memory T (T(RM)) cells. Although these diverse cell types differ in the particulars of their biology, they nonetheless exhibit important shared features, including a role in the preservation of tissue integrity and function during homeostasis, infection, and non-infectious perturbations. In this Review, we discuss the hallmarks of tissue-resident innate, innate-like, and adaptive lymphocytes, as well as their potential functions in non-lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68(th) Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Mao AP, Constantinides MG, Mathew R, Zuo Z, Chen X, Weirauch MT, Bendelac A. Multiple layers of transcriptional regulation by PLZF in NKT-cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7602-7. [PMID: 27325774 PMCID: PMC4941452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601504113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PLZF [promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger, encoded by zinc finger BTB domain containing 16 (Zbtb16)] is induced during the development of innate and innate-like lymphocytes to direct their acquisition of a T-helper effector program, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Using biotinylation-based ChIP-seq and microarray analysis of both natural killer T (NKT) cells and PLZF-transgenic thymocytes, we identified several layers of regulation of the innate-like NKT effector program. First, PLZF bound and regulated genes encoding cytokine receptors as well as homing and adhesion receptors; second, PLZF bound and activated T-helper-specific transcription factor genes that in turn control T-helper-specific programs; finally, PLZF bound and suppressed the transcription of Bach2, a potent general repressor of effector differentiation in naive T cells. These findings reveal the multilayered architecture of the transcriptional program recruited by PLZF and elucidate how a single transcription factor can drive the developmental acquisition of a broad effector program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Mao
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Rebecca Mathew
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
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17
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Yasuoka T, Kuwahara M, Yamada T, Maruyama S, Suzuki J, Taniguchi M, Yasukawa M, Yamashita M. The Transcriptional Repressor Gfi1 Plays a Critical Role in the Development of NKT1- and NKT2-Type iNKT Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157395. [PMID: 27284976 PMCID: PMC4902269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gfi1 plays an important role in the development and maintenance of many hematopoietic linage cells. However, the impact of Gfi1-deficiency on the iNKT cell differentiation remains unclear. We herein demonstrate a critical role of Gfi1 in regulating the development of iNKT cell subsets. In the thymus of T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice, iNKT cells normally developed up to stage 2, while the number of stage 3 NK1.1pos iNKT cells was significantly reduced. Furthermore, CD4pos iNKT cells were selectively reduced in the peripheral organs of T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice. The α-GalCer-dependent production of IFN-γand Th2 cytokines, but not IL-17A, was severely reduced in T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice. In addition, a reduction of the α-GalCer-induced anti-tumor activity was observed in Gfi1-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate the important role of Gfi1 in regulating the development and function of NKT1- and NKT2-type iNKT cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yasuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Immune Regulation, Department of Proteo-Inovation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Infection and Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Saho Maruyama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junpei Suzuki
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Immune Regulation, Department of Proteo-Inovation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bedoui S, Gebhardt T, Gasteiger G, Kastenmüller W. Parallels and differences between innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:490-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Zbtb16 (PLZF) is stably suppressed and not inducible in non-innate T cells via T cell receptor-mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12113. [PMID: 26178856 PMCID: PMC4503983 DOI: 10.1038/srep12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger; zbtb16) is essential for nearly all of the unique characteristics of NKT cells including their rapid and potent response to antigen. In the immune system, zbtb16 expression is only found in innate cells. Conventional T cells that ectopically express PLZF spontaneously acquire an activated, effector phenotype. Activation induced expression of lineage defining transcription factors such as T-bet, FoxP3, RORγt, GATA3 and others is essential for naïve T cell differentiation into effector T cells. In this study, we used sensitive genetic-based approaches to assess the induction of PLZF expression in non-innate T cells by T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. Surprisingly, we found that PLZF was stably repressed in non-innate T cells and that TCR-mediated signaling was not sufficient to induce PLZF in conventional T cells. The inactivated state of PLZF was stably maintained in mature T cells, even under inflammatory conditions imposed by bacterial infection. Collectively, our data show that, in contrast to multiple recent reports, PLZF expression is highly specific to innate T cells and cannot be induced in conventional T cells via TCR-mediated activation or inflammatory challenge.
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20
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Siddiqui S, Visvabharathy L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:337. [PMID: 26175733 PMCID: PMC4484338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules presents lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens to T cells. CD1 molecules, unlike classical MHC molecules, display limited polymorphism, making CD1-restricted lipid antigens attractive vaccine targets that could be recognized in a genetically diverse human population. Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells have been implicated to play critical roles in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent discoveries on the development of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and their function in different infection models. In particular, we focus on (1) newly identified microbial and self-lipid antigens, (2) kinetics, phenotype, and unique properties of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells during infection, and (3) the similarities of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells to the closely related group 2 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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21
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Moon H, Park C, Lee JG, Shin SH, Lee JH, Kho I, Kang K, Cha HS, Kim TJ. Early Development in the Peritoneal Cavity of CD49dhigh Th1 Memory Phenotype CD4+ T Cells with Enhanced B Cell Helper Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:564-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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[MUW researcher of the month]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:314-5. [PMID: 25895573 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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The acetyltransferase HAT1 moderates the NF-κB response by regulating the transcription factor PLZF. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6795. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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24
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Let-7 microRNAs target the lineage-specific transcription factor PLZF to regulate terminal NKT cell differentiation and effector function. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:517-24. [PMID: 25848867 PMCID: PMC4406853 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lethal-7 (let-7) microRNAs are the most abundant in the genome but their role in developing thymocytes is unclear. We now report that let-7 miRNAs target Zbtb16 mRNA, which encodes the lineage-specific transcription factor PLZF, to post-transcriptionally regulate PLZF expression and NKT cell effector function. Dynamic up-regulation of let-7 miRNAs during NKT thymocyte development down-regulates PLZF expression and directs terminal differentiation into interferon-γ-producing NKT1 cells. Without let-7 up-regulation, NKT thymocytes maintain high PLZF expression and terminally differentiate into IL-4-producing NKT2 and IL-17-producing NKT17 cells. Let-7 up-regulation in developing NKT thymocytes can be signaled by IL-15, vitamin D and retinoic acid. Such miRNA targeting of a lineage-specific transcription factor constitutes a new level of developmental regulation in the thymus.
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25
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Third-party CD4+ invariant natural killer T cells protect from murine GVHD lethality. Blood 2015; 125:3491-500. [PMID: 25795920 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is driven by extensive activation and proliferation of alloreactive donor T cells causing significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a potent immunoregulatory T-cell subset in both humans and mice. Here, we explored the role of adoptively transferred third-party CD4(+) iNKT cells for protection from lethal GVHD in a murine model of allogeneic HCT across major histocompatibility barriers. We found that low numbers of CD4(+) iNKT cells from third-party mice resulted in a significant survival benefit with retained graft-versus-tumor effects. In vivo expansion of alloreactive T cells was diminished while displaying a T helper cell 2-biased phenotype. Notably, CD4(+) iNKT cells from third-party mice were as protective as CD4(+) iNKT cells from donor mice although third-party CD4(+) iNKT cells were rejected early after allogeneic HCT. Adoptive transfer of third-party CD4(+) iNKT cells resulted in a robust expansion of donor CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that were required for protection from lethal GVHD. However, in vivo depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells abrogated both Treg expansion and protection from lethal GVHD. Despite the fact that iNKT cells are a rare cell population, the almost unlimited third-party availability and feasibility of in vitro expansion provide the basis for clinical translation.
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26
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Abstract
The lymphocyte family has expanded significantly in recent years to include not only the adaptive lymphocytes (T cells, B cells) and NK cells, but also several additional innate lymphoid cell (ILC) types. ILCs lack clonally distributed antigen receptors characteristic of adaptive lymphocytes and instead respond exclusively to signaling via germline-encoded receptors. ILCs resemble T cells more closely than any other leukocyte lineage at the transcriptome level and express many elements of the core T cell transcriptional program, including Notch, Gata3, Tcf7, and Bcl11b. We present our current understanding of the shared and distinct transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in the development of adaptive T lymphocytes and closely related ILCs. We discuss the possibility that a core set of transcriptional regulators common to ILCs and T cells establish enhancers that enable implementation of closely aligned effector pathways. Studies of the transcriptional regulation of lymphopoiesis will support the development of novel therapeutic approaches to correct early lymphoid developmental defects and aberrant lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena De Obaldia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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27
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BTB-ZF transcriptional regulator PLZF modifies chromatin to restrain inflammatory signaling programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1535-40. [PMID: 25605927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409728112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is critical for host defense, but without appropriate control, it can cause chronic disease or even provoke fatal responses. Here we identify a mechanism that limits the inflammatory response. Probing the responses of macrophages to the key sensory Toll-like receptors, we identify that the Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Bric-a-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ), transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) limits the expression of inflammatory gene products. In accord with this finding, PLZF-deficient animals express higher levels of potent inflammatory cytokines and mount exaggerated inflammatory responses to infectious stimuli. Temporal quantitation of inflammatory gene transcripts shows increased gene induction in the absence of PLZF. Genome-wide analysis of histone modifications distinguish that PLZF establishes basal activity states of early response genes to maintain immune homeostasis and limit damaging inflammation. We show that PLZF stabilizes a corepressor complex that encompasses histone deacetylase activity to control chromatin. Together with our previous demonstration that PLZF promotes the antiviral response, these results suggest a strategy that could realize one of the major goals of immune therapy to retain immune resistance to pathogens while curbing damaging inflammation.
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28
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Ghosh A, Holland AM, van den Brink MRM. Genetically engineered donor T cells to optimize graft-versus-tumor effects across MHC barriers. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:226-36. [PMID: 24329800 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used for more than 50 years to combat hematologic malignancies. In addition to being the first stem cell therapy, transplantation has provided evidence for the potent anti-tumor effects of T cells. Facilitating T-cell-based immunity against malignancies requires a careful balancing act between generating a robust response and avoiding off-target killing of healthy tissues, which is difficult to accomplish using bulk donor T cells. To address these issues, several approaches have been developed, drawing on basic T-cell biology, to potentiate graft-versus-tumor activity while avoiding graft-versus-host disease. Current strategies for anti-tumor cell therapies include: (i) selecting optimal T cells for transfer; (ii) engineering T cells to possess enhanced effector functions; and (iii) generating T-cell precursors that complete development after adoptive transfer. In this review, we assess the current state of the art in T-lineage cell therapy to treat malignancies in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Massot B, Michel ML, Diem S, Ohnmacht C, Latour S, Dy M, Eberl G, Leite-de-Moraes MC. TLR-Induced Cytokines Promote Effective Proinflammatory Natural Th17 Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5635-42. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 is critical for invariant natural killer T-cell development and effector function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E776-83. [PMID: 24516149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315435111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that control invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell development and function are still poorly understood. The mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates various environmental signals/cues to regulate cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. We report here that ablation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling by conditionally deleting Raptor causes severe defects in iNKT-cell development at early stages, leading to drastic reductions in iNKT-cell numbers in the thymus and periphery. In addition, loss of Raptor impairs iNKT-cell proliferation and production of cytokines upon α-galactosylceramide stimulation in vitro and in vivo, and inhibits liver inflammation in an iNKT cell-mediated hepatitis model. Furthermore, Raptor deficiency and rapamycin treatment lead to aberrant intracellular localization and functional impairment of promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger, a transcription factor critical for iNKT-cell development and effector programs. Our findings define an essential role of mTORC1 to direct iNKT-cell lineage development and effector function.
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Engel I, Kronenberg M. Transcriptional control of the development and function of Vα14i NKT cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:51-81. [PMID: 24839184 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of T lymphocytes, sometimes referred to as as mainstream or conventional T cells, are characterized by a diverse T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire. They require antigen priming in order to become memory cells capable of mounting a rapid effector response. It has become established, however, that there are several distinct T cell lineages that exhibit a memory phenotype in the absence of antigen priming, even as they differentiate in the thymus. These lymphocytes typically express a markedly restricted TCR repertoire and their rapid response kinetics has led to their being described as innate-like T cells. In addition, several of these subsets typically express surface markers commonly found on natural killer cells, which has led to the moniker natural killer T cells (NKT cells). This review will describe our current understanding of the unique ways whereby transcription factors control the development and function of an abundant and widely studied lineage of NKT cells that recognizes glycolipid antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Engel
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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The role of BTB-zinc finger transcription factors during T cell development and in the regulation of T cell-mediated immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:21-49. [PMID: 24850219 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proper regulation of the development and function of peripheral helper and cytotoxic T cell lineages is essential for T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Progress made during the last 10-15 years led to the identification of several transcription factors and transcription factor networks that control the development and function of T cell subsets. Among the transcription factors identified are also several members of the so-called BTB/POZ domain containing zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor family (BTB-ZF), and important roles of BTB-ZF factors have been described. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date overview about the role of BTB-ZF factors during T cell development and in peripheral T cells.
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Verykokakis M, Krishnamoorthy V, Iavarone A, Lasorella A, Sigvardsson M, Kee BL. Essential functions for ID proteins at multiple checkpoints in invariant NKT cell development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5973-83. [PMID: 24244015 PMCID: PMC3864619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells display characteristics of both adaptive and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Like other ILCs, iNKT cells constitutively express ID proteins, which antagonize the E protein transcription factors that are essential for adaptive lymphocyte development. However, unlike ILCs, ID2 is not essential for thymic iNKT cell development. In this study, we demonstrated that ID2 and ID3 redundantly promoted iNKT cell lineage specification involving the induction of the signature transcription factor PLZF and that ID3 was critical for development of TBET-dependent NKT1 cells. In contrast, both ID2 and ID3 limited iNKT cell numbers by enforcing the postselection checkpoint in conventional thymocytes. Therefore, iNKT cells show both adaptive and innate-like requirements for ID proteins at distinct checkpoints during iNKT cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Verykokakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
| | | | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty for Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Barbara L. Kee
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
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IL-4 and IL-4 receptor expression is dispensable for the development and function of natural killer T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71872. [PMID: 23990998 PMCID: PMC3753281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells acquire functional properties including cytokine production upon antigenic stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) and differentiate into T helper (Th) cells. Th1 cells produce interferon (IFN)-γ and Th2 cells produce interleukin (IL)-4. Th1 and 2 cells utilize IFN-γ and IL-4 for further maturation and maintenance, respectively. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)-expressing invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells develop in the thymus and acquire functional ability to produce IL-4 and IFN-γ in the thymus in the absence of antigenic stimulation. In response to antigenic stimulation, iNKT cells rapidly produce IFN-γ and IL-4. However, it is still unknown as to whether iNKT cells require these cytokines for maturation or survival in vivo. In this study, using IL-4- and IL-4 receptor- (IL-4R) deficient mice, we demonstrate that IL-4 as well as IL-4R expression is dispensable for the development, function and maintenance of iNKT cells.
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Zhu L, Qiao Y, Choi ES, Das J, Sant'angelo DB, Chang CH. A transgenic TCR directs the development of IL-4+ and PLZF+ innate CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:737-44. [PMID: 23776174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-expressing thymocytes can efficiently mediate positive selection of CD4 T cells in mice. Thymocyte-selected CD4 (T-CD4) T cells have an innate-like phenotype similar to invariant NKT cells. To investigate the development and function of T-CD4 T cells in-depth, we cloned TCR genes from T-CD4 T cells and generated transgenic mice. Remarkably, positive selection of T-CD4 TCR transgenic (T3) thymocytes occurred more efficiently when MHC class II was expressed by thymocytes than by thymic epithelial cells. Similar to polyclonal T-CD4 T cells and also invariant NKT cells, T3 CD4 T cell development is controlled by signaling lymphocyte activation molecule/signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein signaling, and the cells expressed both IL-4 and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF). Surprisingly, the selected T3 CD4 T cells were heterogeneous in that only half expressed IL-4 and only half expressed PLZF. IL-4- and PLZF-expressing cells were first found at the double-positive cell stage. Thus, the expression of IL-4 and PLZF seems to be determined by an unidentified event that occurs postselection and is not solely dependent on TCR specificity or the selection process, per se. Taken together, our data show for the first time, to our knowledge, that the TCR specificity regulates but does not determine the development of innate CD4 T cells by thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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36
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Ghosh A, Holland AM, Dogan Y, Yim NL, Rao UK, Young LF, West ML, Singer NV, Lee H, Na IK, Tsai JJ, Jenq RR, Penack O, Hanash AM, Lezcano C, Murphy GF, Liu C, Sadelain M, Sauer MG, Sant'angelo D, van den Brink MRM. PLZF confers effector functions to donor T cells that preserve graft-versus-tumor effects while attenuating GVHD. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4687-96. [PMID: 23733752 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to limit GVHD mediated by alloreactive donor T cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are limited by a concomitant decrease in graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity and increased possibilities of tumor relapse. Using a novel approach, we adoptively transferred conventional T cells expressing the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), which confers effector properties resembling invariant natural killer T cells, such as copious production of cytokines under suboptimal stimulation. PLZF expression in T-cell allografts attenuates expansion of alloreactive T cells, leading to lower GVHD. Intact alloreactivity-driven antitumor cytokine responses result in preserved GVT effects, leading to improved survival. Our findings suggest that therapy with PLZF-overexpressing T cells would result in overall improved outcomes due to less GVHD and intact GVT effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, and Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Dutta M, Kraus ZJ, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Hwang SH, Cannons JL, Cheng J, Lee SY, Wiest DL, Wakeland EK, Schwartzberg PL. A role for Ly108 in the induction of promyelocytic zinc finger transcription factor in developing thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2121-8. [PMID: 23355739 PMCID: PMC3578000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The promyelocytic zinc finger transcription factor (PLZF) is required for the development of activated phenotypes in NKT and other innate T lymphocytes. Although strong TCR stimulation has been implicated in the induction of PLZF, the factors regulating PLZF expression are incompletely understood. We show in this study that costimulation of preselection double-positive thymocytes through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family receptor Ly108 markedly enhanced PLZF expression compared with that induced by TCR stimulation alone. Costimulation with Ly108 increased expression of early growth response protein (Egr)-2 and binding of Egr-2 to the promoter of Zbtb16, which encodes PLZF, and resulted in PLZF levels similar to those seen in NKT cells. In contrast, costimulation with anti-CD28 failed to enhance Egr-2 binding and Zbtb16 expression. Moreover, mice lacking Ly108 showed decreased numbers of PLZF-expressing CD4(+) T cells. Together, these results support a potential role for Ly108 in the induction of PLZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Dutta
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- George Washington University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Zachary J. Kraus
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Sun-hee Hwang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Jun Cheng
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L. Wiest
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Brennan PJ, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:101-17. [PMID: 23334244 DOI: 10.1038/nri3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a 'poised effector' state, which enables them to rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor, they recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d in a conserved manner, but their activation can catalyse a spectrum of polarized immune responses. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate-like mechanisms underlying iNKT cell activation and describe how lipid antigens, the inflammatory milieu and interactions with other immune cell subsets regulate the functions of iNKT cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Gleimer M, von Boehmer H, Kreslavsky T. PLZF Controls the Expression of a Limited Number of Genes Essential for NKT Cell Function. Front Immunol 2012; 3:374. [PMID: 23267359 PMCID: PMC3528072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NKT) T cells exhibit tissue distribution, surface phenotype, and functional responses that are strikingly different from those of conventional T cells. The transcription factor PLZF is responsible for most of these properties, as its ectopic expression in conventional T cells is sufficient to confer to them an NKT-like phenotype. The molecular program downstream of PLZF, however, is largely unexplored. Here we report that PLZF regulates the expression of a surprisingly small set of genes, many with known immune functions. This includes several established components of the NKT cell developmental program. Expression of the transcriptional regulators Id2, previously shown to be required for iNKT cell survival in the liver and c-Maf, which shapes the NKT cytokine profile, was compromised in PLZF-deficient cells. Ectopic expression of c-Maf complemented the cells' defect in producing IL-4 and IL-10. PLZF also induced a program of cell surface receptors which shape the NKT cell's response to external stimuli, including the costimulatory receptor ICOS and the cytokine receptors IL12rb1 and IL18r1. As an ensemble, the known functions of the molecules whose expression is affected by PLZF explain many defects observed in PLZF(-/-) NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gleimer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Qi Q, Huang W, Bai Y, Balmus G, Weiss RS, August A. A unique role for ITK in survival of invariant NKT cells associated with the p53-dependent pathway in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3611-9. [PMID: 22403441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play important roles in the immune response. ITK and TXK/RLK are Tec family kinases that are expressed in iNKT cells; the expression level of ITK is ∼7-fold higher than that of TXK. Itk(-/-) mice have reduced iNKT cell frequency and numbers, with defects in development and cytokine secretion that are exacerbated in Itk/Txk double-knockout mice. In contrast, there is no iNKT cell defect in Txk(-/-) mice. To determine whether ITK and TXK play distinct roles in iNKT cell development and function, we examined mice that overexpress TXK in T cells at levels similar to Itk. Overexpression of TXK rescues the maturation and cytokine secretion of Itk(-/-) iNKT cells, as well as altered expression of transcription factors T-bet, eomesodermin, and PLZF. In contrast, the increased apoptosis observed in Itk(-/-) splenic iNKT cells is not affected by TXK overexpression, likely due to the lack of effect on the elevated expression of p53 regulated proapoptotic pathways Fas, Bax, and Bad in those cells. Supporting this idea, p53(-/-) and Bax(-/-) mice have increased splenic iNKT cells. Our results suggest that TXK plays an overlapping role with ITK in iNKT cell development and function but that ITK also has a unique function in the survival of iNKT cells, likely via a p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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42
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Seiler MP, Mathew R, Liszewski MK, Spooner C, Barr K, Meng F, Singh H, Bendelac A. Elevated and sustained expression of the transcription factors Egr1 and Egr2 controls NKT lineage differentiation in response to TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:264-71. [PMID: 22306690 PMCID: PMC3288314 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions driven by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determine the lineage fate of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, but the molecular mechanisms that induce the lineage-determining transcription factors are unknown. Here we found that TCR-induced transcription factors Egr2 and Egr1 had higher and more-prolonged expression in precursors of the natural killer T (NKT) than in cells of conventional lineages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing showed that Egr2 directly bound and activated the promoter of Zbtb16, which encodes the NKT lineage-specific transcription factor PLZF. Egr2 also bound the promoter of Il2rb, which encodes the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor β-chain, and controlled the responsiveness to IL-15, which signals the terminal differentiation of the NKT lineage. Thus, we propose that persistent higher expression of Egr2 specifies the early and late stages of NKT lineage differentiation, providing a discriminating mechanism that enables TCR signaling to 'instruct' a thymic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Seiler
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rebecca Mathew
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Megan K. Liszewski
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chauncey Spooner
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kenneth Barr
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fanyong Meng
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637, USA
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Loss-of-function mutations within the IL-2 inducible kinase ITK in patients with EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Leukemia 2012; 26:963-71. [PMID: 22289921 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was the appraisal of the clinical and functional consequences of germline mutations within the gene for the IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase, ITK. Among patients with Epstein-Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferative disorders (EBV-LPD), negative for mutations in SH2D1A and XIAP (n=46), we identified two patients with R29H or D500T,F501L,M503X mutations, respectively. Human wild-type (wt) ITK, but none of the mutants, was able to rescue defective calcium flux in murine Itk(-/-) T cells. Pulse-chase experiments showed that ITK mutations lead to varying reductions of protein half-life from 25 to 69% as compared with wt ITK (107 min). The pleckstrin homology domain of wt ITK binds most prominently to phosphatidylinositol monophosphates (PI(3)P, PI(4)P, PI(5)P) and to lesser extend to its double or triple phosphorylated derivates (PIP2, PIP3), interactions which were dramatically reduced in the patient with the ITK(R29H) mutant. ITK mutations are distributed over the entire protein and include missense, nonsense and indel mutations, reminiscent of the situation in its sister kinase in B cells, Bruton's tyrosine kinase.
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44
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Beaulieu AM, Sant'Angelo DB. The BTB-ZF family of transcription factors: key regulators of lineage commitment and effector function development in the immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2841-7. [PMID: 21900183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity depends upon the activity of multiple cell types. Commitment of pluripotent precursor cells to specific lineages, such as T or B cells, is obviously fundamental to this process. However, it is also becoming clear that continued differentiation and specialization of lymphoid cells is equally important for immune system integrity. Several members of the BTB-ZF family have emerged as critical factors that control development of specific lineages and also of specific effector subsets within these lineages. For example, BTB-ZF genes have been shown to control T cell versus B cell commitment and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Others, such as PLZF for NKT cells and Bcl-6 for T follicular helper cells, are necessary for the acquisition of effector functions. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the BTB-ZF family members with a reported role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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45
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Eidson M, Wahlstrom J, Beaulieu AM, Zaidi B, Carsons SE, Crow PK, Yuan J, Wolchok JD, Horsthemke B, Wieczorek D, Sant'Angelo DB. Altered development of NKT cells, γδ T cells, CD8 T cells and NK cells in a PLZF deficient patient. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24441. [PMID: 21915328 PMCID: PMC3167854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, the transcription factor, PLZF, controls the development of effector functions in invariant NKT cells and a subset of NKT cell-like, γδ T cells. Here, we show that in human lymphocytes, in addition to invariant NKT cells, PLZF was also expressed in a large percentage of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, PLZF was also found to be expressed in all γδ T cells and in all NK cells. Importantly, we show that in a donor lacking functional PLZF, all of these various lymphocyte populations were altered. Therefore, in contrast to mice, PLZF appears to control the development and/or function of a wide variety of human lymphocytes that represent more than 10% of the total PBMCs. Interestingly, the PLZF-expressing CD8+ T cell population was found to be expanded in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic melanoma but was greatly diminished in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Eidson
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin Wahlstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bushra Zaidi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Carsons
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - Peggy K. Crow
- Rheumatology Division, Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Universitaetsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Derek B. Sant'Angelo
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Autoreactive CD1b-restricted T cells: a new innate-like T-cell population that contributes to immunity against infection. Blood 2011; 118:3870-8. [PMID: 21860021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-341941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, -b, and -c) presents self and foreign lipid antigens to multiple T-cell subsets in humans. However, in the absence of a suitable animal model, the specific functions and developmental requirements of these T cells remain unknown. To study group 1 CD1-restricted T cells in vivo, we generated double transgenic mice (HJ1Tg/hCD1Tg) that express group 1 CD1 molecules in a similar pattern to that observed in humans (hCD1Tg) as well as a TCR derived from a CD1b-autoreactive T-cell line (HJ1Tg). Using this model, we found that similar to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, HJ1 T cells exhibit an activated phenotype (CD44(hi)CD69(+)CD122(+)) and a subset of HJ1 T cells expresses NK1.1 and is selected by CD1b-expressing hematopoietic cells. HJ1 T cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with CD1b-expressing dendritic cells derived from humans as well as hCD1Tg mice, suggesting that they recognize species conserved self-lipid antigen(s). Importantly, this basal autoreactivity is enhanced by TLR-mediated signaling and HJ1 T cells can be activated and confer protection against Listeria infection. Taken together, our data indicate that CD1b-autoreactive T cells, unlike mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cells, are innate-like T cells that may contribute to early anti-microbial host defense.
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Constantinides MG, Picard D, Savage AK, Bendelac A. A naive-like population of human CD1d-restricted T cells expressing intermediate levels of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:309-15. [PMID: 21632718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rare CD1d-α-galactosylceramide-specific T cells that do not express the invariant Vα24 chain of human NKT cells were recently identified after expansion in vitro with the lipid Ag, but their phenotype and frequency in vivo and lineage relationship with NKT cells could not be elucidated. By using a CD1d tetramer-based method to enrich these cells from fresh peripheral blood, we demonstrated their naive-like CD62L(high)CD45RO(-)CD4(+) phenotype and relatively high frequency of ∼10(-5) in several healthy individuals. Notably, these cells expressed the NKT lineage-specific transcription promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), indicating a developmental relationship with NKT cells and ruling out the possibility that they were conventional MHC-restricted T cells cross-reacting against CD1d-α-galactosylceramide. Although PLZF is known to direct the effector program of NKT cells, we show in this study that the naive-like cells expressed it at a significantly lower amount than NKT cells. Further, we present mouse studies demonstrating a sharp PLZF expression threshold requirement for induction of the effector phenotype. These findings directly demonstrate in vivo the existence of naive-like CD1d-restricted human T cells marked by intermediate levels of PLZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Thomas SY, Scanlon ST, Griewank KG, Constantinides MG, Savage AK, Barr KA, Meng F, Luster AD, Bendelac A. PLZF induces an intravascular surveillance program mediated by long-lived LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1179-88. [PMID: 21624939 PMCID: PMC3173247 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PLZF-expressing NKT cells establish residence at intravascular locations, failing to enter the circulation because of constitutive interactions with LFA-1 and ICAM-1. Innate-like NKT cells conspicuously accumulate within the liver microvasculature of healthy mice, crawling on the luminal side of endothelial cells, but their general recirculation pattern and the mechanism of their intravascular behavior have not been elucidated. Using parabiotic mice, we demonstrated that, despite their intravascular location, most liver NKT cells failed to recirculate. Antibody blocking experiments established that they were retained locally through constitutive LFA-1–intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 interactions. This unprecedented lifelong intravascular residence could be induced in conventional CD4 T cells by the sole expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), a transcription factor specifically expressed in the NKT lineage. These findings reveal the unique genetic and biochemical pathway that underlies the innate intravascular surveillance program of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddon Y Thomas
- Committee on Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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49
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Hussain A, Yu L, Faryal R, Mohammad DK, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. TEC family kinases in health and disease--loss-of-function of BTK and ITK and the gain-of-function fusions ITK-SYK and BTK-SYK. FEBS J 2011; 278:2001-10. [PMID: 21518255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The TEC family is ancient and constitutes the second largest family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In 1993, loss-of-function mutations in the BTK gene were reported as the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Of all the existing 90 tyrosine kinases in humans, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the kinase for which most mutations have been identified. These experiments of nature collectively provide a form of mutation scanning with direct implications for the several hundred endogenous signaling proteins carrying domains also found in BTK. In 2009, an inactivating mutation in the ITK gene was shown to cause susceptibility to lethal Epstein-Barr virus infection. Both kinases represent interesting targets for inhibition: in the case of BTK, as an immunosuppressant, whereas there is evidence that the inhibition of inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) could influence the infectivity of HIV and also have anti-inflammatory activity. Since 2006, several patients carrying a fusion protein, originating from a translocation joining genes encoding the kinases ITK and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), have been shown to develop T-cell lymphoma. We review these disease processes and also describe the role of the N-terminal pleckstrin homology-Tec homology (PH-TH) domain doublet of BTK and ITK in the downstream intracellular signaling of such fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamdar Hussain
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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50
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Das R, Sant'Angelo DB, Nichols KE. Transcriptional control of invariant NKT cell development. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:195-215. [PMID: 20969594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a rare lymphocyte sublineage with phenotypic and functional properties similar to T and NK cells. Akin to conventional αβ T cells, their development occurs primarily in the thymus, where they originate from CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive (DP) progenitors. However, the selection of iNKT cells is unique in that it is mediated by homotypic interactions of DP cells and recognition of glycolipid antigen-CD1d complexes. Additionally, iNKT cells acquire an activated innate-like phenotype during development that allows them to release cytokines rapidly following antigen exposure. Given their hybrid features, it is not surprising that the developmental program of iNKT cells partially overlaps with that of T and NK cells. Several recent reports have provided new and exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that direct natural killer T (NKT) cell lineage commitment and maturation. In this review, we provide a discussion of the NKT cell developmental program with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms and transcription factors that influence the ontogeny of this lineage. Continued investigations into the complex interplay of these transcription factors and their relationship with other extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this unusual T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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