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Figueroa L, Kraeva N, Manno C, Ibarra-Moreno CA, Tammineni ER, Riazi S, Rios E. Distinct pathophysiological characteristics in developing muscle from patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Br J Anaesth 2023; 131:47-55. [PMID: 36792386 PMCID: PMC10308439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility diagnosed by the in vitro caffeine-halothane contracture test (CHCT) develop excessive force in response to halothane but not caffeine (halothane-hypersensitive). Hallmarks of halothane-hypersensitive patients include high incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms at rest and abnormal calcium events in muscle. By measuring sensitivity to halothane of myotubes and extending clinical observations and cell-level studies to a large group of patients, we reach new insights into the pathological mechanism of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. METHODS Patients with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility were classified into subgroups HH and HS (positive to halothane only and positive to both caffeine and halothane). The effects on [Ca2+]cyto of halothane concentrations between 0.5 and 3 % were measured in myotubes and compared with CHCT responses of muscle. A clinical index that summarises patient symptoms was determined for 67 patients, together with a calcium index summarising resting [Ca2+]cyto and spontaneous and electrically evoked Ca2+ events in their primary myotubes. RESULTS Halothane-hypersensitive myotubes showed a higher response to halothane 0.5% than the caffeine-halothane hypersensitive myotubes (P<0.001), but a lower response to higher concentrations, comparable with that used in the CHCT (P=0.055). The HH group had a higher calcium index (P<0.001), but their clinical index was not significantly elevated vs the HS. Principal component analysis identified electrically evoked Ca2+ spikes and resting [Ca2+]cyto as the strongest variables for separation of subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced sensitivity to depolarisation and to halothane appear to be the primary, mutually reinforcing and phenotype-defining defects of halothane-hypersensitive patients with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Figueroa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Natalia Kraeva
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlo Manno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos A Ibarra-Moreno
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eshwar R Tammineni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo Rios
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Heat-hypersensitive mutants of ryanodine receptor type 1 revealed by microscopic heating. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201286119. [PMID: 35925888 PMCID: PMC9371657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201286119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a life-threatening disorder caused largely by mutations in ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) Ca2+-release channels. Enhanced Ca2+ release through the mutant channels induces excessive heat development upon exposure to volatile anesthetics. However, the mechanism by which Ca2+ release is accelerated at an elevated temperature is yet to be identified. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging with rapid heating by an infrared laser beam provides direct evidence that heat induces Ca2+ release through the RyR1 channel. And the mutant channels are more heat sensitive than the wild-type channels, thereby causing an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in mutant cells. It is likely that the heat-induced Ca2+ release participates as an enhancer in the cellular mechanism of MH. Thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis, and high temperatures pose serious stresses for the body. Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a life-threatening disorder in which body temperature can rise to a lethal level. Here we employ an optically controlled local heat-pulse method to manipulate the temperature in cells with a precision of less than 1 °C and find that the mutants of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1), a key Ca2+ release channel underlying MH, are heat hypersensitive compared with the wild type (WT). We show that the local heat pulses induce an intracellular Ca2+ burst in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing WT RyR1 and some RyR1 mutants related to MH. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging using the endoplasmic reticulum–targeted fluorescent probes demonstrates that the Ca2+ burst originates from heat-induced Ca2+ release (HICR) through RyR1-mutant channels because of the channels’ heat hypersensitivity. Furthermore, the variation in the heat hypersensitivity of four RyR1 mutants highlights the complexity of MH. HICR likewise occurs in skeletal muscles of MH model mice. We propose that HICR contributes an additional positive feedback to accelerate thermogenesis in patients with MH.
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Molecular mechanism of the severe MH/CCD mutation Y522S in skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1) by cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122140119. [PMID: 35867837 PMCID: PMC9335238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122140119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are main regulators of intracellular Ca2+ release and muscle contraction. The Y522S mutation of RyR1 causes central core disease, a weakening myopathy, and malignant hyperthermia, a sudden and potentially fatal response to anesthetics or heat. Y522 is in the core of the N-terminal subdomain C of RyR1 and the mechanism of how this mutation orchestrates malfunction is unpredictable for this 2-MDa ion channel, which has four identical subunits composed of 15 distinct cytoplasmic domains each. We expressed and purified the RyR1 rabbit homolog, Y523S, from HEK293 cells and reconstituted it in nanodiscs under closed and open states. The high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopic (cryo-EM) three-dimensional (3D) structures show that the phenyl ring of Tyr functions in a manner analogous to a "spacer" within an α-helical bundle. Mutation to the much smaller Ser alters the hydrophobic network within the bundle, triggering rearrangement of its α-helices with repercussions in the orientation of most cytoplasmic domains. Examining the mutation-induced readjustments exposed a series of connected α-helices acting as an ∼100 Å-long lever: One end protrudes toward the dihydropyridine receptor, its molecular activator (akin to an antenna), while the other end reaches the Ca2+ activation site. The Y523S mutation elicits channel preactivation in the absence of any activator and full opening at 1.5 µM free Ca2+, increasing by ∼20-fold the potency of Ca2+ to activate the channel compared with RyR1 wild type (WT). This study identified a preactivated pathological state of RyR1 and a long-range lever that may work as a molecular switch to open the channel.
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4
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Jaque-Fernández F, Jorquera G, Troc-Gajardo J, Pietri-Rouxel F, Gentil C, Buvinic S, Allard B, Jaimovich E, Jacquemond V, Casas M. Pannexin-1 and CaV1.1 show reciprocal interaction during excitation-contraction and excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212695. [PMID: 34636893 PMCID: PMC8515650 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important functions of skeletal muscle is to respond to nerve stimuli by contracting. This function ensures body movement but also participates in other important physiological roles, like regulation of glucose homeostasis. Muscle activity is closely regulated to adapt to different demands and shows a plasticity that relies on both transcriptional activity and nerve stimuli. These two processes, both dependent on depolarization of the plasma membrane, have so far been regarded as separated and independent processes due to a lack of evidence of common protein partners or molecular mechanisms. In this study, we reveal intimate functional interactions between the process of excitation-induced contraction and the process of excitation-induced transcriptional activity in skeletal muscle. We show that the plasma membrane voltage-sensing protein CaV1.1 and the ATP-releasing channel Pannexin-1 (Panx1) regulate each other in a reciprocal manner, playing roles in both processes. Specifically, knockdown of CaV1.1 produces chronically elevated extracellular ATP concentrations at rest, consistent with disruption of the normal control of Panx1 activity. Conversely, knockdown of Panx1 affects not only activation of transcription but also CaV1.1 function on the control of muscle fiber contraction. Altogether, our results establish the presence of bidirectional functional regulations between the molecular machineries involved in the control of contraction and transcription induced by membrane depolarization of adult muscle fibers. Our results are important for an integrative understanding of skeletal muscle function and may impact our understanding of several neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jaque-Fernández
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Jorquera
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jennifer Troc-Gajardo
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - France Pietri-Rouxel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Myologie/Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Groupement hospitalier universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christel Gentil
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Myologie/Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Groupement hospitalier universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Allard
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vincent Jacquemond
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Casas
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Johnston JJ, Dirksen RT, Girard T, Gonsalves SG, Hopkins PM, Riazi S, Saddic LA, Sambuughin N, Saxena R, Stowell K, Weber J, Rosenberg H, Biesecker LG. Variant curation expert panel recommendations for RYR1 pathogenicity classifications in malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Genet Med 2021; 23:1288-1295. [PMID: 33767344 PMCID: PMC8263483 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As a ClinGen Expert Panel (EP) we set out to adapt the ACMG pathogenicity criteria for classification of RYR1 variants as related to autosomal dominantly-inherited malignant hyperthermia (MH). Methods We specified ACMG/AMP criteria for variant classification for RYR1 and MH. Proposed rules were piloted on 84 variants. We applied quantitative evidence calibration for several criteria using likelihood ratios based on the Bayesian framework. Results Seven ACMG/AMP criteria were adopted without changes, nine were adopted with RYR1-specific modifications, and ten were dropped. The in silico (PP3 and BP4) and hot spot criteria (PM1) were evaluated quantitatively. REVEL gave an odds ratio (OR) of 23:1 for PP3 and 14:1 for BP4 using trichotomized cut-offs of ≥0.85 (pathogenic) and ≤0.5 (benign). The PM1 hotspot criterion had an OR of 24:1. PP3 and PM1 were implemented at moderate strength. Applying the revised ACMG criteria to 44 recognized MH variants, 29 were classified as pathogenic, 13 as likely pathogenic, and two as variants of uncertain significance. Conclusion Curation of these variants will facilitate classification of RYR1/MH genomic testing results, which is especially important for secondary findings analyses. Our approach to quantitatively calibrating criteria is generalizable to other variant curation expert panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Johnston
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thierry Girard
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen G Gonsalves
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Hopkins
- MH Unit, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis A Saddic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nyamkhishig Sambuughin
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Stowell
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RSZ, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, Georgiou DK, Hong J, Hanna AD, Recio J, Choi JM, Chang T, Agha NH, Romero J, Sarkar P, Voermans N, Gaber MW, Jung SY, Baker ML, Pautler RG, Dirksen RT, Riazi S, Hamilton SL. Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5099. [PMID: 33037202 PMCID: PMC7547078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel, the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1), cause malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) and a life-threatening sensitivity to heat, which is most severe in children. Mice with an MHS-associated mutation in Ryr1 (Y524S, YS) display lethal muscle contractures in response to heat. Here we show that the heat response in the YS mice is exacerbated by brown fat adaptive thermogenesis. In addition, the YS mice have more brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity than their littermate controls. Blood lactate levels are elevated in both heat-sensitive MHS patients with RYR1 mutations and YS mice due to Ca2+ driven increases in muscle metabolism. Lactate increases brown adipogenesis in both mouse and human brown preadipocytes. This study suggests that simple lifestyle modifications such as avoiding extreme temperatures and maintaining thermoneutrality could decrease the risk of life-threatening responses to heat and exercise in individuals with RYR1 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui J Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Sue Zhen Yee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Groom
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Inbar Friedman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyle Babcock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitra K Georgiou
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Hong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy D Hanna
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Recio
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Advance Technology Core, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadia H Agha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Romero
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Poonam Sarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicol Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Waleed Gaber
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Advance Technology Core, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Baker
- Advance Technology Core, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robia G Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan L Hamilton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Lawal TA, Wires ES, Terry NL, Dowling JJ, Todd JJ. Preclinical model systems of ryanodine receptor 1-related myopathies and malignant hyperthermia: a comprehensive scoping review of works published 1990-2019. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:113. [PMID: 32381029 PMCID: PMC7204063 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) are associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility, a life-threatening hypermetabolic condition and RYR1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM), a spectrum of rare neuromuscular disorders. In RYR1-RM, intracellular calcium dysregulation, post-translational modifications, and decreased protein expression lead to a heterogenous clinical presentation including proximal muscle weakness, contractures, scoliosis, respiratory insufficiency, and ophthalmoplegia. Preclinical model systems of RYR1-RM and MH have been developed to better understand underlying pathomechanisms and test potential therapeutics. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive scoping review of scientific literature pertaining to RYR1-RM and MH preclinical model systems in accordance with the PRISMA Scoping Reviews Checklist and the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. Two major electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched without language restriction for articles and abstracts published between January 1, 1990 and July 3, 2019. RESULTS Our search yielded 5049 publications from which 262 were included in this review. A majority of variants tested in RYR1 preclinical models were localized to established MH/central core disease (MH/CCD) hot spots. A total of 250 unique RYR1 variations were reported in human/rodent/porcine models with 95% being missense substitutions. The most frequently reported RYR1 variant was R614C/R615C (human/porcine total n = 39), followed by Y523S/Y524S (rabbit/mouse total n = 30), I4898T/I4897T/I4895T (human/rabbit/mouse total n = 20), and R163C/R165C (human/mouse total n = 18). The dyspedic mouse was utilized by 47% of publications in the rodent category and its RyR1-null (1B5) myotubes were transfected in 23% of publications in the cellular model category. In studies of transfected HEK-293 cells, 57% of RYR1 variations affected the RyR1 channel and activation core domain. A total of 15 RYR1 mutant mouse strains were identified of which ten were heterozygous, three were compound heterozygous, and a further two were knockout. Porcine, avian, zebrafish, C. elegans, canine, equine, and drosophila model systems were also reported. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 30 years, there were 262 publications on MH and RYR1-RM preclinical model systems featuring more than 200 unique RYR1 variations tested in a broad range of species. Findings from these studies have set the foundation for therapeutic development for MH and RYR1-RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunbor A Lawal
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Terry
- National Institutes of Health Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua J Todd
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Elbaz M, Ruiz A, Bachmann C, Eckhardt J, Pelczar P, Venturi E, Lindsay C, Wilson AD, Alhussni A, Humberstone T, Pietrangelo L, Boncompagni S, Sitsapesan R, Treves S, Zorzato F. Quantitative RyR1 reduction and loss of calcium sensitivity of RyR1Q1970fsX16+A4329D cause cores and loss of muscle strength. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:2987-2999. [PMID: 31044239 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations cause congenital myopathies including multiminicore disease (MmD), congenital fiber-type disproportion and centronuclear myopathy. We created a mouse model knocked-in for the Q1970fsX16+A4329D RYR1 mutations, which are isogenic with those identified in a severely affected child with MmD. During the first 20 weeks after birth the body weight and the spontaneous running distance of the mutant mice were 20% and 50% lower compared to wild-type littermates. Skeletal muscles from mutant mice contained 'cores' characterized by severe myofibrillar disorganization associated with misplacement of mitochondria. Furthermore, their muscles developed less force and had smaller electrically evoked calcium transients. Mutant RyR1 channels incorporated into lipid bilayers were less sensitive to calcium and caffeine, but no change in single-channel conductance was observed. Our results demonstrate that the phenotype of the RyR1Q1970fsX16+A4329D compound heterozygous mice recapitulates the clinical picture of multiminicore patients and provide evidence of the molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Elbaz
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Ruiz
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bachmann
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Eckhardt
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Venturi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chris Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Abigail D Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ahmed Alhussni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Thomas Humberstone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università G. d'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università G. d'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rebecca Sitsapesan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Susan Treves
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Zorzato
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Ca 2+ Channels Mediate Bidirectional Signaling between Sarcolemma and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle Cells. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010055. [PMID: 31878335 PMCID: PMC7016941 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle and myocardial cells present highly specialized structures; for example, the close interaction between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria—responsible for excitation-metabolism coupling—and the junction that connects the SR with T-tubules, critical for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. The mechanisms that underlie EC coupling in these two cell types, however, are fundamentally distinct. They involve the differential expression of Ca2+ channel subtypes: CaV1.1 and RyR1 (skeletal), vs. CaV1.2 and RyR2 (cardiac). The CaV channels transform action potentials into elevations of cytosolic Ca2+, by activating RyRs and thus promoting SR Ca2+ release. The high levels of Ca2+, in turn, stimulate not only the contractile machinery but also the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). This forward signaling is reciprocally regulated by the following feedback mechanisms: Ca2+-dependent inactivation (of Ca2+ channels), the recruitment of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity, and oxidative changes in ion channels and transporters. Here, we summarize both well-established concepts and recent advances that have contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this bidirectional signaling.
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10
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Canato M, Capitanio P, Cancellara L, Leanza L, Raffaello A, Reane DV, Marcucci L, Michelucci A, Protasi F, Reggiani C. Excessive Accumulation of Ca 2 + in Mitochondria of Y522S-RYR1 Knock-in Mice: A Link Between Leak From the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Altered Redox State. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1142. [PMID: 31607937 PMCID: PMC6755340 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice (Y522S or YS), carrying a mutation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle fibers (ryanodine receptor type-1, RyR1) which causes Ca2+ leak, are a widely accepted and intensively studied model for human malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. Since the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of mitochondria in MH crisis has been previously debated, here we sought to determine Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria and its possible link with ROS production in single fibers isolated from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) of YS mice. We found that Ca2+ concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, as detected with the ratiometric FRET-based 4mtD3cpv probe, was higher in YS than in wild-type (WT) fibers at rest and after Ca2+ release from SR during repetitive electrical stimulation or caffeine administration. Also mitochondrial ROS production associated with contractile activity (detected with Mitosox probe) was much higher in YS fibers than in WT. Importantly, the inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake achieved by silencing MCU reduced ROS accumulation in the matrix and Ca2+ release from SR. Finally, inhibition of mitochondrial ROS accumulation using Mitotempo reduced SR Ca2+ release in YS fibers exposed to caffeine. The present results support the view that mitochondria take up larger amounts of Ca2+ in YS than in WT fibers and that mitochondrial ROS production substantially contributes to the increased caffeine-sensitivity and to the enhanced Ca2+ release from SR in YS fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lina Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Denis Vecellio Reane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Michelucci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
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Role of STIM1/ORAI1-mediated store-operated Ca 2+ entry in skeletal muscle physiology and disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:101-115. [PMID: 30414508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a Ca2+ entry mechanism activated by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. In skeletal muscle, SOCE is mediated by an interaction between stromal-interacting molecule-1 (STIM1), the Ca2+ sensor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and ORAI1, the Ca2+-release-activated-Ca2+ (CRAC) channel located in the transverse tubule membrane. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and physiological role of SOCE in skeletal muscle, as well as how alterations in STIM1/ORAI1-mediated SOCE contribute to muscle disease. Recent evidence indicates that SOCE plays an important role in both muscle development/growth and fatigue. The importance of SOCE in muscle is further underscored by the discovery that loss- and gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 result in an eclectic array of disorders with clinical myopathy as central defining component. Despite differences in clinical phenotype, all STIM1/ORAI1 gain-of-function mutations-linked myopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of intracellular membranes, known as tubular aggregates. Finally, dysfunctional STIM1/ORAI1-mediated SOCE also contributes to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy, malignant hyperthermia, and sarcopenia. The picture to emerge is that tight regulation of STIM1/ORAI1-dependent Ca2+ signaling is critical for optimal skeletal muscle development/function such that either aberrant increases or decreases in SOCE activity result in muscle dysfunction.
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12
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Zullo A, Textor M, Elischer P, Mall S, Alt A, Klingler W, Melzer W. Voltage modulates halothane-triggered Ca 2+ release in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible muscle. J Gen Physiol 2017; 150:111-125. [PMID: 29247050 PMCID: PMC5749113 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia can result from mutations in the ryanodine receptor that favor anesthetic-induced Ca2+ release. Zullo et al. find that membrane potential modulates the effect of the volatile anesthetic halothane on skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors possessing the Y524S mutation. Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a fatal hypermetabolic state that may occur during general anesthesia in susceptible individuals. It is often caused by mutations in the ryanodine receptor RyR1 that favor drug-induced release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, knowing that membrane depolarization triggers Ca2+ release in normal muscle function, we study the cross-influence of membrane potential and anesthetic drugs on Ca2+ release. We used short single muscle fibers of knock-in mice heterozygous for the RyR1 mutation Y524S combined with microfluorimetry to measure intracellular Ca2+ signals. Halothane, a volatile anesthetic used in contracture testing for MH susceptibility, was equilibrated with the solution superfusing the cells by means of a vaporizer system. In the range 0.2 to 3%, the drug causes significantly larger elevations of free myoplasmic [Ca2+] in mutant (YS) compared with wild-type (WT) fibers. Action potential–induced Ca2+ signals exhibit a slowing of their time course of relaxation that can be attributed to a component of delayed Ca2+ release turnoff. In further experiments, we applied halothane to single fibers that were voltage-clamped using two intracellular microelectrodes and studied the effect of small (10-mV) deviations from the holding potential (−80 mV). Untreated WT fibers show essentially no changes in [Ca2+], whereas the Ca2+ level of YS fibers increases and decreases on depolarization and hyperpolarization, respectively. The drug causes a significant enhancement of this response. Depolarizing pulses reveal a substantial negative shift in the voltage dependence of activation of Ca2+ release. This behavior likely results from the allosteric coupling between RyR1 and its transverse tubular voltage sensor. We conclude that the binding of halothane to RyR1 alters the voltage dependence of Ca2+ release in MH-susceptible muscle fibers such that the resting membrane potential becomes a decisive factor for the efficiency of the drug to trigger Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Martin Textor
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mall
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Alt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Werner Klingler
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Ulm University, Günzburg, Germany.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Werner Melzer
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Yamada T, Steinz MM, Kenne E, Lanner JT. Muscle Weakness in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Ca 2+ and Free Radical Signaling. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:12-19. [PMID: 28781131 PMCID: PMC5605300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the primary symptoms arising from inflammatory processes in the joints, muscle weakness is commonly reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Muscle weakness not only reduces the quality of life for the affected patients, but also dramatically increases the burden on society since patients' work ability decreases. A 25–70% reduction in muscular strength has been observed in pateints with RA when compared with age-matched healthy controls. The reduction in muscle strength is often larger than what could be explained by the reduction in muscle size in patients with RA, which indicates that intracellular (intrinsic) muscle dysfunction plays an important role in the underlying mechanism of muscle weakness associated with RA. In this review, we highlight the present understanding of RA-associated muscle weakness with special focus on how enhanced Ca2 + release from the ryanodine receptor and free radicals (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species) contributes to muscle weakness, and recent developments of novel therapeutic interventions. Muscle weakness is commonly reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Intrinsic muscle weakness is important in the underlying mechanisms of muscle weakness associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Enhanced Ca2 + release and peroxynitrite-induced stress contributes to RA-induced muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maarten M Steinz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Kenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Witherspoon JW, Meilleur KG. Review of RyR1 pathway and associated pathomechanisms. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:121. [PMID: 27855725 PMCID: PMC5114830 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptor isoform-1 (RyR1) is a major calcium channel in skeletal muscle important for excitation-contraction coupling. Mutations in the RYR1 gene yield RyR1 protein dysfunction that manifests clinically as RYR1-related congenital myopathies (RYR1-RM) and/or malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS). Individuals with RYR1-RM and/or MHS exhibit varying symptoms and severity. The symptoms impair quality of life and put patients at risk for early mortality, yet the cause of varying severity is not well understood. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment for RYR1-RM. Discovery of effective treatments is therefore critical, requiring knowledge of the RyR1 pathway. The purpose of this review is to compile work published to date on the RyR1 pathway and to implicate potential regions as targets for treatment. The RyR1 pathway is comprised of protein-protein interactions, protein-ligand interactions, and post-translational modifications, creating an activation/regulatory macromolecular complex. Given the complexity of this pathway, we divided these interactions and modifications into six regulatory groups. Three of several RyR1 interacting proteins, FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), triadin, and calmodulin, were identified as playing important roles across all groups and may serve as promising target sites for treatment. Also, variability in disease severity may be influenced by prolongation or hyperactivity of post-translational modifications resulting from RyR1 dysfunction.
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15
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Retrograde Coupling: Muscle's Orphan Signaling Pathway? Biophys J 2016; 110:870-1. [PMID: 26910422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling, a voltage-gated calcium channel directly activates opening of the calcium release channel (RyR1) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that supplies the calcium signal triggering contraction. In addition, a retrograde signal from the RyR1 facilitates gating of the voltage-gated calcium channel. Recent studies of RyR1 mutants, including the article by Bannister et al. in this issue of the Biophysical Journal, advance our understanding of the signaling mechanism, although the physiological significance of retrograde coupling remains elusive.
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16
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Ríos E, Figueroa L, Manno C, Kraeva N, Riazi S. The couplonopathies: A comparative approach to a class of diseases of skeletal and cardiac muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 145:459-74. [PMID: 26009541 PMCID: PMC4442791 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel category of diseases of striated muscle is proposed, the couplonopathies, as those that affect components of the couplon and thereby alter its operation. Couplons are the functional units of intracellular calcium release in excitation–contraction coupling. They comprise dihydropyridine receptors, ryanodine receptors (Ca2+ release channels), and a growing list of ancillary proteins whose alteration may lead to disease. Within a generally similar plan, the couplons of skeletal and cardiac muscle show, in a few places, marked structural divergence associated with critical differences in the mechanisms whereby they fulfill their signaling role. Most important among these are the presence of a mechanical or allosteric communication between voltage sensors and Ca2+ release channels, exclusive to the skeletal couplon, and the smaller capacity of the Ca stores in cardiac muscle, which results in greater swings of store concentration during physiological function. Consideration of these structural and functional differences affords insights into the pathogenesis of several couplonopathies. The exclusive mechanical connection of the skeletal couplon explains differences in pathogenesis between malignant hyperthermia (MH) and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), conditions most commonly caused by mutations in homologous regions of the skeletal and cardiac Ca2+ release channels. Based on mechanistic considerations applicable to both couplons, we identify the plasmalemma as a site of secondary modifications, typically an increase in store-operated calcium entry, that are relevant in MH pathogenesis. Similar considerations help explain the different consequences that mutations in triadin and calsequestrin have in these two tissues. As more information is gathered on the composition of cardiac and skeletal couplons, this comparative and mechanistic approach to couplonopathies should be useful to understand pathogenesis, clarify diagnosis, and propose tissue-specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ríos
- Section of Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lourdes Figueroa
- Section of Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Carlo Manno
- Section of Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Natalia Kraeva
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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17
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Hernández-Ochoa EO, Pratt SJP, Lovering RM, Schneider MF. Critical Role of Intracellular RyR1 Calcium Release Channels in Skeletal Muscle Function and Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 6:420. [PMID: 26793121 PMCID: PMC4709859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel, also known as ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1), is the largest ion channel protein known and is crucial for effective skeletal muscle contractile activation. RyR1 function is controlled by Cav1.1, a voltage gated Ca2+ channel that works mainly as a voltage sensor for RyR1 activity during skeletal muscle contraction and is also fine-tuned by Ca2+, several intracellular compounds (e.g., ATP), and modulatory proteins (e.g., calmodulin). Dominant and recessive mutations in RyR1, as well as acquired channel alterations, are the underlying cause of various skeletal muscle diseases. The aim of this mini review is to summarize several current aspects of RyR1 function, structure, regulation, and to describe the most common diseases caused by hereditary or acquired RyR1 malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J P Pratt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin F Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, Bulger T, Stowell K. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:93. [PMID: 26238698 PMCID: PMC4524368 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle that presents as a hypermetabolic response to potent volatile anesthetic gases such as halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane and the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine, and rarely, in humans, to stressors such as vigorous exercise and heat. The incidence of MH reactions ranges from 1:10,000 to 1: 250,000 anesthetics. However, the prevalence of the genetic abnormalities may be as great as one in 400 individuals. MH affects humans, certain pig breeds, dogs and horses. The classic signs of MH include hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, increased carbon dioxide production, increased oxygen consumption, acidosis, hyperkalaemia, muscle rigidity, and rhabdomyolysis, all related to a hypermetabolic response. The syndrome is likely to be fatal if untreated. An increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide despite increased minute ventilation provides an early diagnostic clue. In humans the syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, while in pigs it is autosomal recessive. Uncontrolled rise of myoplasmic calcium, which activates biochemical processes related to muscle activation leads to the pathophysiologic changes. In most cases, the syndrome is caused by a defect in the ryanodine receptor. Over 400 variants have been identified in the RYR1 gene located on chromosome 19q13.1, and at least 34 are causal for MH. Less than 1 % of variants have been found in CACNA1S but not all of these are causal. Diagnostic testing involves the in vitro contracture response of biopsied muscle to halothane, caffeine, and in some centres ryanodine and 4-chloro-m-cresol. Elucidation of the genetic changes has led to the introduction of DNA testing for susceptibility to MH. Dantrolene sodium is a specific antagonist and should be available wherever general anesthesia is administered. Increased understanding of the clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of the syndrome, has lead to the mortality decreasing from 80 % thirty years ago to <5 % in 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Rosenberg
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Research, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, 07039, USA.
| | - Neil Pollock
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Anja Schiemann
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Terasa Bulger
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Kathryn Stowell
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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19
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Braubach P, Orynbayev M, Andronache Z, Hering T, Landwehrmeyer GB, Lindenberg KS, Melzer W. Altered Ca(2+) signaling in skeletal muscle fibers of the R6/2 mouse, a model of Huntington's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 144:393-413. [PMID: 25348412 PMCID: PMC4210430 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat within the gene encoding the protein huntingtin. The resulting elongated glutamine (poly-Q) sequence of mutant huntingtin (mhtt) affects both central neurons and skeletal muscle. Recent reports suggest that ryanodine receptor-based Ca(2+) signaling, which is crucial for skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), is changed by mhtt in HD neurons. Consequently, we searched for alterations of ECC in muscle fibers of the R6/2 mouse, a mouse model of HD. We performed fluorometric recordings of action potentials (APs) and cellular Ca(2+) transients on intact isolated toe muscle fibers (musculi interossei), and measured L-type Ca(2+) inward currents on internally dialyzed fibers under voltage-clamp conditions. Both APs and AP-triggered Ca(2+) transients showed slower kinetics in R6/2 fibers than in fibers from wild-type mice. Ca(2+) removal from the myoplasm and Ca(2+) release flux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum were characterized using a Ca(2+) binding and transport model, which indicated a significant reduction in slow Ca(2+) removal activity and Ca(2+) release flux both after APs and under voltage-clamp conditions. In addition, the voltage-clamp experiments showed a highly significant decrease in L-type Ca(2+) channel conductance. These results indicate profound changes of Ca(2+) turnover in skeletal muscle of R6/2 mice and suggest that these changes may be associated with muscle pathology in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Braubach
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Murat Orynbayev
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zoita Andronache
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Hering
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Katrin S Lindenberg
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Werner Melzer
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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20
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Gartz Hanson M, Niswander LA. Rectification of muscle and nerve deficits in paralyzed ryanodine receptor type 1 mutant embryos. Dev Biol 2015; 404:76-87. [PMID: 26025922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion and respiration require motor axon connectivity and activation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Through a forward genetic screen for muscle weakness, we recently reported an allele of ryanodine receptor type 1 (Ryr1(AG)). Here we reveal a role for functional RyR1 during acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster formation and embryonic synaptic transmission. Ryr1(AG) homozygous embryos are non-motile. Motor axons extend past AChR clusters and enlarged AChR clusters are found under fasciculated nerves. Using physiological and pharmacological methods, we show that contractility can be resumed through the masking of a potassium leak, and evoked vesicular release can be resumed via bypassing the defect in RyR1 induced calcium release. Moreover, we show the involvement of ryanodine receptors in presynaptic release at the NMJ. This data provides evidence of a role for RyR1 on both the pre- and postsynaptic sides of the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gartz Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Lee A Niswander
- Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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21
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Casas M, Buvinic S, Jaimovich E. ATP signaling in skeletal muscle: from fiber plasticity to regulation of metabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2014; 42:110-6. [PMID: 24949845 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetanic electrical stimulation releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from muscle fibers through pannexin-1 channels in a frequency-dependent manner; extracellular ATP activates signals that ultimately regulate gene expression and is able to increase glucose transport through activation of P2Y receptors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160. We hypothesize that this mechanism is an important link between exercise and the regulation of muscle fiber plasticity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Casas
- 1Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile; and 2Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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The disorders of the calcium release unit of skeletal muscles: what have we learned from mouse models? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2014; 36:61-9. [PMID: 25424378 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-014-9396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium storage, release, and reuptake are essential for normal physiological function of muscle. Several human skeletal muscle disorders can arise from dysfunction in the control and coordination of these three critical processes. The release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum stores (SR) is handled by a multiprotein complex called Calcium Release Unit and composed of DiHydroPyridine Receptor or DHPR, Ryanodine Receptor or RYR, Calsequestrin or CASQ, junctin, Triadin, Junctophilin and Mitsugumin 29. Malignant hyperthermia (MH), Central Core Disease (CCD), Exertional/environmental Heat Stroke (EHS) and Multiminicore disease (MmD) are inherited disorders of calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscles directly related to mutations of genes coding for proteins of the CRU, primarily ryanodine receptor (RYR1). To understand the pathophysiology of MH and CCD, four murine lines carrying point mutations of human RYR1 have been developed: Y524S, R163C, I4898T and T4826I. Mice carrying those mutations show a phenotype with the traits of MH and/or CCD. Interestingly, also ablation of skeletal muscle calsequestrin (CASQ1) leads to a phenotype with MH-like lethal episodes in response to halothane and heat stress and development of central cores. In this review, we aim to describe the murine lines with RYR mutations or CASQ ablation, which show a phenotype similar to human MH or CCD, to underline their specific phenotypes and their differences and to discuss their contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorders and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
The advent of the polymerase chain reaction and the availability of data from various global human genome projects should make it possible, using a DNA sample isolated from white blood cells, to diagnose rapidly and accurately almost any monogenic condition resulting from single nucleotide changes. DNA-based diagnosis for malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an attractive proposition, because it could replace the invasive and morbid caffeine-halothane/in vitro contracture tests of skeletal muscle biopsy tissue. Moreover, MH is preventable if an accurate diagnosis of susceptibility can be made before general anesthesia, the most common trigger of an MH episode. Diagnosis of MH using DNA was suggested as early as 1990 when the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1), and a single point mutation therein, was linked to MH susceptibility. In 1994, a single point mutation in the α 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor gene (CACNA1S) was identified and also subsequently shown to be causative of MH. In the succeeding years, the number of identified mutations in RYR1 has grown, as has the number of potential susceptibility loci, although no other gene has yet been definitively associated with MH. In addition, it has become clear that MH is associated with either of these 2 genes (RYR1 and CACNA1S) in only 50% to 70% of affected families. While DNA testing for MH susceptibility has now become widespread, it still does not replace the in vitro contracture tests. Whole exome sequence analysis makes it potentially possible to identify all variants within human coding regions, but the complexity of the genome, the heterogeneity of MH, the limitations of bioinformatic tools, and the lack of precise genotype/phenotype correlations are all confounding factors. In addition, the requirement for demonstration of causality, by in vitro functional analysis, of any familial mutation currently precludes DNA-based diagnosis as the sole test for MH susceptibility. Nevertheless, familial DNA testing for MH susceptibility is now widespread although limited to a positive diagnosis and to those few mutations that have been functionally characterized. Identification of new susceptibility genes remains elusive. When new genes are identified, it will be the role of the biochemists, physiologists, and biophysicists to devise functional assays in appropriate systems. This will remain the bottleneck unless high throughput platforms can be designed for functional work. Analysis of entire genomes from several individuals simultaneously is a reality. DNA testing for MH, based on current criteria, remains the dream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Stowell
- From the Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Melzer W. Skeletal muscle fibers: Inactivated or depleted after long depolarizations? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 141:517-20. [PMID: 23630336 PMCID: PMC3639573 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201310997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Melzer
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Lefebvre R, Pouvreau S, Collet C, Allard B, Jacquemond V. Whole-cell voltage clamp on skeletal muscle fibers with the silicone-clamp technique. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1183:159-170. [PMID: 25023307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Control of membrane voltage and membrane current measurements are of critical importance for the study of numerous aspects of skeletal muscle physiology and pathophysiology. The silicone-clamp technique makes use of a conventional patch-clamp apparatus to achieve whole-cell voltage clamp of a restricted portion of a fully differentiated adult skeletal muscle fiber. The major part of an isolated muscle fiber is insulated from the extracellular medium with silicone grease and the tip of a single microelectrode connected to the amplifier is then inserted within the fiber through the silicone layer. The method is extremely easy to implement. It represents an alternative to the traditional vaseline-gap isolation and two or three microelectrodes voltage-clamp techniques. The present chapter reviews the benefits of the silicone-clamp technique and provides updated detailed insights into its practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lefebvre
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 5534, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bât. Raphael Dubois, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
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Yarotskyy V, Protasi F, Dirksen RT. Accelerated activation of SOCE current in myotubes from two mouse models of anesthetic- and heat-induced sudden death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77633. [PMID: 24143248 PMCID: PMC3797063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels play an important role in Ca2+ signaling. Recently, excessive SOCE was proposed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of malignant hyperthermia (MH), a pharmacogenic disorder of skeletal muscle. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing SOCE current (ISkCRAC) magnitude, voltage dependence, and rate of activation in myotubes derived from two mouse models of anesthetic- and heat-induced sudden death: 1) type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) knock-in mice (Y524S/+) and 2) calsequestrin 1 and 2 double knock-out (dCasq-null) mice. ISkCRAC voltage dependence and magnitude at -80 mV were not significantly different in myotubes derived from wild type (WT), Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice. However, the rate of ISkCRAC activation upon repetitive depolarization was significantly faster at room temperature in myotubes from Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice. In addition, the maximum rate of ISkCRAC activation in dCasq-null myotubes was also faster than WT at more physiological temperatures (35-37°C). Azumolene (50 µM), a more water-soluble analog of dantrolene that is used to reverse MH crises, failed to alter ISkCRAC density or rate of activation. Together, these results indicate that while an increased rate of ISkCRAC activation is a common characteristic of myotubes derived from Y524S/+ and dCasq-null mice and that the protective effects of azumolene are not due to a direct inhibition of SOCE channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Center for Research on Ageing & Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Università Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert T. Dirksen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Manno C, Figueroa L, Royer L, Pouvreau S, Lee CS, Volpe P, Nori A, Zhou J, Meissner G, Hamilton SL, Ríos E. Altered Ca2+ concentration, permeability and buffering in the myofibre Ca2+ store of a mouse model of malignant hyperthermia. J Physiol 2013; 591:4439-57. [PMID: 23798496 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.259572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is linked to mutations in the type 1 ryanodine receptor, RyR1, the Ca2+ channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle. The Y522S MH mutation was studied for its complex presentation, which includes structurally and functionally altered cell 'cores'. Imaging cytosolic and intra-SR [Ca2+] in muscle cells of heterozygous YS mice we determined Ca2+ release flux activated by clamp depolarization, permeability (P) of the SR membrane (ratio of flux and [Ca2+] gradient) and SR Ca2+ buffering power (B). In YS cells resting [Ca2+]SR was 45% of the value in normal littermates (WT). P was more than doubled, so that initial flux was normal. Measuring [Ca2+]SR(t) revealed dynamic changes in B(t). The alterations were similar to those caused by cytosolic BAPTA, which promotes release by hampering Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI). The [Ca2+] transients showed abnormal 'breaks', decaying phases after an initial rise, traced to a collapse in flux and P. Similar breaks occurred in WT myofibres with calsequestrin reduced by siRNA; calsequestrin content, however, was normal in YS muscle. Thus, the Y522S mutation causes greater openness of the RyR1, lowers resting [Ca2+]SR and alters SR Ca2+ buffering in a way that copies the functional instability observed upon reduction of calsequestrin content. The similarities with the effects of BAPTA suggest that the mutation, occurring near the cytosolic vestibule of the channel, reduces CDI as one of its primary effects. The unstable SR buffering, mimicked by silencing of calsequestrin, may help precipitate the loss of Ca2+ control that defines a fulminant MH event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Manno
- S. L. Hamilton: ; E. Ríos: Rush University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, 1750 West Harrison St., Suite 1279JS, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Allele-specific gene silencing in two mouse models of autosomal dominant skeletal myopathy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49757. [PMID: 23152933 PMCID: PMC3495761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential of mutant allele-specific gene silencing (ASGS) in providing therapeutic benefit in two established mouse models of the autosomal dominantly-inherited muscle disorders, Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) and Central Core Disease (CCD). Candidate ASGS siRNAs were designed and validated for efficacy and specificity on ryanodine receptor (RyR1) cDNA mini-constructs expressed in HEK293 cells using RT-PCR- and confocal microscopy-based assays. In vivo delivery of the most efficacious identified siRNAs into flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles was achieved by injection/electroporation of footpads of 4–6 month old heterozygous Ryr1Y524S/+ (YS/+) and Ryr1I4895T/+ (IT/+) knock-in mice, established mouse models of MH with cores and CCD, respectively. Treatment of IT/+ mice resulted in a modest rescue of deficits in the maximum rate (∼38% rescue) and magnitude (∼78%) of ligand-induced Ca2+ release that occurred in the absence of a change in the magnitude of electrically-evoked Ca2+ release. Compared to the difference between the caffeine sensitivity of Ca2+ release in FDB fibers from YS/+ and WT mice treated with SCR siRNA (EC50: 1.1 mM versus 4.4 mM, respectively), caffeine sensitivity was normalized in FDB fibers from YS/+ mice following 2 (EC50: 2.8 mM) and 4 week (EC50: 6.6 mM) treatment with YS allele-specific siRNA. Moreover, the temperature-dependent increase in resting Ca2+ observed in FDB fibers from YS/+ mice was normalized to WT levels after 2 weeks of treatment with YS allele-specific siRNA. As determined by quantitative real time PCR, the degree of functional rescue in YS/+ and IT/+ mice correlated well with the relative increase in fractional WT allele expression.
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Yasuda T, Delbono O, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Girard T, Urwyler A, Treves S, Zorzato F. JP-45/JSRP1 variants affect skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling by decreasing the sensitivity of the dihydropyridine receptor. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:184-90. [PMID: 22927026 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
JP-45 (also JP45; encoded by JSRP1) is an integral protein constituent of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum junctional face membrane interacting with Ca(v) 1.1 (the α.1 subunit of the voltage-sensing dihydropyridine receptor, DHPR) and the luminal calcium-binding protein calsequestrin. Two JSRP1 variants have been found in the human population: c.323C>T (p.P108L) in exon 5 and c.449G>C (p.G150A) in exon 6, but nothing is known concerning the incidence of these polymorphisms in the general population or in patients with neuromuscular diseases nor the impact of the polymorphisms on excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. In the present report, we investigated the frequencies of these two JSRP1 polymorphisms in the Swiss malignant hyperthermia population and studied the functional impact of the variants on EC coupling. Our results show that the polymorphisms are equally distributed among malignant hyperthermia negative, malignant hyperthermia equivocal, and malignant hyperthermia susceptible individuals. Interestingly, however, the presence of either one of these JP-45 variants decreased the sensitivity of the DHPR to activation. The presence of a JSRP1 variant may explain the variable phenotype seen in patients with malignant hyperthermia carrying the same mutation and, more importantly, may counteract the hypersensitivity of EC coupling caused by mutations in the RYR1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Yasuda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University, Manami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Bannister RA, Beam KG. Ca(V)1.1: The atypical prototypical voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:1587-97. [PMID: 22982493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca(V)1.1 is the prototype for the other nine known Ca(V) channel isoforms, yet it has functional properties that make it truly atypical of this group. Specifically, Ca(V)1.1 is expressed solely in skeletal muscle where it serves multiple purposes; it is the voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling and it is an L-type Ca²⁺ channel which contributes to a form of activity-dependent Ca²⁺ entry that has been termed Excitation-coupled Ca²⁺ entry. The ability of Ca(V)1.1 to serve as voltage-sensor for excitation-contraction coupling appears to be unique among Ca(V) channels, whereas the physiological role of its more conventional function as a Ca²⁺ channel has been a matter of uncertainty for nearly 50 years. In this chapter, we discuss how Ca(V)1.1 supports excitation-contraction coupling, the possible relevance of Ca²⁺ entry through Ca(V)1.1 and how alterations of Ca(V)1.1 function can have pathophysiological consequences. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Bannister
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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31
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Rouviere C, Corona BT, Ingalls CP. Oxidative capacity and fatigability in run-trained malignant hyperthermia-susceptible mice. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:586-96. [PMID: 22431093 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that malignant hyperthermia model mice (RyR1Y522S/wt) are more vulnerable to exercise-induced muscle injury and fatigability and adapt less to run training. METHODS After 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running, we measured anterior crural muscle fatigability, muscle injury, and cytochrome oxidase (COX) and citrate synthase (CS). RESULTS Although RyR1Y522S/wt mice ran without undergoing MH episodes, they ran 42% less distance than wild-type (WT) mice. Muscles from WT mice exhibited increased fatigue resistance and COX content after training. Muscles from RyR1Y522S/wt mice demonstrated no significant change in fatigability or COX and CS after training. However, muscles from RyR1Y522S/wt mice displayed less intrinsic fatigability and greater COX/CS content and muscle damage than WT mice. CONCLUSIONS RyR1Y522S/wt mice can run without having rhabdomyolysis, and their inability to adapt to training appears to stem from intrinsic enhancement of mitochondrial enzymes and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Rouviere
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3975, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3975, USA
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Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility arising from altered resting coupling between the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channel and the type 1 ryanodine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7923-8. [PMID: 22547813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119207109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility is a dominantly inherited disorder in which volatile anesthetics trigger aberrant Ca(2+) release in skeletal muscle and a potentially fatal rise in perioperative body temperature. Mutations causing MH susceptibility have been identified in two proteins critical for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and Ca(V)1.1, the principal subunit of the L-type Ca(2+) channel. All of the mutations that have been characterized previously augment EC coupling and/or increase the rate of L-type Ca(2+) entry. The Ca(V)1.1 mutation R174W associated with MH susceptibility occurs at the innermost basic residue of the IS4 voltage-sensing helix, a residue conserved among all Ca(V) channels [Carpenter D, et al. (2009) BMC Med Genet 10:104-115.]. To define the functional consequences of this mutation, we expressed it in dysgenic (Ca(V)1.1 null) myotubes. Unlike previously described MH-linked mutations in Ca(V)1.1, R174W ablated the L-type current and had no effect on EC coupling. Nonetheless, R174W increased sensitivity of Ca(2+) release to caffeine (used for MH diagnostic in vitro testing) and to volatile anesthetics. Moreover, in Ca(V)1.1 R174W-expressing myotubes, resting myoplasmic Ca(2+) levels were elevated, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores were partially depleted, compared with myotubes expressing wild-type Ca(V)1.1. Our results indicate that Ca(V)1.1 functions not only to activate RyR1 during EC coupling, but also to suppress resting RyR1-mediated Ca(2+) leak from the SR, and that perturbation of Ca(V)1.1 negative regulation of RyR1 leak identifies a unique mechanism that can sensitize muscle cells to MH triggers.
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Hernández-Ochoa EO, Schneider MF. Voltage clamp methods for the study of membrane currents and SR Ca(2+) release in adult skeletal muscle fibres. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 108:98-118. [PMID: 22306655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (E-C)(1) coupling is a process composed of multiple sequential stages, by which an action potential triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)(2) Ca(2+) release and subsequent contractile activation. The various steps in the E-C coupling process in skeletal muscle can be studied using different techniques. The simultaneous recordings of sarcolemmal electrical signals and the accompanying elevation in myoplasmic Ca(2+), due to depolarization-initiated SR Ca(2+) release in skeletal muscle fibres, have been useful to obtain a better understanding of muscle function. In studying the origin and mechanism of voltage dependency of E-C coupling a variety of different techniques have been used to control the voltage in adult skeletal fibres. Pioneering work in muscles isolated from amphibians or crustaceans used microelectrodes or 'high resistance gap' techniques to manipulate the voltage in the muscle fibres. The development of the patch clamp technique and its variant, the whole-cell clamp configuration that facilitates the manipulation of the intracellular environment, allowed the use of the voltage clamp techniques in different cell types, including skeletal muscle fibres. The aim of this article is to present an historical perspective of the voltage clamp methods used to study skeletal muscle E-C coupling as well as to describe the current status of using the whole-cell patch clamp technique in studies in which the electrical and Ca(2+) signalling properties of mouse skeletal muscle membranes are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Jungbluth H, Dowling JJ, Ferreiro A, Muntoni F. 182nd ENMC International Workshop: RYR1-related myopathies, 15-17th April 2011, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:453-62. [PMID: 22226685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Jungbluth
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, IOP, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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Barrientos GC, Feng W, Truong K, Matthaei KI, Yang T, Allen PD, Lopez JR, Pessah IN. Gene dose influences cellular and calcium channel dysregulation in heterozygous and homozygous T4826I-RYR1 malignant hyperthermia-susceptible muscle. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2863-76. [PMID: 22139840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) is primarily conferred by mutations within ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1). Here we address how the MHS mutation T4826I within the S4-S5 linker influences excitation-contraction coupling and resting myoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](rest)) in flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and vastus lateralis prepared from heterozygous (Het) and homozygous (Hom) T4826I-RYR1 knock-in mice (Yuen, B. T., Boncompagni, S., Feng, W., Yang, T., Lopez, J. R., Matthaei, K. I., Goth, S. R., Protasi, F., Franzini-Armstrong, C., Allen, P. D., and Pessah, I. N. (2011) FASEB J. doi:22131268). FDB responses to electrical stimuli and acute halothane (0.1%, v/v) exposure showed a rank order of Hom ≫ Het ≫ WT. Release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) entry contributed to halothane-triggered increases in [Ca(2+)](rest) in Hom FDBs and elicited pronounced Ca(2+) oscillations in ∼30% of FDBs tested. Genotype contributed significantly elevated [Ca(2+)](rest) (Hom > Het > WT) measured in vivo using ion-selective microelectrodes. Het and Hom oxygen consumption rates measured in intact myotubes using the Seahorse Bioscience (Billerica, MA) flux analyzer and mitochondrial content measured with MitoTracker were lower than WT, whereas total cellular calpain activity was higher than WT. Muscle membranes did not differ in RYR1 expression nor in Ser(2844) phosphorylation among the genotypes. Single channel analysis showed highly divergent gating behavior with Hom and WT favoring open and closed states, respectively, whereas Het exhibited heterogeneous gating behaviors. [(3)H]Ryanodine binding analysis revealed a gene dose influence on binding density and regulation by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and temperature. Pronounced abnormalities inherent in T4826I-RYR1 channels confer MHS and promote basal disturbances of excitation-contraction coupling, [Ca(2+)](rest), and oxygen consumption rates. Considering that both Het and Hom T4826I-RYR1 mice are viable, the remarkable isolated single channel dysfunction mediated through this mutation in S4-S5 cytoplasmic linker must be highly regulated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro C Barrientos
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Yuen B, Boncompagni S, Feng W, Yang T, Lopez JR, Matthaei KI, Goth SR, Protasi F, Franzini-Armstrong C, Allen PD, Pessah IN. Mice expressing T4826I-RYR1 are viable but exhibit sex- and genotype-dependent susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia and muscle damage. FASEB J 2011; 26:1311-22. [PMID: 22131268 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutation T4825I in the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1(T4825I/+)) confers human malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS). We report a knock-in mouse line that expresses the isogenetic mutation T4826I. Heterozygous RYR1(T4826I/+) (Het) or homozygous RYR1(T4826I/T4826I) (Hom) mice are fully viable under typical rearing conditions but exhibit genotype- and sex-dependent susceptibility to environmental conditions that trigger MH. Hom mice maintain higher core temperatures than WT in the home cage, have chronically elevated myoplasmic[Ca(2+)](rest), and present muscle damage in soleus with a strong sex bias. Mice subjected to heat stress in an enclosed 37°C chamber fail to trigger MH regardless of genotype, whereas heat stress at 41°C invariably triggers fulminant MH in Hom, but not Het, mice within 20 min. WT and Het female mice fail to maintain euthermic body temperature when placed atop a bed whose surface is 37°C during halothane anesthesia (1.75%) and have no hyperthermic response, whereas 100% Hom mice of either sex and 17% of the Het males develop fulminant MH. WT mice placed on a 41°C bed maintain body temperature while being administered halothane, and 40% of the Het females and 100% of the Het males develop fulminant MH within 40 min. Myopathic alterations in soleus were apparent by 12 mo, including abnormally distributed and enlarged mitochondria, deeply infolded sarcolemma, and frequent Z-line streaming regions, which were more severe in males. These data demonstrate that an MHS mutation within the S4-S5 cytoplasmic linker of RYR1 confers genotype- and sex-dependent susceptibility to pharmacological and environmental stressors that trigger fulminant MH and promote myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yuen
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Huang CLH, Pedersen TH, Fraser JA. Reciprocal dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptor interactions in skeletal muscle activation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:171-202. [PMID: 21993921 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyridine (DHPR) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are central to transduction of transverse (T) tubular membrane depolarisation initiated by surface action potentials into release of sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+ in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Electronmicroscopic methods demonstrate an orderly positioning of such tubular DHPRs relative to RyRs in the SR at triad junctions where their membranes come into close proximity. Biochemical and genetic studies associated expression of specific, DHPR and RyR, isoforms with the particular excitation-contraction coupling processes and related elementary Ca2+ release events found respectively in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Physiological studies of intramembrane charge movements potentially related to voltage triggering of Ca2+ release demonstrated a particular qγ charging species identifiable with DHPRs through its T-tubular localization, pharmacological properties, and steep voltage-dependence paralleling Ca2+ release. Its nonlinear kinetics implicated highly co-operative conformational events in its transitions in response to voltage change. The effects of DHPR and RyR agonists and antagonists upon this intramembrane charge in turn implicated reciprocal rather than merely unidirectional DHPR-RyR interactions in these complex reactions. Thus, following membrane potential depolarization, an orthograde qγ-DHPR-RyR signaling likely initiates conformational alterations in the RyR with which it makes contact. The latter changes could then retrogradely promote further qγ-DHPR transitions through reciprocal co-operative allosteric interactions between receptors. These would relieve the resting constraints on both further, delayed, nonlinear qγ-DHPR charge transfers and on RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. They would also explain the more rapid charging and recovery qγ transients following larger depolarizations and membrane potential repolarization to the resting level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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38
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Lefebvre R, Legrand C, González-Rodríguez E, Groom L, Dirksen RT, Jacquemond V. Defects in Ca2+ release associated with local expression of pathological ryanodine receptors in mouse muscle fibres. J Physiol 2011; 589:5361-82. [PMID: 21969454 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.216408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the gene encoding the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) are associated with skeletal muscle disorders including malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) and central core disease (CCD). We used in vivo expression of EGFP-RyR1 constructs in fully differentiated mouse muscle fibres to characterize the function of several RyR1 mutants. Wild-type and Y523S, R615C, R2163H and I4897T mutants of RyR1 were separately expressed and found to be present within restricted regions of fibres with a pattern consistent with triadic localization. Confocal measurements of voltage-clamp-activated myoplasmic Ca(2+) transients demonstrated alterations of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release spatially correlated with the presence of exogenous RyR1s. The Y523S, R615C and R2163H RyR1 MHS-related mutants were associated with enhanced peak Ca(2+) release for low and moderate levels of depolarization, whereas the I4897T CCD mutant produced a chronic reduction of peak SR Ca(2+) release. For example, peak Ca(2+) release in response to a depolarization to -20 mV in regions of fibres expressing Y523S and I4897T was 2.0 ± 0.3 (n = 9) and 0.46 ± 0.1 (n = 5) times the corresponding value in adjacent, non-expressing regions of the same fibre, respectively. Interestingly no significant change in the estimated total amount of Ca(2+) released at the end of large depolarizing pulses was observed for any of the mutant RyR1 channels. Overall, results are consistent with an 'inherent' increase in RyR1 sensitivity to activation by the voltage sensor for the MHS-related RyR1 mutants and a partial failure of voltage-gated release for the CCD-related I4897T mutant, that occur with no sign of change in SR Ca(2+) content. Furthermore, the results indicate that RyR1 channel density is tightly regulated even under the present conditions of forced exogenous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lefebvre
- CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Villeurbanne, France
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Olojo RO, Hernández-Ochoa EO, Ikemoto N, Schneider MF. Effects of conformational peptide probe DP4 on bidirectional signaling between DHPR and RyR1 calcium channels in voltage-clamped skeletal muscle fibers. Biophys J 2011; 100:2367-77. [PMID: 21575570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, excitation-contraction coupling involves the activation of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) and type-1 ryanodine receptors (RyR1) to produce depolarization-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ release via orthograde signaling. Another form of DHPR-RyR1 communication is retrograde signaling, in which RyRs modulate the gating of DHPR. DP4 (domain peptide 4), is a peptide corresponding to residues Leu²⁴⁴²-Pro²⁴⁷⁷ of the central domain of the RyR1 that produces RyR1 channel destabilization. Here we explore the effects of DP4 on orthograde excitation-contraction coupling and retrograde RyR1-DHPR signaling in isolated murine muscle fibers. Intracellular dialysis of DP4 increased the peak amplitude of Ca²⁺ release during step depolarizations by 64% without affecting its voltage-dependence or kinetics, and also caused a similar increase in Ca²⁺ release during an action potential waveform. DP4 did not modify either the amplitude or the voltage-dependence of the intramembrane charge movement. However, DP4 augmented DHPR Ca²⁺ current density without affecting its voltage-dependence. Our results demonstrate that the conformational changes induced by DP4 regulate both orthograde E-C coupling and retrograde RyR1-DHPR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi O Olojo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Vega AV, Ramos-Mondragón R, Calderón-Rivera A, Zarain-Herzberg A, Avila G. Calcitonin gene-related peptide restores disrupted excitation-contraction coupling in myotubes expressing central core disease mutations in RyR1. J Physiol 2011; 589:4649-69. [PMID: 21825032 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Central core disease (CCD) is a congenital human myopathy associated with mutations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1), resulting in skeletal muscle weakness and lower limb deformities. The muscle weakness can be at least partially explained by a reduced magnitude of voltage-gated Ca(2+) release (VGCR). To date, only a few studies have focused on identifying potential therapeutic agents for CCD. Therefore, in this work we investigated the potential use of the calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) to restore VGCR in myotubes expressing CCD RyR1 mutants. We also examined the influence of CCD mutants on Ca(2+)-dependent processes involved in myogenesis (myoblast fusion and sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) gene expression). C2C12 cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding either wild-type RyR1 or CCD mutants, and then exposed to CGRP (100 nm, 1-4 h). Expression of the I4897T mutant significantly inhibited SERCA2 gene expression and myoblast fusion, whereas the Y523S mutant exerted the opposite effect. Interestingly, both mutants clearly inhibited VGCR (50%), due to a reduction in SR Ca(2+) content. However, no major changes due to CGRP or CCD mutants were observed in I(CaL). Our data suggest that the Y523S mutant results in store depletion via decompensated SR Ca(2+) leak, while the I4897T mutant inhibits SERCA2 gene expression. Remarkably, in both cases CGRP restored VGCR, likely to have been by enhancing phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, SERCA activity and SR Ca(2+) content. Taken together, our data show that in the C2C12 model system, changes in excitation-contraction coupling induced by the expression of RyR1 channels bearing CCD mutations Y523S or I4897T can be reversed by CGRP.
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Wei L, Salahura G, Boncompagni S, Kasischke KA, Protasi F, Sheu SS, Dirksen RT. Mitochondrial superoxide flashes: metabolic biomarkers of skeletal muscle activity and disease. FASEB J 2011; 25:3068-78. [PMID: 21646399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-187252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial superoxide flashes (mSOFs) are stochastic events of quantal mitochondrial superoxide generation. Here, we used flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers from transgenic mice with muscle-specific expression of a novel mitochondrial-targeted superoxide biosensor (mt-cpYFP) to characterize mSOF activity in skeletal muscle at rest, following intense activity, and under pathological conditions. Results demonstrate that mSOF activity in muscle depended on electron transport chain and adenine nucleotide translocase functionality, but it was independent of cyclophilin-D-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore activity. The diverse spatial dimensions of individual mSOF events were found to reflect a complex underlying morphology of the mitochondrial network, as examined by electron microscopy. Muscle activity regulated mSOF activity in a biphasic manner. Specifically, mSOF frequency was significantly increased following brief tetanic stimulation (18.1 ± 1.6 to 22.3 ± 2.0 flashes/1000 μm²·100 s before and after 5 tetani) and markedly decreased (to 7.7 ± 1.6 flashes/1000 μm²·100 s) following prolonged tetanic stimulation (40 tetani). A significant temperature-dependent increase in mSOF frequency (11.9 ± 0.8 and 19.8 ± 2.6 flashes/1000 μm²·100 s at 23°C and 37°C) was observed in fibers from RYR1(Y522S/WT) mice, a mouse model of malignant hyperthermia and heat-induced hypermetabolism. Together, these results demonstrate that mSOF activity is a highly sensitive biomarker of mitochondrial respiration and the cellular metabolic state of muscle during physiological activity and pathological oxidative stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wei
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Fernández-Velasco M, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Rueda A, Neco P, Mercado-Morales M, Delgado C, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Richard S, María Gómez A, Benitah JP. RyRCa2+ leak limits cardiac Ca2+ window current overcoming the tonic effect of calmodulinin mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20863. [PMID: 21673970 PMCID: PMC3108979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ mediates the functional coupling between L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor, RyR), participating in key pathophysiological processes. This crosstalk manifests as the orthograde Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release (CICR) mechanism triggered by Ca2+ influx, but also as the retrograde Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) of LTCC, which depends on both Ca2+ permeating through the LTCC itself and on SR Ca2+ release through the RyR. This latter effect has been suggested to rely on local rather than global Ca2+ signaling, which might parallel the nanodomain control of CDI carried out through calmodulin (CaM). Analyzing the CICR in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) mice as a model of RyR-generated Ca2+ leak, we evidence here that increased occurrence of the discrete local SR Ca2+ releases through the RyRs (Ca2+ sparks) causea depolarizing shift in activation and a hyperpolarizing shift inisochronic inactivation of cardiac LTCC current resulting in the reduction of window current. Both increasing fast [Ca2+]i buffer capacity or depleting SR Ca2+ store blunted these changes, which could be reproduced in WT cells by RyRCa2+ leak induced with Ryanodol and CaM inhibition.Our results unveiled a new paradigm for CaM-dependent effect on LTCC gating and further the nanodomain Ca2+ control of LTCC, emphasizing the importance of spatio-temporal relationships between Ca2+ signals and CaM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Velasco
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U769, IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Angélica Rueda
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Neco
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U769, IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Carmen Delgado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, CyB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Napolitano
- Molecular Cardiology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Silvia G. Priori
- Molecular Cardiology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Sylvain Richard
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U1046, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana María Gómez
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U769, IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- Inserm, U637, Université Montpellier-1, Université Montpellier-2, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U769, IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Chatenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail:
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MacLennan DH, Zvaritch E. Mechanistic models for muscle diseases and disorders originating in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:948-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Loy RE, Orynbayev M, Xu L, Andronache Z, Apostol S, Zvaritch E, MacLennan DH, Meissner G, Melzer W, Dirksen RT. Muscle weakness in Ryr1I4895T/WT knock-in mice as a result of reduced ryanodine receptor Ca2+ ion permeation and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 137:43-57. [PMID: 21149547 PMCID: PMC3010056 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201010523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The type 1 isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) is the Ca(2+) release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that is activated during skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Mutations in the RYR1 gene cause several rare inherited skeletal muscle disorders, including malignant hyperthermia and central core disease (CCD). The human RYR1(I4898T) mutation is one of the most common CCD mutations. To elucidate the mechanism by which RYR1 function is altered by this mutation, we characterized in vivo muscle strength, EC coupling, SR Ca(2+) content, and RYR1 Ca(2+) release channel function using adult heterozygous Ryr1(I4895T/+) knock-in mice (IT/+). Compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, IT/+ mice exhibited significantly reduced upper body and grip strength. In spite of normal total SR Ca(2+) content, both electrically evoked and 4-chloro-m-cresol-induced Ca(2+) release were significantly reduced and slowed in single intact flexor digitorum brevis fibers isolated from 4-6-mo-old IT/+ mice. The sensitivity of the SR Ca(2+) release mechanism to activation was not enhanced in fibers of IT/+ mice. Single-channel measurements of purified recombinant channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers revealed that Ca(2+) permeation was abolished for homotetrameric IT channels and significantly reduced for heterotetrameric WT:IT channels. Collectively, these findings indicate that in vivo muscle weakness observed in IT/+ knock-in mice arises from a reduction in the magnitude and rate of RYR1 Ca(2+) release during EC coupling that results from the mutation producing a dominant-negative suppression of RYR1 channel Ca(2+) ion permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Loy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Boncompagni S, Loy RE, Dirksen RT, Franzini-Armstrong C. The I4895T mutation in the type 1 ryanodine receptor induces fiber-type specific alterations in skeletal muscle that mimic premature aging. Aging Cell 2010; 9:958-70. [PMID: 20961389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The I4898T (IT) mutation in type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), the Ca(2+) release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is linked to a form of central core disease (CCD) in humans and results in a nonleaky channel and excitation-contraction uncoupling. We characterized age-dependent and fiber-type-dependent alterations in muscle ultrastructure, as well as the magnitude and spatiotemporal properties of evoked Ca(2+) release in heterozygous Ryr1(I4895T/WT) (IT/+) knock-in mice on a mixed genetic background. The results indicate a classical but mild CCD phenotype that includes muscle weakness and the presence of mitochondrial-deficient areas in type I fibers. Electrically evoked Ca(2+) release is significantly reduced in single flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) fibers from young and old IT/+ mice. Structural changes are strongly fiber-type specific, affecting type I and IIB/IIX fibers in very distinct ways, and sparing type IIA fibers. Ultrastructural alterations in our IT/+ mice are also present in wild type, but at a lower frequency and older ages, suggesting that the disease mutation on the mixed background promotes an acceleration of normal age-dependent changes. The observed functional and structural alterations and their similarity to age-associated changes are entirely consistent with the known properties of the mutated channel, which result in reduced calcium release as is also observed in normal aging muscle. In strong contrast to these observations, a subset of patients with the analogous human heterozygous mutation and IT/+ mice on an inbred 129S2/SvPasCrl background exhibit a more severe disease phenotype, which is not directly consistent with the mutated channel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Boncompagni
- IIM - Interuniversitary Institute of Myology, DNI - Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Ce.S.I.- Centro Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, University of Studi G. d'Annunzio, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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46
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Betzenhauser MJ, Marks AR. Ryanodine receptor channelopathies. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:467-80. [PMID: 20179962 PMCID: PMC2885589 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are intracellular Ca2+-permeable channels that provide the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release required for skeletal and cardiac muscle contractions. RyR1 underlies skeletal muscle contraction, and RyR2 fulfills this role in cardiac muscle. Over the past 20 years, numerous mutations in both RyR isoforms have been identified and linked to skeletal and cardiac diseases. Malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been genetically linked to mutations in either RyR1 or RyR2. Thus, RyR channelopathies are both of interest because they cause significant human diseases and provide model systems that can be studied to elucidate important structure-function relationships of these ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Betzenhauser
- Department of Physiology, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bannister RA, Estève E, Eltit JM, Pessah IN, Allen PD, López JR, Beam KG. A malignant hyperthermia-inducing mutation in RYR1 (R163C): consequent alterations in the functional properties of DHPR channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 135:629-40. [PMID: 20479108 PMCID: PMC2888063 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200910329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional communication between the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in the plasma membrane and the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is responsible for both skeletal-type excitation–contraction coupling (voltage-gated Ca2+ release from the SR) and increased amplitude of L-type Ca2+ current via the DHPR. Because the DHPR and RYR1 are functionally coupled, mutations in RYR1 that are linked to malignant hyperthermia (MH) may affect DHPR activity. For this reason, we investigated whether cultured myotubes originating from mice carrying an MH-linked mutation in RYR1 (R163C) had altered voltage-gated Ca2+ release from the SR, membrane-bound charge movement, and/or L-type Ca2+ current. In myotubes homozygous (Hom) for the R163C mutation, voltage-gated Ca2+ release from the SR was substantially reduced and shifted (∼10 mV) to more hyperpolarizing potentials compared with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Intramembrane charge movements of both Hom and heterozygous (Het) myotubes displayed hyperpolarizing shifts similar to that observed in voltage-gated SR Ca2+ release. The current–voltage relationships for L-type currents in both Hom and Het myotubes were also shifted to more hyperpolarizing potentials (∼7 and 5 mV, respectively). Compared with WT myotubes, Het and Hom myotubes both displayed a greater sensitivity to the L-type channel agonist ±Bay K 8644 (10 µM). In general, L-type currents in WT, Het, and Hom myotubes inactivated modestly after 30-s prepulses to −50, −10, 0, 10, 20, and 30 mV. However, L-type currents in Hom myotubes displayed a hyperpolarizing shift in inactivation relative to L-type currents in either WT or Het myotubes. Our present results indicate that mutations in RYR1 can alter DHPR activity and raise the possibility that this altered DHPR function may contribute to MH episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Bannister
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Friedrich O, Fink RHA, von Wegner F. New factors contributing to dynamic calcium regulation in the skeletal muscle triad-a crowded place. Biophys Rev 2010; 2:29-38. [PMID: 28509943 PMCID: PMC5425672 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue that has to be optimized for fast signalling events conveying electrical excitation to contractile response. The site of electro-chemico-mechanical coupling is the skeletal muscle triad where two membrane systems, the extracellular t-tubules and the intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum, come into very close contact. Structure fits function here and the signalling proteins DHPR and RyR1 were the first to be discovered to bridge this gap in a conformational coupling arrangement. Since then, however, new proteins and more signalling cascades have been identified just in the last decade, adding more diversity and fine tuning to the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and control over Ca2+ store content. The concept of Ca2+ entry into working skeletal muscle has become attractive again with the experimental evidence summarized in this review. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), excitation-coupled Ca2+ entry (ECCE), action-potential-activated Ca2+ current (APACC), and retrograde EC-coupling (ECC) are new concepts additional to the conventional orthograde ECC; they have provided fascinating new insights into muscle physiology. In this review, we discuss the discovery of these pathways, their potential roles, and the signalling proteins involved that show that the triad may become a crowded place in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Friedrich
- Medical Biophysics, Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, INF 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rainer H A Fink
- Medical Biophysics, Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, INF 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederic von Wegner
- Medical Biophysics, Institute of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, INF 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
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Pessah IN, Cherednichenko G, Lein PJ. Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:260-85. [PMID: 19931307 PMCID: PMC2823855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures remain a significant public health concern since results from epidemiological studies indicate that PCB burden is associated with immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and impairment of the developing nervous system. Of these various adverse health effects, developmental neurotoxicity has emerged as a particularly vulnerable endpoint in PCB toxicity. Arguably the most pervasive biological effects of PCBs could be mediated by their ability to alter the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca2+ signals through one or more receptor-mediated processes. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the structure and function of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in muscle and nerve cells and how PCBs and related non-coplanar structures alter these functions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which non-coplanar PCBs and related structures alter local and global Ca2+ signaling properties and the possible short and long-term consequences of these perturbations on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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50
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Characterization and temporal development of cores in a mouse model of malignant hyperthermia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21996-2001. [PMID: 19966218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911496106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and central core disease are related skeletal muscle diseases often linked to mutations in the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene, encoding for the Ca(2+) release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In humans, the Y522S RYR1 mutation is associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) and the presence in skeletal muscle fibers of core regions that lack mitochondria. In heterozygous Y522S knock-in mice (RYR1(Y522S/WT)), the mutation causes SR Ca(2+) leak and MHS. Here, we identified mitochondrial-deficient core regions in skeletal muscle fibers from RYR1(Y522S/WT) knock-in mice and characterized the structural and temporal aspects involved in their formation. Mitochondrial swelling/disruption, the initial detectable structural change observed in young-adult RYR1(Y522S/WT) mice (2 months), does not occur randomly but rather is confined to discrete areas termed presumptive cores. This localized mitochondrial damage is followed by local disruption/loss of nearby SR and transverse tubules, resulting in early cores (2-4 months) and small contracture cores characterized by extreme sarcomere shortening and lack of mitochondria. At later stages (1 year), contracture cores are extended, frequent, and accompanied by areas in which contractile elements are also severely compromised (unstructured cores). Based on these observations, we propose a possible series of events leading to core formation in skeletal muscle fibers of RYR1(Y522S/WT) mice: Initial mitochondrial/SR disruption in confined areas causes significant loss of local Ca(2+) sequestration that eventually results in the formation of contractures and progressive degradation of the contractile elements.
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