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Orlova M, Gundorova P, Kadnikova V, Polyakov A. Spectrum of pathogenic variants and high prevalence of pathogenic BBS7 variants in Russian patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Front Genet 2024; 15:1419025. [PMID: 39092430 PMCID: PMC11291329 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1419025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare condition characterized by obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, development delay, and structural kidney anomalies. This syndrome has an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. For the first time, molecular genetic testing has been provided for a large cohort of Russian patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Materials and methods Genetic testing was provided to 61 unrelated patients using an MPS panel that includes coding regions and intronic areas of all genes (n = 21) currently associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Results The diagnosis was confirmed for 41% of the patients (n = 25). Disease-causing variants were observed in BBS1, BBS4, BBS7, TTC8, BBS9, BBS10, BBS12, and MKKS genes. In most cases, pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were localized in BBS1, BBS10, and BBS7 genes; recurrent variants were also observed in these genes. Discussion The frequency of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in the BBS1 and BBS10 genes among Russian patients matches the research data in other countries. The frequency of pathogenic variants in the BBS7 gene is about 1.5%-2% of patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, while in the cohort of Russian patients, the fraction is 24%. In addition, the recurrent pathogenic variant c.1967_1968delinsC was detected in the BBS7 gene. The higher frequency of this variant in the Russian population, as well as the lack of association of this pathogenic variant with Bardet-Biedl syndrome in other populations, suggests that the variant c.1967_1968delinsC in the BBS7 gene is major and has a founder effect in the Russian population. Results provided in this article show the significant role of pathogenic variants in the BBS7 gene for patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome in the Russian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Orlova
- DNA-diagnostics Laboratory, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - P. Gundorova
- University Children’s Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Kadnikova
- DNA-diagnostics Laboratory, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Polyakov
- DNA-diagnostics Laboratory, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Gnanasekaran H, Chandrasekhar SP, Kandeeban S, Periyasamy P, Bhende M, Khetan V, Gupta N, Kabra M, Namboothri S, Sen P, Sripriya S. Mutation profile of Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients from India: Implicative role of multiallelic rare variants and oligogenic inheritance pattern. Clin Genet 2023; 104:443-460. [PMID: 37431782 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a rare primary form of ciliopathy, with heterogeneous clinical and genetic presentation is characterized by rod cone dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, urogenital abnormalities, and cognitive impairment. Here, we delineate the genetic profile in a cohort of 108 BBS patients from India by targeted gene sequencing-based approach for a panel of ciliopathy (including BBS) and other inherited retinal disease genes. We report here a higher frequency of BBS10 and BBS1 gene variations. A different spectrum of variations including a putatively novel gene TSPOAP1, for BBS was identified. Increased percentage frequency of digenic variants (36%) in the disease cohort, role of modifiers in familial cases are some of the salient observations in this work. This study appends the knowledge of BBS genetics pertaining to patients from India. We observed a different molecular epidemiology of BBS patients in this study cohort compared to other reports, which emphasizes the need for molecular testing in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhini Gnanasekaran
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sathya Priya Chandrasekhar
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suganya Kandeeban
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Porkodi Periyasamy
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muna Bhende
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sheela Namboothri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Parveen Sen
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sarangapani Sripriya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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3
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Melluso A, Secondulfo F, Capolongo G, Capasso G, Zacchia M. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Current Perspectives and Clinical Outlook. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:115-132. [PMID: 36741589 PMCID: PMC9896974 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s338653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare inherited disorder considered a model of non-motile ciliopathy. It is in fact caused by mutations of genes encoding for proteins mainly localized to the base of the cilium. Clinical features of BBS patients are widely shared with patients suffering from other ciliopathies, especially autosomal recessive syndromic disorders; moreover, mutations in cilia-related genes can cause different clinical ciliopathy entities. Besides the best-known clinical features, as retinal degeneration, learning disabilities, polydactyly, obesity and renal defects, several additional clinical signs have been reported in BBS, expanding our understanding of the complexity of its clinical spectrum. The present review aims to describe the current knowledge of BBS i) pathophysiology, ii) clinical manifestations, highlighting both the most common and the less described features, iii) current and future perspective for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Melluso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Secondulfo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy,Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, AV, 83031, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy,Correspondence: Miriam Zacchia, Via Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy, Tel +39 081 566 6650, Fax +39 081 566 6671, Email
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4
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Mizumoto K, Kato K, Fujinami K, Sugita T, Sugita I, Hattori A, Saitoh S, Ueno S, Tsunoda K, Iwata T, Kondo M. A Japanese boy with Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by a novel homozygous variant in the ARL6 gene who was initially diagnosed with retinitis punctata albescens: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32161. [PMID: 36550847 PMCID: PMC9771268 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive systemic disorder characterized by retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, obesity, intellectual disability, renal impairments, and hypogonadism. The purpose of this study was to determine the ocular characteristics of a boy with BBS caused by a novel homozygous variant in the ARL6 (alternative named BBS3) gene who had been originally diagnosed with retinitis punctata albescens. METHODS This was an observational case study. The patient underwent ophthalmological examinations, electroretinography, and genetic analyses using whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS A 7-year-old boy was examined in our hospital with complaints of a progressive reduction of his visual acuity and night blindness in both eyes. There was no family history of eye diseases and no consanguineous marriage. Fundus examinations showed numerous white spots in the deep retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Fundus autofluorescence showed hypofluorescence consistent with these spots. Both the scotopic and photopic components of the full-field electroretinographies were non-detectable. Based on these clinical findings, this boy was suspected to have retinitis punctata albescens. Subsequent genetic testing using whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous variants in the ARL6/BBS3 gene (NM_001278293.3:c.528G>A, (p.Trp176Ter)). A systemic examination by the pediatric department revealed that this boy had a history of a surgical excision of polydactyly on his left foot when he was born, and that he was mildly obese. There were no prominent intellectual or gonadal dysfunctions, no craniofacial or dental abnormalities, no congenital heart disease, and no hearing impairment. He was then clinically and genetically diagnosed with BBS. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE In children with night blindness and progressive visual dysfunction, it is important for ophthalmologists to consult clinical geneticists and pediatricians to rule out the possibility of systemic diseases such as BBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Mizumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kumiko Kato, Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Kaoru Fujinami
- Laboratory of Visual Physiology, Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tadasu Sugita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sugita Eye Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Iichiro Sugita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sugita Eye Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsunoda
- Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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5
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Fasano G, Muto V, Radio FC, Venditti M, Mosaddeghzadeh N, Coppola S, Paradisi G, Zara E, Bazgir F, Ziegler A, Chillemi G, Bertuccini L, Tinari A, Vetro A, Pantaleoni F, Pizzi S, Conti LA, Petrini S, Bruselles A, Prandi IG, Mancini C, Chandramouli B, Barth M, Bris C, Milani D, Selicorni A, Macchiaiolo M, Gonfiantini MV, Bartuli A, Mariani R, Curry CJ, Guerrini R, Slavotinek A, Iascone M, Dallapiccola B, Ahmadian MR, Lauri A, Tartaglia M. Dominant ARF3 variants disrupt Golgi integrity and cause a neurodevelopmental disorder recapitulated in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6841. [PMID: 36369169 PMCID: PMC9652361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle biogenesis, trafficking and signaling via Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi network support essential developmental processes and their disruption lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration. We report that de novo missense variants in ARF3, encoding a small GTPase regulating Golgi dynamics, cause a developmental disease in humans impairing nervous system and skeletal formation. Microcephaly-associated ARF3 variants affect residues within the guanine nucleotide binding pocket and variably perturb protein stability and GTP/GDP binding. Functional analysis demonstrates variably disruptive consequences of ARF3 variants on Golgi morphology, vesicles assembly and trafficking. Disease modeling in zebrafish validates further the dominant behavior of the mutants and their differential impact on brain and body plan formation, recapitulating the variable disease expression. In-depth in vivo analyses traces back impaired neural precursors' proliferation and planar cell polarity-dependent cell movements as the earliest detectable effects. Our findings document a key role of ARF3 in Golgi function and demonstrate its pleiotropic impact on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fasano
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Muto
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Venditti
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Niloufar Mosaddeghzadeh
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simona Coppola
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856National Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Paradisi
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy ,grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Erika Zara
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Università “Sapienza”, Rome, 00185 Italy
| | - Farhad Bazgir
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alban Ziegler
- grid.7252.20000 0001 2248 3363UFR Santé de l’Université d’Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France ,grid.411147.60000 0004 0472 0283Département de Génétique, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Servizio grandi strumentazioni e core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Centro di riferimento per la medicina di genere, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Libenzio Adrian Conti
- grid.414603.4Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- grid.414603.4Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Guarnetti Prandi
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Balasubramanian Chandramouli
- grid.431603.30000 0004 1757 1950Super Computing Applications and Innovation, CINECA, 40033 Casalecchio di Reno, Italy
| | - Magalie Barth
- grid.411147.60000 0004 0472 0283Département de Génétique, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Céline Bris
- grid.7252.20000 0001 2248 3363UFR Santé de l’Université d’Angers, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France ,grid.411147.60000 0004 0472 0283Département de Génétique, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Donatella Milani
- grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- grid.512106.1Mariani Center for Fragile Children Pediatric Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Lariana, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Michaela V. Gonfiantini
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mariani
- grid.414603.4Department of Laboratories Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cynthia J. Curry
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Genetic Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Ca, Fresno, Ca, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Genetic Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Ca, Fresno, Ca, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Maria Iascone
- grid.460094.f0000 0004 1757 8431Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antonella Lauri
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- grid.414603.4Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
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6
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Perea-Romero I, Solarat C, Blanco-Kelly F, Sanchez-Navarro I, Bea-Mascato B, Martin-Salazar E, Lorda-Sanchez I, Swafiri ST, Avila-Fernandez A, Martin-Merida I, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Carreño E, Jimenez-Rolando B, Garcia-Sandoval B, Minguez P, Corton M, Valverde D, Ayuso C. Allelic overload and its clinical modifier effect in Bardet-Biedl syndrome. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:41. [PMID: 35835773 PMCID: PMC9283419 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by extensive inter- and intra-familial variability, in which oligogenic interactions have been also reported. Our main goal is to elucidate the role of mutational load in the clinical variability of BBS. A cohort of 99 patients from 77 different families with biallelic pathogenic variants in a BBS-associated gene was retrospectively recruited. Human Phenotype Ontology terms were used in the annotation of clinical symptoms. The mutational load in 39 BBS-related genes was studied in index cases using different molecular and next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. Candidate allele combinations were analysed using the in silico tools ORVAL and DiGePred. After clinical annotation, 76 out of the 99 cases a priori fulfilled established criteria for diagnosis of BBS or BBS-like. BBS1 alleles, found in 42% of families, were the most represented in our cohort. An increased mutational load was excluded in 41% of the index cases (22/54). Oligogenic inheritance was suspected in 52% of the screened families (23/45), being 40 tested by means of NGS data and 5 only by traditional methods. Together, ORVAL and DiGePred platforms predicted an oligogenic effect in 44% of the triallelic families (10/23). Intrafamilial variable severity could be clinically confirmed in six of the families. Our findings show that the presence of more than two alleles in BBS-associated genes correlated in six families with a more severe phenotype and associated with specific findings, highlighting the role of the mutational load in the management of BBS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Perea-Romero
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Solarat
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brais Bea-Mascato
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martin-Salazar
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorda-Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin Swafiri
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martin-Merida
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Trujillo-Tiebas
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Carreño
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Jimenez-Rolando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Garcia-Sandoval
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Minguez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Lyon E, Temple-Smolkin RL, Hegde M, Gastier-Foster JM, Palomaki GE, Richards CS. An Educational Assessment of Evidence Used for Variant Classification: A Report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:555-565. [PMID: 35429647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Association for Molecular Pathology Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group convened to evaluate the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants implementation into clinical practice, identify problematic classification rules, and define implementation challenges. Variants and associated clinical information were provided to volunteer respondents. Participant variant classifications were compared with intended consensus-derived classifications of the Working Group. The 24 variant challenges received 1379 responses; 1119 agreed with the intended response (81%; 95% CI, 79% to 83%). Agreement ranged from 44% to 100%, with 16 challenges (67%; 47% to 82%) reaching consensus (≥80% agreement). Participant classifications were also compared to a calculated interpretation of the ACMG Guidelines using the participant-reported criteria as input. The 24 variant challenges had 1368 responses with specific evidence provided and 1121 (82%; 80% to 84%) agreed with the calculated interpretation. Agreement for challenges ranged from 63% to 98%; 15 (63%; 43% to 79%) reaching consensus. Among 81 individual participants, 32 (40%; 30% to 50%) reached agreement with at least 80% of the intended classifications and 42 (52%; 41% to 62%) with the calculated classifications. This study demonstrated that although variant classification remains challenging, published guidelines are being utilized and adapted to improve variant calling consensus. This study identified situations where clarifications are warranted and provides a model for competency assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Lyon
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Madhuri Hegde
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Global Genetics Laboratory, PerkinElmer Genomics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology/Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Pathology Department, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Glenn E Palomaki
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women & Infants Hospital and the Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - C Sue Richards
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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8
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Dallali H, Kheriji N, Kammoun W, Mrad M, Soltani M, Trabelsi H, Hamdi W, Bahlous A, Ben Ahmed M, Mahjoub F, Jamoussi H, Abdelhak S, Kefi R. Multiallelic Rare Variants in BBS Genes Support an Oligogenic Ciliopathy in a Non-obese Juvenile-Onset Syndromic Diabetic Patient: A Case Report. Front Genet 2021; 12:664963. [PMID: 34691137 PMCID: PMC8526562 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.664963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile-onset diabetes may occur in the context of a rare syndromic presentation, suggesting a monogenic etiology rather than a common multifactorial diabetes. In the present study, we report the case of a young diabetic Tunisian patient presenting learning problems, speech deficits, short stature, brachydactyly, and a normal weight. Whole exome sequencing analysis revealed five heterozygous genetic variants in BBS1, BBS4, BBS8, MKS1, and CEP290. These genes are involved in the regulation of cilium biogenesis and function. We analyzed variant combinations pathogenicity using the recently developed ORVAL tool, and we hypothesized that cumulative synergetic effects of these variants could explain the syndromic phenotype observed in our patient. Therefore, our investigation suggested a genetic diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome with an oligogenic inheritance pattern rather than a monogenic diabetes. Although there is no curative therapy for this ciliopathy at the moment, a genetic diagnosis may offer other supportive care options, including the prevention of other possible clinical manifestations of this syndrome, mainly renal abnormalities, obesity, liver fibrosis, and hypertension, as well as the genetic counseling for family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Kheriji
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Kammoun
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Mrad
- Central Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Soltani
- Central Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Trabelsi
- Central Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hamdi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Bahlous
- Central Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faten Mahjoub
- Research Unit on Obesity, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Jamoussi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Unit on Obesity, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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9
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Xie C, Habif JC, Uytingco CR, Ukhanov K, Zhang L, de Celis C, Sheffield VC, Martens JR. Gene therapy rescues olfactory perception in a clinically relevant ciliopathy model of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21766. [PMID: 34383976 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a hereditary genetic disorder that results in numerous clinical manifestations including olfactory dysfunction. Of at least 21 BBS-related genes that can carry multiple mutations, a pathogenic mutation, BBS1M390R, is the single most common mutation of clinically diagnosed BBS outcomes. While the deletion of BBS-related genes in mice can cause variable penetrance in different organ systems, the impact of the Bbs1M390R mutation in the olfactory system remains unclear. Using a clinically relevant knock-in mouse model homozygous for Bbs1M390R, we investigated the impact of the mutation on the olfactory system and tested the potential of viral-mediated, wildtype gene replacement therapy to rescue smell loss. The cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in Bbs1M390R/M390R mice were significantly shorter and fewer than those of wild-type mice. Also, both peripheral cellular odor detection and synaptic-dependent activity in the olfactory bulb were significantly decreased in the mutant mice. Furthermore, to gain insight into the degree to which perceptual features are impaired in the mutant mice, we used whole-body plethysmography to quantitatively measure odor-evoked sniffing. The Bbs1M390R/M390R mice showed significantly higher odor detection thresholds (reduced odor sensitivity) compared to wild-type mice; however, their odor discrimination acuity was still well maintained. Importantly, adenoviral expression of Bbs1 in OSNs restored cilia length and re-established both peripheral odorant detection and odor perception. Together, our findings further expand our understanding for the development of gene therapeutic treatment for congenital ciliopathies in the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julien C Habif
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cedric R Uytingco
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos de Celis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Unique Variant Spectrum in a Jordanian Cohort with Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040593. [PMID: 33921607 PMCID: PMC8074154 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) is a powerful approach for detecting sequence variations in the human genome. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic defects in Jordanian patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) using WES. WES was performed on proband patients' DNA samples from 55 Jordanian families. Sanger sequencing was used for validation and segregation analysis of the detected, potential disease-causing variants (DCVs). Thirty-five putatively causative variants (6 novel and 29 known) in 21 IRD-associated genes were identified in 71% of probands (39 of the 55 families). Three families showed phenotypes different from the typically reported clinical findings associated with the causative genes. To our knowledge, this is the largest genetic analysis of IRDs in the Jordanian population to date. Our study also confirms that WES is a powerful tool for the molecular diagnosis of IRDs in large patient cohorts.
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11
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Kousi M, Söylemez O, Ozanturk A, Mourtzi N, Akle S, Jungreis I, Muller J, Cassa CA, Brand H, Mokry JA, Wolf MY, Sadeghpour A, McFadden K, Lewis RA, Talkowski ME, Dollfus H, Kellis M, Davis EE, Sunyaev SR, Katsanis N. Evidence for secondary-variant genetic burden and non-random distribution across biological modules in a recessive ciliopathy. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1145-1150. [PMID: 33046855 PMCID: PMC8272915 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The influence of genetic background on driver mutations is well established; however, the mechanisms by which the background interacts with Mendelian loci remain unclear. We performed a systematic secondary-variant burden analysis of two independent cohorts of patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) with known recessive biallelic pathogenic mutations in one of 17 BBS genes for each individual. We observed a significant enrichment of trans-acting rare nonsynonymous secondary variants in patients with BBS compared with either population controls or a cohort of individuals with a non-BBS diagnosis and recessive variants in the same gene set. Strikingly, we found a significant over-representation of secondary alleles in chaperonin-encoding genes-a finding corroborated by the observation of epistatic interactions involving this complex in vivo. These data indicate a complex genetic architecture for BBS that informs the biological properties of disease modules and presents a model for secondary-variant burden analysis in recessive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kousi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Onuralp Söylemez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aysegül Ozanturk
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Niki Mourtzi
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Akle
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irwin Jungreis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, INSERM U1112, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christopher A Cassa
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Population and Medical Genetics and Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jill Anne Mokry
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maxim Y Wolf
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Azita Sadeghpour
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelsey McFadden
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Population and Medical Genetics and Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, INSERM U1112, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Dahmer-Heath M, Schriever V, Kollmann S, Schleithoff C, Titieni A, Cetiner M, Patzer L, Tönshoff B, Hansen M, Pennekamp P, Gerß J, Konrad M, König J. Systematic evaluation of olfaction in patients with hereditary cystic kidney diseases/renal ciliopathies. J Med Genet 2020; 58:629-636. [PMID: 32917769 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary cystic kidney diseases such as nephronophthisis, polycystic kidney disease and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) are caused by a dysfunction of primary cilia. Cilia are involved in a variety of cellular functions and perceptions, with one of them being the sense of smell. Hyposmia is a typical feature found in patients with BBS. However, reports of olfactory dysfunction in other cystic kidney diseases are sparse. Here we provide a systematic survey on olfaction in a large cohort of patients displaying genetically determined renal ciliopathies. METHODS We performed a match-controlled systematic olfactory evaluation in a group of 75 patients with a defined genetic background using age adapted and validated odour identification tests. RESULTS Test results revealed a significant olfactory deficit in patients carrying TMEM67 variants (n=4), while all other genetic disorders causing nephronophthisis (n=25) or polycystic kidney disease (n=18) were not associated with an impaired sense of smell. Also in patients with BBS, olfactory performance was depending on the underlying molecular defect. While defects in the BBS1 gene (n=9) had no impact on the sense of smell, all other BBS gene disorders (n=19) were associated with significant hyposmia. Noteworthy, there was no correlation of the olfactory deficit with the level of renal impairment. CONCLUSION Hyposmia is a part of the clinical spectrum of BBS and of other renal ciliopathies. Depending on the genetic background, clinicians should be aware of this subtle and so far underappreciated symptom when clinically assessing patients with BBS or TMEM67 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Dahmer-Heath
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Valentin Schriever
- Abteilung für Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Kollmann
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolin Schleithoff
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Titieni
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Metin Cetiner
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatrics II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Patzer
- Children's Hospital St. Elisabeth and St. Barbara, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Pennekamp
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerß
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Konrad
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens König
- University Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
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13
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Exploring Key Challenges of Understanding the Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1403-1415. [PMID: 32954066 PMCID: PMC7486190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare pleiotropic inherited disorder known as a ciliopathy. Kidney disease is a cardinal clinical feature; however, it is one of the less investigated traits. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the literature aiming to collect available information providing mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of kidney disease by analyzing clinical and basic science studies focused on this issue. The analysis revealed that the syndrome is either clinically and genetically heterogenous, with 24 genes discovered to date, but with 3 genes (BBS1, BBS2, and BBS10) accounting for almost 50% of diagnoses; genotype–phenotype correlation studies showed that patients with BBS1 mutations have a less severe renal phenotype than the other 2 most common loci; in addition, truncating rather than missense mutations are more likely to cause kidney disease. However, significant intrafamilial clinical variability has been described, with no clear explanation to date. In mice kidneys, Bbs genes have relative low expression levels, in contrast with other common affected organs, like the retina; surprisingly, Bbs1 is the only locus with basal overexpression in the kidney. In vitro studies indicate that signalling pathways involved in embryonic kidney development and repair are affected in the context of BBS depletion; in mice, kidney disease does not have a full penetrance; when present, it resembles human phenotype and shows an age-dependent progression. Data on the exact contribution of local versus systemic consequences of Bbs dysfunction are scanty and further investigations are required to get firm conclusions.
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14
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Toomer KA, Yu M, Fulmer D, Guo L, Moore KS, Moore R, Drayton KD, Glover J, Peterson N, Ramos-Ortiz S, Drohan A, Catching BJ, Stairley R, Wessels A, Lipschutz JH, Delling FN, Jeunemaitre X, Dina C, Collins RL, Brand H, Talkowski ME, Del Monte F, Mukherjee R, Awgulewitsch A, Body S, Hardiman G, Hazard ES, da Silveira WA, Wang B, Leyne M, Durst R, Markwald RR, Le Scouarnec S, Hagege A, Le Tourneau T, Kohl P, Rog-Zielinska EA, Ellinor PT, Levine RA, Milan DJ, Schott JJ, Bouatia-Naji N, Slaugenhaupt SA, Norris RA. Primary cilia defects causing mitral valve prolapse. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/493/eaax0290. [PMID: 31118289 PMCID: PMC7331025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) affects 1 in 40 people and is the most common indication for mitral valve surgery. MVP can cause arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death, and to date, the causes of this disease are poorly understood. We now demonstrate that defects in primary cilia genes and their regulated pathways can cause MVP in familial and sporadic nonsyndromic MVP cases. Our expression studies and genetic ablation experiments confirmed a role for primary cilia in regulating ECM deposition during cardiac development. Loss of primary cilia during development resulted in progressive myxomatous degeneration and profound mitral valve pathology in the adult setting. Analysis of a large family with inherited, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic MVP identified a deleterious missense mutation in a cilia gene, DZIP1 A mouse model harboring this variant confirmed the pathogenicity of this mutation and revealed impaired ciliogenesis during development, which progressed to adult myxomatous valve disease and functional MVP. Relevance of primary cilia in common forms of MVP was tested using pathway enrichment in a large population of patients with MVP and controls from previously generated genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which confirmed the involvement of primary cilia genes in MVP. Together, our studies establish a developmental basis for MVP through altered cilia-dependent regulation of ECM and suggest that defects in primary cilia genes can be causative to disease phenotype in some patients with MVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn A Toomer
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mengyao Yu
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Diana Fulmer
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lilong Guo
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kelsey S Moore
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Reece Moore
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ka'la D Drayton
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Janiece Glover
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Neal Peterson
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sandra Ramos-Ortiz
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Alex Drohan
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Breiona J Catching
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andy Wessels
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Francesca N Delling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christian Dina
- INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes 44093, France.,CHU Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Federica Del Monte
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Simon Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303 MSC 835, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303 MSC 835, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Willian A da Silveira
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303 MSC 835, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maire Leyne
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ronen Durst
- Cardiology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roger R Markwald
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Albert Hagege
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes 44093, France.,CHU Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Peter Kohl
- University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Elsässerstr 2Q, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Elsässerstr 2Q, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Leducq Foundation, 265 Franklin Street, Suite 1902, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes 44093, France.,CHU Nantes, L'Institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- INSERM, UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Susan A Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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15
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Mayer AK, Mahajnah M, Thomas MG, Cohen Y, Habib A, Schulze M, Maconachie GDE, AlMoallem B, De Baere E, Lorenz B, Traboulsi EI, Kohl S, Azem A, Bauer P, Gottlob I, Sharkia R, Wissinger B. Homozygous stop mutation in AHR causes autosomal recessive foveal hypoplasia and infantile nystagmus. Brain 2020; 142:1528-1534. [PMID: 31009037 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we present a consanguineous family with three children affected by foveal hypoplasia with infantile nystagmus, following an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The patients showed normal electroretinography responses, no signs of albinism, and no anterior segment or brain abnormalities. Upon whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous mutation (c.1861C>T;p.Q621*) in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) gene that perfectly co-segregated with the disease in the larger family. AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that has been intensively studied in xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Further, it has been shown to play a physiological role under normal cellular conditions, such as in immunity, inflammatory response and neurogenesis. Notably, knockout of the Ahr gene in mouse impairs optic nerve myelin sheath formation and results in oculomotor deficits sharing many features with our patients: the eye movement disorder in Ahr-/- mice appears early in development and presents as conjugate horizontal pendular nystagmus. We therefore propose AHR to be a novel disease gene for a new, recessively inherited disorder in humans, characterized by infantile nystagmus and foveal hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Mayer
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Mahajnah
- Child Neurology and Development Center, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mervyn G Thomas
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yuval Cohen
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Ophthalmology Department, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Adib Habib
- Pediatric Department, St. Vincent French Hospital, Nazareth, Israel
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gail D E Maconachie
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Basamat AlMoallem
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kohl
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gottlob
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rajech Sharkia
- The Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kfar Qari', Israel.,Beit-Berl Academic College, Beit-Berl, Israel
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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16
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González-Del Pozo M, Fernández-Suárez E, Martín-Sánchez M, Bravo-Gil N, Méndez-Vidal C, Rodríguez-de la Rúa E, Borrego S, Antiñolo G. Unmasking Retinitis Pigmentosa complex cases by a whole genome sequencing algorithm based on open-access tools: hidden recessive inheritance and potential oligogenic variants. J Transl Med 2020; 18:73. [PMID: 32050993 PMCID: PMC7014749 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder that results in inherited blindness. Despite the large number of genes identified, only ~ 60% of cases receive a genetic diagnosis using targeted-sequencing. The aim of this study was to design a whole genome sequencing (WGS) based approach to increase the diagnostic yield of complex Retinitis Pigmentosa cases. Methods WGS was conducted in three family members, belonging to one large apparent autosomal dominant RP family that remained unsolved by previous studies, using Illumina TruSeq library preparation kit and Illumina HiSeq X platform. Variant annotation, filtering and prioritization were performed using a number of open-access tools and public databases. Sanger sequencing of candidate variants was conducted in the extended family members. Results We have developed and optimized an algorithm, based on the combination of different open-access tools, for variant prioritization of WGS data which allowed us to reduce significantly the number of likely causative variants pending to be manually assessed and segregated. Following this algorithm, four heterozygous variants in one autosomal recessive gene (USH2A) were identified, segregating in pairs in the affected members. Additionally, two pathogenic alleles in ADGRV1 and PDZD7 could be contributing to the phenotype in one patient. Conclusions The optimization of a diagnostic algorithm for WGS data analysis, accompanied by a hypothesis-free approach, have allowed us to unmask the genetic cause of the disease in one large RP family, as well as to reassign its inheritance pattern which implies differences in the clinical management of these cases. These results contribute to increasing the number of cases with apparently dominant inheritance that carry causal mutations in recessive genes, as well as the possible involvement of various genes in the pathogenesis of RP in one patient. Moreover, our WGS-analysis approach, based on open-access tools, can easily be implemented by other researchers and clinicians to improve the diagnostic yield of additional patients with inherited retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María González-Del Pozo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Suárez
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Nereida Bravo-Gil
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Méndez-Vidal
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-de la Rúa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,ReticsPatologia Ocular, OFTARED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain.
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17
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Functional analysis of new human Bardet-Biedl syndrome loci specific variants in the zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12936. [PMID: 31506453 PMCID: PMC6736949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple genetic approaches available for molecular diagnosis of human diseases have made possible to identify an increasing number of pathogenic genetic changes, particularly with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. However, the main challenge lies in the interpretation of their functional impact, which has resulted in the widespread use of animal models. We describe here the functional modelling of seven BBS loci variants, most of them novel, in zebrafish embryos to validate their in silico prediction of pathogenicity. We show that target knockdown (KD) of known BBS (BBS1, BB5 or BBS6) loci leads to developmental defects commonly associated with ciliopathies, as previously described. These KD pleiotropic phenotypes were rescued by co-injecting human wild type (WT) loci sequence but not with the equivalent mutated mRNAs, providing evidence of the pathogenic effect of these BBS changes. Furthermore, direct assessment of cilia located in Kupffer's vesicle (KV) showed a reduction of ciliary length associated with all the studied variants, thus confirming a deleterious effect. Taken together, our results seem to prove the pathogenicity of the already classified and unclassified new BBS variants, as well as highlight the usefulness of zebrafish as an animal model for in vivo assays in human ciliopathies.
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18
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Monzon AM, Carraro M, Chiricosta L, Reggiani F, Han J, Ozturk K, Wang Y, Miller M, Bromberg Y, Capriotti E, Savojardo C, Babbi G, Martelli PL, Casadio R, Katsonis P, Lichtarge O, Carter H, Kousi M, Katsanis N, Andreoletti G, Moult J, Brenner SE, Ferrari C, Leonardi E, Tosatto SCE. Performance of computational methods for the evaluation of pericentriolar material 1 missense variants in CAGI-5. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1474-1485. [PMID: 31260570 PMCID: PMC7354699 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CAGI-5 pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) challenge aimed to predict the effect of 38 transgenic human missense mutations in the PCM1 protein implicated in schizophrenia. Participants were provided with 16 benign variants (negative controls), 10 hypomorphic, and 12 loss of function variants. Six groups participated and were asked to predict the probability of effect and standard deviation associated to each mutation. Here, we present the challenge assessment. Prediction performance was evaluated using different measures to conclude in a final ranking which highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each group. The results show a great variety of predictions where some methods performed significantly better than others. Benign variants played an important role as negative controls, highlighting predictors biased to identify disease phenotypes. The best predictor, Bromberg lab, used a neural-network-based method able to discriminate between neutral and non-neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms. The CAGI-5 PCM1 challenge allowed us to evaluate the state of the art techniques for interpreting the effect of novel variants for a difficult target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - James Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kivilcim Ozturk
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yanran Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maximilian Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Emidio Capriotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, BioFolD Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Castrense Savojardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Biocomputing Group, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Babbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Biocomputing Group, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier L Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Biocomputing Group, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Casadio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Biocomputing Group, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Katsonis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Kousi
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gaia Andreoletti
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John Moult
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Steven E Brenner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
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19
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Niederlova V, Modrak M, Tsyklauri O, Huranova M, Stepanek O. Meta-analysis of genotype-phenotype associations in Bardet-Biedl syndrome uncovers differences among causative genes. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2068-2087. [PMID: 31283077 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a recessive genetic disease causing multiple organ anomalies. Most patients carry mutations in genes encoding for the subunits of the BBSome, an octameric ciliary transport complex, or accessory proteins involved in the BBSome assembly or function. BBS proteins have been extensively studied using in vitro, cellular, and animal models. However, the molecular functions of particular BBS proteins and the etiology of the BBS symptoms are still largely elusive. In this study, we applied a meta-analysis approach to study the genotype-phenotype association in humans using our database of all reported BBS patients. The analysis revealed that the identity of the causative gene and the character of the mutation partially predict the clinical outcome of the disease. Besides their potential use for clinical prognosis, our analysis revealed functional differences of particular BBS genes in humans. Core BBSome subunits BBS2, BBS7, and BBS9 manifest as more critical for the function and development of kidneys than peripheral subunits BBS1, BBS4, and BBS8/TTC8, suggesting that incomplete BBSome retains residual function at least in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Niederlova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Modrak
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Tsyklauri
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Huranova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Manara E, Paolacci S, D’Esposito F, Abeshi A, Ziccardi L, Falsini B, Colombo L, Iarossi G, Pilotta A, Boccone L, Guerri G, Monica M, Marta B, Maltese PE, Buzzonetti L, Rossetti L, Bertelli M. Mutation profile of BBS genes in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome: an Italian study. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:72. [PMID: 31196119 PMCID: PMC6567512 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare inherited multisystemic disorder with autosomal recessive or complex digenic triallelic inheritance. There is currently no treatment for BBS, but some morbidities can be managed. Accurate molecular diagnosis is often crucial for the definition of appropriate patient management and for the development of a potential personalized therapy. METHODS We developed a next-generation-sequencing (NGS) protocol for the screening of the 18 most frequently mutated genes to define the genotype and clarify the mutation spectrum of a cohort of 20 BBS Italian patients. RESULTS We defined the causative variants in 60% of patients; four of those are novel. 33% of patients also harboured variants in additional gene/s, suggesting possible oligogenic inheritance. To explore the function of different genes, we looked for correlations between genotype and phenotype in our cohort. Hypogonadism was more frequently detected in patients with variants in BBSome proteins, while renal abnormalities in patients with variations in BBSome chaperonin genes. CONCLUSIONS NGS is a powerful tool that can help understanding BBS patients' phenotype through the identification of mutations that could explain differences in phenotype severity and could provide insights for the development of targeted therapy. Furthermore, our results support the existence of additional BBS loci yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiana D’Esposito
- Magi Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Unit, Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Benedetto Falsini
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Colombo
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iarossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alba Pilotta
- Special Unit of Auxoendocrinology, Diabetology and Pediatric Genetics, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loredana Boccone
- Microcitemic Regional Hospital, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Marica Monica
- Microcitemic Regional Hospital, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Balzarini Marta
- Microcitemic Regional Hospital, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Luca Buzzonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Rossetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Tayebi N, Akinrinade O, Khan MI, Hejazifar A, Dehghani A, Cremers FP, Akhlaghi M. Targeted next generation sequencing reveals genetic defects underlying inherited retinal disease in Iranian families. Mol Vis 2019; 25:106-117. [PMID: 30820146 PMCID: PMC6377375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous showing progressive retinal cell death which results in vision loss. IRDs include a wide spectrum of disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), and Stargardt disease (STGD1). Methods In this study, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing based on molecular inversion probes (MIPs) that allowed the sequence analysis of 108 IRD-associated genes in 50 Iranian IRD probands. Results The sequencing and variant filtering led to the identification of putative pathogenic variants in 36 out of 50 (72%) probands. Among 36 unique variants, we identified 20 novel variants in 15 genes. Four out of 36 probands carry compound heterozygous variants, and 32 probands carry homozygous variants. Conclusions Employing a cost-effective targeted next-generation sequencing procedure, we identified the genetic causes of different retinal disorders in the majority of Iranian families in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Tayebi
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arash Hejazifar
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Dehghani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Frans P.M. Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammadreza Akhlaghi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Thoraco-Abdominal Abnormalities in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Situs Inversus and Heterotaxy. J Pediatr 2019; 204:31-37. [PMID: 30293640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the diversity and prevalence of thoraco-abdominal abnormalities in Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a model ciliopathy for understanding the role of cilia in human health. STUDY DESIGN The Clinical Registry Investigating BBS, a worldwide registry exploring the phenotype and natural history of BBS, was used to conduct the study. Protected health information was obtained by subject or family interview and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-approved release of data including imaging studies and genetic testing. Echocardiography and imaging findings were independently confirmed by 2 cardiologists. RESULTS Thoraco-abdominal abnormalities were identified in 6 of 368 (1.6%) subjects with a minimum prevalence of 1 in 60 Clinical Registry Investigating BBS participants. Diverse laterality defects were observed suggesting that the underlying ciliopathy randomly alters embryonic left-right axis orientation. Congenital heart disease, common in heterotaxy, was present in 2 subjects. Additional defects, uncommonly reported in BBS, were observed in the central nervous, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems in the subjects. No BBS genotype was favored in the cohort. One subject had genetic and clinical phenotype diagnostic of both primary ciliary dyskinesia and BBS. CONCLUSIONS The variety of thoraco-abdominal abnormalities in BBS suggests the pleiotropic nature of these anomalies is not confined to a single pattern or genotype. Clinicians providing care to individuals with BBS should consider the increased prevalence of thoraco-abdominal anomalies in BBS. Individuals with features suggestive of other ciliopathies, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, should undergo further evaluation for additional genetic disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02329210.
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23
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Sakai C, Ijaz S, Hoffman EJ. Zebrafish Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Past, Present, and Future. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:294. [PMID: 30210288 PMCID: PMC6123572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized as a model system to investigate the function of the growing list of risk genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. This is due in large part to the unique features of zebrafish that make them an optimal system for this purpose, including rapid, external development of transparent embryos, which enable the direct visualization of the developing nervous system during early stages, large progenies, which provide considerable tractability for performing high-throughput pharmacological screens to identify small molecule suppressors of simple behavioral phenotypes, and ease of genetic manipulation, which has been greatly facilitated by the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies. This review article focuses on studies that have harnessed these advantages of the zebrafish system for the functional analysis of genes that are strongly associated with the following neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorders (ASD), epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID) and schizophrenia. We focus primarily on studies describing early morphological and behavioral phenotypes during embryonic and larval stages resulting from loss of risk gene function. We highlight insights into basic mechanisms of risk gene function gained from these studies as well as limitations of studies to date. Finally, we discuss advances in in vivo neural circuit imaging in zebrafish, which promise to transform research using the zebrafish model by illuminating novel circuit-level mechanisms with relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Sakai
- Child Study Center, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sundas Ijaz
- Child Study Center, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ellen J Hoffman
- Child Study Center, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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24
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Katsanis N. 2017 Curt Stern Award: The Complexity of Simple Genetics. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:355-358. [PMID: 29499161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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25
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Sanna-Cherchi S, Westland R, Ghiggeri GM, Gharavi AG. Genetic basis of human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4-15. [PMID: 29293093 DOI: 10.1172/jci95300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) encompasses a common birth defect in humans that has significant impact on long-term patient survival. Overall, data indicate that approximately 20% of patients may have a genetic disorder that is usually not detected based on standard clinical evaluation, implicating many different mutational mechanisms and pathogenic pathways. In particular, 10% to 15% of CAKUT patients harbor an unsuspected genomic disorder that increases risk of neurocognitive impairment and whose early recognition can impact clinical care. The emergence of high-throughput genomic technologies is expected to provide insight into the common and rare genetic determinants of diseases and offer opportunities for early diagnosis with genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rik Westland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Priya S, Nampoothiri S, Sen P, Sripriya S. Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Genetics, molecular pathophysiology, and disease management. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 64:620-627. [PMID: 27853007 PMCID: PMC5151149 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.194328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play a key role in sensory perception and various signaling pathways. Any defect in them leads to group of disorders called ciliopathies, and Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS, OMIM 209900) is one among them. The disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with various primary and secondary clinical manifestations, and shows autosomal recessive inheritance and highly prevalent in inbred/consanguineous populations. The disease mapped to at least twenty different genes (BBS1-BBS20), follow oligogenic inheritance pattern. BBS proteins localizes to the centerosome and regulates the biogenesis and functions of the cilia. In BBS, the functioning of various systemic organs (with ciliated cells) gets deranged and results in systemic manifestations. Certain components of the disease (such as obesity, diabetes, and renal problems) when noticed earlier offer a disease management benefit to the patients. However, the awareness of the disease is comparatively low and most often noticed only after severe vision loss in patients, which is usually in the first decade of the patient's age. In the current review, we have provided the recent updates retrieved from various types of scientific literature through journals, on the genetics, its molecular relevance, and the clinical outcome in BBS. The review in nutshell would provide the basic awareness of the disease that will have an impact in disease management and counseling benefits to the patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Priya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kamal Nayan Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Parveen Sen
- Department of Vitreoretina Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sripriya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kamal Nayan Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Song P, Dudinsky L, Fogerty J, Gaivin R, Perkins BD. Arl13b Interacts With Vangl2 to Regulate Cilia and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4517-26. [PMID: 27571019 PMCID: PMC5015978 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the gene ARL13B cause the classical form of Joubert syndrome, an autosomal recessive ciliopathy with variable degrees of retinal degeneration. As second-site modifier alleles can contribute to retinal pathology in ciliopathies, animal models provide a unique platform to test how genetic interactions modulate specific phenotypes. In this study, we analyzed the zebrafish arl13b mutant for retinal degeneration and for epistatic relationships with the planar cell polarity protein (PCP) component vangl2. METHODS Photoreceptor and cilia structure was examined by light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine ciliary markers. Genetic interactions were tested by pairwise crosses of heterozygous animals. Genetic mosaic animals were generated by blastula transplantation and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS At 5 days after fertilization, photoreceptor outer segments were shorter in zebrafish arl13b-/- mutants compared to wild-type larvae, no overt signs of retinal degeneration were observed by light or electron microscopy. Starting at 14 days after fertilization (dpf) and continuing through 30 dpf, cells lacking Arl13b died following transplantation into wild-type host animals. Photoreceptors of arl13b-/-;vangl2-/- mutants were more compromised than the photoreceptors of single mutants. Finally, when grown within a wild-type retina, the vangl2-/- mutant cone photoreceptors displayed normal basal body positioning. CONCLUSIONS We show that arl13b-/- mutants have shortened cilia and photoreceptor outer segments and exhibit a slow, progressive photoreceptor degeneration that occurs over weeks. The data suggest that loss of Arl13b leads to slow photoreceptor degeneration, but can be exacerbated by the loss of vangl2. Importantly, the data show that Arl13b can genetically and physically interact with Vangl2 and this association is important for normal photoreceptor structure. The loss of vangl2, however, does not affect basal body positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Lynn Dudinsky
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert Gaivin
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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28
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Tian H, Feng J, Li J, Ho TV, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Brindopke F, Figueiredo JC, Magee W, Sanchez-Lara PA, Chai Y. Intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) is crucial for craniofacial development in mice and is a candidate gene for human cleft lip and palate. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:860-872. [PMID: 28069795 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are pleiotropic human diseases resulting from defects of the primary cilium, and these patients often have cleft lip and palate. IFT88 is required for the assembly and function of the primary cilia, which mediate the activity of key developmental signaling pathways. Through whole exome sequencing of a family of three affected siblings with isolated cleft lip and palate, we discovered that they share a novel missense mutation in IFT88 (c.915G > C, p.E305D), suggesting this gene should be considered a candidate for isolated orofacial clefting. In order to evaluate the function of IFT88 in regulating craniofacial development, we generated Wnt1-Cre;Ift88fl/fl mice to eliminate Ift88 specifically in cranial neural crest (CNC) cells. Wnt1-Cre;Ift88fl/flpups died at birth due to severe craniofacial defects including bilateral cleft lip and palate and tongue agenesis, following the loss of the primary cilia in the CNC-derived palatal mesenchyme. Loss of Ift88 also resulted in a decrease in neural crest cell proliferation during early stages of palatogenesis as well as a downregulation of the Shh signaling pathway in the palatal mesenchyme. Importantly, Osr2KI-Cre;Ift88fl/flmice, in which Ift88 is lost specifically in the palatal mesenchyme, exhibit isolated cleft palate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IFT88 has a highly conserved function within the primary cilia of the CNC-derived mesenchyme in the lip and palate region in mice and is a strong candidate as an orofacial clefting gene in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Frederick Brindopke
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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29
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Álvarez-Satta M, Castro-Sánchez S, Pousada G, Valverde D. Functional analysis by minigene assay of putative splicing variants found in Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2268-2275. [PMID: 28502102 PMCID: PMC5618670 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alström syndrome (ALMS) are rare diseases belonging to the group of ciliopathies. Although mutational screening studies of BBS/ALMS cohorts have been extensively reported, little is known about the functional effect of those changes. Thus, splicing variants are estimated to represent 15% of disease‐causing mutations, and there is growing evidence that many exonic changes are really splicing variants misclassified. In this study, we aimed to analyse for the first time several variants in BBS2,ARL6/BBS3,BBS4 and ALMS1 genes predicted to produce aberrant splicing by minigene assay. We found discordance between bioinformatics analysis and experimental data when comparing wild‐type and mutant constructs. Remarkably, we identified nonsense variants presumably resistant to nonsense‐mediated decay, even when a premature termination codon would be introduced in the second amino acid (p.(G2*) mutation in ARL6/BBS3 gene). As a whole, we report one of the first functional studies of BBS/ALMS1 variants using minigene assay, trying to elucidate their role in disease. Functional studies of variants identified in BBS and ALMS patients are essential for their proper classification and subsequent genetic counselling and could also be the start point for new therapeutic approaches, currently based only on symptomatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Satta
- Grupo de Biomarcadores Moleculares (BB1), Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Sheila Castro-Sánchez
- Grupo de Biomarcadores Moleculares (BB1), Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pousada
- Grupo de Biomarcadores Moleculares (BB1), Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Grupo de Biomarcadores Moleculares (BB1), Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
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30
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Epistasis in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Trends Genet 2017; 33:256-265. [PMID: 28268034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of epistasis to human disease remains unclear. However, several studies have now identified epistatic interactions between common variants that increase the risk of a neuropsychiatric disorder, while there is growing evidence that genetic interactions contribute to the pathogenicity of rare, multigenic copy-number variants (CNVs) that have been observed in patients. This review discusses the current evidence for epistatic events and genetic interactions in neuropsychiatric disorders, how paradigm shifts in the phenotypic classification of patients would empower the search for epistatic effects, and how network and cellular models might be employed to further elucidate relevant epistatic interactions.
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31
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Williams CL, Uytingco CR, Green WW, McIntyre JC, Ukhanov K, Zimmerman AD, Shively DT, Zhang L, Nishimura DY, Sheffield VC, Martens JR. Gene Therapeutic Reversal of Peripheral Olfactory Impairment in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Mol Ther 2017; 25:904-916. [PMID: 28237838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a pervasive but underappreciated health concern that affects personal safety and quality of life. Patients with olfactory dysfunctions have limited therapeutic options, particularly those involving congenital diseases. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is one such disorder, where olfactory loss and other symptoms manifest from defective cilium morphology and/or function in various cell types/tissues. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of BBS mutant mice lack the capacity to build/maintain cilia, rendering the cells incapable of odor detection. Here we examined OSN cilium defects in Bbs1 mutant mice and assessed the utility of gene therapy to restore ciliation and function in young and adult mice. Bbs1 mutant mice possessed short residual OSN cilia in which BBSome protein trafficking and odorant detection were defective. Gene therapy with an adenovirus-delivered wild-type Bbs1 gene restored OSN ciliation, corrected BBSome cilium trafficking defects, and returned acute odor responses. Finally, using clinically approved AAV serotypes, we demonstrate, for the first time, the capacity of AAVs to restore ciliation and odor detection in OSNs of Bbs1 mutants. Together, our data demonstrate that OSN ciliogenesis can be promoted in differentiated cells of young and adult Bbs1 mutants and highlight the potential of gene therapy as a viable restorative treatment for congenital olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cedric R Uytingco
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Warren W Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeremy C McIntyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dana T Shively
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Complex inheritance in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension patients with several mutations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33570. [PMID: 27630060 PMCID: PMC5024326 DOI: 10.1038/srep33570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease with low incidence and prevalence, and elevated mortality. PAH is characterized by increased mean pulmonary artery pressure. The aim of this study was to analyse patients with combined mutations in BMPR2, ACVRL1, ENG and KCNA5 genes and to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. Major genes were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Genotype-phenotype correlation was performed. Fifty-seven (28 idiopathic PAH, 29 associated PAH group I) were included. Several mutations in different genes, classified as pathogenic by in silico analysis, were present in 26% of PAH patients. The most commonly involved gene was BMPR2 (12 patients) followed by ENG gene (9 patients). ACVRL1 and KCNA5 genes showed very low incidence of mutations (5 and 1 patients, respectively). Genotype-phenotype correlation showed statistically significant differences for gender (p = 0.045), age at diagnosis (p = 0.035), pulmonary vascular resistance (p = 0.030), cardiac index (p = 0.035) and absence of response to treatment (p = 0.011). PAH is consequence of a heterogeneous constellation of genetic arrangements. Patients with several pathogenic mutations seem to display a more severe phenotype.
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33
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Nolan M, Talbot K, Ansorge O. Pathogenesis of FUS-associated ALS and FTD: insights from rodent models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:99. [PMID: 27600654 PMCID: PMC5011941 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to genes linked to RNA processing and homeostasis are implicated in the pathogenesis of two pathologically related but clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mutations in the Fused-in-Sarcoma (FUS) gene encoding a 526 amino-acid RNA-binding protein are found in a small subset of ALS cases, but FUS mutations do not appear to be a direct cause of FTD. Structural and functional similarities between FUS and another ALS-related RNA-binding protein, TDP-43, highlight the potential importance of aberrant RNA processing in ALS/FTD, and this pathway is now a major focus of interest. Recently, several research groups have reported transgenic vertebrate models of FUSopathy, with varying results. Here, we discuss the evidence for FUS pathogenicity in ALS/FTD, review the experimental approaches used and phenotypic features of FUS rodent models reported to date, and outline their contribution to our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. Further refinement of vertebrate models will likely aid our understanding of the role of FUS in both diseases.
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Lindstrand A, Frangakis S, Carvalho C, Richardson E, McFadden K, Willer J, Pehlivan D, Liu P, Pediaditakis I, Sabo A, Lewis R, Banin E, Lupski J, Davis E, Katsanis N. Copy-Number Variation Contributes to the Mutational Load of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:318-36. [PMID: 27486776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a defining ciliopathy, notable for extensive allelic and genetic heterogeneity, almost all of which has been identified through sequencing. Recent data have suggested that copy-number variants (CNVs) also contribute to BBS. We used a custom oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) covering 20 genes that encode intraflagellar transport (IFT) components and 74 ciliopathy loci to screen 92 unrelated individuals with BBS, irrespective of their known mutational burden. We identified 17 individuals with exon-disruptive CNVs (18.5%), including 13 different deletions in eight BBS genes (BBS1, BBS2, ARL6/BBS3, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS9, and NPHP1) and a deletion and a duplication in other ciliopathy-associated genes (ALMS1 and NPHP4, respectively). By contrast, we found a single heterozygous exon-disruptive event in a BBS-associated gene (BBS9) in 229 control subjects. Superimposing these data with resequencing revealed CNVs to (1) be sufficient to cause disease, (2) Mendelize heterozygous deleterious alleles, and (3) contribute oligogenic alleles by combining point mutations and exonic CNVs in multiple genes. Finally, we report a deletion and a splice site mutation in IFT74, inherited under a recessive paradigm, defining a candidate BBS locus. Our data suggest that CNVs contribute pathogenic alleles to a substantial fraction of BBS-affected individuals and highlight how either deletions or point mutations in discrete splice isoforms can induce hypomorphic mutations in genes otherwise intolerant to deleterious variation. Our data also suggest that CNV analyses and resequencing studies unbiased for previous mutational burden is necessary to delineate the complexity of disease architecture.
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35
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Leventea E, Hazime K, Zhao C, Malicki J. Analysis of cilia structure and function in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 133:179-227. [PMID: 27263414 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based protrusions on the surface of most eukaryotic cells. They are found in most, if not all, vertebrate organs. Prominent cilia form in sensory structures, the eye, the ear, and the nose, where they are crucial for the detection of environmental stimuli, such as light and odors. Cilia are also involved in developmental processes, including left-right asymmetry formation, limb morphogenesis, and the patterning of neurons in the neural tube. Some cilia, such as those found in nephric ducts, are thought to have mechanosensory roles. Zebrafish proved very useful in genetic analysis and imaging of cilia-related processes, and in the modeling of mechanisms behind human cilia abnormalities, known as ciliopathies. A number of zebrafish defects resemble those seen in human ciliopathies. Forward and reverse genetic strategies generated a wide range of cilia mutants in zebrafish, which can be studied using sophisticated genetic and imaging approaches. In this chapter, we provide a set of protocols to examine cilia morphology, motility, and cilia-related defects in a variety of organs, focusing on the embryo and early postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leventea
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - K Hazime
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C Zhao
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - J Malicki
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Jaron R, Rosenfeld N, Zahdeh F, Carmi S, Beni-Adani L, Doviner V, Picard E, Segel R, Zeligson S, Carmel L, Renbaum P, Levy-Lahad E. Expanding the phenotype of CRB2 mutations - A new ciliopathy syndrome? Clin Genet 2016; 90:540-544. [PMID: 26925547 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recessive CRB2 mutations were recently reported to cause both steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and prenatal onset ventriculomegaly with kidney disease. We report two Ashkenazi Jewish siblings clinically diagnosed with ciliopathy. Both presented with severe congenital hydrocephalus and mild urinary tract anomalies. One affected sibling also has lung hypoplasia and heart defects. Exome sequencing and further CRB2 analysis revealed that both siblings are compound heterozygotes for CRB2 mutations p.N800K and p.Gly1036Alafs*43, and heterozygous for a deleterious splice variant in the ciliopathy gene TTCB21. CRB2 is a polarity protein which plays a role in ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Biallelic CRB2 mutations in animal models result in phenotypes consistent with ciliopathy. This report expands the phenotype of CRB2 mutations to include lung hypoplasia and uretero-pelvic renal anomalies, and confirms cardiac malformation as a feature. We suggest that CRB2-associated disease is a new ciliopathy syndrome with possible digenic/triallelic inheritance, as observed in other ciliopathies. Clinically, CRB2 should be assessed when ciliopathy is suspected, especially in Ashkenazi Jews, where we found that p.N800K carrier frequency is 1 of 64. Patients harboring CRB2 mutations should be tested for the complete range of ciliopathy manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jaron
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N Rosenfeld
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - F Zahdeh
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Hereditary Research Lab, Life Sciences Department, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Israel
| | - S Carmi
- Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Beni-Adani
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - V Doviner
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Picard
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Segel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Zeligson
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Carmel
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - P Renbaum
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations including primary features of the disease (rod-cone dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, genital abnormalities, renal defects, and learning difficulties) and secondary BBS characteristics (developmental delay, speech deficit, brachydactyly or syndactyly, dental defects, ataxia or poor coordination, olfactory deficit, diabetes mellitus, congenital heart disease, etc.); most of these symptoms may not be present at birth but appear and progressively worsen during the first and second decades of life. At least 20 BBS genes have already been identified, and all of them are involved in primary cilia functioning. Genetic diagnosis of BBS is complicated due to lack of gene-specific disease symptoms; however, it is gradually becoming more accessible with the invention of multigene sequencing technologies. Clinical management of BBS is largely limited to a symptomatic treatment. Mouse experiments demonstrate that the most debilitating complication of BBS, blindness, can be rescued by topical gene therapy. There is a published case report describing the delay of BBS symptoms by nutritional compensation of the disease-related biochemical deficiencies. Progress in DNA testing technologies is likely to rapidly resolve all limitations in BBS diagnosis; however, much slower improvement is expected with regard to BBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Suspitsin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Liu YP, Bosch DGM, Siemiatkowska AM, Rendtorff ND, Boonstra FN, Möller C, Tranebjærg L, Katsanis N, Cremers FPM. Putative digenic inheritance of heterozygous RP1L1 and C2orf71 null mutations in syndromic retinal dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:127-132. [PMID: 27029556 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2016.1151898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited retinal degeneration and can occur in non-syndromic and syndromic forms. Syndromic RP is accompanied by other symptoms such as intellectual disability, hearing loss, or congenital abnormalities. Both forms are known to exhibit complex genetic interactions that can modulate the penetrance and expressivity of the phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an individual with atypical RP, hearing loss, ataxia and cerebellar atrophy, whole exome sequencing was performed. The candidate pathogenic variants were tested by developing an in vivo zebrafish model and assaying for retinal and cerebellar integrity. RESULTS Exome sequencing revealed a complex heterozygous protein-truncating mutation in RP1L1, p.[(Lys111Glnfs*27; Gln2373*)], and a heterozygous nonsense mutation in C2orf71, p.(Ser512*). Mutations in both genes have previously been implicated in autosomal recessive non-syndromic RP, raising the possibility of a digenic model in this family. Functional testing in a zebrafish model for two key phenotypes of the affected person showed that the combinatorial suppression of rp1l1 and c2orf71l induced discrete pathology in terms of reduction of eye size with concomitant loss of rhodopsin in the photoreceptors, and disorganization of the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the combination of heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in these genes drives syndromic retinal dystrophy, likely through the genetic interaction of at least two loci. Haploinsufficiency at each of these loci is insufficient to induce overt pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan P Liu
- a Center for Human Disease Modeling , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Daniëlle G M Bosch
- b Bartiméus, Institute for the Visually Impaired , Zeist , the Netherlands.,c Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,d Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,e Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Anna M Siemiatkowska
- c Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,d Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Nanna Dahl Rendtorff
- f Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , ICMM, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,g Department of Audiology , Bispebjerg Hospital and Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - F Nienke Boonstra
- b Bartiméus, Institute for the Visually Impaired , Zeist , the Netherlands.,e Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Claes Möller
- h Audiological Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjærg
- f Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , ICMM, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,g Department of Audiology , Bispebjerg Hospital and Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- a Center for Human Disease Modeling , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- c Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,d Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,e Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
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39
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Mayo O. Interaction between Genotype and Environment: A Tale of Two Concepts. T ROY SOC SOUTH AUST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03721426.2011.10887151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Novas R, Cardenas-Rodriguez M, Irigoín F, Badano JL. Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Is it only cilia dysfunction? FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3479-91. [PMID: 26231314 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous, pleiotropic disorder, characterized by both congenital and late onset defects. From the analysis of the mutational burden in patients to the functional characterization of the BBS proteins, this syndrome has become a model for both understanding oligogenic patterns of inheritance and the biology of a particular cellular organelle: the primary cilium. Here we briefly review the genetics of BBS to then focus on the function of the BBS proteins, not only in the context of the cilium but also highlighting potential extra-ciliary roles that could be relevant to the etiology of the disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of how the study of this rare syndrome has contributed to the understanding of cilia biology and how this knowledge has informed on the cellular basis of different clinical manifestations that characterize BBS and the ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossina Novas
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | | | - Florencia Irigoín
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP11800, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay.
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41
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Hor H, Francescatto L, Bartesaghi L, Ortega-Cubero S, Kousi M, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Gironell A, Clarimón J, Drechsel O, Agúndez JAG, Kenzelmann Broz D, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Lleó A, Coria F, García-Martin E, Alonso-Navarro H, Martí MJ, Kulisevsky J, Hor CN, Ossowski S, Chrast R, Katsanis N, Pastor P, Estivill X. Missense mutations in TENM4, a regulator of axon guidance and central myelination, cause essential tremor. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5677-86. [PMID: 26188006 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5% of the population aged over 65 years. In spite of intensive efforts, the genetic architecture of ET remains unknown. We used a combination of whole-exome sequencing and targeted resequencing in three ET families. In vitro and in vivo experiments in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and zebrafish were performed to test our findings. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a missense mutation in TENM4 segregating in an autosomal-dominant fashion in an ET family. Subsequent targeted resequencing of TENM4 led to the discovery of two novel missense mutations. Not only did these two mutations segregate with ET in two additional families, but we also observed significant over transmission of pathogenic TENM4 alleles across the three families. Consistent with a dominant mode of inheritance, in vitro analysis in oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed that mutant proteins mislocalize. Finally, expression of human mRNA harboring any of three patient mutations in zebrafish embryos induced defects in axon guidance, confirming a dominant-negative mode of action for these mutations. Our genetic and functional data, which is corroborated by the existence of a Tenm4 knockout mouse displaying an ET phenotype, implicates TENM4 in ET. Together with previous studies of TENM4 in model organisms, our studies intimate that processes regulating myelination in the central nervous system and axon guidance might be significant contributors to the genetic burden of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hor
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain, CRG CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain,
| | - Ludmila Francescatto
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), and Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Pamplona, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Maria Kousi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), and Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Pamplona, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Felix J Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid 28030, Spain
| | - Alexandre Gironell
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Catalonia 08026, Spain
| | - Oliver Drechsel
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Kenzelmann Broz
- Faculty of Sciences and Department of Biomedicine, Friedrich Miescher Institute of Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation and University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Faculty of Sciences and Department of Biomedicine, Friedrich Miescher Institute of Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation and University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Coria
- Clinic for Nervous Disorders, Service of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10071, Spain
| | | | - Maria J Martí
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, CIBERNED and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain and
| | - Jaume Kulisevsky
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Catalonia 08026, Spain
| | - Charlotte N Hor
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain, CRG CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), and Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Pamplona, Navarra 31008, Spain,
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain, CRG CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain, Dexeus Women's Health, University Hospital Quiron-Dexeus, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
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Cortés CR, Metzis V, Wicking C. Unmasking the ciliopathies: craniofacial defects and the primary cilium. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:637-53. [PMID: 26173831 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the primary cilium has emerged as a pivotal sensory organelle that acts as a major signaling hub for a number of developmental signaling pathways. In that time, a vast number of proteins involved in trafficking and signaling have been linked to ciliary assembly and/or function, demonstrating the importance of this organelle during embryonic development. Given the central role of the primary cilium in regulating developmental signaling, it is not surprising that its dysfunction results in widespread defects in the embryo, leading to an expanding class of human congenital disorders known as ciliopathies. These disorders are individually rare and phenotypically variable, but together they affect virtually every vertebrate organ system. Features of ciliopathies that are often overlooked, but which are being reported with increasing frequency, are craniofacial abnormalities, ranging from subtle midline defects to full-blown orofacial clefting. The challenge moving forward is to understand the primary mechanism of disease given the link between the primary cilium and a number of developmental signaling pathways (such as hedgehog, platelet-derived growth factor, and WNT signaling) that are essential for craniofacial development. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of craniofacial abnormalities present in the ciliopathy spectrum, and reveal those defects in common across multiple disorders. Further, we discuss the molecular defects and potential signaling perturbations underlying these anomalies. This provides insight into the mechanisms leading to ciliopathy phenotypes more generally and highlights the prevalence of widespread dysmorphologies resulting from cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Cortés
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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43
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Identification of cis-suppression of human disease mutations by comparative genomics. Nature 2015; 524:225-9. [PMID: 26123021 DOI: 10.1038/nature14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of amino acid conservation have served as a tool for understanding protein evolution. The same principles have also found broad application in human genomics, driven by the need to interpret the pathogenic potential of variants in patients. Here we performed a systematic comparative genomics analysis of human disease-causing missense variants. We found that an appreciable fraction of disease-causing alleles are fixed in the genomes of other species, suggesting a role for genomic context. We developed a model of genetic interactions that predicts most of these to be simple pairwise compensations. Functional testing of this model on two known human disease genes revealed discrete cis amino acid residues that, although benign on their own, could rescue the human mutations in vivo. This approach was also applied to ab initio gene discovery to support the identification of a de novo disease driver in BTG2 that is subject to protective cis-modification in more than 50 species. Finally, on the basis of our data and models, we developed a computational tool to predict candidate residues subject to compensation. Taken together, our data highlight the importance of cis-genomic context as a contributor to protein evolution; they provide an insight into the complexity of allele effect on phenotype; and they are likely to assist methods for predicting allele pathogenicity.
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44
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A novel ribosomopathy caused by dysfunction of RPL10 disrupts neurodevelopment and causes X-linked microcephaly in humans. Genetics 2015; 198:723-33. [PMID: 25316788 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.168211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental defects in humans represent a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders. Here, we report the genetic and functional dissection of a multigenerational pedigree with an X-linked syndromic disorder hallmarked by microcephaly, growth retardation, and seizures. Using an X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) next-generation sequencing diagnostic panel, we identified a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding 60S ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), a locus associated previously with autism spectrum disorders (ASD); the p.K78E change segregated with disease under an X-linked recessive paradigm while, consistent with causality, carrier females exhibited skewed X inactivation. To examine the functional consequences of the p.K78E change, we modeled RPL10 dysfunction in zebrafish. We show that endogenous rpl10 expression is augmented in anterior structures, and that suppression decreases head size in developing morphant embryos, concomitant with reduced bulk translation and increased apoptosis in the brain. Subsequently, using in vivo complementation, we demonstrate that p.K78E is a loss-of-function variant. Together, our findings suggest that a mutation within the conserved N-terminal end of RPL10, a protein in close proximity to the peptidyl transferase active site of the 60S ribosomal subunit, causes severe defects in brain formation and function.
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45
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Vrijenhoek T, Kraaijeveld K, Elferink M, de Ligt J, Kranendonk E, Santen G, Nijman IJ, Butler D, Claes G, Costessi A, Dorlijn W, van Eyndhoven W, Halley DJJ, van den Hout MCGN, van Hove S, Johansson LF, Jongbloed JDH, Kamps R, Kockx CEM, de Koning B, Kriek M, Lekanne Dit Deprez R, Lunstroo H, Mannens M, Mook OR, Nelen M, Ploem C, Rijnen M, Saris JJ, Sinke R, Sistermans E, van Slegtenhorst M, Sleutels F, van der Stoep N, van Tienhoven M, Vermaat M, Vogel M, Waisfisz Q, Marjan Weiss J, van den Wijngaard A, van Workum W, Ijntema H, van der Zwaag B, van IJcken WFJ, den Dunnen J, Veltman JA, Hennekam R, Cuppen E. Next-generation sequencing-based genome diagnostics across clinical genetics centers: implementation choices and their effects. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1142-50. [PMID: 25626705 PMCID: PMC4538197 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technology into routine diagnostic genome care requires strategic choices. Instead of theoretical discussions on the consequences of such choices, we compared NGS-based diagnostic practices in eight clinical genetic centers in the Netherlands, based on genetic testing of nine pre-selected patients with cardiomyopathy. We highlight critical implementation choices, including the specific contributions of laboratory and medical specialists, bioinformaticians and researchers to diagnostic genome care, and how these affect interpretation and reporting of variants. Reported pathogenic mutations were consistent for all but one patient. Of the two centers that were inconsistent in their diagnosis, one reported to have found 'no causal variant', thereby underdiagnosing this patient. The other provided an alternative diagnosis, identifying another variant as causal than the other centers. Ethical and legal analysis showed that informed consent procedures in all centers were generally adequate for diagnostic NGS applications that target a limited set of genes, but not for exome- and genome-based diagnosis. We propose changes to further improve and align these procedures, taking into account the blurring boundary between diagnostics and research, and specific counseling options for exome- and genome-based diagnostics. We conclude that alternative diagnoses may infer a certain level of 'greediness' to come to a positive diagnosis in interpreting sequencing results. Moreover, there is an increasing interdependence of clinic, diagnostics and research departments for comprehensive diagnostic genome care. Therefore, we invite clinical geneticists, physicians, researchers, bioinformatics experts and patients to reconsider their role and position in future diagnostic genome care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Vrijenhoek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Elferink
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elcke Kranendonk
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Godelieve Claes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Dorlijn
- Agilent Technologies Netherlands B.V., Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dicky J J Halley
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lennart F Johansson
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D H Jongbloed
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Kamps
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christel E M Kockx
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Koning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kriek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Lekanne Dit Deprez
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Mannens
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf R Mook
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corrette Ploem
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Rijnen
- Life Technologies Europe B.V., Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Saris
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Sleutels
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn Vermaat
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Vogel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Marjan Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Helger Ijntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan den Dunnen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul Hennekam
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Lim E, Liu Y, Chan Y, Tiinamaija T, Käräjämäki A, Madsen E, Altshuler D, Raychaudhuri S, Groop L, Flannick J, Hirschhorn J, Katsanis N, Daly M, Daly MJ. A novel test for recessive contributions to complex diseases implicates Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene BBS10 in idiopathic type 2 diabetes and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:509-20. [PMID: 25439097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare-variant association studies in common, complex diseases are customarily conducted under an additive risk model in both single-variant and burden testing. Here, we describe a method to improve detection of rare recessive variants in complex diseases termed RAFT (recessive-allele-frequency-based test). We found that RAFT outperforms existing approaches when the variant influences disease risk in a recessive manner on simulated data. We then applied our method to 1,791 Finnish individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 2,657 matched control subjects. In BBS10, we discovered a rare variant (c.1189A>G [p.Ile397Val]; rs202042386) that confers risk of T2D in a recessive state (p = 1.38 × 10(-6)) and would be missed by conventional methods. Testing of this variant in an established in vivo zebrafish model confirmed the variant to be pathogenic. Taken together, these data suggest that RAFT can effectively reveal rare recessive contributions to complex diseases overlooked by conventional association tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
A major impetus to initiating the Human Genome Project was the belief that information encoded in the human genome would "accelerate progress in understanding disease pathogenesis and in developing new approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in many areas of medicine". Alopecia areata (AA) is a notable example of how understanding the genetic basis of a disease can have an impact on the care of patients in a relatively short time. Our first genome-wide association study in AA identified an initial set of common variants that increase risk of AA, some of which are shared with other autoimmune diseases. Thus, there has already been rapid progress in the translation of this information into new therapeutic strategies for patients, as drugs are already on the market for some of these disorders that can now be tested in AA. Informed by the progress achieved with genetic studies for mechanistically aligned autoimmune diseases, we are poised to carry this work forward and interrogate the underlying disease mechanisms in AA. Importantly, future genetic studies aimed at identifying additional susceptibility genes will further establish the foundation for the application of precision medicine in the care of AA patients.
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48
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Schulte EC, Kousi M, Tan PL, Tilch E, Knauf F, Lichtner P, Trenkwalder C, Högl B, Frauscher B, Berger K, Fietze I, Hornyak M, Oertel WH, Bachmann CG, Zimprich A, Peters A, Gieger C, Meitinger T, Müller-Myhsok B, Katsanis N, Winkelmann J. Targeted resequencing and systematic in vivo functional testing identifies rare variants in MEIS1 as significant contributors to restless legs syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:85-95. [PMID: 24995868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurologic condition characterized by nocturnal dysesthesias and an urge to move, affecting the legs. RLS is a complex trait, for which genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified common susceptibility alleles of modest (OR 1.2-1.7) risk at six genomic loci. Among these, variants in MEIS1 have emerged as the largest risk factors for RLS, suggesting that perturbations in this transcription factor might be causally related to RLS susceptibility. To establish this causality, direction of effect, and total genetic burden of MEIS1, we interrogated 188 case subjects and 182 control subjects for rare alleles not captured by previous GWASs, followed by genotyping of ∼3,000 case subjects and 3,000 control subjects, and concluded with systematic functionalization of all discovered variants using a previously established in vivo model of neurogenesis. We observed a significant excess of rare MEIS1 variants in individuals with RLS. Subsequent assessment of all nonsynonymous variants by in vivo complementation revealed an excess of loss-of-function alleles in individuals with RLS. Strikingly, these alleles compromised the function of the canonical MEIS1 splice isoform but were irrelevant to an isoform known to utilize an alternative 3' sequence. Our data link MEIS1 loss of function to the etiopathology of RLS, highlight how combined sequencing and systematic functional annotation of rare variation at GWAS loci can detect risk burden, and offer a plausible explanation for the specificity of phenotypic expressivity of loss-of-function alleles at a locus broadly necessary for neurogenesis and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Schulte
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Kousi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Perciliz L Tan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik Tilch
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Knauf
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus Elena Klinik, 34128 Kassel, Germany; Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Georg August Universität, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Högl
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Frauscher
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ingo Fietze
- Zentrum für Schlafmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdolna Hornyak
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Interdisziplinäres Schmerzzentrum, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Diakoniewerk München-Maxvorstadt, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Klinik für Neurologie, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius G Bachmann
- Abteilung für Neurologie, Paracelsus Klinikum Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Klinische Neurophysiologie, Georg August Universität, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Max-Planck Institut für Psychiatrie München, 80804 Munich, Germany; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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49
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Davis EE, Frangakis S, Katsanis N. Interpreting human genetic variation with in vivo zebrafish assays. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1960-1970. [PMID: 24887202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances and cost erosion in exome and genome analysis of patients with both rare and common genetic disorders have accelerated gene discovery and illuminated fundamental biological mechanisms. The thrill of discovery has been accompanied, however, with the sobering appreciation that human genomes are burdened with a large number of rare and ultra rare variants, thereby posing a significant challenge in dissecting both the effect of such alleles on protein function and also the biological relevance of these events to patient pathology. In an effort to develop model systems that are able to generate surrogates of human pathologies, a powerful suite of tools have been developed in zebrafish, taking advantage of the relatively small (compared to invertebrate models) evolutionary distance of that genome to humans, the orthology of several organs and signaling processes, and the suitability of this organism for medium and high throughput phenotypic screening. Here we will review the use of this model organism in dissecting human genetic disorders; we will highlight how diverse strategies have informed disease causality and genetic architecture; and we will discuss relative strengths and limitations of these approaches in the context of medical genome sequencing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Stephan Frangakis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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50
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Liu YP, Tsai IC, Morleo M, Oh EC, Leitch CC, Massa F, Lee BH, Parker DS, Finley D, Zaghloul NA, Franco B, Katsanis N. Ciliopathy proteins regulate paracrine signaling by modulating proteasomal degradation of mediators. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2059-70. [PMID: 24691443 PMCID: PMC4001542 DOI: 10.1172/jci71898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are critical mediators of paracrine signaling; however, it is unknown whether proteins that contribute to ciliopathies converge on multiple paracrine pathways through a common mechanism. Here, we show that loss of cilopathy-associated proteins Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 (BBS4) or oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) results in the accumulation of signaling mediators normally targeted for proteasomal degradation. In WT cells, several BBS proteins and OFD1 interacted with proteasomal subunits, and loss of either BBS4 or OFD1 led to depletion of multiple subunits from the centrosomal proteasome. Furthermore, overexpression of proteasomal regulatory components or treatment with proteasomal activators sulforaphane (SFN) and mevalonolactone (MVA) ameliorated signaling defects in cells lacking BBS1, BBS4, and OFD1, in morphant zebrafish embryos, and in induced neurons from Ofd1-deficient mice. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that other proteasome-dependent pathways not known to be associated with ciliopathies are defective in the absence of ciliopathy proteins. We found that loss of BBS1, BBS4, or OFD1 led to decreased NF-κB activity and concomitant IκBβ accumulation and that these defects were ameliorated with SFN treatment. Taken together, our data indicate that basal body proteasomal regulation governs paracrine signaling pathways and suggest that augmenting proteasomal function might benefit ciliopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan P. Liu
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - I-Chun Tsai
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Edwin C. Oh
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen C. Leitch
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Massa
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - David S. Parker
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel Finley
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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