1
|
Deng X, Qiu Z, Chen X, Liu J, Wang X, Li J, Zhang J, Cui X, Fu Y, Jiang M. Exploring the potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 to regulate ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176859. [PMID: 39067563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the potential targets and signaling pathways of ginsenoside Rg1 against AD were investigated by network pharmacology. METHODS Ginsenoside Rg1 targets were identified through PubChem, PharmMapper, and Uniprot databases, while the GeneCards database was used to examine the respective targets of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and AD. Then, the common targets between ginsenoside Rg1 and APP were explored by the Venny tool, the interaction network diagram between the active components and the targets was built via Cytoscape software, as well as GO enrichment and KEGG pathway annotation analysis were performed. Furthermore, genes associated with ferroptosis were found by the GeneCards and FerrDb databases. Besides, the connection among ginsenoside Rg1, APP, ferroptosis, and AD was predicted and analyzed. Finally, the effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and liproxstain-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of APP/PS1 mice were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1, APP, ferroptosis, and AD had 12 hub genes. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway annotation analysis showed that EGFR, SRC, protein hydrolysis, protein phosphorylation, the Relaxin pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway play an important role in the potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1's under regulation of ferroptosis anti-AD through the modulation of APP-related signaling pathways. The APP/PS1 mice experiment verified that ginsenosides Rg1 and liproxstain-1 can promote the proliferation and differentiation. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1, APP and ferroptosis may act on EGFR, SRC, the Relaxin and FoxO signaling pathways to regulate protein metabolism, protein phosphorylation and other pathways to improve AD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Deng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zixiong Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiangxiu Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jie Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiankai Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaojun Cui
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Yuan Fu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Mei Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kandel R, Jung J, Neal S. Proteotoxic stress and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:107-120. [PMID: 37734998 PMCID: PMC10807858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system maintains protein homeostasis by regulating the breakdown of misfolded proteins, thereby preventing misfolded protein aggregates. The efficient elimination is vital for preventing damage to the cell by misfolded proteins, known as proteotoxic stress. Proteotoxic stress can lead to the collapse of protein homeostasis and can alter the function of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Conversely, impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system can also cause proteotoxic stress and disrupt protein homeostasis. This review examines two impacts of proteotoxic stress, 1) disruptions to ubiquitin homeostasis (ubiquitin stress) and 2) disruptions to proteasome homeostasis (proteasome stress). Here, we provide a mechanistic description of the relationship between proteotoxic stress and the ubiquitin proteasome system. This relationship is illustrated by findings from several protein misfolding diseases, mainly neurodegenerative diseases, as well as from basic biology discoveries from yeast to mammals. In addition, we explore the importance of the ubiquitin proteasome system in endoplasmic reticulum quality control, and how proteotoxic stress at this organelle is alleviated. Finally, we highlight how cells utilize the ubiquitin proteasome system to adapt to proteotoxic stress and how the ubiquitin proteasome system can be genetically and pharmacologically manipulated to maintain protein homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kandel
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jasmine Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sonya Neal
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ranjbar N, Raeisi M, Barzegar M, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Shiva S, Sadeghvand S, Negargar S, Poursistany H, Raeisi S. The possible anti-seizure properties of Klotho. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148555. [PMID: 37634687 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent seizures in epilepsy may lead to progressive neuronal damage, which can diminish health-related quality of life. Evaluation and control of pathological processes in the brain is valuable. It seems imperative that new markers and approaches for seizure alleviation be discovered. Klotho (Kl), an antiaging protein, has protective effects in the brain against neurological disorders. It may also have antiseizure effects by improving creatine transfer to the brain, upregulating excitatory amino acid transporters, and inhibiting insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Wingless (Wnt), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)/nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. Stimulation and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways could also be considered other possible antiseizure mechanisms of Kl. In the present review, the roles of Kl in the central nervous system as well as its possible anti-seizure properties are discussed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Ranjbar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Raeisi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biothechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siamak Shiva
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Sadeghvand
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Negargar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Poursistany
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Raeisi
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit of Zahra Mardani Azari Children Educational and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moreno-Gázquez I, Pérez-Palacios R, Abengochea-Quílez L, Lahuerta Pueyo C, Roteta Unceta Barrenechea A, Andrés Gracia A, Aibar Arregui MA, Menao Guillén S. Targeted sequencing of selected functional genes in patients with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:249. [PMID: 37784196 PMCID: PMC10546623 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloidosis is caused by the misfolding and deposition of the transthyretin protein (TTR) in the absence of mutations in the TTR gene. Studies regarding the variant form of ATTR amyloidosis (ATTRv) suggest that the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes other than the TTR, may influence the development of the disease. However, other genetic factors involved in the aetiopathogenesis of ATTRwt are currently unknown. This work investigates the presence of sequence variants in genes selected for their possible impact on ATTRwt amyloidosis. To do so, targeted sequencing of 84 protein-coding genes was performed in a cohort of 27 patients diagnosed with ATTRwt. RESULTS After applying quality and frequency filtering criteria, 72 rare or novel genetic variants were found. Subsequent classification according to the ACMG-AMP criteria resulted in 17 variants classified as of uncertain significance in 14 different genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report associating novel gene variants with ATTRwt amyloidosis. In conclusion, this study provides potential insights into the aetiopathogenesis of ATTRwt amyloidosis by linking novel coding-gene variants with the occurrence of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moreno-Gázquez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Raquel Pérez-Palacios
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucia Abengochea-Quílez
- Health Research Institute in Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Campus Río Ebro- Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Lahuerta Pueyo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Roteta Unceta Barrenechea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Multihospital Nuclear Medicine Clinical Unit of Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Andrés Gracia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Multihospital Nuclear Medicine Clinical Unit of Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Aibar Arregui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sebastián Menao Guillén
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Basic Research in Internal Medicine Group, GIIS-084 (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen PM, Mäkinen P, Končarević S, Fartzdinov V, Selzer S, Kokkola T, Antikainen L, Martiskainen H, Kemppainen S, Marttinen M, Jeskanen H, Rostalski H, Rahunen E, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Natunen T, Lambert JC, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Rauramaa T, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Laakso M, Pike I, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Protective Alzheimer's disease-associated APP A673T variant predominantly decreases sAPPβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and 2D/3D cell culture models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106140. [PMID: 37120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare A673T variant was the first variant found within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene conferring protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereafter, different studies have discovered that the carriers of the APP A673T variant show reduced levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the plasma and better cognitive performance at high age. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of APP A673T carriers and control individuals using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify differentially regulated targets in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the APP A673T variant was introduced into 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models together with the pathogenic APP Swedish and London mutations. Consequently, we now report for the first time the protective effects of the APP A673T variant against AD-related alterations in the CSF, plasma, and brain biopsy samples from the frontal cortex. The CSF levels of soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and Aβ42 were significantly decreased on average 9-26% among three APP A673T carriers as compared to three well-matched controls not carrying the protective variant. Consistent with these CSF findings, immunohistochemical assessment of cortical biopsy samples from the same APP A673T carriers did not reveal Aβ, phospho-tau, or p62 pathologies. We identified differentially regulated targets involved in protein phosphorylation, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in the CSF and plasma samples of APP A673T carriers. Some of the identified targets showed inverse levels in AD brain tissue with respect to increased AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology. In 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models expressing APP with the Swedish and London mutations, the introduction of the APP A673T variant resulted in lower sAPPβ levels. Concomitantly, the levels of sAPPα were increased, while decreased levels of CTFβ and Aβ42 were detected in some of these models. Our findings emphasize the important role of APP-derived peptides in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate the effectiveness of the protective APP A673T variant to shift APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway in vitro even in the presence of two pathogenic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petra M Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | - Stefan Selzer
- Proteome Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Leila Antikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Jeskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- U1167, University of Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London, WC1H 9BB, UK.
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen XR, Shao Y, Sadowski MJ. Interaction between KLOTHO-VS Heterozygosity and APOE ε4 Allele Predicts Rate of Cognitive Decline in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:917. [PMID: 37107675 PMCID: PMC10137709 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KLOTHO-VS heterozygosity (KL-VShet+) promotes longevity and protects against cognitive decline in aging. To determine whether KL-VShet+ mitigates Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, we used longitudinal linear-mixed models to compare the rate of change in multiple cognitive measures in AD patients stratified by APOE ε4 carrier status. We aggregated data on 665 participants (208 KL-VShet-/ε4-, 307 KL-VShet-/ε4+, 66 KL-VShet+/ε4-, and 84 KL-VShet+/ε4+) from two prospective cohorts, the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. All participants were initially diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, later developed AD dementia during the study, and had at least three subsequent visits. KL-VShet+ conferred slower cognitive decline in ε4 non-carriers (+0.287 MMSE points/year, p = 0.001; -0.104 CDR-SB points/year, p = 0.026; -0.042 ADCOMS points/year, p < 0.001) but not in ε4 carriers who generally had faster rates of decline than non-carriers. Stratified analyses showed that the protective effect of KL-VShet+ was particularly prominent in male participants, those who were older than the median baseline age of 76 years, or those who had an education level of at least 16 years. For the first time, our study provides evidence that KL-VShet+ status has a protective effect on AD progression and interacts with the ε4 allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Richard Chen
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Martin J. Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anselmi C, Caicci F, Bocci T, Guidetti M, Priori A, Giusti V, Levy T, Raveh T, Voskoboynik A, Weissman IL, Manni L. Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate. Cells 2023; 12:1041. [PMID: 37048113 PMCID: PMC10093557 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuronal loss occurs through different cellular mechanisms, mainly studied in vitro. Here, we characterized neuronal death in B. schlosseri, a marine colonial tunicate that shares substantial genomic homology with mammals and has a life history in which controlled neurodegeneration happens simultaneously in the brains of adult zooids during a cyclical phase named takeover. Using an ultrastructural and transcriptomic approach, we described neuronal death forms in adult zooids before and during the takeover phase while comparing adult zooids in takeover with their buds where brains are refining their structure. At takeover, we found in neurons clear morphologic signs of apoptosis (i.e., chromatin condensation, lobed nuclei), necrosis (swollen cytoplasm) and autophagy (autophagosomes, autolysosomes and degradative multilamellar bodies). These results were confirmed by transcriptomic analyses that highlighted the specific genes involved in these cell death pathways. Moreover, the presence of tubulovesicular structures in the brain medulla alongside the over-expression of prion disease genes in late cycle suggested a cell-to-cell, prion-like propagation recalling the conformational disorders typical of some human neurodegenerative diseases. We suggest that improved understanding of how neuronal alterations are regulated in the repeated degeneration-regeneration program of B. schlosseri may yield mechanistic insights relevant to the study of human neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anselmi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Federico Caicci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tom Levy
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucia Manni
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gabriele RMC, Abel E, Fox NC, Wray S, Arber C. Knockdown of Amyloid Precursor Protein: Biological Consequences and Clinical Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:835645. [PMID: 35360155 PMCID: PMC8964081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.835645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its cleavage fragment Amyloid-β (Aβ) have fundamental roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic alterations that either increase the overall dosage of APP or alter its processing to favour the generation of longer, more aggregation prone Aβ species, are directly causative of the disease. People living with one copy of APP are asymptomatic and reducing APP has been shown to lower the relative production of aggregation-prone Aβ species in vitro. For these reasons, reducing APP expression is an attractive approach for AD treatment and prevention. In this review, we will describe the structure and the known functions of APP and go on to discuss the biological consequences of APP knockdown and knockout in model systems. We highlight progress in therapeutic strategies to reverse AD pathology via reducing APP expression. We conclude that new technologies that reduce the dosage of APP expression may allow disease modification and slow clinical progression, delaying or even preventing onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. C. Gabriele
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Abel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (UCL), Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C. Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (UCL), Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Arber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Charles Arber,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee K, Lee YM, Park JM, Lee BD, Moon E, Jeong HJ, Suh H, Kim HJ, Pak K, Choi KU. The Relationship of Plasma Transthyretin Level with Global or Regional Amyloid Beta Burden in Subjects with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cross-Sectional Amyloid PET Study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2022; 32:4-8. [PMID: 38764904 PMCID: PMC11099618 DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2022.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the relationships of plasma transthyretin levels with amyloid beta deposition and medial temporal atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of association of subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Plasma transthyretin levels, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography were simultaneously measured in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Results Plasma transthyretin levels were positively associated with amyloid beta deposition in global (r = 0.394, P = .009), frontal cortex (r = 0.316, P = .039), parietal cortex (r = 0.346, P = .023), temporal cortex (r = 0.372, P = .014), occipital cortex (r = 0.310, P = .043), right posterior cingulate (r = 0.350, P = .021), left precuneus (r = 0.314, P = .040), and right precuneus (r = 0.398, P = .008). No association between plasma transthyretin level and medial temporal sub-regional atrophies was found. Conclusions Our findings of positive association of plasma transthyretin levels with global and regional amyloid beta burden suggest upregulation of transthyretin level as a reactive response to amyloid beta deposition during the early stages of the Alzheimer's disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangyoon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwagyu Suh
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyongjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Un Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Belloy ME, Napolioni V, Han SS, Le Guen Y, Greicius MD. Association of Klotho-VS Heterozygosity With Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Individuals Who Carry APOE4. JAMA Neurol 2021; 77:849-862. [PMID: 32282020 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Identification of genetic factors that interact with the apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) allele to reduce risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) would accelerate the search for new AD drug targets. Klotho-VS heterozygosity (KL-VSHET+ status) protects against aging-associated phenotypes and cognitive decline, but whether it protects individuals who carry APOE4 from AD remains unclear. Objectives To determine if KL-VSHET+ status is associated with reduced AD risk and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in individuals who carry APOE4. Design, Setting, and Participants This study combined 25 independent case-control, family-based, and longitudinal AD cohorts that recruited referred and volunteer participants and made data available through public repositories. Analyses were stratified by APOE4 status. Three cohorts were used to evaluate conversion risk, 1 provided longitudinal measures of Aβ CSF and PET, and 3 provided cross-sectional measures of Aβ CSF. Genetic data were available from high-density single-nucleotide variant microarrays. All data were collected between September 2015 and September 2019 and analyzed between April 2019 and December 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The risk of AD was evaluated through logistic regression analyses under a case-control design. The risk of conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD was evaluated through competing risks regression. Associations with Aβ, measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or brain positron emission tomography (PET), were evaluated using linear regression and mixed-effects modeling. Results Of 36 530 eligible participants, 13 782 were excluded for analysis exclusion criteria or refusal to participate. Participants were men and women aged 60 years and older who were non-Hispanic and of Northwestern European ancestry and had been diagnosed as being cognitively normal or having MCI or AD. The sample included 20 928 participants in case-control studies, 3008 in conversion studies, 556 in Aβ CSF regression analyses, and 251 in PET regression analyses. The genotype KL-VSHET+ was associated with reduced risk for AD in individuals carrying APOE4 who were 60 years or older (odds ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.67-0.84]; P = 7.4 × 10-7), and this was more prominent at ages 60 to 80 years (odds ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.61-0.79]; P = 3.6 × 10-8). Additionally, control participants carrying APOE4 with KL-VS heterozygosity were at reduced risk of converting to MCI or AD (hazard ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.44-0.94]; P = .02). Finally, in control participants who carried APOE4 and were aged 60 to 80 years, KL-VS heterozygosity was associated with higher Aβ in CSF (β, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.01-0.10]; P = .03) and lower Aβ on PET scans (β, -0.04 [95% CI, -0.07 to -0.00]; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance The genotype KL-VSHET+ is associated with reduced AD risk and Aβ burden in individuals who are aged 60 to 80 years, cognitively normal, and carrying APOE4. Molecular pathways associated with KL merit exploration for novel AD drug targets. The KL-VS genotype should be considered in conjunction with the APOE genotype to refine AD prediction models used in clinical trial enrichment and personalized genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Summer S Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Belloy ME, Eger SJ, Le Guen Y, Napolioni V, Deters KD, Yang HS, Scelsi MA, Porter T, James SN, Wong A, Schott JM, Sperling RA, Laws SM, Mormino EC, He Z, Han SS, Altmann A, Greicius MD. KL∗VS heterozygosity reduces brain amyloid in asymptomatic at-risk APOE∗4 carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:123-129. [PMID: 33610961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
KLOTHO∗VS heterozygosity (KL∗VSHET+) was recently shown to be associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in APOE∗4 carriers. Additional studies suggest that KL∗VSHET+ protects against amyloid burden in cognitively normal older subjects, but sample sizes were too small to draw definitive conclusions. We performed a well-powered meta-analysis across 5 independent studies, comprising 3581 pre-clinical participants ages 60-80, to investigate whether KL∗VSHET+ reduces the risk of having an amyloid-positive positron emission tomography scan. Analyses were stratified by APOE∗4 status. KL∗VSHET+ reduced the risk of amyloid positivity in APOE∗4 carriers (odds ratio = 0.67 [0.52-0.88]; p = 3.5 × 10-3), but not in APOE∗4 non-carriers (odds ratio = 0.94 [0.73-1.21]; p = 0.63). The combination of APOE∗4 and KL∗VS genotypes should help enrich AD clinical trials for pre-symptomatic subjects at increased risk of developing amyloid aggregation and AD. KL-related pathways may help elucidate protective mechanisms against amyloid accumulation and merit exploration for novel AD drug targets. Future investigation of the biological mechanisms by which KL interacts with APOE∗4 and AD are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah J Eger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kacie D Deters
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyun-Sik Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzia A Scelsi
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon M Laws
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elisabeth C Mormino
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zihuai He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Summer S Han
- Department of Medicine, Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andre Altmann
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tereshkina EB, Boksha IS, Prokhorova TA, Savushkina OK, Burbaeva GS, Morozova MA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Decrease in 130 kDa- amyloid protein precursor protein (APP) and APP protein ratio in schizophrenia platelets. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134914. [PMID: 32194134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is common among people with schizophrenia. The molecular substrates underlying this remain poorly understood. To address this, we analyzed changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) in platelets of people with acute schizophrenia (n=24) and control subjects (n=20) by ECL-immunoblotting. APP bands corresponding to molecular masses of ∼130, ∼110 and ∼100 kDa, and the APP ratio (APPr: highest APP molecular mass vs lowest APP molecular mass bands) were quantified. The intensity of 130 kDa-APP and the APPr were significantly reduced in schizophrenia patients compared to control subjects. The age-associated decreases in the 130 kDa, ∼110 kDa proteins and APPr were present in patients, but not controls. Our results confirm peripheral APP metabolism is altered in people with schizophrenia. Further work is now warranted on a larger sample of diseased subjects with detailed cognitive assessment to determine the APP role in cognitive processing in schizophrenia, how it is related to severity and disease progression, as well as outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I S Boksha
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | - E B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK; The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester LE5 4QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salech F, Varela-Nallar L, Arredondo SB, Bustamante DB, Andaur GA, Cisneros R, Ponce DP, Ayala P, Inestrosa NC, Valdés JL, I Behrens M, Couve A. Local Klotho Enhances Neuronal Progenitor Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1043-1051. [PMID: 29300914 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho is an aging-related protein associated with hippocampal cognitive performance in mammals. Klotho regulates progenitor cell proliferation in non-neuronal tissues, but its role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has not been explored. Klotho expression in the adult mouse hippocampus was examined by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. AHN was evaluated in the hippocampus of klotho knock-out mice (KO), klotho KO/vitamin D-receptor mutant mice, and in a model of local klotho hippocampal knockdown. The recombinant Klotho effect on proliferation was measured in mouse-derived hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Hippocampal-dependent memory was assessed by a dry-land version of the Morris water maze. Klotho was expressed in the granular cell layer of the adult Dentate Gyrus. AHN was increased in klotho KO mice, but not in klotho KO/vitamin D-receptor mutant mice. Inversely, local downregulation of hippocampal Klotho diminished AHN. Recombinant Klotho increased the proliferation rate of neural progenitors. Downregulation of hippocampal Klotho correlated with a decreased performance in hippocampal-dependent memory. These results suggest that Klotho directly participates in regulating AHN. Our observations indicate that Klotho promotes proliferation, AHN and hippocampal-dependent cognition. Increased neurogenesis in klotho KO mice may be secondary to the activation of other pathways altered in the model, such as vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Salech
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago.,Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián B Arredondo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel B Bustamante
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela A Andaur
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Cisneros
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P Ponce
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Patricia Ayala
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.,Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - José L Valdés
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
| | - María I Behrens
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago.,Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago.,Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Couve
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mega-Analysis of Gene Expression in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0226-19.2019. [PMID: 31767574 PMCID: PMC6893236 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0226-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple studies have been conducted of gene expression in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), their findings have not reached a clear consensus and have not accounted for the potentially confounding effects of changes in cellular composition. To help address this gap, we conducted a re-analysis based meta-analysis (mega-analysis) of ten independent studies of hippocampal gene expression in mouse models of AD. We used estimates of cellular composition as covariates in statistical models aimed to identify genes differentially expressed (DE) at either early or late stages of progression. Our analysis revealed changes in gene expression at early phases shared across studies, including dysregulation of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and the complement system. Expression changes at later stages were dominated by cellular compositional effects. Thus, despite the considerable heterogeneity of the mouse models, we identified common patterns that may contribute to our understanding of AD etiology. Our work also highlights the importance of controlling for cellular composition effects in genomics studies of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is infamous for its proposed pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much research on APP focusses on potential contributions to neurodegeneration, mostly based on mouse models with altered expression or mutated forms of APP. However, cumulative evidence from recent years indicates the indispensability of APP and its metabolites for normal brain physiology. APP contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission, plasticity, and calcium homeostasis. It plays an important role during development and it exerts neuroprotective effects. Of particular importance is the soluble secreted fragment APPsα which mediates many of its physiological actions, often counteracting the effects of the small APP-derived peptide Aβ. Understanding the contribution of APP for normal functions of the nervous system is of high importance, both from a basic science perspective and also as a basis for generating new pathophysiological concepts and therapeutic approaches in AD. In this article, we review the physiological functions of APP and its metabolites, focusing on synaptic transmission, plasticity, calcium signaling, and neuronal network activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Hefter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Livingstone RW, Elder MK, Barrett MC, Westlake CM, Peppercorn K, Tate WP, Abraham WC, Williams JM. Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha Promotes Arc Protein Synthesis in Hippocampal Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:198. [PMID: 31474829 PMCID: PMC6702288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPPα) is a neuroprotective and memory-enhancing molecule, however, the mechanisms through which sAPPα promotes these effects are not well understood. Recently, we have shown that sAPPα enhances cell-surface expression of glutamate receptors. Activity-related cytoskeletal-associated protein Arc (Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene capable of modulating long-term potentiation, long-term depression and homeostatic plasticity through regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor localization. Accordingly, we hypothesized that sAPPα may enhance synaptic plasticity, in part, by the de novo synthesis of Arc. Using primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures we found that sAPPα (1 nM, 2 h) enhances levels of Arc mRNA and protein. Arc protein levels were increased in both the neuronal somata and dendrites in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-dependent manner. Additionally, dendritic Arc expression was dependent upon activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase G. The enhancement of dendritic Arc protein was significantly reduced by antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptors, and fully eliminated by dual application of these antagonists. This effect was further corroborated in area CA1 of acute hippocampal slices. These data suggest sAPPα-regulated plasticity within hippocampal neurons is mediated by cooperation of NMDA and α7nACh receptors to engage a cascade of signal transduction molecules to enhance the transcription and translation of Arc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Livingstone
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan K Elder
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maya C Barrett
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Courteney M Westlake
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
α2-Chimaerin is essential for neural stem cell homeostasis in mouse adult neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13651-13660. [PMID: 31209021 PMCID: PMC6613132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903891116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the lifelong generation of neurons in the dentate gyrus, is important for brain functioning, including learning, memory, and mood regulation. Its dysregulation is associated with cognitive decline and mood disorders. We discovered that the Rho GTPase-activating protein, α2-chimaerin, is essential for adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as it precisely regulates the transition of neural stem cells (NSCs) into intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs). Conditional knockout of α2-chimaerin in adult NSCs in the mouse hippocampus resulted in a loss of the Klotho-expressing NSC population and the premature differentiation of NSCs into IPCs, which impaired neuron production. These mice also exhibited compromised hippocampal synaptic plasticity and anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Thus, our findings revealed that α2-chimaerin is important in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis involves the lifelong generation of neurons. The process depends on the homeostasis of the production of neurons and maintenance of the adult neural stem cell (NSC) pool. Here, we report that α2-chimaerin, a Rho GTPase-activating protein, is essential for NSC homeostasis in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Conditional deletion of α2-chimaerin in adult NSCs resulted in the premature differentiation of NSCs into intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs), which ultimately depleted the NSC pool and impaired neuron generation. Single-cell RNA sequencing and pseudotime analyses revealed that α2-chimaerin–conditional knockout (α2-CKO) mice lacked a unique NSC subpopulation, termed Klotho-expressing NSCs, during the transition of NSCs to IPCs. Furthermore, α2-CKO led to defects in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and anxiety/depression-like behaviors in mice. Our findings collectively demonstrate that α2-chimaerin plays an essential role in adult hippocampal NSC homeostasis to maintain proper brain function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hashimoto S, Saido TC. Critical review: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180024. [PMID: 29695619 PMCID: PMC5936719 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is regarded as an important process in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of pathogenic misfolded proteins and the disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signalling are considered to be fundamental mechanisms that underlie the induction of ER stress, leading to neuronal cell death. Indeed, a number of studies have proposed molecular mechanisms linking ER stress to AD pathogenesis based on results from in vitro systems and AD mouse models. However, stress responsivity was largely different between each mouse model, even though all of these models display AD-related pathologies. While several reports have shown elevated ER stress responses in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic (Tg) AD mouse models, we and other groups, in contrast, observed no such ER stress response in APP-single-Tg or App-knockin mice. Therefore, it is debatable whether the ER stress observed in APP and PS1 double-Tg mice is due to AD pathology. From these findings, the roles of ER stress in AD pathogenesis needs to be carefully addressed in future studies. In this review, we summarize research detailing the relationship between ER stress and AD, and analyse the results in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lumsden AL, Rogers JT, Majd S, Newman M, Sutherland GT, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Dysregulation of Neuronal Iron Homeostasis as an Alternative Unifying Effect of Mutations Causing Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:533. [PMID: 30150923 PMCID: PMC6099262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of dominant mutations causing early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD) occur in only three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP. An effect-in-common of these mutations is alteration of production of the APP-derived peptide, amyloid β (Aβ). It is this key fact that underlies the authority of the Amyloid Hypothesis that has informed Alzheimer’s disease research for over two decades. Any challenge to this authority must offer an alternative explanation for the relationship between the PSEN genes and APP. In this paper, we explore one possible alternative relationship – the dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis as a common effect of EOfAD mutations in these genes. This idea is attractive since it provides clear connections between EOfAD mutations and major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease such as dysfunctional mitochondria, vascular risk factors/hypoxia, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We combine our ideas with observations by others to describe a “Stress Threshold Change of State” model of Alzheimer’s disease that may begin to explain the existence of both EOfAD and late onset sporadic (LOsAD) forms of the disease. Directing research to investigate the role of dysregulation of iron homeostasis in EOfAD may be a profitable way forward in our struggle to understand this form of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Torbus-Paluszczak M, Bartman W, Adamczyk-Sowa M. Klotho protein in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1677-1682. [PMID: 30062646 PMCID: PMC6154120 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Klotho protein is a recently discovered protein and its overexpression is associated with life extension. Klotho deficiency or silencing of the Klotho gene in mice leads to an accelerated aging and short life, whereas overexpression of Klotho in mice extends lifespan. Klotho participates in many metabolic pathways and is highly expressed in the kidneys, the choroid plexus and neurons. It plays a key role in the calcium-phosphate metabolism, remyelination, and cognitive processes. The present paper is a short review of the literature on the role of Klotho in neurodegenerative disorders, with special attention paid to multiple sclerosis. The neuroprotective function of Klotho is also reported. It is also important to consider potential clinical applications of Klotho that might be useful in the treatment of many diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Torbus-Paluszczak
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Bartman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Richter MC, Ludewig S, Winschel A, Abel T, Bold C, Salzburger LR, Klein S, Han K, Weyer SW, Fritz AK, Laube B, Wolfer DP, Buchholz CJ, Korte M, Müller UC. Distinct in vivo roles of secreted APP ectodomain variants APPsα and APPsβ in regulation of spine density, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798335. [PMID: 29661886 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic functions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is key to Alzheimer pathogenesis, may be carried out by its secreted ectodomain (APPs). The specific roles of APPsα and APPsβ fragments, generated by non-amyloidogenic or amyloidogenic APP processing, respectively, remain however unclear. Here, we expressed APPsα or APPsβ in the adult brain of conditional double knockout mice (cDKO) lacking APP and the related APLP2. APPsα efficiently rescued deficits in spine density, synaptic plasticity (LTP and PPF), and spatial reference memory of cDKO mice. In contrast, APPsβ failed to show any detectable effects on synaptic plasticity and spine density. The C-terminal 16 amino acids of APPsα (lacking in APPsβ) proved sufficient to facilitate LTP in a mechanism that depends on functional nicotinic α7-nAChRs. Further, APPsα showed high-affinity, allosteric potentiation of heterologously expressed α7-nAChRs in oocytes. Collectively, we identified α7-nAChRs as a crucial physiological receptor specific for APPsα and show distinct in vivo roles for APPsα versus APPsβ. This implies that reduced levels of APPsα that might occur during Alzheimer pathogenesis cannot be compensated by APPsβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max C Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alex Winschel
- Department of Biology, Neurophysiology und Neurosensory Systems, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Abel
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), Langen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bold
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie R Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha W Weyer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristina Fritz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Movements Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Laube
- Department of Biology, Neurophysiology und Neurosensory Systems, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Movements Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Robinson M, Lee BY, Hane FT. Recent Progress in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Part 2: Genetics and Epidemiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:317-330. [PMID: 28211812 PMCID: PMC5366246 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the second part of a three-part review series reviewing the most important advances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research since 2010. This review covers the latest research on genetics and epidemiology. Epidemiological and genetic studies are revealing important insights into the etiology of, and factors that contribute to AD, as well as areas of priority for research into mechanisms and interventions. The widespread adoption of genome wide association studies has provided compelling evidence of the genetic complexity of AD with genes associated with such diverse physiological function as immunity and lipid metabolism being implicated in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Y Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Francis T Hane
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Boksha IS, Prokhorova TA, Savushkina OK, Tereshkina EB. Klotho protein: Its role in aging and central nervous system pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:990-1005. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917090024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
26
|
Small things matter: Implications of APP intracellular domain AICD nuclear signaling in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:189-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
27
|
Olauson H, Mencke R, Hillebrands JL, Larsson TE. Tissue expression and source of circulating αKlotho. Bone 2017; 100:19-35. [PMID: 28323144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
αKlotho (Klotho), a type I transmembrane protein and a coreceptor for Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, was initially thought to be expressed only in a limited number of tissues, most importantly the kidney, parathyroid gland and choroid plexus. Emerging data may suggest a more ubiquitous Klotho expression pattern which has prompted reevaluation of the restricted Klotho paradigm. Herein we systematically review the evidence for Klotho expression in various tissues and cell types in humans and other mammals, and discuss potential reasons behind existing conflicting data. Based on current literature and tissue expression atlases, we propose a classification of tissues into high, intermediate and low/absent Klotho expression. The functional relevance of Klotho in organs with low expression levels remain uncertain and there is currently limited data on a role for membrane-bound Klotho outside the kidney. Finally, we review the evidence for the tissue source of soluble Klotho, and conclude that the kidney is likely to be the principal source of circulating Klotho in physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Olauson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rik Mencke
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias E Larsson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The relevance of α-KLOTHO to the central nervous system: Some key questions. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:137-148. [PMID: 28323064 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Klotho is well described as an anti-aging protein, with critical roles in kidney function as a transmembrane co-receptor for FGF23, and as a soluble factor in serum. α-Klotho is also expressed in the choroid plexus, where it is released into the cerebrospinal fluid. Nonetheless, α-Klotho is also expressed in the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidence indicates that this pool of α-Klotho, which we define as brain α-Klotho, may play important roles as a neuroprotective factor and in promoting myelination, thereby supporting healthy brain aging. Here we summarize what is known about brain α-Klotho before focusing on the outstanding scientific questions related to its function. We believe there is a need for in vitro studies designed to distinguish between brain α-Klotho and other pools of α-Klotho, and for a greater understanding of the basic function of soluble α-Klotho. The mechanism by which the human KL-VS variant affects cognition also requires further elucidation. To help address these questions we suggest some experimental approaches that other laboratories might consider. In short, we hope to stimulate fresh ideas and encourage new research approaches that will allow the importance of α-Klotho for the aging brain to become clear.
Collapse
|
29
|
Not just amyloid: physiological functions of the amyloid precursor protein family. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:281-298. [PMID: 28360418 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) gives rise to the amyloid-β peptide and thus has a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. By contrast, the physiological functions of APP and the closely related APP-like proteins (APLPs) remain less well understood. Studying these physiological functions has been challenging and has required a careful long-term strategy, including the analysis of different App-knockout and Aplp-knockout mice. In this Review, we summarize these findings, focusing on the in vivo roles of APP family members and their processing products for CNS development, synapse formation and function, brain injury and neuroprotection, as well as ageing. In addition, we discuss the implications of APP physiology for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ludewig S, Korte M. Novel Insights into the Physiological Function of the APP (Gene) Family and Its Proteolytic Fragments in Synaptic Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 9:161. [PMID: 28163673 PMCID: PMC5247455 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is well known to be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via its cleavage product amyloid ß (Aß). However, the physiological role of APP, its various proteolytic products and the amyloid precursor-like proteins 1 and 2 (APLP1/2) are still not fully clarified. Interestingly, it has been shown that learning and memory processes represented by functional and structural changes at synapses are altered in different APP and APLP1/2 mouse mutants. In addition, APP and its fragments are implicated in regulating synaptic strength further reinforcing their modulatory role at the synapse. While APLP2 and APP are functionally redundant, the exclusively CNS expressed APLP1, might have individual roles within the synaptic network. The proteolytic product of non-amyloidogenic APP processing, APPsα, emerged as a neurotrophic peptide that facilitates long-term potentiation (LTP) and restores impairments occurring with age. Interestingly, the newly discovered η-secretase cleavage product, An-α acts in the opposite direction, namely decreasing LTP. In this review we summarize recent findings with emphasis on the physiological role of the APP gene family and its proteolytic products on synaptic function and plasticity, especially during processes of hippocampal LTP. Therefore, we focus on literature that provide electrophysiological data by using different mutant mouse strains either lacking full-length or parts of the APP proteins or that utilized secretase inhibitors as well as secreted APP fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Ludewig
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NINDBraunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen M, Wang J, Jiang J, Zheng X, Justice NJ, Wang K, Ran X, Li Y, Huo Q, Zhang J, Li H, Lu N, Wang Y, Zheng H, Long C, Yang L. APP modulates KCC2 expression and function in hippocampal GABAergic inhibition. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28054918 PMCID: PMC5224924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is enriched at the synapse, but its synaptic function is still poorly understood. We previously showed that GABAergic short-term plasticity is impaired in App knock-out (App-/-) animals, but the precise mechanism by which APP regulates GABAergic synaptic transmission has remained elusive. Using electrophysiological, biochemical, moleculobiological, and pharmacological analysis, here we show that APP can physically interact with KCC2, a neuron-specific K+-Cl- cotransporter that is essential for Cl- homeostasis and fast GABAergic inhibition. APP deficiency results in significant reductions in both total and membrane KCC2 levels, leading to a depolarizing shift in the GABA reversal potential (EGABA). Simultaneous measurement of presynaptic action potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in hippocampal neurons reveals impaired unitary IPSC amplitudes attributable to a reduction in α1 subunit levels of GABAAR. Importantly, restoration of normal KCC2 expression and function in App-/- mice rescues EGABA, GABAAR α1 levels and GABAAR mediated phasic inhibition. We show that APP functions to limit tyrosine-phosphorylation and ubiquitination and thus subsequent degradation of KCC2, providing a mechanism by which APP influences KCC2 abundance. Together, these experiments elucidate a novel molecular pathway in which APP regulates, via protein-protein interaction with KCC2, GABAAR mediated inhibition in the hippocampus. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20142.001 Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. One of the hallmarks of the disease is the formation of sticky protein clumps called amyloid plaques in the brain. These plaques are formed from specific fragments of a protein called APP. The intact form of APP is essential for synapses (the junctions across which neurons transmit signals) to form and work correctly. The hippocampus is one of the first brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease and is important for forming memories and emotions. In the hippocampus, GABAA receptors at synapses normally tightly regulate synaptic signaling by reducing the ability of the receiving neuron to respond, but this inhibition is disrupted in Alzheimer’s disease. Studies suggest that APP can affect how GABAA receptors transmit signals, but it is not known how it does so. One possibility is that APP regulates a protein called KCC2 that helps to maintain the inhibitory effect of GABAA receptors. To investigate this, Chen et al. genetically modified mice to lack the gene that produces APP. These mice had a lower level of KCC2 in their hippocampus than normal mice, and their GABAA receptors were less able to inhibit synaptic signaling. Further experiments demonstrated that APP physically interacts with KCC2 and maintains normal levels of the protein by preventing it from being chemically modified and degraded. Chen et al. also showed that treating mice that lack APP with specific compounds can restore KCC2 activity and return the behavior of synaptic GABAA receptors to normal. Future studies in mice (and eventually people) that exhibit symptoms of Alzheimer's disease will help to determine whether KCC2 is important in the development of the disease. If so, modifying the levels of the KCC2 protein in the brain could potentially help to slow down memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20142.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Jiang
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Brain Science Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, United States
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Ran
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Huo
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Nannan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Brain Science Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Brain Science Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang J, Cunningham R, Zetterberg H, Asthana S, Carlsson C, Okonkwo O, Li L. Label-free quantitative comparison of cerebrospinal fluid glycoproteins and endogenous peptides in subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy individuals. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1225-1241. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Wang
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; Queen Square London UK
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- School of Life Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pigoni M, Wanngren J, Kuhn PH, Munro KM, Gunnersen JM, Takeshima H, Feederle R, Voytyuk I, De Strooper B, Levasseur MD, Hrupka BJ, Müller SA, Lichtenthaler SF. Seizure protein 6 and its homolog seizure 6-like protein are physiological substrates of BACE1 in neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:67. [PMID: 27716410 PMCID: PMC5053352 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protease BACE1 (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme) is a major drug target in Alzheimer’s disease. However, BACE1 therapeutic inhibition may cause unwanted adverse effects due to its additional functions in the nervous system, such as in myelination and neuronal connectivity. Additionally, recent proteomic studies investigating BACE1 inhibition in cell lines and cultured murine neurons identified a wider range of neuronal membrane proteins as potential BACE1 substrates, including seizure protein 6 (SEZ6) and its homolog SEZ6L. Methods and results We generated antibodies against SEZ6 and SEZ6L and validated these proteins as BACE1 substrates in vitro and in vivo. Levels of the soluble, BACE1-cleaved ectodomain of both proteins (sSEZ6, sSEZ6L) were strongly reduced upon BACE1 inhibition in primary neurons and also in vivo in brains of BACE1-deficient mice. BACE1 inhibition increased neuronal surface levels of SEZ6 and SEZ6L as shown by cell surface biotinylation, demonstrating that BACE1 controls surface expression of both proteins. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the BACE1 cleavage site in SEZ6 is located in close proximity to the membrane, similar to the corresponding cleavage site in SEZ6L. Finally, an improved method was developed for the proteomic analysis of murine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and was applied to CSF from BACE-deficient mice. Hereby, SEZ6 and SEZ6L were validated as BACE1 substrates in vivo by strongly reduced levels in the CSF of BACE1-deficient mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that SEZ6 and SEZ6L are physiological BACE1 substrates in the murine brain and suggests that sSEZ6 and sSEZ6L levels in CSF are suitable markers to monitor BACE1 inhibition in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0134-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pigoni
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Wanngren
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Pathology und Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn M Munro
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny M Gunnersen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Regina Feederle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (LIND), University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Brian J Hrupka
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Habib A, Sawmiller D, Tan J. Restoring Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α Functions as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:973-991. [PMID: 27531392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα), a secreted proteolytic fragment of nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, is known for numerous neuroprotective functions. These functions include but are not limited to proliferation, neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis in cell culture and animal models. In addition, sAPPα influences amyloid-β (Aβ) production by direct modulation of APP β-secretase proteolysis as well as Aβ-related or unrelated tau pathology, hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the restoration of sAPPα levels and functions in the brain by increasing nonamyloidogenic APP processing and/or manipulation of its signaling could reduce AD pathology and cognitive impairment. It is likely that identification and characterization of sAPPα receptors in the brain, downstream effectors, and signaling pathways will pave the way for an attractive therapeutic target for AD prevention or intervention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Laiterä T, Kurki MI, Pursiheimo JP, Zetterberg H, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes AM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. The Expression of Transthyretin and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor is Altered in the Brain of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:959-68. [PMID: 26444765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a dementing condition in which Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are frequently observed in the neocortex. iNPH patients with prominent Aβ pathology show AD-related alterations in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing resulting from increased γ-secretase activity. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess potential alterations in the global gene expression profile in the brain of iNPH patients as compared to non-demented controls and to evaluate the levels of the identified targets in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of iNPH patients. METHODS The genome-wide expression profile of ~35,000 probes was assessed in the RNA samples obtained from 22 iNPH patients and eight non-demented control subjects using a microarray chip. The soluble levels of sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and transthyretin (TTR) were measured from the CSF of 102 iNPH patients using ELISA. RESULTS After correcting the results for multiple testing, significant differences in the expression of TTR and A βPP were observed between iNPH and control subjects. The mRNA levels of TTR were on average 17-fold lower in iNPH samples compared to control samples. Conversely, the expression level of A βPP was on average three times higher in iNPH samples as compared to control samples. Interestingly, the expression of α-secretase (ADAM10) was also increased in iNPH patients. In the lumbar CSF samples, soluble TTR levels showed a significant positive correlation with sAβPPα and sAβPPβ, but TTR levels did not predict the brain pathology or the shunt response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest differences in the expression profile of key factors involved in AD-related cellular events in the brain of iNPH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laiterä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Klotho: a humeral mediator in CSF and plasma that influences longevity and susceptibility to multiple complex disorders, including depression. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e876. [PMID: 27576165 PMCID: PMC5022081 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a hormone secreted into human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and urine that promotes longevity and influences the onset of several premature senescent phenotypes in mice and humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, stroke and osteoporosis. Preliminary studies also suggest that Klotho possesses tumor suppressor properties. Klotho's roles in these phenomena were first suggested by studies demonstrating that a defect in the Klotho gene in mice results in a significant decrease in lifespan. The Klotho-deficient mouse dies prematurely at 8-9 weeks of age. At 4-5 weeks of age, a syndrome resembling human ageing emerges consisting of atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cognitive disturbances and alterations of hippocampal architecture. Several deficits in Klotho-deficient mice are likely to contribute to these phenomena. These include an inability to defend against oxidative stress in the central nervous system and periphery, decreased capacity to generate nitric oxide to sustain normal endothelial reactivity, defective Klotho-related mediation of glycosylation and ion channel regulation, increased insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling and a disturbed calcium and phosphate homeostasis accompanied by altered vitamin D levels and ectopic calcification. Identifying the mechanisms by which Klotho influences multiple important pathways is an emerging field in human biology that will contribute significantly to understanding basic physiologic processes and targets for the treatment of complex diseases. Because many of the phenomena seen in Klotho-deficient mice occur in depressive illness, major depression and bipolar disorder represent illnesses potentially associated with Klotho dysregulation. Klotho's presence in CSF, blood and urine should facilitate its study in clinical populations.
Collapse
|
37
|
Finding novel distinctions between the sAPPα-mediated anabolic biochemical pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X Syndrome plasma and brain tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26052. [PMID: 27212113 PMCID: PMC4876513 DOI: 10.1038/srep26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are developmental disorders. No validated blood-based biomarkers exist for either, which impedes bench-to-bedside approaches. Amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) and metabolites are usually associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP cleavage by α-secretase produces potentially neurotrophic secreted APPα (sAPPα) and the P3 peptide fragment. β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) cleavage produces secreted APPβ (sAPPβ) and intact Aβ. Excess Aβ is potentially neurotoxic and can lead to atrophy of brain regions such as amygdala in AD. By contrast, amygdala is enlarged in ASD but not FXS. We previously reported elevated levels of sAPPα in ASD and FXS vs. controls. We now report elevated plasma Aβ and total APP levels in FXS compared to both ASD and typically developing controls, and elevated levels of sAPPα in ASD and FXS vs. controls. By contrast, plasma and brain sAPPβ and Aβ were lower in ASD vs. controls but elevated in FXS plasma vs. controls. We also detected age-dependent increase in an α-secretase in ASD brains. We report a novel mechanistic difference in APP pathways between ASD (processing) and FXS (expression) leading to distinct APP metabolite profiles in these two disorders. These novel, distinctive biochemical differences between ASD and FXS pave the way for blood-based biomarkers for ASD and FXS.
Collapse
|
38
|
FE65 and FE65L1 share common synaptic functions and genetically interact with the APP family in neuromuscular junction formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25652. [PMID: 27734846 PMCID: PMC4899880 DOI: 10.1038/srep25652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The FE65 adaptor proteins (FE65, FE65L1 and FE65L2) bind proteins that function in diverse cellular pathways and are essential for specific biological processes. Mice lacking both FE65 and FE65L1 exhibit ectopic neuronal positioning in the cortex and muscle weakness. p97FE65-KO mice, expressing a shorter FE65 isoform able to bind amyloid precursor protein family members (APP, APLP1, APLP2), develop defective long-term potentiation (LTP) and aged mice display spatial learning and memory deficits that are absent from young mice. Here, we examined the central and peripheral nervous systems of FE65-KO, FE65L1-KO and FE65/FE65L1-DKO mice. We find spatial learning and memory deficits in FE65-KO and FE65L1-KO mice. Severe motor impairments, anxiety, hippocampal LTP deficits and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) abnormalities, characterized by decreased size and reduced apposition of pre- and postsynaptic sites, are observed in FE65/FE65L1-DKO mice. As their NMJ deficits resemble those of mutant APP/APLP2-DKO mice lacking the FE65/FE65L1 binding site, the NMJs of APLP2/FE65-DKO and APLP2/FE65L1-DKO mice were analyzed. NMJ deficits are aggravated in these mice when compared to single FE65- and FE65L1-KO mice. Together, our data demonstrate a role for FE65 proteins at central and peripheral synapses possibly occurring downstream of cell surface-associated APP/APLPs.
Collapse
|
39
|
The APP Intracellular Domain Is Required for Normal Synaptic Morphology, Synaptic Plasticity, and Hippocampus-Dependent Behavior. J Neurosci 2016; 35:16018-33. [PMID: 26658856 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2009-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The amyloid precursor protein family (APP/APLPs) has essential roles for neuromuscular synapse development and for the formation and plasticity of synapses within the CNS. Despite this, it has remained unclear whether APP mediates its functions primarily as a cell surface adhesion and signaling molecule or via its numerous proteolytic cleavage products. To address these questions, we followed a genetic approach and used APPΔCT15 knockin mice lacking the last 15 amino acids of APP, including the highly conserved YENPTY protein interaction motif. To circumvent functional compensation by the closely related APLP2, these mice were bred to an APLP2-KO background to generate APPΔCT15-DM double mutants. These APPΔCT15-DM mice were partially viable and displayed defects in neuromuscular synapse morphology and function with impairments in the ability to sustain transmitter release that resulted in muscular weakness. In the CNS, we demonstrate pronounced synaptic deficits including impairments in LTP that were associated with deficits in spatial learning and memory. Thus, the APP-CT15 domain provides essential physiological functions, likely via recruitment of specific interactors. Together with the well-established role of APPsα for synaptic plasticity, this shows that multiple domains of APP, including the conserved C-terminus, mediate signals required for normal PNS and CNS physiology. In addition, we demonstrate that lack of the APP-CT15 domain strongly impairs Aβ generation in vivo, establishing the APP C-terminus as a target for Aβ-lowering strategies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline are early hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the in vivo function(s) of APP at the synapse. At present, it is unknown whether APP family proteins function as cell surface receptors, or mainly via shedding of their secreted ectodomains, such as neurotrophic APPsα. Here, to dissect APP functional domains, we used APP mutant mice lacking the last 15 amino acids that were crossed onto an APLP2-KO background. These APPΔCT15-DM mice showed defects in neuromuscular morphology and function. Synaptic deficits in the CNS included impairments of synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, and memory. Collectively, this indicates that multiple APP domains, including the C-terminus, are required for normal nervous system function.
Collapse
|
40
|
Massó A, Sánchez A, Gimenez-Llort L, Lizcano JM, Cañete M, García B, Torres-Lista V, Puig M, Bosch A, Chillon M. Secreted and Transmembrane αKlotho Isoforms Have Different Spatio-Temporal Profiles in the Brain during Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143623. [PMID: 26599613 PMCID: PMC4658185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Klotho protein is a β-glucuronidase, and its overexpression is associated with life extension. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, although it has been recently reported that αKlotho improves synaptic and cognitive functions, and it may also influence a variety of structures and functions during CNS maturation and aging. The αKlotho gene has two transcripts, one encoding a transmembrane isoform (m-KL), and the other a putative secreted isoform (s-KL). Unfortunately, little is known about the secreted αKlotho isoform, since available antibodies cannot discriminate s-KL from the KL1 domain cleaved from the transmembrane isoform. This study shows, for the first time, that the klotho transcript produced by alternative splicing generates a stable protein (70 kDa), and that in contrast to the transmembrane Klotho isoform, it is ten times more abundant in the brain than in the kidney suggesting that the two isoforms may have different functions. We also studied whether klotho expression in the CNS was influenced by aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), or a healthy lifestyle, such as voluntary moderate continuous exercise. We observed a strong correlation between high expression levels of the two klotho transcripts and the healthy status of the animals. Expression of Klotho in brain areas decayed more rapidly in the 3xTg-AD model of AD than in healthy animals, whilst moderate continuous exercise in adulthood prevents the decline in expression of both klotho transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Massó
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angela Sánchez
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lydia Gimenez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociencies, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Lizcano
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociencies, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Cañete
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Belen García
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Torres-Lista
- Institut de Neurociencies, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Meritxell Puig
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Assumpció Bosch
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Chillon
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Multhaup G, Huber O, Buée L, Galas MC. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolites APP Intracellular Fragment (AICD), Aβ42, and Tau in Nuclear Roles. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23515-22. [PMID: 26296890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.677211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolites (amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides) and Tau are the main components of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the two histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. Consequently, intense research has focused upon deciphering their physiological roles to understand their altered state in Alzheimer disease pathophysiology. Recently, the impact of APP metabolites (APP intracellular fragment (AICD) and Aβ) and Tau on the nucleus has emerged as an important, new topic. Here we discuss (i) how AICD, Aβ, and Tau reach the nucleus and how AICD and Aβ control protein expression at the transcriptional level, (ii) post-translational modifications of AICD, Aβ, and Tau, and (iii) what these three molecules have in common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Multhaup
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada,
| | - Otmar Huber
- the Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and
| | - Luc Buée
- the Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, INSERM, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- the Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, INSERM, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The discovery of the Klotho (KL) gene, which was originally identified as a putative aging-suppressor gene, has generated tremendous interest and has advanced understanding of the aging process. In mice, the overexpression of the KL gene extends the life span, whereas mutations to the KL gene shorten the life span. The human KL gene encodes the α-Klotho protein, which is a multifunctional protein that regulates the metabolism of phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D. α-Klotho also may function as a hormone, although the α-Klotho receptor(s) has not been found. Point mutations of the KL gene in humans are associated with hypertension and kidney disease, which suggests that α-Klotho may be essential to the maintenance of normal renal function. Three α-Klotho protein types with potentially different functions have been identified: a full-length transmembrane α-Klotho, a truncated soluble α-Klotho, and a secreted α-Klotho. Recent evidence suggests that α-Klotho suppresses the insulin and Wnt signaling pathways, inhibits oxidative stress, and regulates phosphatase and calcium absorption. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular, genetic, biochemical, and physiological properties of the KL gene. Specifically, this review focuses on the structure of the KL gene and the factors that regulate KL gene transcription, the key sites in the regulation of α-Klotho enzyme activity, the α-Klotho signaling pathways, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie α-Klotho function. This current understanding of the molecular biology of the α-Klotho protein may offer new insights into its function and role in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechi Xu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Born HA. Seizures in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 286:251-63. [PMID: 25484360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases the risk for late-onset seizures and neuronal network abnormalities. An elevated co-occurrence of AD and seizures has been established in the more prevalent sporadic form of AD. Recent evidence suggests that nonconvulsive network abnormalities, including seizures and other electroencephalographic abnormalities, may be more commonly found in patients than previously thought. Patients with familial AD are at an even greater risk for seizures, which have been found in patients with mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP, as well as with APP duplication. This review also provides an overview of seizure and electroencephalography studies in AD mouse models. The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide has been identified as a possible link between AD and seizures, and while Aβ is known to affect neuronal activity, the full-length amyloid precursor protein (APP) and other APP cleavage products may be important for the development and maintenance of cortical network hyperexcitability. Nonconvulsive epileptiform activity, such as seizures or network abnormalities that are shorter in duration but may occur with higher frequency, may contribute to cognitive impairments characteristic of AD, such as amnestic wandering. Finally, the review discusses recent studies using antiepileptic drugs to rescue cognitive deficits in AD mouse models and human patients. Understanding the mechanistic link between epileptiform activity and AD is a research area of growing interest. Further understanding of the connection between neuronal hyperexcitability and Alzheimer's as well as the potential role of epileptiform activity in the progression of AD will be beneficial for improving treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Born
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Del Prete D, Lombino F, Liu X, D'Adamio L. APP is cleaved by Bace1 in pre-synaptic vesicles and establishes a pre-synaptic interactome, via its intracellular domain, with molecular complexes that regulate pre-synaptic vesicles functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108576. [PMID: 25247712 PMCID: PMC4172690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is a type I membrane protein that undergoes extensive processing by secretases, including BACE1. Although mutations in APP and genes that regulate processing of APP, such as PSENs and BRI2/ITM2B, cause dementias, the normal function of APP in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and memory formation is poorly understood. To grasp the biochemical mechanisms underlying the function of APP in the central nervous system, it is important to first define the sub-cellular localization of APP in synapses and the synaptic interactome of APP. Using biochemical and electron microscopy approaches, we have found that APP is localized in pre-synaptic vesicles, where it is processed by Bace1. By means of a proteomic approach, we have characterized the synaptic interactome of the APP intracellular domain. We focused on this region of APP because in vivo data underline the central functional and pathological role of the intracellular domain of APP. Consistent with the expression of APP in pre-synaptic vesicles, the synaptic APP intracellular domain interactome is predominantly constituted by pre-synaptic, rather than post-synaptic, proteins. This pre-synaptic interactome of the APP intracellular domain includes proteins expressed on pre-synaptic vesicles such as the vesicular SNARE Vamp2/Vamp1 and the Ca2+ sensors Synaptotagmin-1/Synaptotagmin-2, and non-vesicular pre-synaptic proteins that regulate exocytosis, endocytosis and recycling of pre-synaptic vesicles, such as target-membrane-SNAREs (Syntaxin-1b, Syntaxin-1a, Snap25 and Snap47), Munc-18, Nsf, α/β/γ-Snaps and complexin. These data are consistent with a functional role for APP, via its carboxyl-terminal domain, in exocytosis, endocytosis and/or recycling of pre-synaptic vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Del Prete
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Franco Lombino
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Luciano D'Adamio
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Craven CJ. A model to explain specific cellular communications and cellular harmony:- a hypothesis of coupled cells and interactive coupling molecules. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11:40. [PMID: 25218581 PMCID: PMC4237941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The various cell types and their relative numbers in multicellular organisms are controlled by growth factors and related extracellular molecules which affect genetic expression pathways. However, these substances may have both/either inhibitory and/or stimulatory effects on cell division and cell differentiation depending on the cellular environment. It is not known how cells respond to these substances in such an ambiguous way. Many cellular effects have been investigated and reported using cell culture from cancer cell lines in an effort to define normal cellular behaviour using these abnormal cells.A model is offered to explain the harmony of cellular life in multicellular organisms involving interacting extracellular substances. METHODS A basic model was proposed based on asymmetric cell division and evidence to support the hypothetical model was accumulated from the literature. In particular, relevant evidence was selected for the Insulin-Like Growth Factor system from the published data, especially from certain cell lines, to support the model. The evidence has been selective in an attempt to provide a picture of normal cellular responses, derived from the cell lines. RESULTS The formation of a pair of coupled cells by asymmetric cell division is an integral part of the model as is the interaction of couplet molecules derived from these cells. Each couplet cell will have a receptor to measure the amount of the couplet molecule produced by the other cell; each cell will be receptor-positive or receptor-negative for the respective receptors. The couplet molecules will form a binary complex whose level is also measured by the cell. The hypothesis is heavily supported by selective collection of circumstantial evidence and by some direct evidence. The basic model can be expanded to other cellular interactions. CONCLUSIONS These couplet cells and interacting couplet molecules can be viewed as a mechanism that provides a controlled and balanced division-of-labour between the two progeny cells, and, in turn, their progeny. The presence or absence of a particular receptor for a couplet molecule will define a cell type and the presence or absence of many such receptors will define the cell types of the progeny within cell lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril J Craven
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Landel V, Baranger K, Virard I, Loriod B, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S, Benech P, Féron F. Temporal gene profiling of the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model highlights the importance of microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:33. [PMID: 25213090 PMCID: PMC4237952 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5XFAD early onset mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gaining momentum. Behavioral, electrophysiological and anatomical studies have identified age-dependent alterations that can be reminiscent of human AD. However, transcriptional changes during disease progression have not yet been investigated. To this end, we carried out a transcriptomic analysis on RNAs from the neocortex and the hippocampus of 5XFAD female mice at the ages of one, four, six and nine months (M1, M4, M6, M9). RESULTS Our results show a clear shift in gene expression patterns between M1 and M4. At M1, 5XFAD animals exhibit region-specific variations in gene expression patterns whereas M4 to M9 mice share a larger proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are common to both regions. Analysis of DEGs from M4 to M9 underlines the predominance of inflammatory and immune processes in this AD mouse model. The rise in inflammation, sustained by the overexpression of genes from the complement and integrin families, is accompanied by an increased expression of transcripts involved in the NADPH oxidase complex, phagocytic processes and IFN-γ related pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that, from M4 to M9, sustained microglial activation becomes the predominant feature and point out that both detrimental and neuroprotective mechanisms appear to be at play in this model. Furthermore, our study identifies a number of genes already known to be altered in human AD, thus confirming the use of the 5XFAD strain as a valid model for understanding AD pathogenesis and for screening potential therapeutic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Landel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpitaux de la Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Virard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Loriod
- Aix Marseille Université, TAGC UMR 1090, 13288 Marseille, France
- INSERM, TAGC UMR 1090, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Benech
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - François Féron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Polimanti R, Di Girolamo M, Manfellotto D, Fuciarelli M. In silico analysis of TTR gene (coding and non-coding regions, and interactive network) and its implications in transthyretin-related amyloidosis. Amyloid 2014; 21:154-62. [PMID: 24779883 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2014.900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease. Currently, several questions about the pathogenic mechanisms of TTR-related amyloidosis remain unanswered. METHODS We have investigated various TTR-related issues using different in silico approaches. RESULTS Using an amino acid similarity-based analysis, we have indicated the most relevant TTR secondary structures in determining mutation impact. Our amyloidogenic propensity analysis of TTR missense substitutions has highlighted a similar pattern for wild-type and mutated TTR amino β acid sequences. However, some mutations present differences with respect to the general distribution. We have identified non-coding variants in cis-regulatory elements of the TTR gene, and our analysis on V122I-related haplotypes has indicated differences in non-coding regulatory variants, suggesting differences among V122I carriers. The analysis of methylation status indicated CpG sites that may affect TTR expression. Finally, our interactive network analysis revealed functional partners of TTR that may play a modifier role in the pathogenesis of TTR-related amyloidosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our data provided new insights into the pathogenesis of TTR-related amyloidosis that, if they were to be confirmed through experimental investigations, could significantly improve our understanding of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Polimanti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ghani M, Lang AE, Zinman L, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bessi V, Tedde A, Tartaglia MC, Surace EI, Sato C, Moreno D, Xi Z, Hung R, Nalls MA, Singleton A, St George-Hyslop P, Rogaeva E. Mutation analysis of patients with neurodegenerative disorders using NeuroX array. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:545.e9-14. [PMID: 25174650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses of patients with neurodegenerative disorders have identified multiple genes that need to be investigated for the presence of damaging variants. However, mutation analysis by Sanger sequencing is costly and time consuming. We tested the utility of a recently designed semi-custom genome-wide array (NeuroX; Illumina, Inc) tailored to study neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., mutation screening). We investigated 192 patients with 4 different neurodegenerative disorders for the presence of rare damaging variations in 77 genes implicated in these diseases. Several causative mutations were identified and confirmed by Sanger sequencing, including PSEN1 p.M233T responsible for Alzheimer's disease in a large Italian family, as well as SOD1 p.A4V and p.I113T in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In total, we identified 78 potentially damaging rare variants (frequency <1%), including ABCA7 p.L400V in a family with Alzheimer's disease and LRRK2 p.R1514Q in 6 of 98 patients with Parkinson's disease (6.1%). In conclusion, NeuroX appears to be helpful for rapid and accurate mutation screening, although further development may be still required to improve some current caveats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bessi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Tedde
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ezequiel I Surace
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr. Raúl Carrea (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Moreno
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Hung
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The systemic amyloid precursor transthyretin (TTR) behaves as a neuronal stress protein regulated by HSF1 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and APP23 Alzheimer's disease model mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7253-65. [PMID: 24849358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4936-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased neuronal synthesis of transthyretin (TTR) may favorably impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) because TTR has been shown to inhibit Aβ aggregation and detoxify cell-damaging conformers. The mechanism whereby hippocampal and cortical neurons from AD patients and APP23 AD model mice produce more TTR is unknown. We now show that TTR expression in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, primary hippocampal neurons and the hippocampus of APP23 mice, is significantly enhanced by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated occupation of TTR promoter heat shock elements by HSF1 in APP23 hippocampi, primary murine hippocampal neurons, and SH-SY5Y cells, but not in mouse liver, cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, or AC16 cultured human cardiomyocytes. Treating SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with heat shock or the HSF1 stimulator celastrol increased TTR transcription in parallel with that of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90. With both treatments, ChIP showed increased occupancy of heat shock elements in the TTR promoter by HSF1. In vivo celastrol increased the HSF1 ChIP signal in hippocampus but not in liver. Transfection of a human HSF1 construct into SH-SY5Y cells increased TTR transcription and protein production, which could be blocked by shHSF1 antisense. The effect is neuron specific. In cultured HepG2 cells, HSF1 was either suppressive or had no effect on TTR expression confirming the differential effects of HSF1 on TTR transcription in different cell types.
Collapse
|
50
|
Vassar R, Kuhn PH, Haass C, Kennedy ME, Rajendran L, Wong PC, Lichtenthaler SF. Function, therapeutic potential and cell biology of BACE proteases: current status and future prospects. J Neurochem 2014; 130:4-28. [PMID: 24646365 PMCID: PMC4086641 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) were initially identified as transmembrane aspartyl proteases cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP). BACE1 is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease because BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP is the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid-β peptides. BACE1, which is highly expressed in the nervous system, is also required for myelination by cleaving neuregulin 1. Several recent proteomic and in vivo studies using BACE1- and BACE2-deficient mice demonstrate a much wider range of physiological substrates and functions for both proteases within and outside of the nervous system. For BACE1 this includes axon guidance, neurogenesis, muscle spindle formation, and neuronal network functions, whereas BACE2 was shown to be involved in pigmentation and pancreatic β-cell function. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. The protease BACE1 is a major drug target in Alzheimer disease. Together with its homolog BACE2, both proteases have an increasing number of functions within and outside of the nervous system. This review highlights recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg University School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Neurosciences, Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate programs of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|