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Mannan A, Dhiamn S, Garg N, Singh TG. Pharmacological modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways in Angiogenesis: A mechanistic perspective. Dev Biol 2023; 504:58-74. [PMID: 37739118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathway is an imperative operating network that helps in regulates the critical events during the development processes like multicellular embryo growth and patterning. Disruptions in SHh pathway regulation can have severe consequences, including congenital disabilities, stem cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and cancer/tumor growth. Activation of the SHh signal occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Patch (Ptc)-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), initiating downstream signaling. This review explores how pharmacological modulation of the SHh pathway affects angiogenesis through canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical pathway for angiogenesis involves the activation of angiogenic cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stromal cell-derived factor 1α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), which facilitate the process of angiogenesis. The Non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like iNOS/Netrin-1/PKC, RhoA/Rock, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch signaling pathway, and so on. This review will provide a better grasp of the mechanistic approach of SHh in mediating angiogenesis, which can aid in the suppression of certain cancer and tumor growths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Sonia Dhiamn
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
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Cierpikowski P, Leszczyszyn A, Bar J. The Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:2083. [PMID: 37626893 PMCID: PMC10453169 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading malignancy worldwide, with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Molecularly targeted therapies for HNSCC are still lacking. However, recent reports provide novel insights about many molecular alterations in HNSCC that may be useful in future therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new biomarkers that may provide a better prediction of the disease and promising targets for personalized therapy. The poor response of HNSCC to therapy is attributed to a small population of tumor cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Growing evidence indicates that the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of head and neck tissues. The HH pathway is normally involved in embryogenesis, stem cell renewal, and tissue regeneration. However, abnormal activation of the HH pathway is also associated with carcinogenesis and CSC regulation. Overactivation of the HH pathway was observed in several tumors, including basal cell carcinoma, that are successfully treated with HH inhibitors. However, clinical studies about HH pathways in HNSCC are still rare. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and recent advances regarding the HH pathway in HNSCC and discuss its possible implications for prognosis and future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cierpikowski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, The Ludwik Rydygier Specialist Hospital, Osiedle Zlotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Leszczyszyn
- Dental Surgery Outpatient Clinic, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Weigla 5, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julia Bar
- Department of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Chen L, Xie X, Wang T, Xu L, Zhai Z, Wu H, Deng L, Lu Q, Chen Z, Yang X, Lu H, Chen YG, Luo S. ARL13B promotes angiogenesis and glioma growth by activating VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:871-885. [PMID: 36322624 PMCID: PMC10158193 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor angiogenesis is essential for solid tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to identify potential signaling pathways involved in tumor angiogenesis. METHODS Genetically engineered mouse models were used to investigate the effects of endothelial ARL13B(ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 13B) over-expression and deficiency on retinal and cerebral vasculature. An intracranially transplanted glioma model and a subcutaneously implanted melanoma model were employed to examine the effects of ARL13B on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure ARL13B in glioma tissues, and scRNA-seq was used to analyze glioma and endothelial ARL13B expression. GST-fusion protein-protein interaction and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to determine the ARL13B-VEGFR2 interaction. Immunobloting, qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay and functional experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of ARL13B on VEGFR2 activation. RESULTS Endothelial ARL13B regulated vascular development of both the retina and brain in mice. Also, ARL13B in endothelial cells regulated the growth of intracranially transplanted glioma cells and subcutaneously implanted melanoma cells by controlling tumor angiogenesis. Interestingly, this effect was attributed to ARL13B interaction with VEGFR2, through which ARL13B regulated the membrane and ciliary localization of VEGFR2 and consequently activated its downstream signaling in endothelial cells. Consistent with its oncogenic role, ARL13B was highly expressed in human gliomas, which was well correlated with the poor prognosis of glioma patients. Remarkably, ARL13B, transcriptionally regulated by ZEB1, enhanced the expression of VEGFA by activating Hedgehog signaling in glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS ARL13B promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth by activating VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling. Thus, targeting ARL13B might serve as a potential approach for developing an anti-glioma or anti-melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinsheng Xie
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhai
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Libin Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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c-Jun phosphorylated by JNK is required for protecting Gli2 from proteasomal-ubiquitin degradation by PGE2-JNK signaling axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119418. [PMID: 36581088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway includes canonical and non-canonical activation manners. In colorectal cancer, we have previously shown that PGE2-JNK could initiate non-canonical activation of the Hh signaling pathway. In this study, we showed that c-Jun, a classic substrate of JNK, increased Gli2 protein stability after phosphorylated by PGE2. Suppressing the function of c-Jun or JNK indicated that c-Jun prevents Gli2 from protease degradation caused by PGE2-JNK. Moreoer, we revealed that less ubiquitination of Gli2 was detected in colorectal cancer cells treated with PGE2 while suppression of c-Jun restored the ubiquitination of Gli2. In addition, we observed that suppression of c-Jun significantly decreased Gli2 expression no matter when Gli2 remained in phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation state. These phenomena were recapitulated, when the endpoint of Gli2 expression was replaced by Gli2 ubiquitination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that restricting c-Jun function ablated the PGE2-provoked Hh activity and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. These results elucidated that the evasion of Gli2 with phosphorylation from proteasomal-ubiquitin degradation needed the cooperation of phosphorylated c-Jun by kinase JNK, which contributed to promoting Hh activation and the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. This study provides a theoretical foundation to target PGE2 downstream for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Wu C, Chen F, Huang S, Zhang Z, Wan J, Zhang W, Liu X. Progress on the role of traditional Chinese medicine in therapeutic angiogenesis of heart failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115770. [PMID: 36191661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure (HF), as the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases, has brought a heavy burden to the global medical system. Microvascular rarefaction (decreased myocardial capillary density) with reduced coronary flow reserve is a hallmark of HF and therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis is now emerging as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment in HF. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made remarkable achievements in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence have shown that their protective effect in HF is closely related to therapeutic angiogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY This review is to enlighten the therapeutic effect and pro-angiogenic mechanism of TCM in HF, and provide valuable hints for the development of pro-angiogenic drugs for the treatment of HF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information about cardioprotective TCM was collected from electronic scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS The studies showed that TCM formulas, extracts, and compounds from herbal medicines can provide therapeutic effect in HF with their pro-angiogenic activity. Their actions are achieved mainly by regulating the key angiogenesis factors particularly VEGF, as well as related regulators including signal molecules and pathways, non-coding miRNAs and stem cells. CONCLUSION TCM and their active components might be promising in therapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Si Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Academy of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Exploration of Site-Specific Drug Targeting—A Review on EPR-, Stimuli-, Chemical-, and Receptor-Based Approaches as Potential Drug Targeting Methods in Cancer Treatment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9396760. [PMID: 36284633 PMCID: PMC9588330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9396760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been one of the most dominant causes of mortality globally over the last few decades. In cancer treatment, the selective targeting of tumor cells is indispensable, making it a better replacement for conventional chemotherapies by diminishing their adverse side effects. While designing a drug to be delivered selectively in the target organ, the drug development scientists should focus on various factors such as the type of cancer they are dealing with according to which drug, targeting moieties, and pharmaceutical carriers should be targeted. All published articles have been collected regarding cancer and drug-targeting approaches from well reputed databases including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Wiley, and Springer. The articles published between January 2010 and December 2020 were considered. Due to the existence of various mechanisms, it is challenging to choose which one is appropriate for a specific case. Moreover, a combination of more than one approach is often utilized to achieve optimal drug effects. In this review, we have summarized and highlighted central mechanisms of how the targeted drug delivery system works in the specific diseased microenvironment, along with the strategies to make an approach more effective. We have also included some pictorial illustrations to have a precise idea about different types of drug targeting. The core contribution of this work includes providing a cancer drug development scientist with a broad preliminary idea to choose the appropriate approach among the various targeted drug delivery mechanisms. Also, the study will contribute to improving anticancer treatment approaches by providing a pathway for lesser side effects observed in conventional chemotherapeutic techniques.
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7
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Ma C, Hu K, Ullah I, Zheng QK, Zhang N, Sun ZG. Molecular Mechanisms Involving the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Lung Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances. Front Oncol 2022; 12:729088. [PMID: 35433472 PMCID: PMC9010822 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.729088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the latest statistics from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies in the world, accounting for approximately 18% of all cancer-associated deaths. Yet, even with aggressive interventions for advanced lung cancer, the five-year survival rate remains low, at around 15%. The hedgehog signaling pathway is highly conserved during embryonic development and is involved in tissue homeostasis as well as organ development. However, studies have documented an increasing prevalence of aberrant activation of HH signaling in lung cancer patients, promoting malignant lung cancer progression with poor prognostic outcomes. Inhibitors targeting the HH pathway have been widely used in tumor therapy, however, they still cannot avoid the occurrence of drug resistance. Interestingly, natural products, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have greatly improved overall survival outcomes for lung cancer patients by acting on the HH signaling pathway because of its unique and excellent pharmacological properties. In this review, we elucidate on the underlying molecular mechanisms through which the HH pathway promotes malignant biological behaviors in lung cancer, as well as the potential of inhibitors or natural compounds in targeting HH signaling for clinical applications in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kang Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Surgery, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Qing-Kang Zheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Breast Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Gang Sun, ; Nan Zhang,
| | - Zhi-Gang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Gang Sun, ; Nan Zhang,
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8
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Liu T, Zhang Z, Wang C, Huang H, Li Y. BRD4 promotes the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells through the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and enhances cisplatin resistance. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:179-187. [PMID: 35167374 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is a widely used strategy for bladder cancer (BCa) treatment. However, its clinical efficacy is affected by chemotherapy resistance via complex molecular mechanisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new targets for BCa therapy. Here, we showed that bromodomain-4 protein (BRD4) expression is upregulated in BCa tissues and cells. Inhibition of BRD4 attenuated the migration and invasion of BCa cells, which was rescued by the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway activator recombinant human Sonic hedgehog peptide (rhSHH). We further found that cisplatin (DDP) suppressed the migration and invasion of BCa cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. However, overexpression of BRD4 weakened the pharmacological effects of DDP. In brief, our research revealed that BRD4 promotes migration and invasion by positively regulating the SHH pathway, drives DDP resistance in BCa, and is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China
| | - Houbao Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong, P.R. China
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Samanta S, Mahata R, Santra MK. The Cross-Talk between Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Signaling Pathways Regulates Cancer Pathogenesis. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:427-472. [PMID: 36301502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer begins due to uncontrolled cell division. Cancer cells are insensitive to the signals that control normal cell proliferation. This uncontrolled cell division is due to the accumulation of abnormalities in different factors associated with the cell division, including different cyclins, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors, and cellular signaling. Cellular signaling pathways are aberrantly activated in cancer mainly due to epigenetic regulation and post-translational regulation. In this chapter, the role of epigenetic regulation in aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT, Ras, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, JAK/STAT, and mTOR signaling pathways in cancer progression is discussed. The role of epigenetic regulators in controlling the upstream regulatory proteins and downstream effector proteins responsible for abnormal cellular signaling-mediated cancer progression is covered in this chapter. Similarly, the role of signaling pathways in controlling epigenetic gene regulation-mediated cancer progression is also discussed. We have tried to ascertain the current status of potential epigenetic drugs targeting several epigenetic regulators to prevent different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Samanta
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rumpa Mahata
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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10
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Cucu I, Nicolescu MI. A Synopsis of Signaling Crosstalk of Pericytes and Endothelial Cells in Salivary Gland. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120144. [PMID: 34940041 PMCID: PMC8700478 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland (SG) microvasculature constitutes a dynamic cellular organization instrumental to preserving tissue stability and homeostasis. The interplay between pericytes (PCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) culminates as a key ingredient that coordinates the development, maturation, and integrity of vessel building blocks. PCs, as a variety of mesenchymal stem cells, enthrall in the field of regenerative medicine, supporting the notion of regeneration and repair. PC-EC interconnections are pivotal in the kinetic and intricate process of angiogenesis during both embryological and post-natal development. The disruption of this complex interlinkage corresponds to SG pathogenesis, including inflammation, autoimmune disorders (Sjögren’s syndrome), and tumorigenesis. Here, we provided a global portrayal of major signaling pathways between PCs and ECs that cooperate to enhance vascular steadiness through the synergistic interchange. Additionally, we delineated how the crosstalk among molecular networks affiliate to contribute to a malignant context. Additionally, within SG microarchitecture, telocytes and myoepithelial cells assemble a labyrinthine companionship, which together with PCs appear to synchronize the regenerative potential of parenchymal constituents. By underscoring the intricacy of signaling cascades within cellular latticework, this review sketched a perceptive basis for target-selective drugs to safeguard SG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cucu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Radaeva M, Ton AT, Hsing M, Ban F, Cherkasov A. Drugging the 'undruggable'. Therapeutic targeting of protein-DNA interactions with the use of computer-aided drug discovery methods. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2660-2679. [PMID: 34332092 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) act as major oncodrivers in many cancers and are frequently regarded as high-value therapeutic targets. The functionality of TFs relies on direct protein-DNA interactions, which are notoriously difficult to target with small molecules. However, this prior view of the 'undruggability' of protein-DNA interfaces has shifted substantially in recent years, in part because of significant advances in computer-aided drug discovery (CADD). In this review, we highlight recent examples of successful CADD campaigns resulting in drug candidates that directly interfere with protein-DNA interactions of several key cancer TFs, including androgen receptor (AR), ETS-related gene (ERG), MYC, thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX), topoisomerase II (TOP2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Importantly, these findings open novel and compelling avenues for therapeutic targeting of over 1600 human TFs implicated in many conditions including and beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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12
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Immunomodulation: An immune regulatory mechanism in carcinoma therapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107984. [PMID: 34303999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has been generally related to the possession of numerous mutations which interrupt important signaling pathways. Nevertheless, deregulated immunological signaling is considered as one of the key factors associated with the development and progression of cancer. The signaling pathways operate as modular network with different components interacting in a switch-like fashion with two proteins interplaying between each other leading to direct or indirect inhibition or stimulation of down-stream factors. Genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic alterations maintain the pathological conduit of different signaling pathways via affecting diverse mechanisms including cell destiny. At present, immunotherapy is one of the best therapies opted for cancer treatment. The cancer immunotherapy strategy includes harnessing the specificity and killing mechanisms of the immunological system to target and eradicate malignant cells. Targeted therapies utilizing several little molecules including Galunisertib, Astragaloside-IV, Melatonin, and Jervine capable of regulating key signaling pathways can effectively help in the management of different carcinomas.
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13
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Yang J, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zou Y, Qiu Y, Cai W, Gao J, Zhou H, Wu Y, Liu W, Ding Q, Zhang Y, Yin PH, Tan W. PGE2-JNK signaling axis non-canonically promotes Gli activation by protecting Gli2 from ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:707. [PMID: 34267186 PMCID: PMC8282835 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both bench and bedside investigations have challenged the supportive role of Hedgehog (Hh) activity in the progression of colorectal cancers, thus raising a critical need to further deeply determine the contribution of Hh to the growth of colorectal cancer. Combining multiple complementary means, including in vitro and in vivo inflammatory colorectal cancer models, and pathological analysis of clinical colorectal cancer patients samples. We report that colorectal cancer cells hijack prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to non-canonically promote Hh transcriptional factor Gli activity and Gli-dependent proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in a Smo-independent manner. Mechanistically, PGE2 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which in turn enables Gli2 to evade ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation by phosphorylating Gli2 at Thr1546. This study not only presents evidence for understanding the contribution of Hh to colorectal cancers, but also provides a novel molecular portrait underlying how PGE2-activated JNK fine-tunes the evasion of Gli2 from ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Therefore, it proposes a rationale for the future evaluation of chemopreventive and selective therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancers by targeting PGE2-JNK-Gli signaling route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiyang Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th pepople's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, 201999, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Department of pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th pepople's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, 201999, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Hao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Bhat A, Yadav J, Thakur K, Aggarwal N, Tripathi T, Chhokar A, Singh T, Jadli M, Bharti AC. Exosomes from cervical cancer cells facilitate pro-angiogenic endothelial reconditioning through transfer of Hedgehog-GLI signaling components. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:319. [PMID: 34167524 PMCID: PMC8223267 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenic switch is a hallmark feature of transition from low-grade to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in cervical cancer progression. Therefore, early events leading to locally-advanced cervical metastatic lesions demand a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Recent leads indicate the role of tumor-derived exosomes in altering the functions of endothelial cells in cervical cancer, which needs further investigation. METHODS Exosomes isolated from cervical cancer cell lines were assessed for their angiogenic effect on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using tube formation and wound healing assay. The exosomal uptake by HUVEC cells was monitored using PKH-67 labelling followed by fluorescence microscopy. Alterations in Hh-GLI signaling components, PTCH1 and GLI1, in HUVEC were measured by immunoblotting. Changes in angiogenesis-related transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGFR2 and angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, osteopontin were measured in exosome-treated HUVEC and in the exosomal RNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS Enhanced tube formation, with an increased number of nodes and branching was observed in HUVEC's treated with exosomes derived from different cervical cancer cell lines. HPV-positive (SiHa and HeLa) cells' exosomes were more angiogenic. Exosome-treated HUVEC showed increased migration rate. PKH-67 labelled exosomes were found internalized in HUVEC. A high level of PTCH1 protein was detected in the exosome-treated endothelial cells. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis showed increased transcripts of Hh-GLI downstream target genes VEGF-A, VEGFR2, angiopoietin-2, and decreased expression of VEGF-B, and angiopoietin-1, suggestive of active Hh-GLI signaling. These effects were more pronounced in HUVEC's treated with exosomes of HPV-positive cells. However, these effects were independent of tumor-derived VEGF-A as exosomal cargo lacked VEGF-A transcripts or proteins. CONCLUSION Overall, the data showed cervical cancer exosomes promote pro-angiogenic response in endothelial cells via upregulation of Hh-GLI signaling and modulate downstream angiogenesis-related target genes. The study provides a novel exosome-mediated mechanism potentially favoring cervical angiogenesis and thus identifies the exosomes as potential pharmacological targets against locally-advanced metastatic cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India.
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15
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Huang Z, Huang S, Song T, Yin Y, Tan C. Placental Angiogenesis in Mammals: A Review of the Regulatory Effects of Signaling Pathways and Functional Nutrients. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2415-2434. [PMID: 34167152 PMCID: PMC8634476 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal placental development and proper angiogenesis are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. Angiogenesis involves the regulatory action of many angiogenic factors and a series of signal transduction processes inside and outside the cell. The obstruction of placental angiogenesis causes fetal growth restriction and serious pregnancy complications, even leading to fetal loss and pregnancy cessation. In this review, the effects of placental angiogenesis on fetal development are described, and several signaling pathways related to placental angiogenesis and their key regulatory mediators are summarized. These factors, which include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor, delta-like ligand 4 (DLL-4)-Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog, may affect the placental angiogenesis process. Moreover, the degree of vascularization depends on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which is affected by the synthesis and secretion of metabolites or intermediates and mutual coordination or inhibition in these pathways. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances regarding the role of functional nutrients (including amino acids and fatty acids) in regulating placental angiogenesis. Understanding the specific mechanism of placental angiogenesis and its influence on fetal development may facilitate the establishment of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction, and provide a theoretical basis for formulating nutritional regulation strategies during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangbo Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxing Song
- Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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16
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Wu X, Xiao S, Zhang M, Yang L, Zhong J, Li B, Li F, Xia X, Li X, Zhou H, Liu D, Huang N, Yang X, Xiao F, Zhang N. A novel protein encoded by circular SMO RNA is essential for Hedgehog signaling activation and glioblastoma tumorigenicity. Genome Biol 2021; 22:33. [PMID: 33446260 PMCID: PMC7807754 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog pathway drives tumorigenesis of many cancers, including glioblastoma. However, the sensitization mechanism of the G protein-coupled-like receptor smoothened (SMO), a key component of Hedgehog signaling, remains largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we describe a novel protein SMO-193a.a. that is essential for Hedgehog signaling activation in glioblastoma. Encoded by circular SMO (circ-SMO), SMO-193a.a. is required for sonic hedgehog (Shh) induced SMO activation, via interacting with SMO, enhancing SMO cholesterol modification, and releasing SMO from the inhibition of patched transmembrane receptors. Deprivation of SMO-193a.a. in brain cancer stem cells attenuates Hedgehog signaling intensity and suppresses self-renewal, proliferation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, circ-SMO/SMO-193a.a. is positively regulated by FUS, a direct transcriptional target of Gli1. Shh/Gli1/FUS/SMO-193a.a. form a positive feedback loop to sustain Hedgehog signaling activation in glioblastoma. Clinically, SMO-193a.a. is more specifically expressed in glioblastoma than SMO and is relevant to Gli1 expression. Higher expression of SMO-193a.a. predicts worse overall survival of glioblastoma patients, indicating its prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that SMO-193a.a., a novel protein encoded by circular SMO, is critical for Hedgehog signaling, drives glioblastoma tumorigenesis and is a novel target for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujia Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Songhua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Maolei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Nunu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Feizhe Xiao
- Department of Scientific Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Biffi G, Tuveson DA. Diversity and Biology of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:147-176. [PMID: 32466724 PMCID: PMC7864232 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop anti-cancer therapies have largely focused on targeting the epithelial compartment, despite the presence of non-neoplastic stromal components that substantially contribute to the progression of the tumor. Indeed, cancer cell survival, growth, migration, and even dormancy are influenced by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to play several roles in the development of a tumor. They secrete growth factors, inflammatory ligands, and extracellular matrix proteins that promote cancer cell proliferation, therapy resistance, and immune exclusion. However, recent work indicates that CAFs may also restrain tumor progression in some circumstances. In this review, we summarize the body of work on CAFs, with a particular focus on the most recent discoveries about fibroblast heterogeneity, plasticity, and functions. We also highlight the commonalities of fibroblasts present across different cancer types, and in normal and inflammatory states. Finally, we present the latest advances regarding therapeutic strategies targeting CAFs that are undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Biffi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Hedgehog signaling promotes endoneurial fibroblast migration and Vegf-A expression following facial nerve injury. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147204. [PMID: 33189691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries are a common clinical problem which may result in permanent loss of motor or sensory function. A better understanding of the signaling pathways that lead to successful nerve regeneration may help in discovering new therapeutic targets. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays significant roles in nerve development and regeneration. In a mouse model of facial nerve injury, Hedgehog-responsive fibroblasts increase in number both at the site of injury and within the distal nerve. However, the role of these cells in facial nerve regeneration is not fully understood. We hypothesize that the Hh pathway plays an angiogenic and pro-migratory role following facial nerve injury. METHODS Hedgehog pathway modulators were applied to murine endoneurial fibroblasts isolated from the murine facial nerve. The impact of pathway modulation on endoneurial fibroblast migration and cell proliferation was assessed. Gene expression changes of known Hedgehog target genes and the key angiogenic factor Vegf-A were determined by qPCR. In vivo, mice were treated with pathway agonist (SAG21k) and injured facial nerve specimens were analyzed via immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Hedgehog pathway activation in facial nerve fibroblasts via SAG21k treatment increases Gli1 and Ptch1 expression, the rate of cellular migration, and Vegf-A expression in vitro. In vivo, expression of Gli1 and Vegf-A expression appears to increase after injury, particularly at the site of nerve injury and the distal nerve, as detected by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Additionally, Gli1 transcripts co-localize with Vegf-A following transection injury to the facial nerve. DISCUSSION These findings describe an angiogenic and pro-migratory role for the Hedgehog pathway mediated through effects on nerve fibroblasts. Given the critical role of Vegf-A in nerve regeneration, modulation of this pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target to improve facial nerve regeneration following injury.
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19
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Chen J, Wen B, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhang X, Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Yong J. Jervine exhibits anticancer effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma through promoting autophagic apoptosis via the blockage of Hedgehog signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110898. [PMID: 33113432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating from the superior mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx. However, effective therapies for NPC are still required. Reducing Hedgehog signaling pathway has been shown to suppress tumor growth. In this study, we attempted to explore whether Jervine (JV), an inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling, had anti-cancer effects on NPC, and the underlying mechanisms. Our findings showed that JV treatments markedly reduced the proliferation of NPC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase was significantly enhanced by JV, along with evident DNA damage. Moreover, JV treatment effectively induced apoptosis in NPC cells through improving Caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, ROS production and mitochondrial impairments were detected in JV-incubated NPC cells with elevated releases of Cyto-c from mitochondria. JV also dramatically triggered autophagy through blocking AKT/mTOR and increasing AMPK signaling pathways. Intriguingly, we showed that JV-induced apoptosis was mainly via an autophagy-dependent manner. In addition, the expression levels of SHH, PTCH1, SMO and GLI1 were markedly suppressed in NPC cells, demonstrating the hindered Hedgehog signaling. Importantly, we found that JV-induced apoptosis and autophagy were closely associated with the blockage of Hedgehog signaling. Our in vivo studies confirmed the anti-cancer effects of JV on NPC through inducing autophagy, as evidenced by the markedly reduced tumor growth rate and weight without side effects and toxicity. Taken together, JV may be a promising and effective agent for human NPC treatment through repressing Hedgehog signaling pathway and inducing autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Yonggui Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, East Theater General Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Jianjiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, East Theater General Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Ji Yong
- Department of Otolaryngology, East Theater General Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
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20
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Doheny D, Sirkisoon S, Carpenter RL, Aguayo NR, Regua AT, Anguelov M, Manore SG, Arrigo A, Jalboush SA, Wong GL, Yu Y, Wagner CJ, Chan M, Ruiz J, Thomas A, Strowd R, Lin J, Lo HW. Combined inhibition of JAK2-STAT3 and SMO-GLI1/tGLI1 pathways suppresses breast cancer stem cells, tumor growth, and metastasis. Oncogene 2020; 39:6589-6605. [PMID: 32929154 PMCID: PMC7572897 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer are particularly aggressive and associated with unfavorable prognosis. TNBC lacks effective treatments. HER2-positive tumors have treatment options but often acquire resistance to HER2-targeted therapy after initial response. To address these challenges, we determined whether novel combinations of JAK2-STAT3 and SMO-GLI1/tGLI1 inhibitors synergistically target TNBC and HER2 breast cancer since these two pathways are concurrently activated in both tumor types and enriched in metastatic tumors. Herein, we show that novel combinations of JAK2 inhibitors (ruxolitinib and pacritinib) with SMO inhibitors (vismodegib and sonidegib) synergistically inhibited in vitro growth of TNBC and HER2-positive trastuzumab-resistant BT474-TtzmR cells. Synergy was also observed against breast cancer stem cells. To determine if the combination is efficacious in inhibiting metastasis, we treated mice with intracardially inoculated TNBC cells and found the combination to inhibit lung and liver metastases, and prolong host survival without toxicity. The combination inhibited orthotopic growth, VEGF-A expression, and tumor vasculature of both TNBC and HER2-positive trastuzumab-refractory breast cancer. Lung metastasis of orthotopic BT474-TtzmR xenografts was suppressed by the combination. Together, our results indicated that dual targeting of JAK2 and SMO resulted in synergistic suppression of breast cancer growth and metastasis, thereby supporting future clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sherona Sirkisoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, JH 308 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Noah Reeve Aguayo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Angelina T Regua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Marlyn Anguelov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara G Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Austin Arrigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara Abu Jalboush
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Calvin J Wagner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael Chan
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jimmy Ruiz
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Thomas
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roy Strowd
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Lin CC, Kuo IY, Wu LT, Kuan WH, Liao SY, Jen J, Yang YE, Tang CW, Chen YR, Wang YC. Dysregulated Kras/YY1/ZNF322A/Shh transcriptional axis enhances neo-angiogenesis to promote lung cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10001-10015. [PMID: 32929330 PMCID: PMC7481419 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis enhances cancer metastasis and progression, however, the roles of transcription regulation in angiogenesis are not fully defined. ZNF322A is an oncogenic zinc-finger transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate a new mechanism of Kras mutation-driven ZNF322A transcriptional activation and elucidate the interplay between ZNF322A and its upstream transcriptional regulators and downstream transcriptional targets in promoting neo-angiogenesis. Methods: Luciferase activity, RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR assays were used to examine transcription regulation in cell models. In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays were conducted. Immunohistochemistry, Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression assays were performed to examine the clinical correlation in tumor specimens from lung cancer patients. Results: We validated that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) upregulated ZNF322A expression through targeting its promoter in the context of Kras mutation. Reconstitution experiments by knocking down YY1 under KrasG13V activation decreased KrasG13V-promoted cancer cell migration, proliferation and ZNF322A promoter activity. Knockdown of YY1 or ZNF322A attenuated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we validated that ZNF322A upregulated the expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene which encodes a secreted factor that activates pro-angiogenic responses in endothelial cells. Clinically, ZNF322A protein expression positively correlated with Shh and CD31, an endothelial cell marker, in 133 lung cancer patient samples determined using immunohistochemistry analysis. Notably, patients with concordantly high expression of ZNF322A, Shh and CD31 correlated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: These findings highlight the mechanism by which dysregulation of Kras/YY1/ZNF322/Shh transcriptional axis enhances neo-angiogenesis and cancer progression in lung cancer. Therapeutic strategies that target Kras/YY1/ZNF322A/Shh signaling axis may provide new insight on targeted therapy for lung cancer patients.
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Zhu SQ, Zhang YJ, Abbas MN, Hao XW, Zhao YZ, Liang HH, Cui HJ, Yang LQ. Hedgehog promotes cell proliferation in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:697-707. [PMID: 30919568 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the major regulators of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. However, the role of this pathway in the silkworm, especially in the silkworm midgut, remains poorly understood. Here, we report that Bombyx mori Hedgehog (BmHh) is expressed in most tissues of silkworm larvae and that its functions are well-conserved throughout evolution. We further demonstrate that the messenger RNA of four Hh signaling components, BmHh ligand, BmPtch receptor, signal transducer BmSmo and transcription factor BmCi, are all upregulated following Escherichia coli or Bacillus thuringiensis infection, indicating the activation of the Hh pathway. Simultaneously, midgut cell proliferation is strongly promoted. Conversely, the repression of Hh signal transduction with double-stranded RNA or cyclopamine inhibits the expression of BmHh and BmCi and reduces cell proliferation. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the Hh signaling pathway in the silkworm, B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Zu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Juan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Ilyas U, Zaman SU, Altaf R, Nadeem H, Muhammad SA. Genome wide meta-analysis of cDNA datasets reveals new target gene signatures of colorectal cancer based on systems biology approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:8. [PMID: 32523911 PMCID: PMC7278058 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is known to be the most common type of cancer worldwide with high disease-related mortality. It is the third most common cancer in men and women and is the second major cause of death globally due to cancer. It is a complicated and fatal disease comprising of a group of molecular heterogeneous disorders. Results This study identifies the potential biomarkers of CRC through differentially expressed analysis, system biology, and proteomic analysis. Ten publicly available microarray datasets were analyzed and seven potential biomarkers were identified from the list of differentially expressed genes having a p value < 0.05. The expression profiling and the functional enrichment analysis revealed the role of these genes in cell communication, signal transduction, and immune response. The protein-protein interaction showed the functional association of the source genes (CTNNB1, NNMT, PTCH1, CALD1, CXCL14, CXCL8, and TNFAIP3) with the target proteins, such as AXIN, MAPK, IL6, STAT, APC, GSK3B, and SHH. Conclusion The integrated pathway analysis indicated the role of these genes in important physiological responses, such as cell cycle regulation, WNT, hedgehog, MAPK, and calcium signaling pathways during colorectal cancer. These pathways are involved in cell proliferation, chemotaxis, cellular growth, differentiation, tissue patterning, and cytokine production. The study shows the regulatory role of these genes in colorectal cancer and the pathways that can be effected after the dysregulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ilyas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Shaiq Uz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Reem Altaf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 66000 Pakistan
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24
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Bausch D, Fritz S, Bolm L, Wellner UF, Fernandez-Del-Castillo C, Warshaw AL, Thayer SP, Liss AS. Hedgehog signaling promotes angiogenesis directly and indirectly in pancreatic cancer. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:479-492. [PMID: 32444947 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reduces desmoplasia and promotes increased vascularity. In contrast to these findings, the Hh ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a potent proangiogenic factor in non-tumor models. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms by which SHH affects the tumor stroma and angiogenesis. METHODS Mice bearing three different xenografted human PDAC (n = 5/group) were treated with neutralizing antibodies to SHH. After treatment for 7 days, tumors were evaluated and the expression of 38 pro- and antiangiogenic factors was assessed in the tumor cells and their stroma. The effect of SHH on the regulation of pro- and antiangiogenic factors in fibroblasts and its impact on endothelial cells was then further assessed in in vitro model systems. RESULTS Inhibition of SHH affected tumor growth, stromal content, and vascularity. Its effect on the Hh signaling pathway was restricted to the stromal compartment of the three cancers. SHH-stimulated angiogenesis indirectly through the reduction of antiangiogenic THBS2 and TIMP2 in stromal cells. An additional direct effect of SHH on endothelial cells depended on the presence of VEGF. CONCLUSION Inhibition of Hh signaling reduces tumor vascularity, suggesting that Hh plays a role in the maintenance or formation of the tumor vasculature. Whether the reduction in tumor growth and viability seen in the epithelium is a direct consequence of Hh pathway inhibition, or indirectly caused by its effect on the stroma and vasculature, remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bausch
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany
| | - Stefan Fritz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Transplantation Surgery, Katharinenhospital Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Louisa Bolm
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ulrich F Wellner
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Del-Castillo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew L Warshaw
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah P Thayer
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6895, USA.
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Their 623, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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25
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Quaglio D, Infante P, Di Marcotullio L, Botta B, Mori M. Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors: an updated patent review (2015-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:235-250. [PMID: 32070165 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1730327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a pivotal role in tissue development and stemness, and its deregulation is found in many different tumors. Several efforts have been devoted to discovery of Hh inhibitors, including three drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), targeting the upstream receptor smoothened (SMO). However, SMO mutations or SMO-independent Hh pathway activation raise the need for novel Hh inhibitors.Areas covered: This review describes Hh inhibitors with anticancer potential patented in the period 2015-present.Expert opinion: Despite the initial enthusiasm in SMO antagonists, drug-resistant mutations, and SMO-independent Hh activation limited their clinical application. A growing number of therapeutic strategies are currently focusing on downstream Hh effectors (i.e. glioma-associate oncogenes (GLI) proteins) or other signaling pathways related to Hh, in addition to drug repositioning. Given the heterogenic nature of cancers, a terrific clinical impact is expected by multi-targeting approaches able to modulate simultaneously SMO and GLI, and/or additional targets that act as regulators of Hh signaling. It is expected that these alternative strategies might be investigated in clinical trials in the next years against a wide variety of tumor types, and that they provide improved outcomes compared to current SMO antagonists or other single-agent anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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26
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Bellei B, Caputo S, Carbone A, Silipo V, Papaccio F, Picardo M, Eibenschutz L. The Role of Dermal Fibroblasts in Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Patients: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030720. [PMID: 31979112 PMCID: PMC7037136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also named Gorlin syndrome, is a rare multisystem genetic disorder characterized by marked predisposition to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), childhood medulloblastomas, maxillary keratocysts, celebral calcifications, in addition to various skeletal and soft tissue developmental abnormalities. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PATCHED1 (PTCH1) have been found to be associated in the majority of NBCCS cases. PATCH1 somatic mutations and loss of heterozygosity are also very frequent in sporadic BCCs. Unlike non-syndromic patients, NBCCS patients develop multiple BCCs in sun-protected skin area starting from early adulthood. Recent studies suggest that dermo/epidermal interaction could be implicated in BCC predisposition. According to this idea, NBCCS fibroblasts, sharing with keratinocytes the same PTCH1 germline mutation and consequent constitutive activation of the Hh pathway, display features of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF). This phenotypic traits include the overexpression of growth factors, specific microRNAs profile, modification of extracellular matrix and basement membrane composition, increased cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors secretion, and a complex alteration of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we review studies about the involvement of dermal fibroblasts in BCC predisposition of Gorlin syndrome patients. Further, we matched the emerged NBCCS fibroblast profile to those of CAF to compare the impact of cell autonomous “pre-activated state” due to PTCH1 mutations to those of skin tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-266-6246; Fax: +39-065-266-6247
| | - Silvia Caputo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Carbone
- Oncologic and Preventative Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (V.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Vitaliano Silipo
- Oncologic and Preventative Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (V.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Laura Eibenschutz
- Oncologic and Preventative Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (V.S.); (L.E.)
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27
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Giarretta I, Gaetani E, Bigossi M, Tondi P, Asahara T, Pola R. The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215270. [PMID: 31652910 PMCID: PMC6862352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are prototypical morphogens known to regulate epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. In addition to its pivotal role in embryogenesis, the Hh signaling pathway may be recapitulated in post-natal life in a number of physiological and pathological conditions, including ischemia. This review highlights the involvement of Hh signaling in ischemic tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, with particular attention to the heart, the brain, and the skeletal muscle. Updated information on the potential role of the Hh pathway as a therapeutic target in the ischemic condition is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Giarretta
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gaetani
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bigossi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Roberto Pola
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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28
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Huang Y, Fang J, Lu W, Wang Z, Wang Q, Hou Y, Jiang X, Reizes O, Lathia J, Nussinov R, Eng C, Cheng F. A Systems Pharmacology Approach Uncovers Wogonoside as an Angiogenesis Inhibitor of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Targeting Hedgehog Signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1143-1158.e6. [PMID: 31178408 PMCID: PMC6697584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease that lacks clinically actionable genetic alterations that limit targeted therapies. Here we explore a systems pharmacology approach that integrates drug-target networks and large-scale genomic profiles of TNBC and identify wogonoside, one of the major active flavonoids, as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. We validate that wogonoside attenuates cell migration, tube formation, and rat aorta microvessel outgrowth, and reduces formation of blood vessels in chicken chorioallantoic membrane and TNBC cell-induced Matrigel plugs. In addition, wogonoside inhibits growth and angiogenesis in TNBC cell xenograft models. This network-based approach predicts, and we empirically validate, wogonoside's antiangiogenic effects resulting from vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Mechanistically, wogonoside inhibits Gli1 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activities associated with Hedgehog signaling, by promoting Smoothened degradation in a proteasome-dependent mechanism. This study offers a powerful, integrated, systems pharmacology-based strategy for oncological drug discovery and identifies wogonoside as a potential TNBC angiogenesis inhibitor.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/isolation & purification
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Biological Products/chemistry
- Biological Products/isolation & purification
- Biological Products/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Flavanones/chemistry
- Flavanones/isolation & purification
- Flavanones/pharmacology
- Glucosides/chemistry
- Glucosides/isolation & purification
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zihao Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xingwu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA
| | - Justin Lathia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Wang J, Chan DKW, Sen A, Ma WW, Straubinger RM. Tumor Priming by SMO Inhibition Enhances Antibody Delivery and Efficacy in a Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2074-2084. [PMID: 31363010 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent overexpression of numerous growth factor receptors by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), such as EGFR, therapeutic antibodies have not proven effective. Desmoplasia, hypovascularity, and hypoperfusion create a functional drug delivery barrier that contributes to treatment resistance. Drug combinations that target tumor/stroma interactions could enhance tumor deposition of therapeutic antibodies, although clinical trials have yet to support this strategy. We hypothesize that macromolecular or nanoparticulate therapeutic agents may best exploit stroma-targeting "tumor priming" strategies, based on the fundamental principles of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention phenomenon. Therefore, we investigated the molecular and pharmacologic tumor responses to NVP-LDE225, an SMO inhibitor of sonic hedgehog signaling (sHHI), of patient-derived xenograft models that recapitulate the desmoplasia and drug delivery barrier properties of PDAC. Short-term sHHI exposure mediated dose- and time-dependent changes in tumor microvessel patency, extracellular matrix architecture, and interstitial pressure, which waned with prolonged sHHI exposure, and increased nanoparticulate permeability probe deposition in multiple PDAC patient-derived xenograft isolates. During sHHI-mediated priming, deposition and intratumor distribution of both a nontargeted mAb and a mAb targeting EGFR, cetuximab, were enhanced. Sequencing the sHH inhibitor with cetuximab administration resulted in marked tumor growth inhibition compared with cetuximab alone. These studies suggest that PDAC drug delivery barriers confound efforts to employ mAb against targets in PDAC, and that short-term, intermittent exposure to stromal modulators can increase tumor cell exposure to therapeutic antibodies, improving their efficacy, and potentially minimize adverse effects that may accompany longer-term, continuous sHHI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Darren K W Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Arindam Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Cell Stress Biochemistry and Biophysics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wen Wee Ma
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York. .,Department of Cell Stress Biochemistry and Biophysics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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30
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Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Vasculature Development, Differentiation, and Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123076. [PMID: 31238510 PMCID: PMC6627637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vascular biology has first been highlighted in embryos by Pepicelli et al. in 1998 and Rowitch et al. in 1999. Since then, the proangiogenic role of the Hh ligands has been confirmed in adults, especially under pathologic conditions. More recently, the Hh signaling has been proposed to improve vascular integrity especially at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the role of the Hh signaling in vascular biology remain poorly understood and conflicting results have been reported. As a matter of fact, in several settings, it is currently not clear whether Hh ligands promote vessel integrity and quiescence or destabilize vessels to promote angiogenesis. The present review relates the current knowledge regarding the role of the Hh signaling in vasculature development, maturation and maintenance, discusses the underlying proposed mechanisms and highlights controversial data which may serve as a guideline for future research. Most importantly, fully understanding such mechanisms is critical for the development of safe and efficient therapies to target the Hh signaling in both cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases.
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31
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Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer: A Prospective Therapeutic Target for Eradicating Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110208. [PMID: 30423843 PMCID: PMC6262325 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in many fundamental processes, including embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Moreover, emerging evidence has suggested that aberrant activation of Hh is associated with neoplastic transformations, malignant tumors, and drug resistance of a multitude of cancers. At the molecular level, it has been shown that Hh signaling drives the progression of cancers by regulating cancer cell proliferation, malignancy, metastasis, and the expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of Hh signaling during tumorigenesis and development of chemoresistance is necessary in order to identify potential therapeutic strategies to target various human cancers and their relapse. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of the Hh signaling pathway and its abnormal activation in several types of human cancers. We also highlight the clinical development of Hh signaling inhibitors for cancer therapy as well as CSC-targeted therapy.
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32
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Amarante MK, Vitiello GAF, Rosa MH, Mancilla IA, Watanabe MAE. Potential use of CXCL12/CXCR4 and sonic hedgehog pathways as therapeutic targets in medulloblastoma. Acta Oncol 2018; 57:1134-1142. [PMID: 29771176 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1473635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor occurring in children, and although high long-term survival rates have been reached with current therapeutic protocols, several neurological injuries are still observed among survivors. It has been shown that the development of MB is highly dependent on the microenvironment surrounding it and that the CXCL12 chemokine and its receptor, CXCR4 and the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway are crucial for cerebellar development, coordinating proliferation and migration of embryonic cells and malfunctions in these axes can lead to MB development. Indeed, the concomitant overactivation of these axes was suggested to define a new MB molecular subgroup. New molecules are being studied, aiming to inhibit either CXCR4 or the SHH pathways and have been tested in preclinical settings for the treatment of cancers. The use of these molecules could improve MB treatment and save patients from aggressive surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens, which are responsible for severe neurological consequences. This review aims to summarize current data about the experimental inhibition of CXCR4 and SHH pathways in MB and its potential implications in treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Henrique Rosa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Xu J, Shang Y, Cai F, Zhang S, Xiao Z, Wang H, Fan Y, Li T, Sheng S, Fu Y, Chi F, Zhou C. Correlation between lung cancer and the HHIP polymorphisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the Chinese Han population. Genes Immun 2018; 20:273-280. [PMID: 29915314 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To further investigate the relationship between lung cancer and hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) polymorphisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, we conducted a case-control study in a Chinese Han population. Six HHIP SNPs with minor allele frequencies >5% (rs1489758, rs1489759, rs10519717, rs13131837, rs1492820, and rs7689420) were analyzed in 1,017 COPD patients (767 males and 246 females) and 430 non-COPD patients. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that rs7689420 was significantly associated with lung cancer in COPD patients in the Chinese Han population (P < 0.001). The recessive allele of rs7689420 was associated with the occurrence of lung cancer in all COPD patients (odds ratios [OR] of 0.609 and 0.424 for the CT and TT genotypes, respectively) as well as in serious COPD patients (OR of 0.403 and 0.305 for CT and TT, respectively). Additionally, rs1489759 and rs3131837 were associated with lung cancer in various genetic models. rs1489758, rs1489759, and rs10519717 were also associated with lung cancer in serious COPD patients. However, none of the SNPs were significantly associated with lung cancer in mild COPD patients or healthy subjects. Therefore, the HHIP SNPs of COPD patients likely play a role in lung cancer pathology in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Sheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhui Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Chi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 200137, Shanghai, China
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Gupta R, Mackie AR, Misener S, Liu L, Losordo DW, Kishore R. Endothelial smoothened-dependent hedgehog signaling is not required for sonic hedgehog induced angiogenesis or ischemic tissue repair. J Transl Med 2018; 98:682-691. [PMID: 29453401 PMCID: PMC5976512 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling induces neovascularization and angiogenesis. It is not known whether the hedgehog signaling pathway in endothelial cells is essential to angiogenesis. Smoothened (Smo) transduces hedgehog signaling across the cell membrane. This study assessed whether endothelial Smoothened-dependent Shh signaling is required for Shh-mediated angiogenesis and ischemic tissue repair. Endothelial-specific smoothened knockout mice, eSmoNull were created using Cre-lox recombination system. eSmoNull mice had no observable phenotype at baseline and showed normal cardiac function. Smoothened in CD31+ cells isolated from eSmoNull hearts was significantly reduced compared to CD31+ cells from eSmoWT littermate control hearts. Fluorescence immunostaining of eSmoNull heart sections showed Smo expression in endothelial cells was abolished. The hind-limb ischemia (HLI) model was used to assess the response to ischemic injury. Perfusion ratio, limb motor function, and limb necrosis were not significantly different after HLI between eSmoNull mice and eSmoWT. Capillary densities in the ischemic limb in eSmoNull mice were also similar to eSmoWT at 4 weeks after HLI. Next, response to exogenous Shh was assessed in the corneal angiogenesis model. There was no significant difference in corneal angiogenesis induced by administration of Shh pellets between eSmoWT and eSmoNull mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that direct Shh had limited effects on endothelial cell proliferation and migration. However, conditioned media from Shh-treated fibroblasts had a more potent effect on endothelial cell proliferation and migration than non-treated conditioned media. Furthermore, Shh treatment of fibroblasts dramatically stimulated angiogenic growth factor expression, including PDGF-B, VEGF-A, HGF and IGF. PDGF-B was the most upregulated and may contribute to the large neo-vessels associated with Shh-induced angiogenesis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Shh signaling via Smoothened in endothelial cells is not required for angiogenesis and ischemic tissue repair. Shh signaling via stromal cells likely mediates its angiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences,, University of Toledo,, Toledo, OH, USA. .,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alexander R. Mackie
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sol Misener
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas W. Losordo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Caladrius Biosciences Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ
| | - Raj Kishore
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Bao C, Kramata P, Lee HJ, Suh N. Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer by Natural and Dietary Compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29164817 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induced by mutations or overexpression of the signaling mediators has been implicated in cancer, associated with processes including inflammation, tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cancer stemness. Small molecules targeting the regulatory components of the Hh signaling pathway, especially Smoothened (Smo), have been developed for the treatment of cancer. However, acquired resistance to a Smo inhibitor vismodegib observed in clinical trials suggests that other Hh signaling components need to be explored as potential anticancer targets. Natural and dietary compounds provide a resource for the development of potent agents affecting intracellular signaling cascades, and numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in targeting the Hh signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the role of Hh signaling in tumorigenesis, discuss results from recent studies investigating the effect of natural products and dietary components on Hh signaling in cancer, and provide insight on novel small molecules as potential Hh signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Pavel Kramata
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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36
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Nalisnik M, Amgad M, Lee S, Halani SH, Velazquez Vega JE, Brat DJ, Gutman DA, Cooper LAD. Interactive phenotyping of large-scale histology imaging data with HistomicsML. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14588. [PMID: 29109450 PMCID: PMC5674015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-slide imaging of histologic sections captures tissue microenvironments and cytologic details in expansive high-resolution images. These images can be mined to extract quantitative features that describe tissues, yielding measurements for hundreds of millions of histologic objects. A central challenge in utilizing this data is enabling investigators to train and evaluate classification rules for identifying objects related to processes like angiogenesis or immune response. In this paper we describe HistomicsML, an interactive machine-learning system for digital pathology imaging datasets. This framework uses active learning to direct user feedback, making classifier training efficient and scalable in datasets containing 108+ histologic objects. We demonstrate how this system can be used to phenotype microvascular structures in gliomas to predict survival, and to explore the molecular pathways associated with these phenotypes. Our approach enables researchers to unlock phenotypic information from digital pathology datasets to investigate prognostic image biomarkers and genotype-phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nalisnik
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mohamed Amgad
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Lee A D Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhou A, Lin K, Zhang S, Ma L, Xue J, Morris SA, Aldape KD, Huang S. Gli1-induced deubiquitinase USP48 aids glioblastoma tumorigenesis by stabilizing Gli1. EMBO Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623188 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway drives the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers. In this study, we screened a panel of deubiquitinases that may regulate the Hh pathway. We find that deubiquitinase USP48 activates Gli-dependent transcription by stabilizing Gli1 protein. Mechanistically, USP48 interacts with Gli1 and cleaves its ubiquitin off directly. In glioblastoma cells, knockdown of USP48 inhibits cell proliferation and the expression of Gli1's downstream targets, which leads to repressed glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Importantly, USP48's effect on cell proliferation and tumorigenesis depends to some extent on Gli1. In addition, we find that the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway induces USP48 expression through Gli1-mediated transcriptional activation, which forms thus a positive feedback loop to regulate Hh signaling. In human glioblastoma specimens, the expression levels of USP48 and Gli1 proteins are clinically relevant, and high expression of USP48 correlates with glioma malignancy. In summary, our study reveals that the USP48-Gli1 regulatory axis is critical for glioma cell proliferation and glioblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kangyu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuro-oncology and Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfei Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saint-Aaron Morris
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth D Aldape
- MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA .,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Radiation-agent combinations for glioblastoma: challenges in drug development and future considerations. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:551-557. [PMID: 28560665 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive disease characterized by moderate initial response rates to first-line radiation-chemotherapy intervention followed by low poor response rates to second-line intervention. This article discusses novel strategic platforms for the development of radiation-investigational agent combination clinical trials for primary and recurrent glioblastoma in a NCI-NCTN settings with simultaneous analysis of challenges in the drug development process.
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Serum sonic hedgehog (SHH) and interleukin-(IL-6) as dual prognostic biomarkers in progressive metastatic breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1796. [PMID: 28496132 PMCID: PMC5431756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum from one hundred and ten breast cancer patients and thirty healthy female volunteers, were prospectively collected and evaluated for serum levels of Shh and IL-6 using human Shh and IL-6 specific enzyme-linked immunoassays. All patients were regularly monitored for event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Overall outcome analysis was based on serum Shh and IL-6 levels. In patients with progressive metastatic BC, both serum Shh and IL-6 concentrations were elevated in 44% (29 of 65) and 63% (41 of 65) of patients, respectively, at a statistically significant level [Shh (p = 0.0001) and IL-6 (p = 0.0001)] compared to the low levels in healthy volunteers. Serum levels tended to increase with metastatic progression and lymph node positivity. High serum Shh and IL-6 levels were associated with poor EFS and OS opposite to the negative or lower levels in serum Shh and IL-6. The elevated levels of both serum Shh and IL-6 were mainly observed in BC patients who had a significantly higher risk of early recurrence and bone metastasis, and associated with a worse survival for patients with progressive metastatic BC. Further studies are warranted for validating these biomarkers as prognostic tools in a larger patient cohort and in a longer follow-up study.
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Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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41
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Jia G, Chandriani S, Abbas AR, DePianto DJ, N'Diaye EN, Yaylaoglu MB, Moore HM, Peng I, DeVoss J, Collard HR, Wolters PJ, Egen JG, Arron JR. CXCL14 is a candidate biomarker for Hedgehog signalling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2017; 72:780-787. [PMID: 28250200 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with aberrant expression of developmental pathways, including Hedgehog (Hh). As Hh signalling contributes to multiple pro-fibrotic processes, Hh inhibition may represent a therapeutic option for IPF. However, no non-invasive biomarkers are available to monitor lung Hh activity. METHODS We assessed gene and protein expression in IPF and control lung biopsies, mouse lung, fibroblasts stimulated in vitro with sonic hedgehog (SHh), and plasma in IPF patients versus controls, and cancer patients before and after treatment with vismodegib, a Hh inhibitor. RESULTS Lung tissue from IPF patients exhibited significantly greater expression of Hh-related genes versus controls. The gene most significantly upregulated in both IPF lung biopsies and fibroblasts stimulated in vitro with SHh was CXCL14, which encodes a soluble secreted chemokine whose expression is inhibited in vitro by the addition of vismodegib. CXCL14 expression was induced by SHh overexpression in mouse lung. Circulating CXCL14 protein levels were significantly higher in plasma from IPF patients than controls. In cancer patients, circulating CXCL14 levels were significantly reduced upon vismodegib treatment. CONCLUSIONS CXCL14 is a systemic biomarker that could be used to identify IPF patients with increased Hh pathway activity and monitor the pharmacodynamic effects of Hh antagonist therapy in IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Post-results, NCT00968981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiquan Jia
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Peng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Harold R Collard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Agrawal V, Kim DY, Kwon YG. Hhip regulates tumor-stroma-mediated upregulation of tumor angiogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e289. [PMID: 28127049 PMCID: PMC5291840 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth is governed by the coordinated action of various types of cells that are present in the tumor environment. Fibroblasts, which constitute a major fraction of the stroma, participate actively in various signaling events and regulate tumor development and metastasis. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an important role in promoting tumor malignancy via fibroblasts; however, the role of hedgehog interacting protein (hhip; inhibitor of Hh pathway) in tumor growth is poorly understood. Here we implanted B16F10 tumors in hhip+/- mice to study the tumor growth characteristics and the vascular phenotype. Furthermore, the mechanism involved in the observed phenomena was explored to reveal the role of hhip in tumor growth. The tumors that were implanted in hhip+/- mice exhibited accelerated growth and increased tumor angiogenesis. Although we observed a decrease in hypoxia, blood vessels still had abnormal phenotype. We found that increased Hh signaling in tumor fibroblasts induced a high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which subsequently resulted in an increased proliferation of endothelial cells. Thus, the heterozygous knockdown of hhip in mice could affect Hh signaling in tumor fibroblasts, which could cause the increased production of the growth factor VEGF. This signaling, via a paracrine effect on endothelial cells, increased tumor vascular density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li W, Miao S, Miao M, Li R, Cao X, Zhang K, Huang G, Fu B. Hedgehog Signaling Activation in Hepatic Stellate Cells Promotes Angiogenesis and Vascular Mimicry in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:424-430. [PMID: 27657189 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1227442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that hedgehog (Hh) signaling mediates tumor-stroma interaction and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Here, we demonstrated that activation of Hh signaling in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX-2 by Huh-7-derived sonic Hh led to increased secretion of angiogenic factors and promoted angiogenesis in vitro. The activated LX-2 also enhanced vascular mimicry of hepatoma cells. Furthermore, co-injection of Huh-7 and LX-2 significantly accelerated tumor growth with enhanced angiogenesis compared with Huh-7 alone, which could be partly abrogated by Hh signaling inhibitor. Collectively, our data showed that paracrine Hh signaling mediated pro-angiogenic function of HSC and enhanced hepatoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Shuanlin Miao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Manyuan Miao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Renshuan Li
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Xiaopeng Cao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Kun Zhang
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Genzuan Huang
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Bin Fu
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
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Nakamura Y, Mochida A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Nanodrug Delivery: Is the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect Sufficient for Curing Cancer? Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2225-2238. [PMID: 27547843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers several attractive design features that have prompted its exploration for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanosized drugs have a large loading capacity, the ability to protect the payload from degradation, a large surface on which to conjugate targeting ligands, and controlled or sustained release. Nanosized drugs also leak preferentially into tumor tissue through permeable tumor vessels and are then retained in the tumor bed due to reduced lymphatic drainage. This process is known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, while the EPR effect is widely held to improve delivery of nanodrugs to tumors, it in fact offers less than a 2-fold increase in nanodrug delivery compared with critical normal organs, resulting in drug concentrations that are not sufficient for curing most cancers. In this Review, we first overview various barriers for nanosized drug delivery with an emphasis on the capillary wall's resistance, the main obstacle to delivering drugs. Then, we discuss current regulatory issues facing nanomedicine. Finally, we discuss how to make the delivery of nanosized drugs to tumors more effective by building on the EPR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Ai Mochida
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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45
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Gan GN, Jimeno A. Emerging from their burrow: Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1153-66. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Gerling M, Büller NVJA, Kirn LM, Joost S, Frings O, Englert B, Bergström Å, Kuiper RV, Blaas L, Wielenga MCB, Almer S, Kühl AA, Fredlund E, van den Brink GR, Toftgård R. Stromal Hedgehog signalling is downregulated in colon cancer and its restoration restrains tumour growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12321. [PMID: 27492255 PMCID: PMC4980446 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been proposed. In CRC and other solid tumours, Hh ligands are upregulated; however, a specific Hh antagonist provided no benefit in a clinical trial. Here we use Hh reporter mice to show that downstream Hh activity is unexpectedly diminished in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer, and that downstream Hh signalling is restricted to the stroma. Functionally, stroma-specific Hh activation in mice markedly reduces the tumour load and blocks progression of advanced neoplasms, partly via the modulation of BMP signalling and restriction of the colonic stem cell signature. By contrast, attenuated Hh signalling accelerates colonic tumourigenesis. In human CRC, downstream Hh activity is similarly reduced and canonical Hh signalling remains predominantly paracrine. Our results suggest that diminished downstream Hh signalling enhances CRC development, and that stromal Hh activation can act as a colonic tumour suppressor. The Hedgehog signalling pathway can drive tumorigenesis. Here, the authors show that in a colitis-associated colon cancer model downstream Hedgehog signalling is restricted to the stroma and its over-activation can inhibit tumorigenesis, associated with activation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerling
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nikè V J A Büller
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, AZ1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard M Kirn
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Joost
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Oliver Frings
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Englert
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Åsa Bergström
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Raoul V Kuiper
- Core Facility for Morphologic Phenotype Analysis, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7-9, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Leander Blaas
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mattheus C B Wielenga
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, AZ1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Almer
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Fredlund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, AZ1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rune Toftgård
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
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Cofer ZC, Cui S, EauClaire SF, Kim C, Tobias JW, Hakonarson H, Loomes KM, Matthews RP. Methylation Microarray Studies Highlight PDGFA Expression as a Factor in Biliary Atresia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151521. [PMID: 27010479 PMCID: PMC4806872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disorder that is the leading indication for liver transplantation in children. Although there is evidence implicating genetic, infectious, environmental, and inflammatory causes, the etiology of BA remains unknown. We have recently reported that cholangiocytes from BA patients showed decreased DNA methylation relative to disease- and non-disease controls, supporting a potential role for DNA hypomethylation in BA etiopathogenesis. In the current study, we examined the methylation status of specific genes in human BA livers using methylation microarray technology. We found global DNA hypomethylation in BA samples as compared to disease- and non-disease controls at specific genetic loci. Hedgehog pathway members, SHH and GLI2, known to be upregulated in BA, were both hypomethylated, validating this approach as an investigative tool. Another region near the PDGFA locus was the most significantly hypomethylated in BA, suggesting potential aberrant expression. Validation assays confirmed increased transcriptional and protein expression of PDGFA in BA livers. We also show that PDGF-A protein is specifically localized to cholangiocytes in human liver samples. Injection of PDGF-AA protein dimer into zebrafish larvae caused biliary developmental and functional defects. In addition, activation of the Hedgehog pathway caused increased expression of PDGF-A in zebrafish larvae, providing a previously unrecognized link between PDGF and the Hedgehog pathway. Our findings implicate DNA hypomethylation as a specific factor in mediating overexpression of genes associated with BA and identify PDGF as a new candidate in BA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia C. Cofer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shuang Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven F. EauClaire
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Randolph P. Matthews
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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48
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The Annexin a2 Promotes Development in Arthritis through Neovascularization by Amplification Hedgehog Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150363. [PMID: 26963384 PMCID: PMC4786284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neovascularization network of pannus formation plays a crucial role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Annexin a2 (Axna2) is an important mediating agent that induces angiogenesis in vascular diseases. The correlation between Axna2 and pannus formation has not been studied. Here, we provided evidence that compared to osteoarthritis (OA) patients and healthy people, the expression of Axna2 and Axna2 receptor (Axna2R) were up-regulated in patients with RA. Joint swelling, inflammation and neovascularization were increased significantly in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) that were exogenously added Axna2. Cell experiments showed that Axna2 promoted HUVEC proliferation by binding Axna2R, and could activate Hedgehog (HH) signaling and up-regulate the expression of Ihh and Gli. Besides, expression of Ihh, Patched (Ptc), Smoothened (Smo) and Gli and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), angiogenic growth factor of HH signaling downstream, were down-regulated after inhibition of expression Axna2R on HUVEC. Together, our research definitely observed that over-expression of Axna2 could promote the development of CIA, especially during the process of pannus formation for the first time. Meanwhile, Axna2 depended on combining Axna2R to activate and enlarge HH signaling and the expression of its downstream VEGF, Ang-2 and MMP-2 to promote HUVEC proliferation, and eventually caused to angiogenesis. Therefore, the role of Axna2 is instructive for understanding the development of RA, suppress the effect of Axna2 might provide a new potential measure for treatment of RA.
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Macrophages and endothelial cells orchestrate tumor-associated angiogenesis in oral cancer via hedgehog pathway activation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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50
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Catenacci DVT, Junttila MR, Karrison T, Bahary N, Horiba MN, Nattam SR, Marsh R, Wallace J, Kozloff M, Rajdev L, Cohen D, Wade J, Sleckman B, Lenz HJ, Stiff P, Kumar P, Xu P, Henderson L, Takebe N, Salgia R, Wang X, Stadler WM, de Sauvage FJ, Kindler HL. Randomized Phase Ib/II Study of Gemcitabine Plus Placebo or Vismodegib, a Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor, in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:4284-92. [PMID: 26527777 PMCID: PMC4678179 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sonic hedgehog (SHH), an activating ligand of smoothened (SMO), is overexpressed in > 70% of pancreatic cancers (PCs). We investigated the impact of vismodegib, an SHH antagonist, plus gemcitabine (GV) or gemcitabine plus placebo (GP) in a multicenter phase Ib/randomized phase II trial and preclinical PC models. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with PC not amenable to curative therapy who had received no prior therapy for metastatic disease and had Karnofsky performance score ≥ 80 were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned in a one-to-one ratio to GV or GP. The primary end point was progression-free-survival (PFS). Exploratory correlative studies included serial SHH serum levels and contrast perfusion computed tomography imaging. To further investigate putative biologic mechanisms of SMO inhibition, two autochthonous pancreatic cancer models (Kras(G12D); p16/p19(fl/fl); Pdx1-Cre and Kras(G12D); p53(R270H/wt); Pdx1-Cre) were studied. RESULTS No safety issues were identified in the phase Ib portion (n = 7), and the phase II study enrolled 106 evaluable patients (n = 53 in each arm). Median PFS was 4.0 and 2.5 months for GV and GP arms, respectively (95% CI, 2.5 to 5.3 and 1.9 to 3.8, respectively; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.21; P = .30). Median overall survival (OS) was 6.9 and 6.1 months for GV and GP arms, respectively (95% CI, 5.8 to 8.0 and 5.0 to 8.0, respectively; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.58; P = .84). Response rates were not significantly different. There were no significant associations between correlative markers and overall response rate, PFS, or OS. Preclinical trials revealed no significant differences with vismodegib in drug delivery, tumor growth rate, or OS in either model. CONCLUSION The addition of vismodegib to gemcitabine in an unselected cohort did not improve overall response rate, PFS, or OS in patients with metastatic PC. Our preclinical and clinical results revealed no statistically significant differences with respect to drug delivery or treatment efficacy using vismodegib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V T Catenacci
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Melissa R Junttila
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nathan Bahary
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Margit N Horiba
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sreenivasa R Nattam
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Marsh
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Wallace
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Kozloff
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lakshmi Rajdev
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deirdre Cohen
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Wade
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bethany Sleckman
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patrick Stiff
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peng Xu
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Les Henderson
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xi Wang
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Walter M Stadler
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hedy L Kindler
- Daniel V.T. Catenacci, Theodore Karrison, James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Peng Xu, Les Henderson, Ravi Salgia, Walter M. Stadler, Hedy L. Kindler, University of Chicago Medical Center; Patrick Stiff, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Marsh, Northshore University Health System, Evanston; James Wallace, Mark Kozloff, Ingalls Hospital, Harvey; James Wade, Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur; Pankaj Kumar, Oncology/Hematology Associates, Peoria, IL; Melissa R. Junttila, Xi Wang, and Frederic J. de Sauvage, Genentech, South San Francisco; Heinz-Josef Lenz, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA; Nathan Bahary, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Margit N. Horiba, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Sreenivasa R. Nattam, Ft Wayne Medical Oncology/Hematology, Ft Wayne, IN; Lakshmi Rajdev, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Cancer Center, New York, NY; Bethany Sleckman, St John's Mercy Medical Center, St Louis, MO; and Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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