1
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Shankar G, Akhter Y. Stealing survival: Iron acquisition strategies of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00142-1. [PMID: 38901792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), faces iron scarcity within the host due to immune defenses. This review explores the importance of iron for Mtb and its strategies to overcome iron restriction. We discuss how the host limits iron as an innate immune response and how Mtb utilizes various iron acquisition systems, particularly the siderophore-mediated pathway. The review illustrates the structure and biosynthesis of mycobactin, a key siderophore in Mtb, and the regulation of its production. We explore the potential of targeting siderophore biosynthesis and uptake as a novel therapeutic approach for TB. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on Mtb's iron acquisition and highlight promising directions for future research to exploit this pathway for developing new TB interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India.
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2
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Nisbett LM, Previti ML, Seeliger JC. A Loss of Function in LprG-Rv1410c Homologues Attenuates Growth during Biofilm Formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1375. [PMID: 38133260 PMCID: PMC10745849 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MmpL (mycobacterial membrane protein large) proteins are integral membrane proteins that have been implicated in the biosynthesis and/or transport of mycobacterial cell wall lipids. Given the cellular location of these proteins, however, it is unclear how cell wall lipids are transported beyond the inner membrane. Moreover, given that mycobacteria grow at the poles, we also do not understand how new cell wall is added in a highly localized and presumably coordinated manner. Here, we examine the relationship between two lipid transport pathways associated with the proteins MmpL11 and LprG-Rv1410c. The lipoprotein LprG has been shown to interact with proteins involved in cell wall processes including MmpL11, which is required in biofilms for the surface localization of certain lipids. Here we report that deletion of mmpL11 (MSMEG_0241) or the lprG-rv1410c operon homologues MSMEG_3070-3069 in Mycobacterium smegmatis produced similar biofilm defects that were distinct from that of the previously reported mmpL11 transposon insertion mutant. Analysis of pellicle biofilms, bacterial growth, lipid profiles, and gene expression revealed that the biofilm phenotypes could not be directly explained by changes in the synthesis or localization of biofilm-related lipids or the expression of biofilm-related genes. Instead, the shared biofilm phenotype between ΔMSMEG_3070-3069 and ΔmmpL11 may be related to their modest growth defect, while the origins of the distinct mmpL11::Tn biofilm defect remain unclear. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms that drive pellicle biofilm formation in M. smegmatis are not connected to crosstalk between the LprG-Rv1410c and MmpL11 pathways and that any functional interaction between these proteins does not relate directly to their lipid transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Nisbett
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Jessica C. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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3
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Meikle V, Zhang L, Niederweis M. Intricate link between siderophore secretion and drug efflux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0162922. [PMID: 37676015 PMCID: PMC10583673 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01629-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a worldwide health-care problem rendering current tuberculosis (TB) drugs ineffective. Drug efflux is an important mechanism in bacterial drug resistance. The MmpL4 and MmpL5 transporters form functionally redundant complexes with their associated MmpS4 and MmpS5 proteins and constitute the inner membrane components of an essential siderophore secretion system of M. tuberculosis. Inactivating siderophore secretion is toxic for M. tuberculosis due to self-poisoning at low-iron conditions and leads to a strong virulence defect in mice. In this study, we show that M. tuberculosis mutants lacking components of the MmpS4-MmpL4 and MmpS5-MmpL5 systems are more susceptible to bedaquiline, clofazimine, and rifabutin, important drugs for treatment of drug-resistant TB. While genetic deletion experiments revealed similar functions of the MmpL4 and MmpL5 transporters in siderophore and drug secretion, complementation experiments indicated that the MmpS4-MmpL4 proteins alone are not sufficient to restore drug efflux in an M. tuberculosis mutant lacking both operons, in contrast to MmpS5-MmpL5. Importantly, an M. tuberculosis mutant lacking the recently discovered periplasmic Rv0455c protein, which is also essential for siderophore secretion, is more susceptible to the same drugs. These results reveal a promising target for the development of dual-function TB drugs, which might poison M. tuberculosis by blocking siderophore secretion and synergize with other drugs by impairing drug efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Meikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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4
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Gong Y, Wang J, Li F, Zhu B. Polysaccharides and glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their induced immune responses. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13261. [PMID: 39008002 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The structures of polysaccharides and glycolipids at M. tuberculosis cell wall vary among different strains, which affect the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria by activating or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity. Among them, some components such as lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activate innate immunity by recognizing some kinds of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors, while other components like mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) could prevent innate immune responses by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and maturation of phagosomes. In addition, many glycolipids can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD1-restricted T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, humoral immunity against cell wall components, such as antibodies against LAM, plays a role in immunity against M. tuberculosis infection. Cell wall polysaccharides and glycolipids of M. tuberculosis have potential applications as antigens and adjuvants for novel TB subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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5
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Mondal S, Tseng CJ, Tan JJY, Lin DY, Lin HY, Weng JH, Lin CH, Mong KKT. Tunable Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Sulfoglycolipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis To Elucidate the Structure and Immunomodulatory Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212514. [PMID: 36349422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed a versatile asymmetric strategy to synthesize different classes of sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strategy features the use of asymmetrically protected trehaloses, which were acquired from the glycosylation of TMS α-glucosyl acceptors with benzylidene-protected thioglucosyl donors. The positions of the protecting groups at the donors and acceptors can be fine-tuned to obtain different protecting-group patterns, which is crucial for regioselective acylation and sulfation. In addition, a chemoenzymatic strategy was established to prepare the polymethylated fatty acid building blocks. The strategy employs inexpensive lipase as a desymmetrization agent in the preparation of the starting substrate and readily available chiral oxazolidinone as a chirality-controlling agent in the construction of the polymethylated fatty acids. A subsequent investigation on the immunomodulatory properties of each class of SGLs showed how the structures of SGLs impact the host innate immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Mondal
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Chieh-Jen Tseng
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Janet Jia-Yin Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yuan Lin
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsia Weng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road Section2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Previously National Chiao Tung University), 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R. O. C
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6
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Yan M, Cao L, Zhao L, Zhou W, Liu X, Zhang W, Rao Z. The Key Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis FadD23 C-terminal Domain in Catalytic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1090534. [PMID: 36896429 PMCID: PMC9989471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) is located in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) cell wall, and is essential for pathogen virulence and intracellular growth. Multiple proteins (e.g., Pks2, FadD23, PapA1, and MmpL8) in the SL-1 synthesis pathway can be treated as drug targets, but, to date, their structures have not been solved. The crystal structures of FadD23 bound to ATP or hexadecanoyl adenylate was determined in this study. We have also investigated long-chain saturated fatty acids as biological substrates of FadD23 through structural, biological, and chemical analyses. The mutation at the active site of FadD23 greatly influences enzymatic activity. Meanwhile, the FadD23 N-terminal domain alone cannot bind palmitic acid without C-terminal domain facilitation since it is almost inactive after removing the C-terminal domain. FadD23 is the first protein in the SL-1 synthesis pathway whose structure has been solved. These results reveal the importance of the C-terminal domain in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Innovative Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Innovative Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Innovative Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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7
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Moopanar K, Nyide ANG, Senzani S, Mvubu NE. Clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit differential lipid metabolism-associated transcriptome changes in in vitro cholesterol and infection models. Pathog Dis 2022; 81:6889515. [PMID: 36509392 PMCID: PMC9936260 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have identified host-derived lipids, characterised by the abundance of cholesterol, as a major source of carbon nutrition for Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection. Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are biologically different with regards to degree of disease, host range, pathogenicity and transmission. Therefore, the current study aimed at elucidating transcriptome changes during early infection of pulmonary epithelial cells and on an in vitro cholesterol-rich minimal media, in M. tuberculosis clinical strains F15/LAM4/KZN and Beijing, and the laboratory H37Rv strain. Infection of pulmonary epithelial cells elicited the upregulation of fadD28 and hsaC in both the F15/LAM4/KZN and Beijing strains and the downregulation of several other lipid-associated genes. Growth curve analysis revealed F15/LAM4/KZN and Beijing to be slow growers in 7H9 medium and cholesterol-supplemented media. RNA-seq analysis revealed strain-specific transcriptomic changes, thereby affecting different metabolic processes in an in vitro cholesterol model. The differential expression of these genes suggests that the genetically diverse M. tuberculosis clinical strains exhibit strain-specific behaviour that may influence their ability to metabolise lipids, specifically cholesterol, which may account for phenotypic differences observed during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kynesha Moopanar
- Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Asanda Nomfundo Graduate Nyide
- Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Senzani
- Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1st floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Congella, Private Bag 7, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Eunice Mvubu
- Corresponding author. Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.Tel: +27 31 260 7404; E-mail:
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8
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Hadi SA, Brenner EP, Palmer MV, Waters WR, Thacker TC, Vilchèze C, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Sreevatsan S. Mycobacterium bovis Strain Ravenel Is Attenuated in Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:1330. [PMID: 36422582 PMCID: PMC9699013 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis (MBO) has one of the widest known mammalian host ranges, including humans. Despite the characterization of this pathogen in the 1800s and whole genome sequencing of a UK strain (AF2122) nearly two decades ago, the basis of its host specificity and pathogenicity remains poorly understood. Recent experimental calf infection studies show that MBO strain Ravenel (MBO Ravenel) is attenuated in the cattle host compared to other pathogenic strains of MBO. In the present study, experimental infections were performed to define attenuation. Whole genome sequencing was completed to identify regions of differences (RD) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to explain the observed attenuation. Comparative genomic analysis of MBO Ravenel against three pathogenic strains of MBO (strains AF2122-97, 10-7428, and 95-1315) was performed. Experimental infection studies on five calves each, with either MBO Ravenel or 95-1315, revealed no visible lesions in all five animals in the Ravenel group despite robust IFN-γ responses. Out of 486 polymorphisms in the present analysis, 173 were unique to MBO Ravenel among the strains compared. A high-confidence subset of nine unique SNPs were missense mutations in genes with annotated functions impacting two major MBO survival and virulence pathways: (1) Cell wall synthesis & transport [espH (A103T), mmpL8 (V888I), aftB (H484Y), eccC5 (T507M), rpfB (E263G)], and (2) Lipid metabolism & respiration [mycP1(T125I), pks5 (G455S), fadD29 (N231S), fadE29 (V360G)]. These substitutions likely contribute to the observed attenuation. Results from experimental calf infections and the functional attributions of polymorphic loci on the genome of MBO Ravenel provide new insights into the strain's genotype-disease phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda A. Hadi
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Evan P. Brenner
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mitchell V. Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - W. Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Tyler C. Thacker
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Catherine Vilchèze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10475, USA
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10475, USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10475, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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9
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Khan MT, Khan TA, Ahmad I, Muhammad S, Wei DQ. Diversity and novel mutations in membrane transporters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 22:168-179. [PMID: 35868449 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), encodes a family of membrane proteins belonging to Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) permeases also called multidrug resistance pumps. Mycobacterial membrane protein Large (MmpL) transporters represent a subclass of RND transporters known to participate in exporting of lipid components across the cell envelope. These proteins perform an essential role in MTB survival; however, there are no data regarding mutations in MmpL, polyketide synthase (PKS) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase FadE proteins from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study aimed to screen mutations in transmembrane transporter proteins including MmpL, PKS and Fad through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in local isolates of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Fourteen samples were collected from TB patients and drug susceptibility testing was performed. However, only three samples were completely sequenced. Moreover, 209 whole-genome sequences of the same geography were also retrieved from NCBI GenBank to analyze the diversity of mutations in MmpL, PKS and Fad proteins. Among the 212 WGS (Accession ID: PRJNA629298, PRJNA629388, and ERR2510337-ERR2510345, ERR2510546-ERR2510645), numerous mutations in Fad (n = 756), PKS (n = 479), and MmpL (n = 306) have been detected. Some novel mutations were also detected in MmpL, PKS and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Fad. Novel mutations including Asn576Ser in MmpL8, Val943Gly in MmpL9 and Asn145Asp have been detected in MmpL3. The presence of a large number of mutations in the MTB membrane may have functional consequences on proteins. However, further experimental studies are needed to elucidate the variants' effect on MmpL, PKS and FadE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Phase V, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
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10
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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11
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Early alveolar macrophage response and IL-1R-dependent T cell priming determine transmissibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Nat Commun 2022; 13:884. [PMID: 35173157 PMCID: PMC8850437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying variability in transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains remain undefined. By characterizing high and low transmission strains of M.tuberculosis in mice, we show here that high transmission M.tuberculosis strain induce rapid IL-1R-dependent alveolar macrophage migration from the alveolar space into the interstitium and that this action is key to subsequent temporal events of early dissemination of bacteria to the lymph nodes, Th1 priming, granulomatous response and bacterial control. In contrast, IL-1R-dependent alveolar macrophage migration and early dissemination of bacteria to lymph nodes is significantly impeded in infection with low transmission M.tuberculosis strain; these events promote the development of Th17 immunity, fostering neutrophilic inflammation and increased bacterial replication. Our results suggest that by inducing granulomas with the potential to develop into cavitary lesions that aids bacterial escape into the airways, high transmission M.tuberculosis strain is poised for greater transmissibility. These findings implicate bacterial heterogeneity as an important modifier of TB disease manifestations and transmission.
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12
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Sharma R, Lunge A, Mangla N, Agarwal N. Proteomic Landscape of a Drug-Tolerant Persister Subpopulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4415-4426. [PMID: 34343006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Persisters are a subpopulation of bacteria that resist killing by antibiotics, even though they are genetically similar to their drug-susceptible counterpart. Like in several other bacteria, persisters are also reported in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Stochastic formation of Mtb persisters with a high level of antimicrobial tolerance set the stage for subsequent multidrug-resistant mutations. Despite significant advancement in our understanding, much remains to be learnt about the biology of this drug-recalcitrant bacterial subpopulation. Most of the information pertaining to the metabolic evolution required for emergence of drug tolerance in tuberculosis (TB) pathogens has come from transcriptional, metabolomic, and mutagenesis studies. Since proteins are the key functional molecules regulating the majority of metabolic activities in the cell, investigation of the whole-cell protein expression profile will further provide valuable insights into the physiology of Mtb persisters. We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis of Mtb H37Rv cultured under an in vitro persistence model to identify the proteomic profile of the phenotypic drug-tolerant bacterial population. Our study reveals that proteins related to intermediary metabolism and respiration, cell-wall and cell processes, lipid metabolism, information pathways, and virulence, detoxification and adaptation functional categories are primarily modulated in the persister subpopulation. Further, we demonstrate that various surface-localized mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins, which exhibit a high level of expression in Mtb persisters, are crucial for the mycobacterial survival during persistent growth state. A drug-induced persister subpopulation of Mtb exhibit various differentially regulated proteins that might be critical in mitigating the antimicrobial effect of drugs and can be further explored to develop novel anti-TB agents. The peptide identifications and tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD013621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
| | - Ajitesh Lunge
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067 Delhi, India
| | - Nikita Mangla
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067 Delhi, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
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13
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Gharbi R, Khanna V, Frigui W, Mhenni B, Brosch R, Mardassi H. Phenotypic and genomic hallmarks of a novel, potentially pathogenic rapidly growing Mycobacterium species related to the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13011. [PMID: 34155223 PMCID: PMC8217490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified a putative novel rapidly growing Mycobacterium species, referred to as TNTM28, recovered from the sputum of an apparently immunocompetent young man with an underlying pulmonary disease. Here we provide a thorough characterization of TNTM28 genome sequence, which consists of one chromosome of 5,526,191 bp with a 67.3% G + C content, and a total of 5193 predicted coding sequences. Phylogenomic analyses revealed a deep-rooting relationship to the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, thus suggesting a new taxonomic entity. TNTM28 was predicted to be a human pathogen with a probability of 0.804, reflecting the identification of several virulence factors, including export systems (Sec, Tat, and ESX), a nearly complete set of Mce proteins, toxin-antitoxins systems, and an extended range of other genes involved in intramacrophage replication and persistence (hspX, ahpC, sodA, sodC, katG, mgtC, ClpR, virS, etc.), some of which had likely been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Such an arsenal of potential virulence factors, along with an almost intact ESX-1 locus, might have significantly contributed to TNTM28 pathogenicity, as witnessed by its ability to replicate efficiently in macrophages. Overall, the identification of this new species as a potential human pathogen will help to broaden our understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Gharbi
- Unit of Typing & Genetics of Mycobacteria, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Varun Khanna
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, Unité de Services et de Recherche, USR 3756, Institut Pasteur CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur (IP), Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Besma Mhenni
- Unit of Typing & Genetics of Mycobacteria, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur (IP), Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Helmi Mardassi
- Unit of Typing & Genetics of Mycobacteria, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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14
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Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Pouget M, Coussens AK, Ruggiero A, Koch A, Thomas J, Besra GS, Wilkinson RJ, Bhatt A, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of Liposomes to Study the Effect of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipids on HIV-1 cis- and trans-Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041945. [PMID: 33669411 PMCID: PMC7920488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-1-infected individuals and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infection is an early precipitate to AIDS. We aimed to determine whether Mtb strains differentially modulate cellular susceptibility to HIV-1 infection (cis- and trans-infection), via surface receptor interaction by their cell envelope lipids. Total lipids from pathogenic (lineage 4 Mtb H37Rv, CDC1551 and lineage 2 Mtb HN878, EU127) and non-pathogenic (Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis) Mycobacterium strains were integrated into liposomes mimicking the lipid distribution and antigen accessibility of the mycobacterial cell wall. The resulting liposomes were tested for modulating in vitro HIV-1 cis- and trans-infection of TZM-bl cells using single-cycle infectious virus particles. Mtb glycolipids did not affect HIV-1 direct infection however, trans-infection of both R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1 strains were impaired in the presence of glycolipids from M. bovis, Mtb H37Rv and Mtb EU127 strains when using Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) to capture virus. SL1, PDIM and TDM lipids were identified to be involved in DC-SIGN recognition and impairment of HIV-1 trans-infection. These findings indicate that variant strains of Mtb have differential effect on HIV-1 trans-infection with the potential to influence HIV-1 disease course in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pouget
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna K. Coussens
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3279, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Koch
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
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16
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Ly A, Liu J. Mycobacterial Virulence Factors: Surface-Exposed Lipids and Secreted Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113985. [PMID: 32498243 PMCID: PMC7312605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinically important Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and related mycobacterial pathogens use various virulence mechanisms to survive and cause disease in their hosts. Several well-established virulence factors include the surface-exposed lipids in the mycobacterial outer membrane, as well as the Esx family proteins and the Pro-Glu (PE)/ Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins secreted by type VII secretion systems (T7SS). Five ESX T7SS exist in M. tb and three—EsxA secretion system-1 (ESX-1), ESX-3, and ESX-5—have been implicated in virulence, yet only the structures of ESX-3 and ESX-5 have been solved to date. Here, we summarize the current research on three outer membrane lipids—phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids, and sulfolipids—as well as the secretion machinery and substrates of three mycobacterial T7SS—ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-5. We propose a structural model of the M. tb ESX-1 system based on the latest structural findings of the ESX-3 and ESX-5 secretion apparatuses to gain insight into the transport mechanism of ESX-associated virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-946-5067
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17
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Moopanar K, Mvubu NE. Lineage-specific differences in lipid metabolism and its impact on clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 146:104250. [PMID: 32407863 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of TB and its incidences has been on the rise since 1993. Lipid metabolism is an imperative metabolic process, which grants M. tb the ability to utilize host-derived lipids as a secondary source of nutrition during infection. In addition to degrading host lipids, M. tb is proficient at using lipids, such as cholesterol, to facilitate its entry into macrophages. Mycolic acids, constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall, offer protection and aid in persistence of the bacterium. These are effectively synthesized using a complex fatty acid synthase system. Many pathogenesis studies have reported differences in lipid-metabolism of clinical strains of M. tb that belongs to diverse lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). East-Asian and Euro-American lineages possess "unique" cell wall-associated lipids compared to the less transmissible Ethiopian lineage, which may offer these lineages a competitive advantage. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the complexities among the MTBC lineages with lipid metabolism and their impact on virulence, transmissibility and pathogenesis. Thus, this review provides an insight into lipid metabolism in various lineages of the MTBC and their impact on virulence and persistence during infection, as this may provide critical insight into developing novel therapeutics to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moopanar
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - N E Mvubu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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18
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Ruhl CR, Pasko BL, Khan HS, Kindt LM, Stamm CE, Franco LH, Hsia CC, Zhou M, Davis CR, Qin T, Gautron L, Burton MD, Mejia GL, Naik DK, Dussor G, Price TJ, Shiloh MU. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sulfolipid-1 Activates Nociceptive Neurons and Induces Cough. Cell 2020; 181:293-305.e11. [PMID: 32142653 PMCID: PMC7102531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), manifests with a persistent cough as both a primary symptom and mechanism of transmission. The cough reflex can be triggered by nociceptive neurons innervating the lungs, and some bacteria produce neuron-targeting molecules. However, how pulmonary Mtb infection causes cough remains undefined, and whether Mtb produces a neuron-activating, cough-inducing molecule is unknown. Here, we show that an Mtb organic extract activates nociceptive neurons in vitro and identify the Mtb glycolipid sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) as the nociceptive molecule. Mtb organic extracts from mutants lacking SL-1 synthesis cannot activate neurons in vitro or induce cough in a guinea pig model. Finally, Mtb-infected guinea pigs cough in a manner dependent on SL-1 synthesis. Thus, we demonstrate a heretofore unknown molecular mechanism for cough induction by a virulent human pathogen via its production of a complex lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Ruhl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Breanna L Pasko
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haaris S Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lexy M Kindt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie C Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Galo L Mejia
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dhananjay K Naik
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Ma S, Huang Y, Xie F, Gong Z, Zhang Y, Stojkoska A, Xie J. Transport mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL/S family proteins and implications in pharmaceutical targeting. Biol Chem 2020; 401:331-348. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a serious threat to public health. The M. tuberculosis cell envelope is closely related to its virulence and drug resistance. Mycobacterial membrane large proteins (MmpL) are lipid-transporting proteins of the efflux pump resistance nodulation cell division (RND) superfamily with lipid substrate specificity and non-transport lipid function. Mycobacterial membrane small proteins (MmpS) are small regulatory proteins, and they are also responsible for some virulence-related effects as accessory proteins of MmpL. The MmpL transporters are the candidate targets for the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This article summarizes the structure, function, phylogenetics of M. tuberculosis MmpL/S proteins and their roles in host immune response, inhibitors and regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Fuling Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Andrea Stojkoska
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
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20
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TbD1 deletion as a driver of the evolutionary success of modern epidemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32019932 PMCID: PMC7000671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains are classified into different phylogenetic lineages (L), three of which (L2/L3/L4) emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of the MmpS6/MmpL6-encoding Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). These TbD1-deleted “modern” lineages are responsible for globally-spread tuberculosis epidemics, whereas TbD1-intact “ancestral” lineages tend to be restricted to specific geographical areas, such as South India and South East Asia (L1) or East Africa (L7). By constructing and characterizing a panel of recombinant TbD1-knock-in and knock-out strains and comparison with clinical isolates, here we show that deletion of TbD1 confers to Mtb a significant increase in resistance to oxidative stress and hypoxia, which correlates with enhanced virulence in selected cellular, guinea pig and C3HeB/FeJ mouse infection models, the latter two mirroring in part the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression. Our results suggest that loss of TbD1 at the origin of the L2/L3/L4 Mtb lineages was a key driver for their global epidemic spread and outstanding evolutionary success. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modern strains emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). Here, the authors show that deletion of TbD1 correlates with enhanced Mtb virulence in animal models, mirroring the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression.
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21
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Promiscuous Targets for Antitubercular Drug Discovery: The Paradigm of DprE1 and MmpL3. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-drug resistant strains still represent a great global health threat, leading to an urgent need for novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Indeed, in the last years, several efforts have been made in this direction, through a number of high-throughput screenings campaigns, which allowed for the identification of numerous hit compounds and novel targets. Interestingly, several independent screening assays identified the same proteins as the target of different compounds, and for this reason, they were named “promiscuous” targets. These proteins include DprE1, MmpL3, QcrB and Psk13, and are involved in the key pathway for M. tuberculosis survival, thus they should represent an Achilles’ heel which could be exploited for the development of novel effective drugs. Indeed, among the last molecules which entered clinical trials, four inhibit a promiscuous target. Within this review, the two most promising promiscuous targets, the oxidoreductase DprE1 involved in arabinogalactan synthesis and the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3 are discussed, along with the latest advancements in the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity.
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22
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Techniques to Understand Mycobacterial Lipids and Use of Lipid-Based Nanoformulations for Tuberculosis Management. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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23
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Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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24
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Bigi M, Vazquez CL, Castelão ABC, García EA, Cataldi AA, Jackson M, McNeil M, Soria M, Zumárraga MJ, Cabruja M, Gago G, Blanco FC, Nishibe C, Almeida NF, de Araújo FR, Bigi F. Analysing nonsynonymous mutations between two Mycobacterium bovis strains with contrasting pathogenic profiles. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108482. [PMID: 31759775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease that can affect cattle, other domesticated species, wild animals and humans. This disease produces important economic losses worldwide. Two M. bovis strains (04-303 and 534) have been isolated in Argentina. Whereas the 04-303 strain was isolated from a wild boar, the 534 strain was obtained from cattle. In a previous study, six weeks after infection, the 04-303 strain induced 100% mortality in mice. By contrast, mice infected with the 534 strain survived, with limited tissue damage, after four months. In this study we compared all predictive proteins encoded in both M. bovis genomes. The comparative analysis revealed 141 polymorphic proteins between both strains. From these proteins, nine virulence proteins showed polymorphisms in 04-303, whereas five did it in the 534 strain. Remarkably, both strains contained a high level of polymorphism in proteins related to phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) synthesis or transport. Further experimental evidence indicated that only mutations in the 534 strain have an impact on PDIM synthesis. The observed reduction in PDIM content in the 534 strain, together with its low capacity to induce phagosome arrest, may be associated with the reported deficiency of this strain to replicate and survive inside bovine macrophages. The findings of this study could contribute to a better understanding of pathogenicity and virulence aspects of M. bovis, which is essential for further studies aiming at developing new vaccines and diagnostic techniques for bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Bigi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, INBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Ana Beatriz C Castelão
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Mary Jackson
- Colorado State University, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, USA.
| | - Michael McNeil
- Colorado State University, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, USA.
| | - Marcelo Soria
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, INBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Matias Cabruja
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Gago
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | | | - Christiane Nishibe
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Fabiana Bigi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, IABIMO, CICVyA/INTA, Argentina.
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25
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Serafini A, Tan L, Horswell S, Howell S, Greenwood DJ, Hunt DM, Phan MD, Schembri M, Monteleone M, Montague CR, Britton W, Garza-Garcia A, Snijders AP, VanderVen B, Gutierrez MG, West NP, de Carvalho LPS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires glyoxylate shunt and reverse methylcitrate cycle for lactate and pyruvate metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1284-1307. [PMID: 31389636 PMCID: PMC6851703 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nutrition is an essential aspect of host–pathogen interaction. For the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans, fatty acids derived from lipid droplets are considered the major carbon source. However, many other soluble nutrients are available inside host cells and may be used as alternative carbon sources. Lactate and pyruvate are abundant in human cells and fluids, particularly during inflammation. In this work, we study Mtb metabolism of lactate and pyruvate combining classic microbial physiology with a ‘multi‐omics’ approach consisting of transposon‐directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS), RNA‐seq transcriptomics, proteomics and stable isotopic labelling coupled with mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics. We discovered that Mtb is well adapted to use both lactate and pyruvate and that their metabolism requires gluconeogenesis, valine metabolism, the Krebs cycle, the GABA shunt, the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle. The last two pathways are traditionally associated with fatty acid metabolism and, unexpectedly, we found that in Mtb the methylcitrate cycle operates in reverse, to allow optimal metabolism of lactate and pyruvate. Our findings reveal a novel function for the methylcitrate cycle as a direct route for the biosynthesis of propionyl‐CoA, the essential precursor for the biosynthesis of the odd‐chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Serafini
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steven Howell
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Daniel J Greenwood
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Deborah M Hunt
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mercedes Monteleone
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Warwick Britton
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Brian VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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26
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Abstract
Mycolic acids are the signature lipid of mycobacteria and constitute an important physical component of the cell wall, a target of mycobacterium-specific antibiotics and a mediator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Mycolic acids are synthesized in the cytoplasm and are thought to be transported to the cell wall as a trehalose ester by the MmpL3 transporter, an antibiotic target for M. tuberculosis However, the mechanism by which mycolate synthesis is coupled to transport, and the full MmpL3 transport machinery, is unknown. Here, we identify two new components of the MmpL3 transport machinery in mycobacteria. The protein encoded by MSMEG_0736/Rv0383c is essential for growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis and is anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane, physically interacts with and colocalizes with MmpL3 in growing cells, and is required for trehalose monomycolate (TMM) transport to the cell wall. In light of these findings, we propose MSMEG_0736/Rv0383c be named "TMM transport factor A", TtfA. The protein encoded by MSMEG_5308 also interacts with the MmpL3 complex but is nonessential for growth or TMM transport. However, MSMEG_5308 accumulates with inhibition of MmpL3-mediated TMM transport and stabilizes the MmpL3/TtfA complex, indicating that it may stabilize the transport system during stress. These studies identify two new components of the mycobacterial mycolate transport machinery, an emerging antibiotic target in M. tuberculosis IMPORTANCE The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes the disease tuberculosis, is a complex structure composed of abundant lipids and glycolipids, including the signature lipid of these bacteria, mycolic acids. In this study, we identified two new components of the transport machinery that constructs this complex cell wall. These two accessory proteins are in a complex with the MmpL3 transporter. One of these proteins, TtfA, is required for mycolic acid transport and cell viability, whereas the other stabilizes the MmpL3 complex. These studies identify two new components of the essential cell envelope biosynthetic machinery in mycobacteria.
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27
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Alsayed SSR, Beh CC, Foster NR, Payne AD, Yu Y, Gunosewoyo H. Kinase Targets for Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:27-49. [PMID: 30360731 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666181025141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycolic acids (MAs) are the characteristic, integral building blocks for the mycomembrane belonging to the insidious bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). These C60-C90 long α-alkyl-β-hydroxylated fatty acids provide protection to the tubercle bacilli against the outside threats, thus allowing its survival, virulence and resistance to the current antibacterial agents. In the post-genomic era, progress has been made towards understanding the crucial enzymatic machineries involved in the biosynthesis of MAs in M.tb. However, gaps still remain in the exact role of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of regulatory mechanisms within these systems. To date, a total of 11 serine-threonine protein kinases (STPKs) are found in M.tb. Most enzymes implicated in the MAs synthesis were found to be phosphorylated in vitro and/or in vivo. For instance, phosphorylation of KasA, KasB, mtFabH, InhA, MabA, and FadD32 downregulated their enzymatic activity, while phosphorylation of VirS increased its enzymatic activity. These observations suggest that the kinases and phosphatases system could play a role in M.tb adaptive responses and survival mechanisms in the human host. As the mycobacterial STPKs do not share a high sequence homology to the human's, there have been some early drug discovery efforts towards developing potent and selective inhibitors. OBJECTIVE Recent updates to the kinases and phosphatases involved in the regulation of MAs biosynthesis will be presented in this mini-review, including their known small molecule inhibitors. CONCLUSION Mycobacterial kinases and phosphatases involved in the MAs regulation may serve as a useful avenue for antitubercular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Chau C Beh
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Neil R Foster
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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28
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Ming T, Geng L, Feng Y, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, Zhang D, He S, Li Y, Cheong L, Su X. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Under Different Osmotic Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1082. [PMID: 31191466 PMCID: PMC6549500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an extremely halotolerant pathogenic bacterium with high osmotic stress tolerance, and it is frequently encountered in aquatic production and preservation. However, the mechanism underlying the extremely high osmotic stress tolerance of S. aureus remains unclear. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) under different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations. Compared with the control group (0% NaCl), the 10 and 20% NaCl groups had 484 DEPs and 750 DEPs, respectively. Compared with the 10% NaCl group, the 20% NaCl group had 361 DEPs. Among the DEPs, proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis, proline/glycine betaine biosynthesis and transportation, stress tolerance, cell wall biosynthesis and the TCA cycle were upregulated, whereas proteins associated with biofilm formation and pathogenic infections were downregulated. The results obtained in this study indicate that under extremely high osmotic stress, modification of the cell membrane structure, increased biosynthesis and transportation of osmotic protectants, and redistribution of energy metabolism contribute to the osmotic stress tolerance of S. aureus, and the infectious ability of the bacteria may be limited. The aim of this study was to provide new insight into how S. aureus tolerates the high-salt conditions involved in aquatic production and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghong Ming
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lingxin Geng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dijun Zhang
- Zhejiang Zhengli Antuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Shan He
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lingzhi Cheong
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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29
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Panchal V, Jatana N, Malik A, Taneja B, Pal R, Bhatt A, Besra GS, Thukral L, Chaudhary S, Rao V. A novel mutation alters the stability of PapA2 resulting in the complete abrogation of sulfolipids in clinical mycobacterial strains. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:306-319. [PMID: 32123834 PMCID: PMC6996325 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2018-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of whole genomes has revealed specific geographical distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains across the globe suggestive of unique niche dependent adaptive mechanisms. We provide an important correlation of a genome-based mutation to a molecular phenotype across two predominant clinical Mtb lineages of the Indian subcontinent. We have identified a distinct lineage specific mutation-G247C, translating into an alanine-proline conversion in the papA2 gene of Indo-oceanic lineage 1 (L1) Mtb strains, and restoration of cell wall sulfolipids by simple genetic complementation of papA2 from lineage 3 (L3) or from H37Rv (lineage 4-L4) attributed the loss of this glycolipid to this specific mutation in Indo-Oceanic L1 Mtb. The investigation of structure of Mtb PapA2 revealed a distinct nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) C domain conformation with an unconventional presence of a zinc binding motif. Surprisingly, the A83P mutation did not map to either the catalytic center in the N-terminal subdomain or any of the substrate-binding region of the protein. On the contrary, the inherent ability of mutant PapA2 to form insoluble aggregates and molecular simulations with the wild-type/mutant (Wt/mut) PapA2 purports an important role for the surface associated 83rd residue in protein conformation. This study demonstrates the importance of a critical structural residue in the papA2 protein of Mtb and helps establish a link between observed genomic alteration and its molecular consequence in the successful human pathogen Mtb. Significance We demonstrate the effect of a unique SNP in PapA2 gene of Indo-oceanic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains leading to the loss of sulfolipid from these strains. By X-ray crystallographic analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show the importance of this residue in the global PapA2 structure. The presence of a Zn atom has not been reported before for this class of proteins. Here, we provide an important link between genomic alteration and its molecular consequence in Mtb highlighting one of the many adaptive mechanisms that have contributed to its success as a human pathogen. A high degree of identity with PapA1, 3, or 4 would help in interpreting the structure of these PapA proteins and other acyl transferases of other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Panchal
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nidhi Jatana
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anchal Malik
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Bhupesh Taneja
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Lipi Thukral
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sarika Chaudhary
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vivek Rao
- Cardio Respiratory Disease BiologyCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusNew DelhiIndia
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30
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Melly G, Purdy GE. MmpL Proteins in Physiology and Pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030070. [PMID: 30841535 PMCID: PMC6463170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains an important human pathogen. The Mtb cell envelope is a critical bacterial structure that contributes to virulence and pathogenicity. Mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins export bulky, hydrophobic substrates that are essential for the unique structure of the cell envelope and directly support the ability of Mtb to infect and persist in the host. This review summarizes recent investigations that have enabled insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MmpL substrate export and the role that these substrates play during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Melly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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32
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Machado D, Lecorche E, Mougari F, Cambau E, Viveiros M. Insights on Mycobacterium leprae Efflux Pumps and Their Implications in Drug Resistance and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3072. [PMID: 30619157 PMCID: PMC6300501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae is assumed to be due to genetic alterations in the drug targets and reduced cell wall permeability. However, as observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance may also result from the overactivity of efflux systems, which is mostly unexplored. In this perspective, we discuss known efflux pumps involved in M. tuberculosis drug resistance and virulence and investigate similar regions in the genome of M. leprae. In silico analysis reveals that the major M. tuberculosis efflux pumps known to be associated with drug resistance and virulence have been retained during the reductive evolutionary process that M. leprae underwent, e.g., RND superfamily, the ABC transporter BacA, and the MFS P55. However, some are absent (DinF, MATE) while others are derepressed (Mmr, SMR) in M. leprae reflecting the specific environment where M. leprae may live. The occurrence of several multidrug resistance efflux transporters shared between M. leprae and M. tuberculosis reveals potential implications in drug resistance and virulence. The conservation of the described efflux systems in M. leprae upon genome reduction indicates that these systems are potentially required for its intracellular survival and lifestyle. They potentially are involved in M. leprae drug resistance, which could hamper leprosy treatment success. Studying M. leprae efflux pumps as new drug targets is useful for future leprosy therapeutics, enhancing the global efforts to eradicate endemic leprosy, and prevent the emergence of drug resistance in afflicted countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Lecorche
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Faiza Mougari
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambau
- Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland.,Université Paris Diderot, INSERM IAME UMR1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Liu M, Xiong LB, Tao X, Liu QH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Metabolic Adaptation of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 in the Catabolism of Sterols for Producing Important Steroid Intermediates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12141-12150. [PMID: 30362748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the adaptation of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC25795 ( Mn) in sterol catabolism and steroid production, we used integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis to identify the biochemical pathways utilized in this process. Metabolic alterations during sterol catabolism center on propionyl-CoA pools. Generally, enhanced pathways for metabolizing propionyl-CoA were found in Mn, which were tightly coordinated with cell-envelope biosynthesis. The cells responded to sterol substrates and toxic steroid products by changing the composition of the cell envelope. This adaptive mechanism allowed Mn to use minimally water-soluble sterol as a carbon source. Several putative efflux proteins were found to be induced in Mn. They probably transported products to the extracellular environment, protecting the cells against high intracellular levels of toxic intermediates, inhibition of which also influenced sterol uptake. The work provided various targets for rational engineering of robust Mn with powerful sterol-uptake capacity and strong tolerance to toxic products for the steroid industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Qing-Hai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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34
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Dubois V, Viljoen A, Laencina L, Le Moigne V, Bernut A, Dubar F, Blaise M, Gaillard JL, Guérardel Y, Kremer L, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F. MmpL8 MAB controls Mycobacterium abscessus virulence and production of a previously unknown glycolipid family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10147-E10156. [PMID: 30301802 PMCID: PMC6205491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812984115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a peculiar rapid-growing Mycobacterium (RGM) capable of surviving within eukaryotic cells thanks to an arsenal of virulence genes also found in slow-growing mycobacteria (SGM), such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis A screen based on the intracellular survival in amoebae and macrophages (MΦ) of an M. abscessus transposon mutant library revealed the important role of MAB_0855, a yet uncharacterized Mycobacterial membrane protein Large (MmpL). Large-scale comparisons with SGM and RGM genomes uncovered MmpL12 proteins as putative orthologs of MAB_0855 and a locus-scale synteny between the MAB_0855 and Mycobacterium chelonae mmpL8 loci. A KO mutant of the MAB_0855 gene, designated herein as mmpL8MAB , had impaired adhesion to MΦ and displayed a decreased intracellular viability. Despite retaining the ability to block phagosomal acidification, like the WT strain, the mmpL8MAB mutant was delayed in damaging the phagosomal membrane and in making contact with the cytosol. Virulence attenuation of the mutant was confirmed in vivo by impaired zebrafish killing and a diminished propensity to induce granuloma formation. The previously shown role of MmpL in lipid transport prompted us to investigate the potential lipid substrates of MmpL8MAB Systematic lipid analysis revealed that MmpL8MAB was required for the proper expression of a glycolipid entity, a glycosyl diacylated nonadecyl diol (GDND) alcohol comprising different combinations of oleic and stearic acids. This study shows the importance of MmpL8MAB in modifying interactions between the bacteria and phagocytic cells and in the production of a previously unknown glycolipid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Dubois
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Laencina
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Vincent Le Moigne
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Audrey Bernut
- CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Faustine Dubar
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Ile de France Ouest, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, 92380 Garches, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Ile de France Ouest, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, 92380 Garches, Boulogne Billancourt, France
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Bothra A, Arumugam P, Panchal V, Menon D, Srivastava S, Shankaran D, Nandy A, Jaisinghani N, Singh A, Gokhale RS, Gandotra S, Rao V. Phospholipid homeostasis, membrane tenacity and survival of Mtb in lipid rich conditions is determined by MmpL11 function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8317. [PMID: 29844505 PMCID: PMC5974182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is a chemically complex array of molecular entities that dictate the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biosynthesis and maintenance of this dynamic entity in mycobacterial physiology is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a requirement for M. tuberculosis MmpL11 in the maintenance of the cell wall architecture and stability in response to surface stress. In the presence of a detergent like Tyloxapol, a mmpL11 deletion mutant suffered from a severe growth attenuation as a result of altered membrane polarity, permeability and severe architectural damages. This mutant failed to tolerate permissible concentrations of cis-fatty acids suggesting its increased sensitivity to surface stress, evident as smaller colonies of the mutant outgrown from lipid rich macrophage cultures. Additionally, loss of MmpL11 led to an altered cellular fatty acid flux in the mutant: reduced incorporation into membrane cardiolipin was associated with an increased flux into the cellular triglyceride pool. This increase in storage lipids like triacyl glycerol (TAG) was associated with the altered metabolic state of higher dormancy-associated gene expression and decreased sensitivity to frontline TB drugs. This study provides a detailed mechanistic insight into the function of mmpL11 in stress adaptation of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bothra
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vipul Panchal
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Menon
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Srivastava
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepthi Shankaran
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananya Nandy
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Archana Singh
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Rao
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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36
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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37
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Sharma K, Verma R, Advani J, Chatterjee O, Solanki HS, Sharma A, Varma S, Modi M, Ray P, Mukherjee KK, Sharma M, Dhillion MS, Suar M, Chatterjee A, Pandey A, Prasad TSK, Gowda H. Whole Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates From Extrapulmonary Sites. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 21:413-425. [PMID: 28692415 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) constitutes around 15-20% of TB cases in immunocompetent individuals. Extrapulmonary sites that are affected by TB include bones, lymph nodes, meningitis, pleura, and genitourinary tract. Whole genome sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool to map genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates and identify the genomic signatures associated with drug resistance, pathogenesis, and disease transmission. Several pulmonary isolates of MTB have been sequenced over the years. However, availability of whole genome sequences of MTB isolates from extrapulmonary sites is limited. Some studies suggest that genetic variations in MTB might contribute to disease presentation in extrapulmonary sites. This can be addressed if whole genome sequence data from large number of extrapulmonary isolates becomes available. In this study, we have performed whole genome sequencing of five MTB clinical isolates derived from EPTB sites using next-generation sequencing platform. We identified 1434 nonsynonymous single nucleotide variations (SNVs), 143 insertions and 105 deletions. This includes 279 SNVs that were not reported before in publicly available datasets. We found several mutations that are known to confer resistance to drugs. All the five isolates belonged to East-African-Indian lineage (lineage 3). We identified 9 putative prophage DNA integrations and 14 predicted clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in MTB genome. Our analysis indicates that more work is needed to map the genetic diversity of MTB. Whole genome sequencing in conjunction with comprehensive drug susceptibility testing can reveal clinically relevant mutations associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Sharma
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER , Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Verma
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,3 School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,4 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Oishi Chatterjee
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,5 School of Biotechnology , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Hitendra S Solanki
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,3 School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subhash Varma
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Modi
- 7 Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER , Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Megha Sharma
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER , Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- 3 School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,10 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine , Mangalore, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,11 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,12 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,13 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,14 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,10 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine , Mangalore, India .,15 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,10 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine , Mangalore, India
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38
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Members Adapted to Wild and Domestic Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1019:135-154. [PMID: 29116633 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is composed of several highly genetically related species that can be broadly classified into those that are human-host adapted and those that possess the ability to propagate and transmit in a variety of wild and domesticated animals. Since the initial description of the bovine tubercle bacillus, now known as Mycobacterium bovis, by Theobald Smith in the late 1800's, isolates originating from a wide range of animal hosts have been identified and characterized as M. microti, M. pinnipedii, the Dassie bacillus, M. mungi, M. caprae, M. orygis and M. suricattae. This chapter outlines the events resulting in the identification of each of these animal-adapted species, their close genetic relationships, and how genome-based phylogenetic analyses of species-specific variation amongst MTBC members is beginning to unravel the events that resulted in the evolution of the MTBC and the observed host tropism between the human- and animal-adapted member species.
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39
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RND transporters in the living world. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:363-371. [PMID: 29577985 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transporters of the RND superfamily are well-known as the major drug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria. However, they are widespread in organisms ranging from Archaea to Eukaryotes, and perform diverse functions. This review gives a brief overview of these diverse members of the superfamily with emphasis on their structure and functions.
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40
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Campodónico VL, Rifat D, Chuang YM, Ioerger TR, Karakousis PC. Altered Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Metabolism and Physiology Associated With RpoB Mutation H526D. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:494. [PMID: 29616007 PMCID: PMC5867343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rpoB mutations are associated with global metabolic remodeling. However, the net effects of rpoB mutations on Mtb physiology, metabolism and function are not completely understood. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that changes in the expression of cell wall molecules in Mtb mutant RpoB 526D lead to changes in cell wall permeability and to altered resistance to environmental stresses and drugs. Methods: The phenotypes of a fully drug-susceptible clinical strain of Mtb and its paired rifampin-monoresistant, RpoB H526D mutant progeny strain were compared. Results: The rpoB mutant showed altered colony morphology, bacillary length and cell wall thickness, which were associated with increased cell wall permeability and susceptibility to the cell wall detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) after exposure to nutrient starvation. Relative to the isogenic rifampin-susceptible strain, the RpoB H526D mutant showed altered bacterial cellular metabolic activity and an eightfold increase in susceptibility to the cell-wall acting drug vancomycin. Conclusion: Our data suggest that RpoB mutation H526D is associated with altered cell wall physiology and resistance to cell wall-related stress. These findings are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Campodónico
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dalin Rifat
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Min Chuang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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41
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Briffotaux J, Huang W, Wang X, Gicquel B. MmpS5/MmpL5 as an efflux pump in Mycobacterium species. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits human innate immune responses via the production of TLR2 antagonist glycolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11205-11210. [PMID: 28973928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707840114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen that is able to survive inside host cells and resist immune clearance. Most particularly, it inhibits several arms of the innate immune response, including phagosome maturation or cytokine production. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis circumvents host immune defenses, we used a transposon mutant library generated in a virulent clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis of the W/Beijing family to infect human macrophages, utilizing a cell line derivative of THP-1 cells expressing a reporter system for activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, a key regulator of innate immunity. We identified several M. tuberculosis mutants inducing a NF-κB activation stronger than that of the wild-type strain. One of these mutants was found to be deficient for the synthesis of cell envelope glycolipids, namely sulfoglycolipids, suggesting that the latter can interfere with innate immune responses. Using natural and synthetic molecular variants, we determined that sulfoglycolipids inhibit NF-κB activation and subsequent cytokine production or costimulatory molecule expression by acting as competitive antagonists of Toll-like receptor 2, thereby inhibiting the recognition of M. tuberculosis by this receptor. Our study reveals that producing glycolipid antagonists of pattern recognition receptors is a strategy used by M. tuberculosis to undermine innate immune defense. Sulfoglycolipids are major and specific lipids of M. tuberculosis, considered for decades as virulence factors of the bacilli. Our study uncovers a mechanism by which they may contribute to M. tuberculosis virulence.
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43
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Sandhu P, Akhter Y. Evolution of structural fitness and multifunctional aspects of mycobacterial RND family transporters. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:19-31. [PMID: 28951954 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major concern due to the evolution and emergence of pathogenic bacterial strains with novel strategies to resist the antibiotics in use. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of such pathogens with reported strains, which are not treatable with any of the available anti-TB drugs. This scenario has led to the need to look for some novel drug targets in Mtb, which may be exploited to design effective treatment strategies against the infection. The goal of this review is to discuss one such class of emerging drug targets in Mtb. MmpL (mycobacterial membrane protein large) proteins from Mtb are reported to be involved in multi-substrate transport including drug efflux and considered as one of the contributing factors for the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. MmpL proteins belong to resistance nodulation division permeases superfamily of membrane transporters, which are viably and pathogenetically important and their inhibition could be lethal for the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmani Sandhu
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur District, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur District, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
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44
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Wright CC, Hsu FF, Arnett E, Dunaj JL, Davidson PM, Pacheco SA, Harriff MJ, Lewinsohn DM, Schlesinger LS, Purdy GE. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL11 Cell Wall Lipid Transporter Is Important for Biofilm Formation, Intracellular Growth, and Nonreplicating Persistence. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00131-17. [PMID: 28507063 PMCID: PMC5520431 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00131-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is crucial to the host-pathogen interface, because it provides a barrier against antibiotics and the host immune response. In addition, cell wall lipids are mycobacterial virulence factors. The mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins are cell wall lipid transporters that are important for basic mycobacterial physiology and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. MmpL3 and MmpL11 are conserved across pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria, a feature consistent with an important role in the basic physiology of the bacterium. MmpL3 is essential and transports trehalose monomycolate to the mycobacterial surface. In this report, we characterize the role of MmpL11 in M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosismmpL11 mutants have altered biofilms associated with lower levels of mycolic acid wax ester and long-chain triacylglycerols than those for wild-type bacteria. While the growth rate of the mmpL11 mutant is similar to that of wild-type M. tuberculosis in macrophages, the mutant exhibits impaired survival in an in vitro granuloma model. Finally, we show that the survival or recovery of the mmpL11 mutant is impaired when it is incubated under conditions of nutrient and oxygen starvation. Our results suggest that MmpL11 and its cell wall lipid substrates are important for survival in the context of adaptive immune pressure and for nonreplicating persistence, both of which are critically important aspects of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Wright
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fong Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dunaj
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrick M Davidson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sophia A Pacheco
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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45
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2-aminoimidazoles potentiate ß-lactam antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reducing ß-lactamase secretion and increasing cell envelope permeability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180925. [PMID: 28749949 PMCID: PMC5547695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new drug treatment strategies to control the global spread of drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The ß-lactam class of antibiotics is among the safest and most widely prescribed antibiotics, but they are not effective against M. tuberculosis due to intrinsic resistance. This study shows that 2-aminoimidazole (2-AI)-based small molecules potentiate ß-lactam antibiotics against M. tuberculosis. Active 2-AI compounds significantly reduced the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of ß-lactams by increasing M. tuberculosis cell envelope permeability and decreasing protein secretion including ß-lactamase. Metabolic labeling and transcriptional profiling experiments revealed that 2-AI compounds impair mycolic acid biosynthesis, export and linkage to the mycobacterial envelope, counteracting an important defense mechanism reducing permeability to external agents. Additionally, other important constituents of the M. tuberculosis outer membrane including sulfolipid-1 and polyacyltrehalose were also less abundant in 2-AI treated bacilli. As a consequence of 2-AI treatment, M. tuberculosis displayed increased sensitivity to SDS, increased permeability to nucleic acid staining dyes, and rapid binding of cell wall targeting antibiotics. Transcriptional profiling analysis further confirmed that 2-AI induces transcriptional regulators associated with cell envelope stress. 2-AI based small molecules potentiate the antimicrobial activity of ß-lactams by a mechanism that is distinct from specific inhibitors of ß-lactamase activity and therefore may have value as an adjunctive anti-TB treatment.
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46
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Abstract
The defining feature of the mycobacterial outer membrane (OM) is the presence of mycolic acids (MAs), which, in part, render the bilayer extremely hydrophobic and impermeable to external insults, including many antibiotics. Although the biosynthetic pathway of MAs is well studied, the mechanism(s) by which these lipids are transported across the cell envelope is(are) much less known. Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 (MmpL3), an essential inner membrane (IM) protein, is implicated in MA transport, but its exact function has not been elucidated. It is believed to be the cellular target of several antimycobacterial compounds; however, evidence for direct inhibition of MmpL3 activity is also lacking. Here, we establish that MmpL3 is the MA flippase at the IM of mycobacteria and is the molecular target of BM212, a 1,5-diarylpyrrole compound. We develop assays that selectively access mycolates on the surface of Mycobacterium smegmatis spheroplasts, allowing us to monitor flipping of MAs across the IM. Using these assays, we establish the mechanism of action of BM212 as a potent MmpL3 inhibitor, and use it as a molecular probe to demonstrate the requirement for functional MmpL3 in the transport of MAs across the IM. Finally, we show that BM212 binds MmpL3 directly and inhibits its activity. Our work provides fundamental insights into OM biogenesis and MA transport in mycobacteria. Furthermore, our assays serve as an important platform for accelerating the validation of small molecules that target MmpL3, and their development as future antituberculosis drugs.
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47
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Jeffrey B, Rose SJ, Gilbert K, Lewis M, Bermudez LE. Comparative analysis of the genomes of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis regarding virulence-related genes. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1063-1075. [PMID: 28671535 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is a member of the M. avium complex, a heterogeneous group of bacteria that cause lung infection in immunocompetent patients or disseminated infection in patients with immunosuppression. The bacteria belonging to this complex have variable virulence, depending on the strain considered, and therefore a representative of the most common clinical phenotype was analysed. METHODOLOGY The genomic sequences of four M. avium subsp. hominissuis isolates obtained from clinical specimens were completed. Mav101, Mav100 and MavA5 were isolated from the blood of patients with AIDS. MavA5 was disseminated from the lung, while Mav3388 was isolated from the lungs of a patient with chronic lung disease. The sequences were annotated using the published Mav104 genome as a blueprint. Functional and virulence analyses of the sequences were carried out. Mice studies comparing the virulence of the strains were performed. RESULTS Findings showed that while Mav101 was very similar to Mav104, there were numerous differences between Mav104 and the remaining strains at nucleotide and predicted protein levels. The presence of genes associated with biofilm formation and several known virulence-related genes were sometimes differentially present among the isolates, suggesting overlapping functions by different genetic determinants. CONCLUSIONS The sequences provided important information about M. avium heterogenicity and evolution as a pathogen. The limitation is the lack of understanding on possible overlapping functions of genes/proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Jeffrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sasha J Rose
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kerrigan Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Viljoen A, Dubois V, Girard-Misguich F, Blaise M, Herrmann JL, Kremer L. The diverse family of MmpL transporters in mycobacteria: from regulation to antimicrobial developments. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:889-904. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM); CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Violaine Dubois
- INSERM, UMR1173; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180 France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- INSERM, UMR1173; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180 France
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM); CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- INSERM, UMR1173; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180 France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM); CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, France
- IRIM; INSERM; 34293 Montpellier France
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49
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Augenstreich J, Arbues A, Simeone R, Haanappel E, Wegener A, Sayes F, Le Chevalier F, Chalut C, Malaga W, Guilhot C, Brosch R, Astarie-Dequeker C. ESX-1 and phthiocerol dimycocerosates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis act in concert to cause phagosomal rupture and host cell apoptosis. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28095608 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) are major virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, little is known about their mechanism of action. Localized in the outer membrane of mycobacterial pathogens, DIM are predicted to interact with host cell membranes. Interaction with eukaryotic membranes is a property shared with another virulence factor of Mtb, the early secretory antigenic target EsxA (also known as ESAT-6). This small protein, which is secreted by the type VII secretion system ESX-1 (T7SS/ESX-1), is involved in phagosomal rupture and cell death induced by virulent mycobacteria inside host phagocytes. In this work, by the use of several knock-out or knock-in mutants of Mtb or Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains and different cell biological assays, we present conclusive evidence that ESX-1 and DIM act in concert to induce phagosomal membrane damage and rupture in infected macrophages, ultimately leading to host cell apoptosis. These results identify an as yet unknown function for DIM in the infection process and open up a new research field for the study of the interaction of lipid and protein virulence factors of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Augenstreich
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ainhoa Arbues
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Evert Haanappel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Wegener
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Le Chevalier
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
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50
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Queiroz A, Riley LW. Bacterial immunostat: Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids and their role in the host immune response. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:9-18. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0230-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Queiroz
- University of California, USA; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
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