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Smith FL, Savage HP, Luo Z, Tipton CM, Lee FEH, Apostol AC, Beaudin AE, Lopez DA, Jensen I, Keller S, Baumgarth N. B-1 plasma cells require non-cognate CD4 T cell help to generate a unique repertoire of natural IgM. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220195. [PMID: 36811605 PMCID: PMC9960156 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved, "natural" (n)IgM is broadly reactive to both self and foreign antigens. Its selective deficiency leads to increases in autoimmune diseases and infections. In mice, nIgM is secreted independent of microbial exposure to bone marrow (BM) and spleen B-1 cell-derived plasma cells (B-1PC), generating the majority of nIgM, or by B-1 cells that remain non-terminally differentiated (B-1sec). Thus, it has been assumed that the nIgM repertoire is broadly reflective of the repertoire of body cavity B-1 cells. Studies here reveal, however, that B-1PC generate a distinct, oligoclonal nIgM repertoire, characterized by short CDR3 variable immunoglobulin heavy chain regions, 7-8 amino acids in length, some public, many arising from convergent rearrangements, while specificities previously associated with nIgM were generated by a population of IgM-secreting B-1 (B-1sec). BM, but not spleen B-1PC, or B-1sec also required the presence of TCRαβ CD4 T cells for their development from fetal precursors. Together, the studies identify important previously unknown characteristics of the nIgM pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna L. Smith
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Luo
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April C. Apostol
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna E. Beaudin
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Diego A. Lopez
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Keller
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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2
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Barajas-Mora EM, Lee L, Lu H, Valderrama JA, Bjanes E, Nizet V, Feeney AJ, Hu M, Murre C. Enhancer-instructed epigenetic landscape and chromatin compartmentalization dictate a primary antibody repertoire protective against specific bacterial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:320-336. [PMID: 36717722 PMCID: PMC10917333 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antigen receptor loci are organized into variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments that rearrange to generate antigen receptor repertoires. Here, we identified an enhancer (E34) in the murine immunoglobulin kappa (Igk) locus that instructed rearrangement of Vκ genes located in a sub-topologically associating domain, including a Vκ gene encoding for antibodies targeting bacterial phosphorylcholine. We show that E34 instructs the nuclear repositioning of the E34 sub-topologically associating domain from a recombination-repressive compartment to a recombination-permissive compartment that is marked by equivalent activating histone modifications. Finally, we found that E34-instructed Vκ-Jκ rearrangement was essential to combat Streptococcus pneumoniae but not methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or influenza infections. We propose that the merging of Vκ genes with Jκ elements is instructed by one-dimensional epigenetic information imposed by enhancers across Vκ and Jκ genomic regions. The data also reveal how enhancers generate distinct antibody repertoires that provide protection against lethal bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Lee
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hanbin Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Andrés Valderrama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elisabet Bjanes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Ann J Feeney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Samal SK, Panda PK, Vikström M, Leander K, de Faire U, Ahuja R, Frostegård J. Antibodies Against Phosphorylcholine Among 60-Year-Olds: Clinical Role and Simulated Interactions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:809007. [PMID: 35479288 PMCID: PMC9035555 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.809007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AimsAntibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) are implicated as protection markers in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Mostly, these studies have been focused on IgM. In this study, we determined IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 anti-PC among 60-year-olds.MethodsBased on a 7-year follow-up of 60-year-olds (2,039 men and 2,193 women) from Stockholm County, we performed a nested case-control study of 209 incident CVD cases with 620 age- and sex-matched controls. Anti-PC was determined using ELISA. We predicted the binding affinity of PC with our fully human, in-house-produced IgG1 anti-PC clones (i.e., A01, D05, and E01) using the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach, to retrieve information regarding binding properties to PC.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders, IgG and IgG2 anti-PC showed some significant associations, but IgG1 anti-PC was much stronger as a protection marker. IgG1 anti-PC was associated with an increased risk of CVD below 33rd, 25th, and 10th percentile and of stroke below 33rd and 25th, and of myocardial infarction (MI) below 10th percentile. Among men, a strong association with stroke was determined below the 33rd percentile [HR 9.20, CI (2.22–38.12); p = 0.0022]. D05 clone has higher binding affinity followed by E01 and A01 using molecular docking and further have been confirmed during the course of 100 ns simulation. The stability of the D05 clone with PC was substantially higher.ConclusionIgG1 anti-PC was a stronger protection marker than IgG anti-PC and IgG2 anti-PC and also separately for men. The molecular modeling approach helps in identifying the intrinsic properties of anti-PC clones and atomistic interactions with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar Samal
- Section of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max Vikström
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rajeev Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
| | - Johan Frostegård
- Section of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Johan Frostegård,
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4
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Sangesland M, Lingwood D. Public Immunity: Evolutionary Spandrels for Pathway-Amplifying Protective Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708882. [PMID: 34956170 PMCID: PMC8696009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is seeded by affinity between the B cell receptor (BCR) and cognate antigen. While the BCR is a chimeric display of diverse antigen engagement solutions, we discuss its functional activity as an ‘innate-like’ immune receptor, wherein genetically hardwired antigen complementarity can serve as reproducible templates for pathway-amplifying otherwise immunologically recessive antibody responses. We propose that the capacity for germline reactivity to new antigen emerged as a set of evolutionary spandrels or coupled traits, which can now be exploited by rational vaccine design to focus humoral immunity upon conventionally immune-subdominant antibody targets. Accordingly, we suggest that evolutionary spandrels account for the necessary but unanticipated antigen reactivity of the germline antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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5
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Sangesland M, Yousif AS, Ronsard L, Kazer SW, Zhu AL, Gatter GJ, Hayward MR, Barnes RM, Quirindongo-Crespo M, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Kwon D, Shalek AK, Lingwood D. A Single Human V H-gene Allows for a Broad-Spectrum Antibody Response Targeting Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in the Blood. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108065. [PMID: 32846123 PMCID: PMC7446668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptors (BCRs) display a combination of variable (V)-gene-encoded complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and adaptive/hypervariable CDR3 loops to engage antigens. It has long been proposed that the former tune for recognition of pathogens or groups of pathogens. To experimentally evaluate this within the human antibody repertoire, we perform immune challenges in transgenic mice that bear diverse human CDR3 and light chains but are constrained to different human VH-genes. We find that, of six commonly deployed VH sequences, only those CDRs encoded by IGHV1-2∗02 enable polyclonal antibody responses against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when introduced to the bloodstream. The LPS is from diverse strains of gram-negative bacteria, and the VH-gene-dependent responses are directed against the non-variable and universal saccrolipid substructure of this antigen. This reveals a broad-spectrum anti-LPS response in which germline-encoded CDRs naturally hardwire the human antibody repertoire for recognition of a conserved microbial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Lee Zhu
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G James Gatter
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayward
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Douglas Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital. 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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A Germline-Encoded Structural Arginine Trap Underlies the Anti-DNA Reactivity of a Murine V Gene Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094541. [PMID: 33926148 PMCID: PMC8123574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity may have its origins of early repertoire selection in developmental B cells. Such a primary repertoire is probably shaped by selecting B cells that can efficiently perform productive signaling, stimulated by self-antigens in the bone marrow, such as DNA. In support of that idea, we previously found a V segment from VH10 family that can form antibodies that bind to DNA independent of CDR3 usage. In this paper we designed four antibody fragments in a novel single-chain pre-BCR (scpre-BCR) format containing germinal V gene segments from families known to bind DNA (VH10) or not (VH4) connected to a murine surrogate light chain (SLC), lacking the highly charged unique region (UR), by a hydrophilic peptide linker. We also tested the influence of CDR2 on DNA reactivity by shuffling the CDR2 loop. The scpre-BCRs were expressed in bacteria. VH10 bearing scpre-BCR could bind DNA, while scpre-BCR carrying the VH4 segment did not. The CDR2 loop shuffling hampered VH10 reactivity while displaying a gain-of-function in the nonbinding VH4 germline. We modeled the binding sites demonstrating the conservation of a positivity charged pocket in the VH10 CDR2 as the possible cross-reactive structural element. We presented evidence of DNA reactivity hardwired in a V gene, suggesting a structural mechanism for innate autoreactivity. Therefore, while autoreactivity to DNA can lead to autoimmunity, efficiently signaling for B cell development is likely a trade-off mechanism leading to the selection of potentially autoreactive repertoires.
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7
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Reyneveld GIJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK. Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2139. [PMID: 33013904 PMCID: PMC7511776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are defined as germline encoded immunoglobulins found in individuals without (known) prior antigenic experience. NAb bind exogenous (e.g., bacterial) and self-components and have been found in every vertebrate species tested. NAb likely act as a first-line immune defense against infections. A large part of NAb, so called natural autoantibodies (NAAb) bind to and clear (self) neo-epitopes, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Such self-binding antibodies cannot, however, be considered as pathogenic autoantibodies in the classical sense. IgM and IgG NAb and NAAb and their implications in health and disease are relatively well-described in humans and mice. NAb are present in veterinary (and wildlife) species, but their relation with diseases and disorders in veterinary species are much less known. Also, there is little known of IgA NAb. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin with essential pro-inflammatory and homeostatic properties urging for more research on the importance of IgA NAb. Since NAb in humans were indicated to fulfill important functions in health and disease, their role in health of veterinary species should be investigated more often. Furthermore, it is unknown whether levels of NAb-isotypes and/or idiotypes can and should be modulated. Veterinary species as models of choice fill in a niche between mice and (non-human) primates, and the study of NAb in veterinary species may provide valuable new insights that will likely improve health management. Below, examples of the involvement of NAb in several diseases in mostly humans are shown. Possibilities of intravenous immunoglobulin administration, targeted immunotherapy, immunization, diet, and genetic modulation are discussed, all of which could be well-studied using animal models. Arguments are given why veterinary immunology should obtain inspiration from human studies and why human immunology would benefit from veterinary models. Within the One Health concept, findings from veterinary (and wildlife) studies can be related to human studies and vice versa so that both fields will mutually benefit. This will lead to a better understanding of NAb: their origin, activation mechanisms, and their implications in health and disease, and will lead to novel health management strategies for both human and veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G IJsbrand Reyneveld
- Faculty of Science, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk K Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Zou J, Wang G, Li H, Yu X, Tang C. IgM natural antibody T15/E06 in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Magadan S, Jouneau L, Puelma Touzel M, Marillet S, Chara W, Six A, Quillet E, Mora T, Walczak AM, Cazals F, Sunyer O, Fillatreau S, Boudinot P. Origin of Public Memory B Cell Clones in Fish After Antiviral Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2115. [PMID: 30319606 PMCID: PMC6170628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination induces “public” antibody clonotypes common to all individuals of a species, that may mediate universal protection against pathogens. Only few studies tried to trace back the origin of these public B-cell clones. Here we used Illumina sequencing and computational modeling to unveil the mechanisms shaping the structure of the fish memory antibody response against an attenuated Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia rhabdovirus. After vaccination, a persistent memory response with a public VH5JH5 IgM component was composed of dominant antibodies shared among all individuals. The rearrangement model showed that these public junctions occurred with high probability indicating that they were already favored before vaccination due to the recombination process, as shown in mammals. In addition, these clonotypes were in the naïve repertoire associated with larger similarity classes, composed of junctions differing only at one or two positions by amino acids with comparable properties. The model showed that this property was due to selective processes exerted between the recombination and the naive repertoire. Finally, our results showed that public clonotypes greatly expanded after vaccination displayed several VDJ junctions differing only by one or two amino acids with similar properties, highlighting a convergent response. The fish public memory antibody response to a virus is therefore shaped at three levels: by recombination biases, by selection acting on the formation of the pre-vaccination repertoire, and by convergent selection of functionally similar clonotypes during the response. We also show that naive repertoires of IgM and IgT have different structures and sharing between individuals, due to selection biases. In sum, our comparative approach identifies three conserved features of the antibody repertoire associated with public memory responses. These features were already present in the last common ancestors of fish and mammals, while other characteristics may represent species-specific solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maximilian Puelma Touzel
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, and École Normale Supérieure (PSL), Paris, France
| | - Simon Marillet
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Université Côte d'Azur and INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Wahiba Chara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology -Immunotherapy (I3), Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology -Immunotherapy (I3), Paris, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- INRA, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, CNRS, UPMC and Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, and École Normale Supérieure (PSL), Paris, France
| | | | - Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- INEM, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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10
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Stark AK, Chandra A, Chakraborty K, Alam R, Carbonaro V, Clark J, Sriskantharajah S, Bradley G, Richter AG, Banham-Hall E, Clatworthy MR, Nejentsev S, Hamblin JN, Hessel EM, Condliffe AM, Okkenhaug K. PI3Kδ hyper-activation promotes development of B cells that exacerbate Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in an antibody-independent manner. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3174. [PMID: 30093657 PMCID: PMC6085315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia and a leading cause of death world-wide. Antibody-mediated immune responses can confer protection against repeated exposure to S. pneumoniae, yet vaccines offer only partial protection. Patients with Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) are highly susceptible to S. pneumoniae. We generated a conditional knock-in mouse model of this disease and identify a CD19+B220- B cell subset that is induced by PI3Kδ signaling, resides in the lungs, and is correlated with increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae during early phases of infection via an antibody-independent mechanism. We show that an inhaled PI3Kδ inhibitor improves survival rates following S. pneumoniae infection in wild-type mice and in mice with activated PI3Kδ. These results suggest that a subset of B cells in the lung can promote the severity of S. pneumoniae infection, representing a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrien Stark
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Krishnendu Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Rafeah Alam
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
| | - Valentina Carbonaro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
| | - Srividya Sriskantharajah
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Glyn Bradley
- Computational Biology and Statistics, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Department of Immunology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Edward Banham-Hall
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - J Nicole Hamblin
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB21 3AT, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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11
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Riley RL, Khomtchouk K, Blomberg BB. Inflammatory immune cells may impair the preBCR checkpoint, reduce new B cell production, and alter the antibody repertoire in old age. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:87-93. [PMID: 29408522 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs development of new B cells and diminishes the expression of protective antibodies. Reduced numbers of B cell precursors generally occur in old (~2 yrs.) mice. At the pro-B to pre-B cell transition, the pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) checkpoint directs pre-B cell expansion and selection of the pre-B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy chain variable region repertoire. The preBCR is comprised of Ig μ heavy chain + surrogate light chains (SLC; λ5/VpreB). In old B cell precursors, SLC is decreased and fewer pre-B cells form the preBCR. In pro-B cells, SLC is complexed with cadherin 17 to form a "pro-B cell receptor" whose signaling is postulated to increase apoptotic sensitivity. We propose that inflammation in old mice, in part mediated by the age-associated B cells (ABC), promotes apoptosis among pro-B cells, particularly those relatively high in SLC. The remaining pro-B cells, with lower SLC, now generate pre-B cells with limited capacity to form the preBCR. Ig μ heavy chains vary in their capacity to associate with SLC and form the preBCR. We speculate that limited SLC restricts formation of the preBCR to a subset of Ig μ heavy chains. This likely impacts the composition of the antibody repertoire among B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Riley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States.
| | - Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States
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12
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Habir K, Aeinehband S, Wermeling F, Malin S. A Role for the Transcription Factor Arid3a in Mouse B2 Lymphocyte Expansion and Peritoneal B1a Generation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1387. [PMID: 29114251 PMCID: PMC5660704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, commitment, and terminal differentiation of the B cell lineage is stringently controlled by the coordinated action of various transcription factors. Among these, Arid3a has previously been implicated in regulating early B lymphopoiesis, humoral immune responses to phosphocholine, and furthermore to promote the B1 over the B2 cell lineage. We have now interrogated the function of Arid3a in the adult mouse using conditional mutagenesis. We demonstrate that loss of Arid3a does not affect early B cell development or lineage commitment but rather loss of this transcription factor results in a broad expansion of bone marrow B lymphopoiesis in a manner that reflects its developmental expression pattern. Furthermore, loss of Arid3a resulted in expanded splenic B cell numbers with the exception of the B1 lineage that was maintained at normal numbers. However, B1a lymphoyctes were reduced in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, antibody responses to phosphocholine were attenuated in the absence of Arid3a. Hence, functional Arid3a is required in mature B cells for specific immune responses and for generating normal numbers of B cells in a subset dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Habir
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Malin
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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14
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Khomtchouk K, Alter S, Ratliff M, Blomberg BB, Riley RL. In old BALB/c mice, bone marrow pre-B cell and surrogate light chain reduction is associated with increased B cell reactivity to phosphorylcholine, but reduced T15 idiotype dominance. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 162:53-62. [PMID: 27876385 PMCID: PMC5381390 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In young adult BALB/c mice, antibodies to phosphorylcholine (PC) bearing the T15 (TEPC 15) idiotype confer protection against pneumococcal infections. In old age, even though PC reactive B cells are often increased, the proportion of T15+ antibodies declines. We hypothesize that limited surrogate light chain (SLC) and compromise of the pre-B cell receptor checkpoint in old mice contribute to both reduced new B cell generation and changes in the anti-PC antibodies seen in old age. In old mice: 1) early pre-B cell loss is most pronounced at the preBCR checkpoint; however, the reduced pool of early pre-B cells continues to proliferate consistent with preBCR signaling; 2) increased PC reactivity is seen in bone marrow immature B cells; 3) deficient SLC promotes increased B cell PC reactivity and diminished T15 idiotype expression; and 4) as pre-B cell losses and reduced SLC become progressively more severe, increased T15 negative PC reactive B cells occur. These results associate a reduction in pre-B cells, imposed at the preBCR checkpoint, with increased reactivity to PC, but more limited expression of the protective T15 idiotype among PC reactive antibodies in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Sarah Alter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Michelle Ratliff
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Richard L Riley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
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15
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Centa M, Gruber S, Nilsson D, Polyzos KA, Johansson DK, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ, Binder CJ, Malin S. Atherosclerosis Susceptibility in Mice Is Independent of the V1 Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:25-36. [PMID: 26564818 PMCID: PMC4684249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The V1 (VHS107.1.42) immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is thought to be critical in producing IgM natural antibodies of the T15-idiotype that protect against both atherosclerosis and infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our aim was to determine whether genetic loss of the V1 gene increased atherosclerotic plaque burden in vivo because of a reduction in the T15-idiotype or other atheroprotective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Centa
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Sabrina Gruber
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel K Johansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.)
| | - Stephen Malin
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., D.N., K.A.P., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.); and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (S.G., C.J.B.).
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16
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Corcos D. Food-Nonfood Discrimination in Ancestral Vertebrates: Gamete Cannibalism and the Origin of the Adaptive Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:409-17. [PMID: 26286030 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is a complex system that appeared twice in vertebrates (in gnathostomes and in jawless fish) although it is not required for invertebrate defence. The adaptive immune system is tightly associated with self-non-self discrimination, and it is now clear that this interplay is not limited to the prevention of autoreactivity. Micro-organisms are usually considered for their pathogenicity or symbiotic ability, but, for most small metazoans, they mainly constitute food. Vertebrates are characterized by feeding by predation on larger preys, when compared to their ancestors who were filter feeders and ate micro-organisms. Predation gives a strong selective advantage, not only due to the availability of new food resources but also by the ability to eliminate competitors for environmental resources (intraguild predation (IGP)). Unlike size-structured IGP, intraspecific predation of juveniles, zygotes or gametes can be detrimental for species fitness in some circumstances. The ability of individuals to recognize highly polymorphic molecules on the surface of gametes present in the plankton and so distinguish self versus non-self gametes might have constituted a strong selective advantage in intraspecific competition. Here, I propose the theory that the capacity to rearrange receptors has been selected in ancestral vertebrates as a consequence of this strong need for discriminating between hetero-cannibalism versus filial cannibalism. This evolutionary origin sheds light on presently unexplained features of the immune system, including the existence of regulatory T cells and of non-pathogenic natural autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corcos
- U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, Institut National de la Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1021, Université Paris-Sud 11, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
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17
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de los Rios M, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Structural and genetic diversity in antibody repertoires from diverse species. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 33:27-41. [PMID: 26188469 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibody repertoire is the fundamental unit that enables development of antigen specific adaptive immune responses against pathogens. Different species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective antibody repertoires. Here we review the shark, chicken, camel, and cow repertoires as unique examples of structural and genetic diversity. Given the enormous importance of antibodies in medicine and biological research, the novel properties of these antibody repertoires may enable discovery or engineering of antibodies from these non-human species against difficult or important epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de los Rios
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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18
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Vale AM, Nobrega A, Schroeder HW. The role of evolutionarily conserved germ-line DH sequence in B-1 cell development and natural antibody production. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:48-56. [PMID: 26104486 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of N addition and variation in the site of VDJ joining, the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse component of the initial immunoglobulin antigen-binding site repertoire. A large component of the peritoneal cavity B-1 cell component is the product of fetal and perinatal B cell production. The CDR-H3 repertoire is thus depleted of N addition, which increases dependency on germ-line sequence. Cross-species comparisons have shown that DH gene sequence demonstrates conservation of amino acid preferences by reading frame. Preference for reading frame 1, which is enriched for tyrosine and glycine, is created both by rearrangement patterns and by pre-BCR and BCR selection. In previous studies, we have assessed the role of conserved DH sequence by examining peritoneal cavity B-1 cell numbers and antibody production in BALB/c mice with altered DH loci. Here, we review our finding that changes in the constraints normally imposed by germ-line-encoded amino acids within the CDR-H3 repertoire profoundly affect B-1 cell development, especially B-1a cells, and thus natural antibody immunity. Our studies suggest that both natural and somatic selection operate to create a restricted B-1 cell CDR-H3 repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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19
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Silverman GJ. Protective natural autoantibodies to apoptotic cells: evidence of convergent selection of recurrent innate-like clones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:164-75. [PMID: 25990717 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During murine immune development, recurrent B cell clones arise in a predictable fashion. Among these B cells, an archetypical clonotypic set that recognizes phosphorylcholine (PC) antigens and produces anti-PC IgM, first implicated for roles in microbial protection, was later found to become expanded in hyperlipidemic mice and in response to an increased in vivo burden of apoptotic cells. These IgM natural antibodies can enhance clearance of damaged cells and induce intracellular blockade of inflammatory signaling cascades. In clinical populations, raised levels of anti-PC IgM correlate with protection from atherosclerosis and may also downmodulate the severity of autoimmune disease. Human anti-PC-producing clones without hypermutation have been isolated that can similarly discriminate apoptotic from healthy cells. An independent report on unrelated adults has described anti-PC-producing B cells with IgM genes that have conserved CDR3 motifs, similar to stereotypic clonal sets of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Taken together, emerging evidence suggests that, despite the capacity to form an effectively limitless range of Ig receptors, the human immune system may often recurrently generate lymphocytes expressing structurally convergent B cell receptors with protective and homeostatic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, New York
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20
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Fiskesund R, Steen J, Amara K, Murray F, Szwajda A, Liu A, Douagi I, Malmström V, Frostegård J. Naturally occurring human phosphorylcholine antibodies are predominantly products of affinity-matured B cells in the adult. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4551-9. [PMID: 24729615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylcholine (PC) is a classic T-independent Ag that is exposed on apoptotic cells, oxidized phospholipids, and bacterial polysaccharides. Experimental as well as epidemiological studies have over the past decade implicated Abs against PC (anti-PC) as anti-inflammatory and a strong protective factor in cardiovascular disease. Although clinically important, little is known about the development of anti-PC in humans. This study was conceived to dissect the human anti-PC repertoire and generate human mAbs. We designed a PC-specific probe to identify, isolate, and characterize PC-reactive B cells from 10 healthy individuals. The donors had all mounted somatically mutated Abs toward PC using a broad variety of Ig genes. PC-reactive B cells were primarily found in the IgM(+) memory subset, although significant numbers also were detected among naive, IgG(+), and CD27(+)CD43(+) B cells. Abs from these subsets were clonally related, suggesting a common origin. mAbs derived from the same donors exhibited equivalent or higher affinity for PC than the well-characterized murine T-15 clone. These results provide novel insights into the cellular and molecular ontogeny of atheroprotective PC Abs, thereby offering new opportunities for Ab-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fiskesund
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infections elicited by intranasal immunization with ethanol-killed pneumococcal strain, SPY1. J Microbiol 2014; 52:315-23. [PMID: 24682994 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are licensed vaccines that protect against pneumococcal infections worldwide. However, the incidence of pneumococcal diseases remains high in low-income countries. Whole-cell vaccines with high safety and strong immunogenicity may be a favorable choice. We previously obtained a capsule-deficient Streptococcus pneumoniae mutant named SPY1 derived from strain D39. As an attenuated live pneumococcal vaccine, intranasal immunization with SPY1 elicits broad serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infection. In this study, for safety consideration, we inactivated SPY1 with 70% ethanol and intranasally immunized BALB/c mice with killed SPY1 plus cholera toxin adjuvant for four times. Results showed that intranasal immunization with inactivated SPY1 induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Intranasal immunization with inactivated SPY1 plus cholera toxin adjuvant elicited effective serotype-independent protection against the colonization of pneumococcal strains 19F and 4 as well as lethal infection of pneumococcal serotypes 2, 3, 14, and 6B. The protection rates provided by inactivated SPY1 against lethal pneumococcal infection were comparable to those of currently used polysaccharide vaccines. In addition, vaccine-specific B-cell and T-cell immune responses mediated the protection elicited by SPY1. In conclusion, the 70% ethanol-inactivated pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine SPY1 is a potentially safe and less complex vaccine strategy that offers broad protection against S. pneumoniae.
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22
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Abstract
A 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has demonstrated an impact on pneumococcal bacteremia in the immunized pediatric population, extending to nonimmunized adults via herd immunity. A considerable reduction of all-cause pediatric pneumonia has also been found. The impact on all-cause pediatric otitis is limited, but postlicensure data suggests stronger reductions. Higher valency conjugate vaccines are now under development (11V or more). Licensed 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have been available since 1983 with a demonstrated impact on adult pneumococcal bacteremia. The burden of adult nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia has remained high and efforts to develop improved adult pneumococcal vaccines have been initiated that include conjugates and pneumococcal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Poolman
- R & D Bacterial Vaccine Programme, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut, 89 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
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23
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Vale AM, Kapoor P, Skibinski GA, Elgavish A, Mahmoud TI, Zemlin C, Zemlin M, Burrows PD, Nobrega A, Kearney JF, Briles DE, Schroeder HW. The link between antibodies to OxLDL and natural protection against pneumococci depends on D(H) gene conservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:875-90. [PMID: 23589567 PMCID: PMC3646500 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Germline DH sequences are required for the generation of natural antibodies reactive to bacterial phosphorylcholine but not for those reactive to self-antigen. Selection and physiological production of protective natural antibodies (NAbs) have been associated with exposure to endogenous antigens. The extent to which this association depends on germline NAb sequence is uncertain. Here we show that alterations in germline DH sequence can sever the association between the production of self-reactive NAbs and NAbs that afford protection against a pathogen. In unmanipulated hosts, the availability of the evolutionarily conserved DFL16.1 gene segment sequence profoundly affected the serum levels of NAbs against bacterial phosphorylcholine but not oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Mice with partially altered DFL16.1 sequence could use N nucleotides to recreate the amino acid sequence associated with the classical protective T15 idiotype–positive NAbs, whereas those without DFL16.1 could not. DFL16.1 gene–deficient mice proved more susceptible to challenge with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our findings indicate that although production of self-reactive NAbs can be independent of germline DH sequence, their capacity to provide protection against pathogens cannot. The potential relevance of these findings for the rational design of vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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24
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Types of tolerance seen in autoreactive phosphocholine-specific B cells are dependent on the idiotype of the receptors expressed. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:311-6. [PMID: 23624878 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphocholine (PC) is the immunodominant epitope found on the surface of a number of microorganisms, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn), and is thought to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of SPn. B cells expressing M167Hκ24L immunoglobulin receptors specific for PC have been shown to be autoreactive in that they undergo clonal deletion in both X-linked immune-deficient and Rag(-/-) mice. We have now shown that B cells expressing M603Hκ8L PC-specific receptors also delete in Rag(-/-) mice, whereas those expressing T15Hκ22L transgenes do not delete. However, T15Hκ22L B cells are lost in normal heterozygous transgenic mice because they cannot compete with normal B cells. These data indicate that M167Hκ24L and M603Hκ8L PC-specific B cells are recognizing an autoantigen expressed on membranes which causes them to downregulate their receptors and clonally delete, while T15Hκ22L B cells are tolerized by a soluble form of PC-antigen which results in their being trapped in the spleen. Thus, the types of tolerance seen in autoreactive PC-specific B cells are dependent on the idiotype of the receptors expressed.
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Vas J, Grönwall C, Silverman GJ. Fundamental roles of the innate-like repertoire of natural antibodies in immune homeostasis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:4. [PMID: 23386848 PMCID: PMC3564042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the early immune repertoire is biased with prominent expression of spontaneously arising B cell clones that produce IgM with recurrent and often autoreactive binding specificities. Amongst these naturally arising antibodies (NAbs) are IgM antibodies that specifically recognized amaged and senescent cells, often via oxidation-associated neo-determinants. These NAbs are present from birth and can be further boosted by apoptotic cell challenge. Recent studies have shown that IgM NAb to apoptotic cells can enhance phagocytic clearance, as well as suppress proinflammatory responses induced via Toll-like receptors, and block pathogenic IgG-immune complex (IC)-mediated inflammatory responses. Specific antibody effector functions appear to be involved, as these anti-inflammatory properties are dependent on IgM-mediated recruitment of the early recognition factors of complement. Clinical surveys have suggested that anti-apoptotic cell (AC) IgM NAbs may modulate disease activity in some patients with autoimmune disease. In mechanistic studies, anti-AC NAbs were shown to act in dendritic cells by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, a primary signal transduction pathway that controls inflammatory responses. This immunomodulatory pathway has an absolute requirement for the induction of MAPK phosphatase-1. Taken together, recent studies have elucidated the novel properties of a class of protective NAbs, which may directly blunt inflammatory responses through a primitive pathway for regulation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Vas
- Laboratory of B Cell Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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Grönwall C, Vas J, Silverman GJ. Protective Roles of Natural IgM Antibodies. Front Immunol 2012; 3:66. [PMID: 22566947 PMCID: PMC3341951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are a vital part of the armamentarium of the adaptive immune system for the fine-tuning of the recognition and response to foreign threats. However, in health there are some types of antibodies that instead recognize self-antigens and these contribute to the enhancement of primitive innate functions. This repertoire of natural IgM antibodies is postulated to have been selected during immune evolution for their contributions to critical immunoregulatory and housekeeping properties. The clearance of dying cells is one of the most essential responsibilities of the immune system, which is required to prevent uncontrolled inflammation and autoimmunity. In the murine immune system, natural IgM antibodies that recognize apoptotic cells have been shown to enhance the phagocytic clearance of dead and dying cells and to suppress innate immune signaling pathways. In the mouse, natural IgM are often the products of B-1 cell clones that arise during immune development without an absolute requirement for exogenous antigenic stimulation. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, IgM autoantibodies, which bind to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells, have been demonstrated to be present at significantly higher levels in patients with lower disease activity and with less severe organ damage. While certain specificities of IgM autoantibodies correlate with protection from lupus renal disease, others may convey protective properties from lupus-associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. New and unexpected insights into the functional roles of IgM antibodies are still emerging, especially regarding the functions of natural antibodies. Herein, we review recent progress in our understanding of the potential roles of natural IgM autoantibodies in the regulation of immune homeostasis and for protection from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Fiskesund R, Su J, Bulatovic I, Vikström M, de Faire U, Frostegård J. IgM phosphorylcholine antibodies inhibit cell death and constitute a strong protection marker for atherosclerosis development, particularly in combination with other auto-antibodies against modified LDL. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:13-8. [PMID: 24371562 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported that anti-phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) IgM is a protection marker for human cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. We here investigate the anti-PC autoantibodies in a well-defined cohort with regard to idiotype, atherosclerosis progression and mechanisms for its protective action. METHODS Serum levels and binding specificities of different anti-PC isotypes were determined in 226 hypertensive individuals enrolled in European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis using ELISA. The mean of the maximum Intima-Media Thicknesses (IMT) in the far walls of common carotids and bifurcations was assessed at the time of inclusion, and four years afterwards. Apoptosis in immune cells was induced with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and quantified using the MTT-assay. RESULTS Anti-PC IgM, IgA and IgG1 (but not IgG2) was negatively associated with IMT-progression. Combining anti-PC IgM with data on antibodies against oxidized- and malondialdehyde-modified LDL further strengthened this association. At very high levels, anti-PC IgM exhibited a striking negative association with atherosclerosis progression (OR 0.05; CI 0.006-0.40). Analysis of serum samples taken four years apart in study participants affirmed the stability of anti-PC IgM titers over time. Examination of fine specificities revealed that the protective isotypes (IgM, IgA and IgG1) are of the Group I idiotype whereas the non-protective IgG2 subclass was Group II. Anti-PC IgM inhibited LPC-induced cell death of immune cells. CONCLUSION Group I anti-PC antibodies, particularly of the IgM class, are independent protection markers for atherosclerosis progression. One potential mechanism of action is inhibition of LPC-induced cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fiskesund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Su
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Bulatovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Vikström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Elkon KB, Silverman GJ. Naturally occurring autoantibodies to apoptotic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:14-26. [PMID: 22903663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of IgM naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) bind to the cell surface membranes of dying cells. The antibodies predominantly have specificities against lipid antigens or oxidized lipids. Chief among these lipid antigens are phosphorylcholine (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Antibodies to negatively charged phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) have been described and there is controversy as to whether these antibodies are related to anticardiolipin antibodies observed in disease states. IgM NAbs that bind to apoptotic cells recruit classical complement pathway components and facilitate phagocytosis by both macrophages and dendritic cells, and may block inflammatory pathways. Under these circumstances, pathologic immune responses to self (autoimmunity) are avoided, whereas mice lacking serum IgM develop a lupus-like disease with associated IgG autoantibody responses. Based on these observations, IgM anti-PC NAbs were found to attenuate inflammation in mouse models of arthritis. IgMNAbs antibodies therefore appear to play pivotal roles in the dampening inflammation and maintenance of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Elkon
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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29
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Miller YI, Choi SH, Wiesner P, Fang L, Harkewicz R, Hartvigsen K, Boullier A, Gonen A, Diehl CJ, Que X, Montano E, Shaw PX, Tsimikas S, Binder CJ, Witztum JL. Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity. Circ Res 2011; 108:235-48. [PMID: 21252151 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.223875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions are vital parts of metabolism and signal transduction. However, they also produce reactive oxygen species, which damage lipids, proteins and DNA, generating "oxidation-specific" epitopes. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that such common oxidation-specific epitopes are a major target of innate immunity, recognized by a variety of "pattern recognition receptors" (PRRs). By analogy with microbial "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs), we postulate that host-derived, oxidation-specific epitopes can be considered to represent "danger (or damage)-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). We also argue that oxidation-specific epitopes present on apoptotic cells and their cellular debris provided the primary evolutionary pressure for the selection of such PRRs. Furthermore, because many PAMPs on microbes share molecular identity and/or mimicry with oxidation-specific epitopes, such PAMPs provide a strong secondary selecting pressure for the same set of oxidation-specific PRRs as well. Because lipid peroxidation is ubiquitous and a major component of the inflammatory state associated with atherosclerosis, the understanding that oxidation-specific epitopes are DAMPs, and thus the target of multiple arcs of innate immunity, provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. As examples, we show that both cellular and soluble PRRs, such as CD36, toll-like receptor-4, natural antibodies, and C-reactive protein recognize common oxidation-specific DAMPs, such as oxidized phospholipids and oxidized cholesteryl esters, and mediate a variety of immune responses, from expression of proinflammatory genes to excessive intracellular lipoprotein accumulation to atheroprotective humoral immunity. These insights may lead to improved understanding of inflammation and atherogenesis and suggest new approaches to diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine-MC0682, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Holodick NE, Tumang JR, Rothstein TL. Immunoglobulin secretion by B1 cells: differential intensity and IRF4-dependence of spontaneous IgM secretion by peritoneal and splenic B1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3007-16. [PMID: 21061433 PMCID: PMC3139744 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal B1 cells are typified by spontaneous, constitutive secretion of IgM natural antibody, detected by ELISPOT assay, among other means. Recently, this key characteristic has been called into question, a reason for which we evaluated the integrity of IgM(+) ELISPOT spots. We found that fixed B1 cells fail to produce ELISPOT spots, that interference with Golgi function inhibits ELISPOT spot formation, and that B1 cell-derived immunoglobulin in supernatant samples is EndoH-resistant. These findings indicate that spots produced by B1 cells on ELISPOT assay reflect secretory IgM actively exported by viable B1 cells. Current paradigms propose that interferon response factor 4 (IRF4) is required for plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion. However, we found that IgM secretion by peritoneal B1 cells is not altered in IRF4-null mice. In contrast, spontaneous IgM secretion by splenic B1 cells, which amounts to much more IgM secreted per cell, is dramatically reduced in the absence of IRF4. These results indicate that peritoneal B1 cells spontaneously secrete low levels of IgM via an IRF4-independent non-classical pathway, and, considering the low level of serum IgM in IRF-null mice, further suggest that accumulation of serum immunoglobulin depends on IRF4-dependent secretion by splenic B1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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31
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Chen Y, Park YB, Patel E, Silverman GJ. IgM antibodies to apoptosis-associated determinants recruit C1q and enhance dendritic cell phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6031-43. [PMID: 19414754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Abs, which arise without known immune exposure, have been described that specifically recognize cells dying from apoptosis, but their role in innate immunity remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that the immune response to neoantigenic determinants on apoptotic thymocytes is dominated by Abs to oxidation-associated Ags, phosphorylcholine (PC), a head group that becomes exposed during programmed cell death, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a reactive aldehyde degradation product of polyunsaturated lipids produced following exposure to reactive oxidation species. While natural Abs to apoptotic cells in naive adult mice were dominated by PC and MDA specificities, the amounts of these Abs were substantially boosted by treatment of mice with apoptotic cells. Moreover, the relative amounts of PC and MDA Abs was affected by V(H) gene inheritance. Ab interactions with apoptotic cells also mediated the recruitment of C1q, which enhanced apoptotic cell phagocytosis by immature dendritic cells. Significantly, IgM Abs to both PC and MDA were primary factors in determining the efficiency of serum-dependent apoptotic cell phagocytosis. Hence, we demonstrate a mechanism by which certain natural Abs that recognize neoantigens on apoptotic cells, in naive mice and those induced by immune exposure to apoptotic cells, can enhance the functional capabilities of immature dendritic cells for phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of B-cell Immunobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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32
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Hartvigsen K, Chou MY, Hansen LF, Shaw PX, Tsimikas S, Binder CJ, Witztum JL. The role of innate immunity in atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2008; 50 Suppl:S388-93. [PMID: 19106070 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800100-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a common event in health and is greatly accelerated in pro-inflammatory settings such as hypercholesterolemia. Consequently, oxidation-specific epitopes are generated, which are pro-inflammatory and immunogenic, leading to both adaptive and innate responses. Because innate immune mechanisms use conserved germline pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are preformed and present at birth, it is not obvious why they should bind to such epitopes. In this review, we put forward the hypothesis that because oxidation-specific epitopes are ubiquitous in both health and disease, and because they in essence represent "danger signals," they constitute a class of pathogen-associated molecular patterns leading to the natural selection of multiple innate PRRs that target such epitopes. We suggest that apoptotic cells, and the blebs and microparticles released from such cells, which are rich in oxidation-specific epitopes and thus pro-inflammatory, constitute an endogenous set of selecting antigens. In turn, natural antibodies, scavenger receptors, and soluble innate proteins, such as pentraxins, all represent PRRs that target such epitopes. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and the consequences of such responses in health and disease, such as atherosclerosis.
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Daniels CC, Briles TC, Mirza S, Håkansson AP, Briles DE. Capsule does not block antibody binding to PspA, a surface virulence protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2006; 40:228-33. [PMID: 16540281 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Of the proteins on the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of those best able to elicit protection against pneumococcal infection is pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). Although this protein is attached to the membrane molecule, lipoteichoic acid, which is well beneath the capsule, PspA's ability to inhibit complement deposition and killing by apolactoferrin, suggests that it must have surface exposure. This study provides quantitative data showing that the capsular polysaccharide on types 2 and 3 pneumococci provides little or no masking ability of antibodies to bind PspA. Capsule was even observed to enhance, rather than inhibit the binding of two protective monoclonal antibodies to their epitopes on cell surface PspA. These results with antibodies to PspA are in contrast to binding by antibodies to the phosphocholine (PC) epitope of the lipoteichoic and teichoic acids. The binding of antibody to PC was largely, but not completely, blocked by capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Daniels
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BBRB, 1530 3rd Ave North, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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34
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Frauenknecht K, Lackner K, von Landenberg P. Antiphospholipid antibodies in pediatric patients with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time during infection. Immunobiology 2005; 210:799-805. [PMID: 16325500 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the close association between different antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) caused by infection and their appearance together with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). METHODS Sera from 122 children were evaluated in this study. Thirty-seven children with mild to medium prolonged aPTT (>37.2s) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels during various forms of infections (group 2), 18 children without infections (group 3) but with mild to medium prolonged aPTT and 13 children with infections (group 4) and with elevated CRP-level as well as a control group (group 1) of 54 patients without any infection and normal aPTT and negative CRP levels were investigated with commercially available ELISA tests (AESKU.Diagnostics, Wendelsheim, Germany) for the presence of antibodies directed against cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS) and beta2-glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI). The cutoff for positive results was defined with the healthy, aged matched control group (group 1) using the mean OD values plus 2 standard deviations. The lupus anticoagulant (dilute Russell's Viper Venom time, dRVVT) and coagulation Factor XII were determined with routine tests (Dade Behring). RESULTS Detection of at least one antibody to phospholipids was possible in 89.2% of group 2. It could be shown that IgM anti-beta 2GPI antibodies were found in 27 (59.5%) of group 2, but only in 1 (5.6%) of group 3 (p=0.024) and only in 4 (7.4%) of the controls (p=0.014). The presence of IgG-anti-beta 2GPI antibodies showed no significant difference in the different groups. Furthermore, children of groups 2, 3 and 4 had statistically significant higher levels of antibodies against PS IgG and PS IgM than controls. Also, antibodies to CL of the IgG-type were more frequently detected in children of group 2 than in controls (p=0.038). Detection of CL-IgM antibodies did not reach a significant level in the comparison of the different groups. CONCLUSION During commonly acquired infections elevation of aPL of nearly all types seems to be a common process. Mild prolongation of aPTT might reflect this presence of aPL in the course of the infectious disease. Our data suggest that there exists no differences in specificity in comparison to the "pathogenic" aPL but the presence over time might be the trigger for the autoimmune activity to begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Haas KM, Poe JC, Steeber DA, Tedder TF. B-1a and B-1b Cells Exhibit Distinct Developmental Requirements and Have Unique Functional Roles in Innate and Adaptive Immunity to S. pneumoniae. Immunity 2005; 23:7-18. [PMID: 16039575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
B-1a and B-1b lymphocytes were found to exhibit specialized roles in providing immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and differ dramatically in their developmental requirements. Transgenic mice overexpressing CD19 (hCD19Tg) generated B-1a cells and natural antibodies that provided protection during infection, while CD19-deficient (CD19(-/-)) mice lacked B-1a cells, lacked natural antibodies, and were more susceptible to infection. By contrast, pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) immunization protected CD19(-/-) mice during lethal challenge, whereas hCD19Tg mice remained unprotected. This resulted from differences in the B-1b subset: the key population found to produce protective PPS-specific antibody in both wild-type and CD19(-/-) mice. Thus, CD19(-/-) mice generated B-1b cells and protective adaptive PPS-specific antibody responses, whereas hCD19Tg mice lacked B-1b cells and adaptive PPS-specific antibody responses. This reciprocal contribution of B-1a and B-1b subsets to innate and acquired immunity reveals an unexpected division of labor within the B-1 compartment that is normally balanced by their coordinated development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Immunology, Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, the subject of natural antibodies has been revisited and the immunobiological roles of these humoral factors are being better defined. These antibodies are secreted by distinct sets of innate-like B cells, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells, which arise early in development to become the sources of "natural immune memory". Due to their interactions with a variety of self-determinants, natural antibodies have previously been postulated to play roles in the maintenance of host homeostasis. A central paradigm has recently been developed from the demonstration that oxidation derived epitopes on apoptotic cells and oxidized low-density lipoproteins are recognized by the phosphorylcholine-specific germline encoded B-1 cell natural antibody, T15, which has provided important insights into possible "house-keeping" functions under both normal and pathological conditions. In this review, the potential functions of natural antibodies in the pathogenesis and progression of the chronic inflammatory condition of atherosclerosis are discussed, as well as their capacities for apoptotic cell binding and clearance. These interactions of natural antibodies and oxidation-epitopes from phospholipids appear to provide a dynamic immunobiological connection linking host responses in infection, autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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Wang H, Clarke SH. Positive selection focuses the VH12 B-cell repertoire towards a single B1 specificity with survival function. Immunol Rev 2004; 197:51-9. [PMID: 14962186 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B cells of varying antigen specificities are consistently present in the unmanipulated repertoire. These B cells appear to belong to the marginal zone (MZ) and B1 B-cell subsets and provide protection to the blood and lymph, respectively. Some are specific for self-antigens, suggesting that they are selected based on specificity for self but have a protective role against foreign pathogens. One of these specificities is for phosphatidylcholine (PtC). Anti-PtC B cells comprise 5-8% of the B1 repertoire and are protective against bacterial pathogens. In general, they are restricted to the expression of two VH/Vkappa combinations, VH11/Vkappa9 and VH12/Vkappa4/5H. This review focuses on the differentiation of VH12 anti-PtC B cells. They undergo a series of positive selection events beginning at the pre-B-cell stage that enriches for those with a VHCDR3 and L chain required for PtC binding and eliminating the majority of VH12 B cells that lack the ability to bind PtC. Thus, positive selection focuses the VH12 repertoire toward PtC, ensuring that anti-PtC VH12 B cells are a significant component of the B1-cell repertoire in all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Binder CJ, Hörkkö S, Dewan A, Chang MK, Kieu EP, Goodyear CS, Shaw PX, Palinski W, Witztum JL, Silverman GJ. Pneumococcal vaccination decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation: molecular mimicry between Streptococcus pneumoniae and oxidized LDL. Nat Med 2003; 9:736-43. [PMID: 12740573 DOI: 10.1038/nm876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the progression of atherosclerosis, autoantibodies are induced to epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and active immunization of hypercholesterolemic mice with oxLDL ameliorates atherogenesis. We unexpectedly found that many autoantibodies to oxLDL derived from 'naive' atherosclerotic mice share complete genetic and structural identity with antibodies from the classic anti-phosphorylcholine B-cell clone, T15, which protect against common infectious pathogens, including pneumococci. To investigate whether in vivo exposure to pneumococci can affect atherogenesis, we immunized Ldlr(-/-) mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae. This induced high circulating levels of oxLDL-specific IgM and a persistent expansion of oxLDL-specific T15 IgM-secreting B cells primarily in the spleen, which were cross-reactive with pneumococcal determinants. Pneumococcal immunization decreased the extent of atherosclerosis, and plasma from these mice had an enhanced capacity to block the binding of oxLDL to macrophages. These studies show molecular mimicry between epitopes of oxLDL and S. pneumoniae and indicate that these immune responses can have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Binder
- Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0682 USA
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Mold C, Rodic-Polic B, Du Clos TW. Protection from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by C-reactive protein and natural antibody requires complement but not Fc gamma receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6375-81. [PMID: 12055255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen and the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms provide protection from infection. Innate immunity to S. pneumoniae in mice is mediated by naturally occurring anti-phosphocholine (PC) Abs and complement. The human acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) also protects mice from lethal S. pneumoniae infection. CRP and anti-PC Ab share the ability to bind to PC on the cell wall C-polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae and to activate complement. CRP and IgG anti-PC also bind to Fc gamma R. In this study, Fc gamma R- and complement-deficient mice were used to compare the mechanisms of protection conferred by CRP and anti-PC Ab. Injection of CRP protected wild-type, FcR gamma-chain-, Fc gamma RIIb-, and Fc gamma RIII-deficient mice from infection. Complement was required for the protective effect of CRP as cobra venom factor treatment eliminated the effect of CRP in both gamma-chain-deficient and wild-type mice, and CRP failed to protect C3- or C4-deficient mice from infection. Unexpectedly, gamma-chain-deficient mice were extremely sensitive to pneumococcal infection. This sensitivity was associated with low levels of natural anti-PC Ab. Gamma-chain-deficient mice immunized with nonencapsulated S. pneumoniae produced both IgM- and IgG PC-specific Abs, were protected from infection, and were able to clear the bacteria from the bloodstream. The protection provided by immunization was eliminated by complement depletion. The results show that in this model of systemic infection with highly virulent S. pneumoniae, protection from lethality by CRP and anti-PC Abs requires complement, but not Fc gamma R.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/physiology
- C-Reactive Protein/administration & dosage
- C-Reactive Protein/therapeutic use
- Complement Pathway, Classical/genetics
- Complement Pathway, Classical/immunology
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/physiology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylcholine/administration & dosage
- Phosphorylcholine/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/genetics
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Mold
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Hu L, Rezanka LJ, Mi QS, Lustig A, Taub DD, Longo DL, Kenny JJ. T15-idiotype-negative B cells dominate the phosphocholine binding cells in the preimmune repertoire of T15i knockin mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1273-80. [PMID: 11801665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T15i knockin (KI) mice express a H chain that is encoded by a rearranged T15 VDJ transgene which has been inserted into the J(H) region of chromosome 12. This T15H chain combines with a kappa22-33 L chain to produce a T15-Id+ Ab having specificity for phosphocholine (PC). Inasmuch as T15-Id+ Abs dominate the primary immune response to PC in normal mice, it was surprising to find that 80% of the PC-dextran-binding B cells in unimmunized homozygous T15i KI mice were T15-Id-. Analysis of L chains expressed in these T15-Id-, PC-specific B cells revealed that two L chains, kappa8-28 and kappa19-15, were expressed in this population. The V(kappa) region of these L chains was recombined to J(kappa)5, which is typical of L chains present in PC-specific Abs. When T15i KI mice were immunized with PC Ag, T15-Id+ B cells expanded 6-fold and differentiated into Ab-secreting cells. There was no indication that the T15-Id- B cells either proliferated or differentiated into Ab-secreting cells following immunization. Thus, T15-Id- B cells dominate the PC-binding population, but they fail to compete with T15-Id+ B cells during a functional immune response. Structural analysis of T15H:kappa8-28L and T15H:kappa19-15L Abs revealed L chain differences from the kappa22-33 L chain which could account for the lower affinity and/or avidity of these Abs for PC or PC carrier compared with the T15-Id+ T15H:kappa22-33L Ab.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Binding Sites/immunology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Clone Cells
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylcholine/immunology
- Phosphorylcholine/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging/NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Abstract
Vaccination is a rational alternative to treatment for Cryptococcus neoformans infections, as these infections are currently intractable in immunocompromised (including HIV-infected) individuals. Vaccines composed of the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the key C. neoformans virulence factor, elicit protective antibodies in mice, although deleterious antibodies can also be induced. By contrast, polysaccharides are poor immunogens in HIV-infected humans and others with B-cell defects. Peptide mimotopes of GXM can induce protective immunity to C. neoformans in mice, however, our knowledge of the mechanisms of mimotope-induced protection is incomplete and further work is needed if polysaccharide- or mimotope-based vaccines are to be used to manage C. neoformans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pirofski
- Divn of Infectious Diseases, Room 709 Forchheimer Bldg, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
The pneumococcus is one of the longest-known pathogens. It has been instrumental to our understanding of biology in many ways, such as in the discovery of the Gram strain and the identification of nucleic acid as the hereditary material. Despite major advances in our understanding of pneumococcal pathogenesis, the need for vaccines and antibiotics to combat this pathogen is still vital. Genomics is beginning to uncover new virulence factors to advance this process, and it is enabling the development of DNA chip technology, which will permit the analysis of gene expression in specific tissues and in virulence regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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