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Gonzales DL, Khan HF, Keri HVS, Yadav S, Steward C, Muller LE, Pluta SR, Jayant K. A Translaminar Spacetime Code Supports Touch-Evoked Traveling Waves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593381. [PMID: 38766232 PMCID: PMC11100787 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Linking sensory-evoked traveling waves to underlying circuit patterns is critical to understanding the neural basis of sensory perception. To form this link, we performed simultaneous electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging through transparent NeuroGrids and mapped touch-evoked cortical traveling waves and their underlying microcircuit dynamics. In awake mice, both passive and active whisker touch elicited traveling waves within and across barrels, with a fast early component followed by a variable late wave that lasted hundreds of milliseconds post-stimulus. Strikingly, late-wave dynamics were modulated by stimulus value and correlated with task performance. Mechanistically, the late wave component was i) modulated by motor feedback, ii) complemented by a sparse ensemble pattern across layer 2/3, which a balanced-state network model reconciled via inhibitory stabilization, and iii) aligned to regenerative Layer-5 apical dendritic Ca 2+ events. Our results reveal a translaminar spacetime pattern organized by cortical feedback in the sensory cortex that supports touch-evoked traveling waves. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND HIGHLIGHTS Whisker touch evokes both early- and late-traveling waves in the barrel cortex over 100's of millisecondsReward reinforcement modulates wave dynamics Late wave emergence coincides with network sparsity in L23 and time-locked L5 dendritic Ca 2+ spikes Experimental and computational results link motor feedback to distinct translaminar spacetime patterns.
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Ledderose JMT, Zolnik TA, Toumazou M, Trimbuch T, Rosenmund C, Eickholt BJ, Jaeger D, Larkum ME, Sachdev RNS. Layer 1 of somatosensory cortex: an important site for input to a tiny cortical compartment. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11354-11372. [PMID: 37851709 PMCID: PMC10690867 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocortical layer 1 has been proposed to be at the center for top-down and bottom-up integration. It is a locus for interactions between long-range inputs, layer 1 interneurons, and apical tuft dendrites of pyramidal neurons. While input to layer 1 has been studied intensively, the level and effect of input to this layer has still not been completely characterized. Here we examined the input to layer 1 of mouse somatosensory cortex with retrograde tracing and optogenetics. Our assays reveal that local input to layer 1 is predominantly from layers 2/3 and 5 pyramidal neurons and interneurons, and that subtypes of local layers 5 and 6b neurons project to layer 1 with different probabilities. Long-range input from sensory-motor cortices to layer 1 of somatosensory cortex arose predominantly from layers 2/3 neurons. Our optogenetic experiments showed that intra-telencephalic layer 5 pyramidal neurons drive layer 1 interneurons but have no effect locally on layer 5 apical tuft dendrites. Dual retrograde tracing revealed that a fraction of local and long-range neurons was both presynaptic to layer 5 neurons and projected to layer 1. Our work highlights the prominent role of local inputs to layer 1 and shows the potential for complex interactions between long-range and local inputs, which are both in position to modify the output of somatosensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M T Ledderose
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy A Zolnik
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Toumazou
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Centre for Excellence Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Centre for Excellence Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert N S Sachdev
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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de Kock CPJ, Feldmeyer D. Shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission between cortical excitatory neurons in rodent and human brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1274383. [PMID: 37731775 PMCID: PMC10508294 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1274383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Information transfer between principal neurons in neocortex occurs through (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission. In this focussed review, we provide a detailed overview on the strength of synaptic neurotransmission between pairs of excitatory neurons in human and laboratory animals with a specific focus on data obtained using patch clamp electrophysiology. We reach two major conclusions: (1) the synaptic strength, measured as unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (or uEPSP), is remarkably consistent across species, cortical regions, layers and/or cell-types (median 0.5 mV, interquartile range 0.4-1.0 mV) with most variability associated with the cell-type specific connection studied (min 0.1-max 1.4 mV), (2) synaptic function cannot be generalized across human and rodent, which we exemplify by discussing the differences in anatomical and functional properties of pyramidal-to-pyramidal connections within human and rodent cortical layers 2 and 3. With only a handful of studies available on synaptic transmission in human, it is obvious that much remains unknown to date. Uncovering the shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission across species however, will almost certainly be a pivotal step toward understanding human cognitive ability and brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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4
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Bernáez Timón L, Ekelmans P, Kraynyukova N, Rose T, Busse L, Tchumatchenko T. How to incorporate biological insights into network models and why it matters. J Physiol 2023; 601:3037-3053. [PMID: 36069408 DOI: 10.1113/jp282755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the staggering complexity of the brain and its neural circuitry, neuroscientists rely on the analysis of mathematical models to elucidate its function. From Hodgkin and Huxley's detailed description of the action potential in 1952 to today, new theories and increasing computational power have opened up novel avenues to study how neural circuits implement the computations that underlie behaviour. Computational neuroscientists have developed many models of neural circuits that differ in complexity, biological realism or emergent network properties. With recent advances in experimental techniques for detailed anatomical reconstructions or large-scale activity recordings, rich biological data have become more available. The challenge when building network models is to reflect experimental results, either through a high level of detail or by finding an appropriate level of abstraction. Meanwhile, machine learning has facilitated the development of artificial neural networks, which are trained to perform specific tasks. While they have proven successful at achieving task-oriented behaviour, they are often abstract constructs that differ in many features from the physiology of brain circuits. Thus, it is unclear whether the mechanisms underlying computation in biological circuits can be investigated by analysing artificial networks that accomplish the same function but differ in their mechanisms. Here, we argue that building biologically realistic network models is crucial to establishing causal relationships between neurons, synapses, circuits and behaviour. More specifically, we advocate for network models that consider the connectivity structure and the recorded activity dynamics while evaluating task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernáez Timón
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre Ekelmans
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nataliya Kraynyukova
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Rose
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Tchumatchenko
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Lopez-Virgen V, Macias M, Rodriguez-Moreno P, Olivares-Moreno R, de Lafuente V, Rojas-Piloni G. Motor cortex projections to red and pontine nuclei have distinct roles during movement in the mouse. Neurosci Lett 2023; 807:137280. [PMID: 37116574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Motor control largely depends on the deep layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons that project to subcortical structures. However, it is largely unknown if these neurons are functionally segregated with distinct roles in movement performance. Here, we analyzed mouse motor cortex L5 pyramidal neurons projecting to the red and pontine nuclei during movement preparation and execution. Using photometry to analyze the calcium activity of L5 pyramidal neurons projecting to the red nucleus and pons, we reveal that both types of neurons activate with different temporal dynamics. Optogenetic inhibition of either kind of projection differentially affects forelimb movement onset and execution in a lever press task, but only the activity of corticopontine neurons is significantly correlated with trial-by-trial variations in reaction time. The results indicate that cortical neurons projecting to the red and pontine nuclei contribute differently to sensorimotor integration, suggesting that L5 output neurons are functionally compartmentalized generating, in parallel, different downstream information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lopez-Virgen
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Martin Macias
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Paola Rodriguez-Moreno
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Rafael Olivares-Moreno
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Victor de Lafuente
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Gerardo Rojas-Piloni
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
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Lee S, Deshpande SS, Merricks EM, Schlafly E, Goodman R, McKhann GM, Eskandar EN, Madsen JR, Cash SS, van Putten MJAM, Schevon CA, van Drongelen W. Spatiotemporal spike-centered averaging reveals symmetry of temporal and spatial components of the spike-LFP relationship during human focal seizures. Commun Biol 2023; 6:317. [PMID: 36966217 PMCID: PMC10039941 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrographic manifestation of neural activity can reflect the relationship between the faster action potentials of individual neurons and the slower fluctuations of the local field potential (LFP). This relationship is typically examined in the temporal domain using the spike-triggered average. In this study, we add a spatial component to this relationship. Here we first derive a theoretical model of the spike-LFP relationship across a macroelectrode. This mathematical derivation showed a special symmetry in the spike-LFP relationship wherein a sinc function in the temporal domain predicts a sinc function in the spatial domain. We show that this theoretical result is observed in a real-world system by characterizing the spike-LFP relationship using microelectrode array (MEA) recordings of human focal seizures. To do this, we present a approach, termed the spatiotemporal spike-centered average (st-SCA), that allows for visualization of the spike-LFP relationship in both the temporal and spatial domains. We applied this method to 25 MEA recordings obtained from seven patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Of the five patients with MEAs implanted in recruited territory, three exhibited spatiotemporal patterns consistent with a sinc function, and two exhibited spatiotemporal patterns resembling deep wells of excitation. These results suggest that in some cases characterization of the spike-LFP relationship in the temporal domain is sufficient to predict the underlying spatial pattern. Finally, we discuss the biological interpretation of these findings and propose that the sinc function may reflect the role of mid-range excitatory connections during seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Edward M Merricks
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emily Schlafly
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim van Drongelen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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7
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Lopez-Virgen V, Olivares-Moreno R, de Lafuente V, Concha L, Rojas-Piloni G. Different subtypes of motor cortex pyramidal tract neurons projects to red and pontine nuclei. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1073731. [PMID: 36605617 PMCID: PMC9807917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1073731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) are fundamental elements for motor control. However, it is largely unknown if PTNs are segregated into different subtypes with distinct characteristics. Methods Using anatomical and electrophysiological tools, we analyzed in mice motor cortex PTNs projecting to red and pontine midbrain nuclei, which are important hubs connecting cerebral cortex and cerebellum playing a critical role in the regulation of movement. Results We reveal that the vast majority of M1 neurons projecting to the red and pontine nuclei constitutes different populations. Corticopontine neurons have higher conduction velocities and morphologically, a most homogeneous dendritic and spine distributions along cortical layers. Discussion The results indicate that cortical neurons projecting to the red and pontine nuclei constitute distinct anatomical and functional pathways which may contribute differently to sensorimotor integration.
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Shen S, Jiang X, Scala F, Fu J, Fahey P, Kobak D, Tan Z, Zhou N, Reimer J, Sinz F, Tolias AS. Distinct organization of two cortico-cortical feedback pathways. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6389. [PMID: 36302912 PMCID: PMC9613627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical feedback is critical for attention, prediction, and learning. To mechanically understand its function requires deciphering its cell-type wiring. Recent studies revealed that feedback between primary motor to primary somatosensory areas in mice is disinhibitory, targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons, in addition to pyramidal cells. It is unknown whether this circuit motif represents a general cortico-cortical feedback organizing principle. Here we show that in contrast to this wiring rule, feedback between higher-order lateromedial visual area to primary visual cortex preferentially activates somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Functionally, both feedback circuits temporally sharpen feed-forward excitation eliciting a transient increase-followed by a prolonged decrease-in pyramidal cell activity under sustained feed-forward input. However, under feed-forward transient input, the primary motor to primary somatosensory cortex feedback facilitates bursting while lateromedial area to primary visual cortex feedback increases time precision. Our findings argue for multiple cortico-cortical feedback motifs implementing different dynamic non-linear operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federico Scala
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiakun Fu
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Fahey
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dmitry Kobak
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhenghuan Tan
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabian Sinz
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computational Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Tomasevic L, Siebner HR, Thielscher A, Manganelli F, Pontillo G, Dubbioso R. Relationship between high-frequency activity in the cortical sensory and the motor hand areas, and their myelin content. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:717-726. [PMID: 35525389 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human primary sensory (S1) and primary motor (M1) hand areas feature high-frequency neuronal responses. Electrical nerve stimulation evokes high-frequency oscillations (HFO) at around 650 Hz in the contralateral S1. Likewise, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 can evoke a series of descending volleys in the corticospinal pathway that can be detected non-invasively with a paired-pulse TMS protocol, called short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF). SICF features several peaks of facilitation of motor evoked potentials in contralateral hand muscles, which are separated by inter-peak intervals resembling HFO rhythmicity. HYPOTHESIS In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the individual expressions of HFO and SICF are tightly related to each other and to the regional myelin content in the sensorimotor cortex. METHODS In 24 healthy volunteers, we recorded HFO and SICF, and, in a subgroup of 20 participants, we mapped the cortical myelin content using the ratio between the T1- and T2-weighted MRI signal as read-out. RESULTS The individual frequencies and magnitudes of HFO and SICF curves were tightly correlated: the intervals between the first and second peak of cortical HFO and SICF showed a positive linear relationship (r = 0.703, p < 0.001), while their amplitudes were inversely related (r = -0.613, p = 0.001). The rhythmicity, but not the magnitude of the high-frequency responses, was related to the cortical myelin content: the higher the cortical myelin content, the shorter the inter-peak intervals of HFO and SICF. CONCLUSION The results confirm a tight functional relationship between high-frequency responses in S1 (i.e., HFO) and M1 (i.e., as measured with SICF). They also establish a link between the degree of regional cortical myelination and the expression of high-frequency responses in the human sensorimotor cortex, giving further the opportunity to infer their generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Tomasevic
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University, Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University, Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Fredriksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University, Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pontillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Italy.
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Input rate encoding and gain control in dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110382. [PMID: 35172157 PMCID: PMC8967317 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how neurons encode network activity is essential to understanding how the brain processes information. Neocortical pyramidal cells receive excitatory input onto spines distributed along dendritic branches. Local dendritic branch nonlinearities can boost the response to spatially clustered and synchronous input, but how this translates into the integration of patterns of ongoing activity remains unclear. To examine dendritic integration under naturalistic stimulus regimes, we use two-photon glutamate uncaging to repeatedly activate multiple dendritic spines at random intervals. In the proximal dendrites of two populations of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse motor cortex, spatially restricted synchrony is not a prerequisite for dendritic boosting. Branches encode afferent inputs with distinct rate sensitivities depending upon cell and branch type. Thus, inputs distributed along a dendritic branch can recruit supralinear boosting and the window of this nonlinearity may provide a mechanism by which dendrites can preferentially amplify slow-frequency network oscillations.
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Liu Y, Foustoukos G, Crochet S, Petersen CC. Axonal and Dendritic Morphology of Excitatory Neurons in Layer 2/3 Mouse Barrel Cortex Imaged Through Whole-Brain Two-Photon Tomography and Registered to a Digital Brain Atlas. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:791015. [PMID: 35145380 PMCID: PMC8821665 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.791015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cortical areas contributes importantly to sensory perception and cognition. On the millisecond time scale, information is signaled from one brain area to another by action potentials propagating across long-range axonal arborizations. Here, we develop and test methodology for imaging and annotating the brain-wide axonal arborizations of individual excitatory layer 2/3 neurons in mouse barrel cortex through single-cell electroporation and two-photon serial section tomography followed by registration to a digital brain atlas. Each neuron had an extensive local axon within the barrel cortex. In addition, individual neurons innervated subsets of secondary somatosensory cortex; primary somatosensory cortex for upper limb, trunk, and lower limb; primary and secondary motor cortex; visual and auditory cortical regions; dorsolateral striatum; and various fiber bundles. In the future, it will be important to assess if the diversity of axonal projections across individual layer 2/3 mouse barrel cortex neurons is accompanied by functional differences in their activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carl C.H. Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Peng H, Xie P, Liu L, Kuang X, Wang Y, Qu L, Gong H, Jiang S, Li A, Ruan Z, Ding L, Yao Z, Chen C, Chen M, Daigle TL, Dalley R, Ding Z, Duan Y, Feiner A, He P, Hill C, Hirokawa KE, Hong G, Huang L, Kebede S, Kuo HC, Larsen R, Lesnar P, Li L, Li Q, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liu A, Lu D, Mok S, Ng L, Nguyen TN, Ouyang Q, Pan J, Shen E, Song Y, Sunkin SM, Tasic B, Veldman MB, Wakeman W, Wan W, Wang P, Wang Q, Wang T, Wang Y, Xiong F, Xiong W, Xu W, Ye M, Yin L, Yu Y, Yuan J, Yuan J, Yun Z, Zeng S, Zhang S, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Huang ZJ, Esposito L, Hawrylycz MJ, Sorensen SA, Yang XW, Zheng Y, Gu Z, Xie W, Koch C, Luo Q, Harris JA, Wang Y, Zeng H. Morphological diversity of single neurons in molecularly defined cell types. Nature 2021; 598:174-181. [PMID: 34616072 PMCID: PMC8494643 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic and axonal morphology reflects the input and output of neurons and is a defining feature of neuronal types1,2, yet our knowledge of its diversity remains limited. Here, to systematically examine complete single-neuron morphologies on a brain-wide scale, we established a pipeline encompassing sparse labelling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration and analysis. We fully reconstructed 1,741 neurons from cortex, claustrum, thalamus, striatum and other brain regions in mice. We identified 11 major projection neuron types with distinct morphological features and corresponding transcriptomic identities. Extensive projectional diversity was found within each of these major types, on the basis of which some types were clustered into more refined subtypes. This diversity follows a set of generalizable principles that govern long-range axonal projections at different levels, including molecular correspondence, divergent or convergent projection, axon termination pattern, regional specificity, topography, and individual cell variability. Although clear concordance with transcriptomic profiles is evident at the level of major projection type, fine-grained morphological diversity often does not readily correlate with transcriptomic subtypes derived from unsupervised clustering, highlighting the need for single-cell cross-modality studies. Overall, our study demonstrates the crucial need for quantitative description of complete single-cell anatomy in cell-type classification, as single-cell morphological diversity reveals a plethora of ways in which different cell types and their individual members may contribute to the configuration and function of their respective circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchuan Peng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuli Kuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengdian Jiang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Zongcai Ruan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengya Chen
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Zhangcan Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Duan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aaron Feiner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ping He
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Hill
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guodong Hong
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sara Kebede
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - An Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thuc Nghi Nguyen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qiang Ouyang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Pan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Elise Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Matthew B Veldman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Wan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Ye
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu Yin
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jia Yuan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhixi Yun
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sujun Zhao
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhongze Gu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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13
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Varani S, Vecchia D, Zucca S, Forli A, Fellin T. Stimulus Feature-Specific Control of Layer 2/3 Subthreshold Whisker Responses by Layer 4 in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1419-1436. [PMID: 34448808 PMCID: PMC8971086 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the barrel field of the rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1bf), excitatory cells in layer 2/3 (L2/3) display sparse firing but reliable subthreshold response during whisker stimulation. Subthreshold responses encode specific features of the sensory stimulus, for example, the direction of whisker deflection. According to the canonical model for the flow of sensory information across cortical layers, activity in L2/3 is driven by layer 4 (L4). However, L2/3 cells receive excitatory inputs from other regions, raising the possibility that L4 partially drives L2/3 during whisker stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we combined patch-clamp recordings from L2/3 pyramidal neurons in S1bf with selective optogenetic inhibition of L4 during passive whisker stimulation in both anesthetized and awake head-restrained mice. We found that L4 optogenetic inhibition did not abolish the subthreshold whisker-evoked response nor it affected spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations of L2/3 neurons. However, L4 optogenetic inhibition decreased L2/3 subthreshold responses to whisker deflections in the preferred direction, and it increased L2/3 responses to stimuli in the nonpreferred direction, leading to a change in the direction tuning. Our results contribute to reveal the circuit mechanisms underlying the processing of sensory information in the rodent S1bf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Varani
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Forli
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
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14
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de Kock CPJ, Pie J, Pieneman AW, Mease RA, Bast A, Guest JM, Oberlaender M, Mansvelder HD, Sakmann B. High-frequency burst spiking in layer 5 thick-tufted pyramids of rat primary somatosensory cortex encodes exploratory touch. Commun Biol 2021; 4:709. [PMID: 34112934 PMCID: PMC8192911 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity of cell-types that collectively shape the cortical microcircuit ensures the necessary computational richness to orchestrate a wide variety of behaviors. The information content embedded in spiking activity of identified cell-types remain unclear to a large extent. Here, we recorded spike responses upon whisker touch of anatomically identified excitatory cell-types in primary somatosensory cortex in naive, untrained rats. We find major differences across layers and cell-types. The temporal structure of spontaneous spiking contains high-frequency bursts (≥100 Hz) in all morphological cell-types but a significant increase upon whisker touch is restricted to layer L5 thick-tufted pyramids (L5tts) and thus provides a distinct neurophysiological signature. We find that whisker touch can also be decoded from L5tt bursting, but not from other cell-types. We observed high-frequency bursts in L5tts projecting to different subcortical regions, including thalamus, midbrain and brainstem. We conclude that bursts in L5tts allow accurate coding and decoding of exploratory whisker touch. In order to investigate the information encoded by spiking activity in different neuronal cell types in the primary somatosensory cortex, de Kock et al performed electrophysiological recordings in untrained rats. They demonstrated that an increase in high-frequency burst spiking in thick tufted pyramids in layer 5 of the cortex allow accurate encoding of exploratory whisker touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Pie
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton W Pieneman
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca A Mease
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arco Bast
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jason M Guest
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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15
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Sokpor G, Rosenbusch J, Kunwar AJ, Rickmann M, Tuoc T, Rizzoli SO, Tarabykin V, von Mollard GF, Krieglstein K, Staiger JF. Ablation of Vti1a/1b Triggers Neural Progenitor Pool Depletion and Cortical Layer 5 Malformation in Late-embryonic Mouse Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 463:303-316. [PMID: 33774122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical morphogenesis entails several neurobiological events, including proliferation and differentiation of progenitors, migration of neuroblasts, and neuronal maturation leading to functional neural circuitry. These neurodevelopmental processes are delicately regulated by many factors. Endosomal SNAREs have emerged as formidable modulators of neuronal growth, aside their well-known function in membrane/vesicular trafficking. However, our understanding of their influence on cortex formation is limited. Here, we report that the SNAREs Vti1a and Vti1b (Vti1a/1b) are critical for proper cortical development. Following null mutation of Vti1a/1b in mouse, the late-embryonic mutant cortex appeared dysgenic, and the cortical progenitors therein were depleted beyond normal. Notably, cortical layer 5 (L5) is distinctively disorganized in the absence of Vti1a/1b. The latter defect, coupled with an overt apoptosis of Ctip2-expressing L5 neurons, likely contributed to the substantial loss of corticospinal and callosal projections in the Vti1a/1b-deficient mouse brain. These findings suggest that Vti1a/1b serve key neurodevelopmental functions during cortical histogenesis, which when mechanistically elucidated, can lend clarity to how endosomal SNAREs regulate brain development, or how their dysfunction may have implications for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ajaya J Kunwar
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Michael Rickmann
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Centre, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novogorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Burns TF, Rajan R. Sensing and processing whisker deflections in rodents. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10730. [PMID: 33665005 PMCID: PMC7906041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of sensory information mainly flowing into barrel cortex at layer IV, moving up for complex feature processing and lateral interactions in layers II and III, then down to layers V and VI for output and corticothalamic feedback is becoming increasingly undermined by new evidence. We review the neurophysiology of sensing and processing whisker deflections, emphasizing the general processing and organisational principles present along the entire sensory pathway—from the site of physical deflection at the whiskers to the encoding of deflections in the barrel cortex. Many of these principles support the classical view. However, we also highlight the growing number of exceptions to these general principles, which complexify the system and which investigators should be mindful of when interpreting their results. We identify gaps in the literature for experimentalists and theorists to investigate, not just to better understand whisker sensation but also to better understand sensory and cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Burns
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Canty AJ, Jackson JS, Huang L, Trabalza A, Bass C, Little G, Tortora M, Khan S, De Paola V. In vivo imaging of injured cortical axons reveals a rapid onset form of Wallerian degeneration. BMC Biol 2020; 18:170. [PMID: 33208154 PMCID: PMC7677840 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread occurrence of axon and synaptic loss in the injured and diseased nervous system, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key degenerative processes remain incompletely understood. Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a tightly regulated form of axon loss after injury, which has been intensively studied in large myelinated fibre tracts of the spinal cord, optic nerve and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Fewer studies, however, have focused on WD in the complex neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain, and these were mainly based on conventional endpoint histological methods. Post-mortem analysis, however, cannot capture the exact sequence of events nor can it evaluate the influence of elaborated arborisation and synaptic architecture on the degeneration process, due to the non-synchronous and variable nature of WD across individual axons. Results To gain a comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of WD in the nervous system, we identify the factors that regulate WD within the mouse cerebral cortex. We combined single-axon-resolution multiphoton imaging with laser microsurgery through a cranial window and a fluorescent membrane reporter. Longitudinal imaging of > 150 individually injured excitatory cortical axons revealed a threshold length below which injured axons consistently underwent a rapid-onset form of WD (roWD). roWD started on average 20 times earlier and was executed 3 times slower than WD described in other regions of the nervous system. Cortical axon WD and roWD were dependent on synaptic density, but independent of axon complexity. Finally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations showed that a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent pathway could delay cortical roWD independent of transcription in the damaged neurons, demonstrating further conservation of the molecular mechanisms controlling WD in different areas of the mammalian nervous system. Conclusions Our data illustrate how in vivo time-lapse imaging can provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of axon loss and assess therapeutic interventions in the injured mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Canty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Johanna Sara Jackson
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lieven Huang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Trabalza
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cher Bass
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham Little
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Tortora
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shabana Khan
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vincenzo De Paola
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Cheung JA, Maire P, Kim J, Lee K, Flynn G, Hires SA. Independent representations of self-motion and object location in barrel cortex output. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000882. [PMID: 33141817 PMCID: PMC7665803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During active tactile exploration, the dynamic patterns of touch are transduced to electrical signals and transformed by the brain into a mental representation of the object under investigation. This transformation from sensation to perception is thought to be a major function of the mammalian cortex. In primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice, layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons are major outputs to downstream areas that influence perception, decision-making, and motor control. We investigated self-motion and touch representations in L5 of S1 with juxtacellular loose-seal patch recordings of optogenetically identified excitatory neurons. We found that during rhythmic whisker movement, 54 of 115 active neurons (47%) represented self-motion. This population was significantly more modulated by whisker angle than by phase. Upon active touch, a distinct pattern of activity was evoked across L5, which represented the whisker angle at the time of touch. Object location was decodable with submillimeter precision from the touch-evoked spike counts of a randomly sampled handful of these neurons. These representations of whisker angle during self-motion and touch were independent, both in the selection of which neurons were active and in the angle-tuning preference of coactive neurons. Thus, the output of S1 transiently shifts from a representation of self-motion to an independent representation of explored object location during active touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Andrew Cheung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip Maire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kiana Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Garrett Flynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Andrew Hires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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19
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Kanari L, Ramaswamy S, Shi Y, Morand S, Meystre J, Perin R, Abdellah M, Wang Y, Hess K, Markram H. Objective Morphological Classification of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1719-1735. [PMID: 30715238 PMCID: PMC6418396 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus on the number of morphologically different types of pyramidal cells (PCs) in the neocortex has not yet been reached, despite over a century of anatomical studies, due to the lack of agreement on the subjective classifications of neuron types, which is based on expert analyses of neuronal morphologies. Even for neurons that are visually distinguishable, there is no common ground to consistently define morphological types. The objective classification of PCs can be achieved with methods from algebraic topology, and the dendritic arborization is sufficient for the reliable identification of distinct types of cortical PCs. Therefore, we objectively identify 17 types of PCs in the rat somatosensory cortex. In addition, we provide a solution to the challenging problem of whether 2 similar neurons belong to different types or to a continuum of the same type. Our topological classification does not require expert input, is stable, and helps settle the long-standing debate on whether cell-types are discrete or continuous morphological variations of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ying Shi
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Morand
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Meystre
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Perin
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hess
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Bahia CP, Vianna-Barbosa RJ, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R. Terminal Arbors of Callosal Axons Undergo Plastic Changes in Early-Amputated Rats. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1460-1472. [PMID: 30873555 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory information is processed in specific brain regions, and shared between the cerebral hemispheres by axons that cross the midline through the corpus callosum. However, sensory deprivation usually causes sensory losses and/or functional changes. This is the case of people who suffered limb amputation and show changes of body map organization within the somatosensory cortex (S1) of the deafferented cerebral hemisphere (contralateral to the amputated limb), as well as in the afferented hemisphere (ipsilateral to the amputated limb). Although several studies have approached these functional changes, the possible finer morphological alterations, such as those occurring in callosal axons, still remain unknown. The present work combined histochemistry, single-axon tracing and 3D microscopy to analyze the fine morphological changes that occur in callosal axons of the forepaw representation in early amputated rats. We showed that the forepaw representation in S1 was reduced in the deafferented hemisphere and expanded in the afferented side. Accordingly, after amputation, callosal axons originating from the deafferented cortex undergo an expansion of their terminal arbors with increased number of terminal boutons within the homotopic representation at the afferented cerebral hemisphere. Similar microscale structural changes may underpin the macroscale morphological and functional phenomena that characterize limb amputation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlomagno Pacheco Bahia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.,Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém (PA), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Jorge Vianna-Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.,D'Or Institute of Research and Education, CEP 22281-100 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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22
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Goshadrou F, Sadeghi B. Nucleus basalis of Meynert modulates signal processing in rat layer 5 somatosensory cortex but leads to memory impairment and tactile discrimination deficits following lesion. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Thompson CH, Riggins TE, Patel PR, Chestek CA, Li W, Purcell E. Toward guiding principles for the design of biologically-integrated electrodes for the central nervous system. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:021001. [PMID: 31986501 PMCID: PMC7523527 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in electrode design has produced a myriad of new and creative strategies for interfacing the nervous system with softer, less invasive, more broadly distributed sites with high spatial resolution. However, despite rapid growth in the use of implanted electrode arrays in research and clinical applications, there are no broadly accepted guiding principles for the design of biocompatible chronic recording interfaces in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies suggest that the architecture and flexibility of devices play important roles in determining effective tissue integration: device feature dimensions (varying from 'sub'- to 'supra'-cellular scales, <10 µm to >100 µm), Young's modulus, and bending modulus have all been identified as key features of design. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in the field with respect to the underlying motivation for these designs: (1) a systematic study of the relationship between device design features (materials, architecture, flexibility), biointegration, and signal quality needs to be performed, including controls for interaction effects between design features, (2) benchmarks for success need to be determined (biological integration, recording performance, longevity, stability), and (3) user results, particularly those that champion a specific design or electrode modification, need to be replicated across laboratories. Finally, the ancillary effects of factors such as tethering, site impedance and insertion method need to be considered. Here, we briefly review observations to-date of device design effects on tissue integration and performance, and then highlight the need for comprehensive and systematic testing of these effects moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort H Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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24
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Regulation of Recurrent Inhibition by Asynchronous Glutamate Release in Neocortex. Neuron 2020; 105:522-533.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Olivares-Moreno R, López-Hidalgo M, Altamirano-Espinoza A, González-Gallardo A, Antaramian A, Lopez-Virgen V, Rojas-Piloni G. Mouse corticospinal system comprises different functional neuronal ensembles depending on their hodology. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 31547806 PMCID: PMC6757377 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement performance depends on the synaptic interactions generated by coherent parallel sensorimotor cortical outputs to different downstream targets. The major outputs of the neocortex to subcortical structures are driven by pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) located in layer 5B. One of the main targets of PTNs is the spinal cord through the corticospinal (CS) system, which is formed by a complex collection of distinct CS circuits. However, little is known about intracortical synaptic interactions that originate CS commands and how different populations of CS neurons are functionally organized. To further understand the functional organization of the CS system, we analyzed the activity of unambiguously identified CS neurons projecting to different zones of the same spinal cord segment using two-photon calcium imaging and retrograde neuronal tracers. RESULTS Sensorimotor cortex slices obtained from transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6 funder the Thy1 promoter were used to analyze the spontaneous calcium transients in layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Distinct subgroups of CS neurons projecting to dorsal horn and ventral areas of the same segment show more synchronous activity between them than with other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CS neurons projecting to different spinal cord zones segregated into functional ensembles depending on their hodology, suggesting that a modular organization of CS outputs controls sensorimotor behaviors in a coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Olivares-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mónica López-Hidalgo
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Juriquilla, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alain Altamirano-Espinoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Adriana González-Gallardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Anaid Antaramian
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Verónica Lopez-Virgen
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Rojas-Piloni
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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26
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Winnubst J, Bas E, Ferreira TA, Wu Z, Economo MN, Edson P, Arthur BJ, Bruns C, Rokicki K, Schauder D, Olbris DJ, Murphy SD, Ackerman DG, Arshadi C, Baldwin P, Blake R, Elsayed A, Hasan M, Ramirez D, Dos Santos B, Weldon M, Zafar A, Dudman JT, Gerfen CR, Hantman AW, Korff W, Sternson SM, Spruston N, Svoboda K, Chandrashekar J. Reconstruction of 1,000 Projection Neurons Reveals New Cell Types and Organization of Long-Range Connectivity in the Mouse Brain. Cell 2019; 179:268-281.e13. [PMID: 31495573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cell types are the nodes of neural circuits that determine the flow of information within the brain. Neuronal morphology, especially the shape of the axonal arbor, provides an essential descriptor of cell type and reveals how individual neurons route their output across the brain. Despite the importance of morphology, few projection neurons in the mouse brain have been reconstructed in their entirety. Here we present a robust and efficient platform for imaging and reconstructing complete neuronal morphologies, including axonal arbors that span substantial portions of the brain. We used this platform to reconstruct more than 1,000 projection neurons in the motor cortex, thalamus, subiculum, and hypothalamus. Together, the reconstructed neurons constitute more than 85 meters of axonal length and are available in a searchable online database. Axonal shapes revealed previously unknown subtypes of projection neurons and suggest organizational principles of long-range connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Winnubst
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Erhan Bas
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tiago A Ferreira
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael N Economo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Ben J Arthur
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Christopher Bruns
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Konrad Rokicki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Schauder
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Donald J Olbris
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sean D Murphy
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David G Ackerman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cameron Arshadi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Perry Baldwin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Regina Blake
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ahmad Elsayed
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Mashtura Hasan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Bruno Dos Santos
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Monet Weldon
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Amina Zafar
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adam W Hantman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nelson Spruston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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Abstract
Tactile sensory information from facial whiskers provides nocturnal tunnel-dwelling rodents, including mice and rats, with important spatial and textural information about their immediate surroundings. Whiskers are moved back and forth to scan the environment (whisking), and touch signals from each whisker evoke sparse patterns of neuronal activity in whisker-related primary somatosensory cortex (wS1; barrel cortex). Whisking is accompanied by desynchronized brain states and cell-type-specific changes in spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity. Tactile information, including object texture and location, appears to be computed in wS1 through integration of motor and sensory signals. wS1 also directly controls whisker movements and contributes to learned, whisker-dependent, goal-directed behaviours. The cell-type-specific neuronal circuitry in wS1 that contributes to whisker sensory perception is beginning to be defined.
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28
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Functional Architecture and Encoding of Tactile Sensorimotor Behavior in Rat Posterior Parietal Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7332-7343. [PMID: 31332000 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0693-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in rodents is reciprocally connected to primary somatosensory and vibrissal motor cortices. The PPC neuronal circuitry could thus encode and potentially integrate incoming somatosensory information and whisker motor output. However, the information encoded across PPC layers during refined sensorimotor behavior remains largely unknown. To uncover the sensorimotor features represented in PPC during voluntary whisking and object touch, we performed loose-patch single-unit recordings and extracellular recordings of ensemble activity, covering all layers of PPC in anesthetized and awake, behaving male rats. First, using single-cell receptive field mapping, we revealed the presence of coarse somatotopy along the mediolateral axis in PPC. Second, we found that spiking activity was modulated during exploratory whisking in layers 2-4 and layer 6, but not in layer 5 of awake, behaving rats. Population spiking activity preceded actual movement, and whisker trajectory endpoints could be decoded by population spiking, suggesting that PPC is involved in movement planning. Finally, population spiking activity further increased in response to active whisker touch but only in PPC layers 2-4. Thus, we find layer-specific processing, which emphasizes the computational role of PPC during whisker sensorimotor behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to merge information on motor output and sensory input to orchestrate interaction with the environment, but the function of different PPC microcircuit components is poorly understood. We recorded neuronal activity in rat PPC during sensorimotor behavior involving motor and sensory pathways. We uncovered that PPC layers have dedicated function: motor and sensory information is merged in layers 2-4; layer 6 predominantly represents motor information. Collectively, PPC activity predicts future motor output, thus entailing a motor plan. Our results are important for understanding how PPC computationally processes motor output and sensory input. This understanding may facilitate decoding of brain activity when using brain-machine interfaces to overcome loss of function after, for instance, spinal cord injury.
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29
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Wester JC, Mahadevan V, Rhodes CT, Calvigioni D, Venkatesh S, Maric D, Hunt S, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Petros TJ, McBain CJ. Neocortical Projection Neurons Instruct Inhibitory Interneuron Circuit Development in a Lineage-Dependent Manner. Neuron 2019; 102:960-975.e6. [PMID: 31027966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neocortical circuits consist of stereotypical motifs that must self-assemble during development. Recent evidence suggests that the subtype identity of both excitatory projection neurons (PNs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs) is important for this process. We knocked out the transcription factor Satb2 in PNs to induce those of the intratelencephalic (IT) type to adopt a pyramidal tract (PT)-type identity. Loss of IT-type PNs selectively disrupted the lamination and circuit integration of INs derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). Strikingly, reprogrammed PNs demonstrated reduced synaptic targeting of CGE-derived INs relative to controls. In control mice, IT-type PNs targeted neighboring CGE INs, while PT-type PNs did not in deep layers, confirming this lineage-dependent motif. Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that major CGE IN subtypes were conserved after loss of IT PNs, but with differential transcription of synaptic proteins and signaling molecules. Thus, IT-type PNs influence CGE-derived INs in a non-cell-autonomous manner during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Wester
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vivek Mahadevan
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher T Rhodes
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniela Calvigioni
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanan Venkatesh
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven Hunt
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chris J McBain
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Enander JM, Jörntell H. Somatosensory Cortical Neurons Decode Tactile Input Patterns and Location from Both Dominant and Non-dominant Digits. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3551-3560.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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31
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Koizumi K, Inoue M, Chowdhury S, Bito H, Yamanaka A, Ishizuka T, Yawo H. Functional emergence of a column-like architecture in layer 5 of mouse somatosensory cortex in vivo. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:65-77. [PMID: 29761270 PMCID: PMC10716991 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate how the functional architecture is organized in layer 5 (L5) of the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo, the input-output relationship was investigated using an all-optical approach. The neural activity in L5 was optically recorded using a Ca2+ sensor, R-CaMP2, through a microprism inserted in the cortex under two-photon microscopy, while the L5 was regionally excited using optogenetics. The excitability was spread around the blue-light irradiated region, but the horizontal propagation was limited to within a certain distance (λ < 130 μm from the center of the illumination spot). When two regions were photostimulated with a short interval, the excitability of each cluster was reduced. Therefore, a column-like architecture had functionally emerged with reciprocal inhibition through a minimal number of synaptic relays. This could generate a synchronous output from a region of L5 with simultaneous enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio by silencing of the neighboring regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Koizumi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Srikanta Chowdhury
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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32
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Wang Y, Ye M, Kuang X, Li Y, Hu S. A simplified morphological classification scheme for pyramidal cells in six layers of primary somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:74-90. [PMID: 30450442 PMCID: PMC6222978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of neurons in the neocortex are excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs). Many systematic classification schemes have been proposed based the neuronal morphology, the chemical composition, and the synaptic connectivity, etc. Recently, a cortical column of primary somatosensory cortex (SSC) has been reconstruction and functionally simulated (Markram et al., 2015). Putting forward from this study, here we proposed a simplified classification scheme for PCs in all layers of the SSC by mainly identifying apical dendritic morphology based on a large data set of 3D neuron reconstructions. We used this scheme to classify three types in layer 2, two in layer 3, three in layer 4, four in layer 5, and six types in layer 6. These PC types were visually distinguished and confirmed by quantitative differences in their morphometric properties. The classes yielded using this scheme largely corresponded with PC classes that were defined previously based on other neuronal and synaptic properties such as long-range projects and synaptic innervations, further validating its applicability. Therefore, the morphology information of apical dendrites is sufficient for a simple scheme to classify a spectrum of anatomical types of PCs in the SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Ye
- School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Kuang
- School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shisi Hu
- School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Deitcher Y, Eyal G, Kanari L, Verhoog MB, Atenekeng Kahou GA, Mansvelder HD, de Kock CPJ, Segev I. Comprehensive Morpho-Electrotonic Analysis Shows 2 Distinct Classes of L2 and L3 Pyramidal Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5398-5414. [PMID: 28968789 PMCID: PMC5939232 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been few quantitative characterizations of the morphological, biophysical, and cable properties of neurons in the human neocortex. We employed feature-based statistical methods on a rare data set of 60 3D reconstructed pyramidal neurons from L2 and L3 in the human temporal cortex (HL2/L3 PCs) removed after brain surgery. Of these cells, 25 neurons were also characterized physiologically. Thirty-two morphological features were analyzed (e.g., dendritic surface area, 36 333 ± 18 157 μm2; number of basal trees, 5.55 ± 1.47; dendritic diameter, 0.76 ± 0.28 μm). Eighteen features showed a significant gradual increase with depth from the pia (e.g., dendritic length and soma radius). The other features showed weak or no correlation with depth (e.g., dendritic diameter). The basal dendritic terminals in HL2/L3 PCs are particularly elongated, enabling multiple nonlinear processing units in these dendrites. Unlike the morphological features, the active biophysical features (e.g., spike shapes and rates) and passive/cable features (e.g., somatic input resistance, 47.68 ± 15.26 MΩ, membrane time constant, 12.03 ± 1.79 ms, average dendritic cable length, 0.99 ± 0.24) were depth-independent. A novel descriptor for apical dendritic topology yielded 2 distinct classes, termed hereby as “slim-tufted” and “profuse-tufted” HL2/L3 PCs; the latter class tends to fire at higher rates. Thus, our morpho-electrotonic analysis shows 2 distinct classes of HL2/L3 PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Deitcher
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Guy Eyal
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Chemin de Mines, 9, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Matthijs B Verhoog
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam NL-1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Antoine Atenekeng Kahou
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Chemin de Mines, 9, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam NL-1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam NL-1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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34
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Yamashita T, Vavladeli A, Pala A, Galan K, Crochet S, Petersen SSA, Petersen CCH. Diverse Long-Range Axonal Projections of Excitatory Layer 2/3 Neurons in Mouse Barrel Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29765308 PMCID: PMC5938399 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory projection neurons of the neocortex are thought to play important roles in perceptual and cognitive functions of the brain by directly connecting diverse cortical and subcortical areas. However, many aspects of the anatomical organization of these inter-areal connections are unknown. Here, we studied long-range axonal projections of excitatory layer 2/3 neurons with cell bodies located in mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1). As a population, these neurons densely projected to secondary whisker somatosensory cortex (wS2) and primary/secondary whisker motor cortex (wM1/2), with additional axon in the dysgranular zone surrounding the barrel field, perirhinal temporal association cortex and striatum. In three-dimensional reconstructions of 6 individual wS2-projecting neurons and 9 individual wM1/2-projecting neurons, we found that both classes of neurons had extensive local axon in layers 2/3 and 5 of wS1. Neurons projecting to wS2 did not send axon to wM1/2, whereas a small subset of wM1/2-projecting neurons had relatively weak projections to wS2. A small fraction of projection neurons solely targeted wS2 or wM1/2. However, axon collaterals from wS2-projecting and wM1/2-projecting neurons were typically also found in subsets of various additional areas, including the dysgranular zone, perirhinal temporal association cortex and striatum. Our data suggest extensive diversity in the axonal targets selected by individual nearby cortical long-range projection neurons with somata located in layer 2/3 of wS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Angeliki Vavladeli
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pala
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katia Galan
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Crochet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara S A Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Radnikow G, Feldmeyer D. Layer- and Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Excitatory Neuronal Activity in the Neocortex. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29440997 PMCID: PMC5797542 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From an anatomical point of view the neocortex is subdivided into up to six layers depending on the cortical area. This subdivision has been described already by Meynert and Brodmann in the late 19/early 20. century and is mainly based on cytoarchitectonic features such as the size and location of the pyramidal cell bodies. Hence, cortical lamination is originally an anatomical concept based on the distribution of excitatory neuron. However, it has become apparent in recent years that apart from the layer-specific differences in morphological features, many functional properties of neurons are also dependent on cortical layer or cell type. Such functional differences include changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic activity by neuromodulatory transmitters. Many of these neuromodulators are released from axonal afferents from subcortical brain regions while others are released intrinsically. In this review we aim to describe layer- and cell-type specific differences in the effects of neuromodulator receptors in excitatory neurons in layers 2–6 of different cortical areas. We will focus on the neuromodulator systems using adenosine, acetylcholine, dopamine, and orexin/hypocretin as examples because these neuromodulator systems show important differences in receptor type and distribution, mode of release and functional mechanisms and effects. We try to summarize how layer- and cell type-specific neuromodulation may affect synaptic signaling in cortical microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Radnikow
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-10, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-10, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
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36
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Bohannon AS, Hablitz JJ. Developmental Changes in HCN Channel Modulation of Neocortical Layer 1 Interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:20. [PMID: 29440994 PMCID: PMC5797556 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer 1 (L1) interneurons (INs) play a key role in modulating the integration of inputs to pyramidal neurons (PNs) and controlling cortical network activity. Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated, non-specific cation (HCN) channels are known to alter the intrinsic and synaptic excitability of principal components (PCs) as well as select populations of GABAergic INs. However, the developmental profile and functional role of HCN channels in diverse L1 IN populations is not completely understood. In the present study, we used electrophysiological characterization, in conjunction with unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis, to examine developmental modulation of L1 INs by HCN channels in the rat medial agranular cortex (AGm). We identified three physiologically discrete IN populations which were classified as regular spiking (RS), burst accommodating (BA) and non-accommodating (NA). A distinct developmental pattern of excitability modulation by HCN channels was observed for each group. RS and NA cells displayed distinct morphologies with modulation of EPSPs increasing in RS cells and decreasing in NA cells across development. The results indicate a possible role of HCN channels in the formation and maintenance of cortical circuits through alteration of the excitability of distinct AGm L1 INs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bohannon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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37
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Toloza EHS, Negahbani E, Fröhlich F. I h interacts with somato-dendritic structure to determine frequency response to weak alternating electric field stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:1029-1036. [PMID: 29187553 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00541.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial current stimulation (tCS) modulates brain dynamics using weak electric fields. Given the pathological changes in brain network oscillations in neurological and psychiatric illnesses, using alternating electric field waveforms that engage rhythmic activity has been proposed as a targeted, network-level treatment approach. Previous studies have investigated the effects of electric fields at the neuronal level. However, the biophysical basis of the cellular response to electric fields has remained limited. Here, we characterized the frequency-dependent response of different compartments in a layer V pyramidal neuron to exogenous electric fields to dissect the relative contributions of voltage-gated ion channels and neuronal morphology. Hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) in the distal dendrites was the primary ionic mechanism shaping the model's response to electric field stimulation and caused subthreshold resonance in the tuft at 20 ± 4 Hz. In contrast, subthreshold Ih-mediated resonance in response to local sinusoidal current injection was present in all model compartments at 11 ± 2 Hz. The frequencies of both resonance responses were modulated by Ih conductance density. We found that the difference in resonance frequency between the two stimulation types can be explained by the fact that exogenous electric fields simultaneously polarize the membrane potentials at the distal ends of the neuron (relative to field direction) in opposite directions. Our results highlight the role of Ih in shaping the cellular response to electric field stimulation and suggest that the common model of tCS as a weak somatic current injection fails to capture the cellular effects of electric field stimulation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Modulation of cortical oscillation by brain stimulation serves as a tool to understand the causal role of network oscillations in behavior and is a potential treatment modality that engages impaired network oscillations in disorders of the central nervous system. To develop targeted stimulation paradigms, cellular-level effects must be understood. We demonstrate that hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) and cell morphology cooperatively shape the response to applied alternating electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique H S Toloza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ehsan Negahbani
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North, Carolina.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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38
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Salatino JW, Ludwig KA, Kozai TDY, Purcell EK. Glial responses to implanted electrodes in the brain. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:862-877. [PMID: 30505625 PMCID: PMC6261524 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of implants that can electrically stimulate or record electrophysiological or neurochemical activity in nervous tissue is rapidly expanding. Despite remarkable results in clinical studies and increasing market approvals, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of neuroprosthetic and neuromodulation devices, as well as their side effects and reasons for their failure, remain poorly understood. A major assumption has been that the signal-generating neurons are the only important target cells of neural-interface technologies. However, recent evidence indicates that the supporting glial cells remodel the structure and function of neuronal networks and are an effector of stimulation-based therapy. Here, we reframe the traditional view of glia as a passive barrier, and discuss their role as an active determinant of the outcomes of device implantation. We also discuss the implications that this has on the development of bioelectronic medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Salatino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Takashi D. Y. Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neurotech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin K. Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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39
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Narayanan RT, Udvary D, Oberlaender M. Cell Type-Specific Structural Organization of the Six Layers in Rat Barrel Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 29081739 PMCID: PMC5645532 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoarchitectonic subdivision of the neocortex into six layers is often used to describe the organization of the cortical circuitry, sensory-evoked signal flow or cortical functions. However, each layer comprises neuronal cell types that have different genetic, functional and/or structural properties. Here, we reanalyze structural data from some of our recent work in the posterior-medial barrel-subfield of the vibrissal part of rat primary somatosensory cortex (vS1). We quantify the degree to which somata, dendrites and axons of the 10 major excitatory cell types of the cortex are distributed with respect to the cytoarchitectonic organization of vS1. We show that within each layer, somata of multiple cell types intermingle, but that each cell type displays dendrite and axon distributions that are aligned to specific cytoarchitectonic landmarks. The resultant quantification of the structural composition of each layer in terms of the cell type-specific number of somata, dendritic and axonal path lengths will aid future studies to bridge between layer- and cell type-specific analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeevan T Narayanan
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Udvary
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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40
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Rojas-Piloni G, Guest JM, Egger R, Johnson AS, Sakmann B, Oberlaender M. Relationships between structure, in vivo function and long-range axonal target of cortical pyramidal tract neurons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:870. [PMID: 29021587 PMCID: PMC5636900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal tract neurons (PTs) represent the major output cell type of the neocortex. To investigate principles of how the results of cortical processing are broadcasted to different downstream targets thus requires experimental approaches, which provide access to the in vivo electrophysiology of PTs, whose subcortical target regions are identified. On the example of rat barrel cortex (vS1), we illustrate that retrograde tracer injections into multiple subcortical structures allow identifying the long-range axonal targets of individual in vivo recorded PTs. Here we report that soma depth and dendritic path lengths within each cortical layer of vS1, as well as spiking patterns during both periods of ongoing activity and during sensory stimulation, reflect the respective subcortical target regions of PTs. We show that these cellular properties result in a structure-function parameter space that allows predicting a PT's subcortical target region, without the need to inject multiple retrograde tracers.The major output cell type of the neocortex - pyramidal tract neurons (PTs) - send axonal projections to various subcortical areas. Here the authors combined in vivo recordings, retrograde tracings, and reconstructions of PTs in rat somatosensory cortex to show that PT structure and activity can predict specific subcortical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Rojas-Piloni
- Digital Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience, 1 Max-Planck-Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Jason M Guest
- Digital Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience, 1 Max-Planck-Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175, Germany.,Bernstein Group: Computational Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38-44, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Robert Egger
- Bernstein Group: Computational Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38-44, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Andrew S Johnson
- Digital Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience, 1 Max-Planck-Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Digital Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience, 1 Max-Planck-Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Digital Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience, 1 Max-Planck-Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175, Germany. .,Bernstein Group: Computational Neuroanatomy, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38-44, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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41
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Sakmann B. From single cells and single columns to cortical networks: dendritic excitability, coincidence detection and synaptic transmission in brain slices and brains. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:489-521. [PMID: 28139019 PMCID: PMC5435930 DOI: 10.1113/ep085776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although patch pipettes were initially designed to record extracellularly the elementary current events from muscle and neuron membranes, the whole-cell and loose cell-attached recording configurations proved to be useful tools for examination of signalling within and between nerve cells. In this Paton Prize Lecture, I will initially summarize work on electrical signalling within single neurons, describing communication between the dendritic compartments, soma and nerve terminals via forward- and backward-propagating action potentials. The newly discovered dendritic excitability endows neurons with the capacity for coincidence detection of spatially separated subthreshold inputs. When these are occurring during a time window of tens of milliseconds, this information is broadcast to other cells by the initiation of bursts of action potentials (AP bursts). The occurrence of AP bursts critically impacts signalling between neurons that are controlled by target-cell-specific transmitter release mechanisms at downstream synapses even in different terminals of the same neuron. This can, in turn, induce mechanisms that underly synaptic plasticity when AP bursts occur within a short time window, both presynaptically in terminals and postsynaptically in dendrites. A fundamental question that arises from these findings is: 'what are the possible functions of active dendritic excitability with respect to network dynamics in the intact cortex of behaving animals?' To answer this question, I highlight in this review the functional and anatomical architectures of an average cortical column in the vibrissal (whisker) field of the somatosensory cortex (vS1), with an emphasis on the functions of layer 5 thick-tufted cells (L5tt) embedded in this structure. Sensory-evoked synaptic and action potential responses of these major cortical output neurons are compared with responses in the afferent pathway, viz. the neurons in primary somatosensory thalamus and in one of their efferent targets, the secondary somatosensory thalamus. Coincidence-detection mechanisms appear to be implemented in vivo as judged from the occurrence of AP bursts. Three-dimensional reconstructions of anatomical projections suggest that inputs of several combinations of thalamocortical projections and intra- and transcolumnar connections, specifically those from infragranular layers, could trigger active dendritic mechanisms that generate AP bursts. Finally, recordings from target cells of a column reveal the importance of AP bursts for signal transfer to these cells. The observations lead to the hypothesis that in vS1 cortex, the sensory afferent sensory code is transformed, at least in part, from a rate to an interval (burst) code that broadcasts the occurrence of whisker touch to different targets of L5tt cells. In addition, the occurrence of pre- and postsynaptic AP bursts may, in the long run, alter touch representation in cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Sakmann
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology82152 MartinsriedGermany
- Institute for Neuroscience Technical University of Munich8082 MunichGermany
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42
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Staiger JF, Loucif AJC, Schubert D, Möck M. Morphological Characteristics of Electrophysiologically Characterized Layer Vb Pyramidal Cells in Rat Barrel Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164004. [PMID: 27706253 PMCID: PMC5051735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer Vb pyramidal cells are the major output neurons of the neocortex and transmit the outcome of cortical columnar signal processing to distant target areas. At the same time they contribute to local tactile information processing by emitting recurrent axonal collaterals into the columnar microcircuitry. It is, however, not known how exactly the two types of pyramidal cells, called slender-tufted and thick-tufted, contribute to the local circuitry. Here, we investigated in the rat barrel cortex the detailed quantitative morphology of biocytin-filled layer Vb pyramidal cells in vitro, which were characterized for their intrinsic electrophysiology with special emphasis on their action potential firing pattern. Since we stained the same slices for cytochrome oxidase, we could also perform layer- and column-related analyses. Our results suggest that in layer Vb the unambiguous action potential firing patterns "regular spiking (RS)" and "repetitive burst spiking (RB)" (previously called intrinsically burst spiking) correlate well with a distinct morphology. RS pyramidal cells are somatodendritically of the slender-tufted type and possess numerous local intralaminar and intracolumnar axonal collaterals, mostly reaching layer I. By contrast, their transcolumnar projections are less well developed. The RB pyramidal cells are somatodendritically of the thick-tufted type and show only relatively sparse local axonal collaterals, which are preferentially emitted as long horizontal or oblique infragranular collaterals. However, contrary to many previous slice studies, a substantial number of these neurons also showed axonal collaterals reaching layer I. Thus, electrophysiologically defined pyramidal cells of layer Vb show an input and output pattern which suggests RS cells to be more "locally segregating" signal processors whereas RB cells seem to act more on a "global integrative" scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Dirk Schubert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Möck
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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McGuire LM, Telian G, Laboy-Juárez KJ, Miyashita T, Lee DJ, Smith KA, Feldman DE. Short Time-Scale Sensory Coding in S1 during Discrimination of Whisker Vibrotactile Sequences. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002549. [PMID: 27574970 PMCID: PMC5004814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent whisker input consists of dense microvibration sequences that are often temporally integrated for perceptual discrimination. Whether primary somatosensory cortex (S1) participates in temporal integration is unknown. We trained rats to discriminate whisker impulse sequences that varied in single-impulse kinematics (5–20-ms time scale) and mean speed (150-ms time scale). Rats appeared to use the integrated feature, mean speed, to guide discrimination in this task, consistent with similar prior studies. Despite this, 52% of S1 units, including 73% of units in L4 and L2/3, encoded sequences at fast time scales (≤20 ms, mostly 5–10 ms), accurately reflecting single impulse kinematics. 17% of units, mostly in L5, showed weaker impulse responses and a slow firing rate increase during sequences. However, these units did not effectively integrate whisker impulses, but instead combined weak impulse responses with a distinct, slow signal correlated to behavioral choice. A neural decoder could identify sequences from fast unit spike trains and behavioral choice from slow units. Thus, S1 encoded fast time scale whisker input without substantial temporal integration across whisker impulses. Recordings in whisker somatosensory cortex of rats during discrimination of rapid whisker deflection sequences show that whisker input is encoded at very short time scales (less than 20 ms). Sensory input is rich in temporal patterns, but how the brain processes this temporal information is not well understood. This process is important in the whisker tactile system of rodents, in which active whisking on objects generates dense streams of stick-slip and contact events. Rats can discriminate vibrotactile sequences applied to the whiskers, and prior studies show that this often involves behavioral integration over time to calculate mean whisker-speed. How the brain represents and integrates vibrotactile input is not known. We recorded neural activity in primary somatosensory cortex as rats discriminated rapid vibrotactile sequences. We found that neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex encoded whisker sensory information at very fast time scales (<20 ms), without evidence for substantial temporal integration. A subset of neurons encoded relatively little stimulus information but strongly encoded the rat’s behavioral choice on each trial. Thus, primary sensory cortex represents immediate sensory input, suggesting that temporal integration occurs in downstream brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory Telian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Keven J. Laboy-Juárez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Toshio Miyashita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Feldman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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High-throughput dual-colour precision imaging for brain-wide connectome with cytoarchitectonic landmarks at the cellular level. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12142. [PMID: 27374071 PMCID: PMC4932192 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise annotation and accurate identification of neural structures are prerequisites for studying mammalian brain function. The orientation of neurons and neural circuits is usually determined by mapping brain images to coarse axial-sampling planar reference atlases. However, individual differences at the cellular level likely lead to position errors and an inability to orient neural projections at single-cell resolution. Here, we present a high-throughput precision imaging method that can acquire a co-localized brain-wide data set of both fluorescent-labelled neurons and counterstained cell bodies at a voxel size of 0.32 × 0.32 × 2.0 μm in 3 days for a single mouse brain. We acquire mouse whole-brain imaging data sets of multiple types of neurons and projections with anatomical annotation at single-neuron resolution. The results show that the simultaneous acquisition of labelled neural structures and cytoarchitecture reference in the same brain greatly facilitates precise tracing of long-range projections and accurate locating of nuclei. High-throughput imaging methods for brain-wide connectome mapping with precise location reference have been lacking. Here authors report a method that allows simultaneous acquisition of fluorescently labelled neurons and cytoarchitectural landmarks in the same mouse brain at the single-cell resolution.
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DeFelipe J, Douglas RJ, Hill SL, Lein ES, Martin KAC, Rockland KS, Segev I, Shepherd GM, Tamás G. Comments and General Discussion on "The Anatomical Problem Posed by Brain Complexity and Size: A Potential Solution". Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:60. [PMID: 27375436 PMCID: PMC4901047 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodney J Douglas
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and University of Zurich (UZH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sean L Hill
- Blue Brain Project, Campus Biotech Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ed S Lein
- Human Cell Types Department, Allen Institute for Brain Science Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevan A C Martin
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and University of Zurich (UZH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring HarborNY, USA
| | - Idan Segev
- Departments of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; The Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
| | - Gordon M Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Mease RA, Sumser A, Sakmann B, Groh A. Cortical Dependence of Whisker Responses in Posterior Medial Thalamus In Vivo. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3534-43. [PMID: 27230219 PMCID: PMC4961024 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical layer 5B (L5B) thick-tufted pyramidal neurons have reliable responses to whisker stimulation in anesthetized rodents. These cells drive a corticothalamic pathway that evokes spikes in thalamic posterior medial nucleus (POm). While a subset of POm has been shown to integrate both cortical L5B and paralemniscal signals, the majority of POm neurons are suggested to receive driving input from L5B only. Here, we test this possibility by investigating the origin of whisker-evoked responses in POm and specifically the contribution of the L5B-POm pathway. We compare L5B spiking with POm spiking and subthreshold responses to whisker deflections in urethane anesthetized mice. We find that a subset of recorded POm neurons shows early (<50 ms) spike responses and early large EPSPs. In these neurons, the early large EPSPs matched L5B input criteria, were blocked by cortical inhibition, and also interacted with spontaneous Up state coupled large EPSPs. This result supports the view of POm subdivisions, one of which receives whisker signals predominantly via L5B neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Mease
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Sumser
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Groh
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Naka A, Adesnik H. Inhibitory Circuits in Cortical Layer 5. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:35. [PMID: 27199675 PMCID: PMC4859073 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons play a fundamental role in cortical computation and behavior. Recent technological advances, such as two photon imaging, targeted in vivo recording, and molecular profiling, have improved our understanding of the function and diversity of cortical interneurons, but for technical reasons most work has been directed towards inhibitory neurons in the superficial cortical layers. Here we review current knowledge specifically on layer 5 (L5) inhibitory microcircuits, which play a critical role in controlling cortical output. We focus on recent work from the well-studied rodent barrel cortex, but also draw on evidence from studies in primary visual cortex and other cortical areas. The diversity of both deep inhibitory neurons and their pyramidal cell targets make this a challenging but essential area of study in cortical computation and sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Naka
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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Unbiased, High-Throughput Electron Microscopy Analysis of Experience-Dependent Synaptic Changes in the Neocortex. J Neurosci 2016; 35:16450-62. [PMID: 26674870 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1573-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neocortical circuits can be altered by sensory and motor experience, with experimental evidence supporting both anatomical and electrophysiological changes in synaptic properties. Previous studies have focused on changes in specific neurons or pathways-for example, the thalamocortical circuitry, layer 4-3 (L4-L3) synapses, or in the apical dendrites of L5 neurons- but a broad-scale analysis of experience-induced changes across the cortical column has been lacking. Without this comprehensive approach, a full understanding of how cortical circuits adapt during learning or altered sensory input will be impossible. Here we adapt an electron microscopy technique that selectively labels synapses, in combination with a machine-learning algorithm for semiautomated synapse detection, to perform an unbiased analysis of developmental and experience-dependent changes in synaptic properties across an entire cortical column in mice. Synapse density and length were compared across development and during whisker-evoked plasticity. Between postnatal days 14 and 18, synapse density significantly increases most in superficial layers, and synapse length increases in L3 and L5B. Removal of all but a single whisker row for 24 h led to an apparent increase in synapse density in L2 and a decrease in L6, and a significant increase in length in L3. Targeted electrophysiological analysis of changes in miniature EPSC and IPSC properties in L2 pyramidal neurons showed that mEPSC frequency nearly doubled in the whisker-spared column, a difference that was highly significant. Together, this analysis shows that data-intensive analysis of column-wide changes in synapse properties can generate specific and testable hypotheses about experience-dependent changes in cortical organization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Development and sensory experience can change synapse properties in the neocortex. Here we use a semiautomated analysis of electron microscopy images for an unbiased, column-wide analysis of synapse changes. This analysis reveals new loci for synaptic change that can be verified by targeted electrophysiological investigation. This method can be used as a platform for generating new hypotheses about synaptic changes across different brain areas and experimental conditions.
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49
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Porrero C, Rodríguez-Moreno J, Quetglas JI, Smerdou C, Furuta T, Clascá F. A Simple and Efficient In Vivo Non-viral RNA Transfection Method for Labeling the Whole Axonal Tree of Individual Adult Long-Range Projection Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:27. [PMID: 27047347 PMCID: PMC4796015 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a highly efficient, simple, and non-infective method for labeling individual long-range projection neurons (LRPNs) in a specific location with enough sparseness and intensity to allow complete and unambiguous reconstructions of their entire axonal tree. The method is based on the "in vivo" transfection of a large RNA construct that drives the massive expression of green fluorescent protein. The method combines two components: injection of a small volume of a hyperosmolar NaCl solution containing the Pal-eGFP-Sindbis RNA construct (Furuta et al., 2001), followed by the application of high-frequency electric current pulses through the micropipette tip. We show that, although each component alone increases transfection efficacy, compared to simple volume injections of standard RNA solution, the highest efficacy (85.7%) is achieved by the combination of both components. In contrast with the infective viral Sindbis vector, RNA transfection occurs exclusively at the position of the injection micropipette tip. This method simplifies consistently labeling one or a few isolated neurons per brain, a strategy that allows unambiguously resolving and quantifying the brain-wide and often multi-branched monosynaptic circuits created by LRPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Porrero
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Quetglas
- Laboratorio de Vectores, Centro de Investigación Médica AplicadaPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Laboratorio de Vectores, Centro de Investigación Médica AplicadaPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University Madrid, Spain
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50
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Economo MN, Clack NG, Lavis LD, Gerfen CR, Svoboda K, Myers EW, Chandrashekar J. A platform for brain-wide imaging and reconstruction of individual neurons. eLife 2016; 5:e10566. [PMID: 26796534 PMCID: PMC4739768 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of axonal arbors controls how signals from individual neurons are routed within the mammalian brain. However, the arbors of very few long-range projection neurons have been reconstructed in their entirety, as axons with diameters as small as 100 nm arborize in target regions dispersed over many millimeters of tissue. We introduce a platform for high-resolution, three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of complete tissue volumes that enables the visualization and reconstruction of long-range axonal arbors. This platform relies on a high-speed two-photon microscope integrated with a tissue vibratome and a suite of computational tools for large-scale image data. We demonstrate the power of this approach by reconstructing the axonal arbors of multiple neurons in the motor cortex across a single mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Economo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Nathan G Clack
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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