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Murayama K, Ohtsuki T. Optimized medium conditions maximize colony regeneration from a single cell of Botryococcus braunii NIES836. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150704. [PMID: 39293335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is a colonial alga recognized for its slow growth but high hydrocarbon accumulation. Although using genetic engineering to increase the growth rate and hydrocarbon yield of B. braunii is desirable, the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM) significantly hinders the emergence of a homogeneous colony from a single DNA-transformed cell. Previously, we developed a method to isolate single cells without ECM from colonies. However, following the isolation of single cells, several months are required to regenerate colonies with a sufficient cell mass for subsequent analysis. To shorten the colony regeneration period, we investigated basal media and medium components, along with growth-promoting additives, in a series of single-factor experiments and optimized the concentrations of the medium constituents via response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the single-factor experiments revealed that the nitrogen source (a mixture of NaNO3 and NH4NO3), 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) and Fe(III)-citrate significantly increased the growth of B. braunii single cells into colonies. The optimal medium composition identified by RSM included 151.6 mg/L nitrogen source, 2.419 mg/L NAA and 15.3 mg/L Fe(III)-citrate. Verification experiments showed that the optimized medium resulted in a 1.75-fold increase in colony size compared with that of colonies grown in nonoptimized AF6 medium. This is the first report of the optimal medium composition for the regeneration of B. braunii colonies from single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Murayama
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.
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2
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Boland DJ, Cornejo-Corona I, Browne DR, Murphy RL, Mullet J, Okada S, Devarenne TP. Reclassification of Botryococcus braunii chemical races into separate species based on a comparative genomics analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304144. [PMID: 39074348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The colonial green microalga Botryococcus braunii is well known for producing liquid hydrocarbons that can be utilized as biofuel feedstocks. B. braunii is taxonomically classified as a single species made up of three chemical races, A, B, and L, that are mainly distinguished by the hydrocarbons produced. We previously reported a B race draft nuclear genome, and here we report the draft nuclear genomes for the A and L races. A comparative genomic study of the three B. braunii races and 14 other algal species within Chlorophyta revealed significant differences in the genomes of each race of B. braunii. Phylogenomically, there was a clear divergence of the three races with the A race diverging earlier than both the B and L races, and the B and L races diverging from a later common ancestor not shared by the A race. DNA repeat content analysis suggested the B race had more repeat content than the A or L races. Orthogroup analysis revealed the B. braunii races displayed more gene orthogroup diversity than three closely related Chlamydomonas species, with nearly 24-36% of all genes in each B. braunii race being specific to each race. This analysis suggests the three races are distinct species based on sufficient differences in their respective genomes. We propose reclassification of the three chemical races to the following species names: Botryococcus alkenealis (A race), Botryococcus braunii (B race), and Botryococcus lycopadienor (L race).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Boland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences & Society (TIGSS), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ivette Cornejo-Corona
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- AI & Computational Biology, LanzaTech Inc., Skokie, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Biology Department, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Zhao C, Zhao J, Han J, Mei Y, Fang H. Improved consolidated bioprocessing for itaconic acid production by simultaneous optimization of cellulase and metabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:57. [PMID: 38685114 PMCID: PMC11059683 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulose was directly used in itaconic acid production by a model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. The promoters of two clock control genes and cellobiohydrolase 1 gene were selected for heterologous genes expression by evaluating different types of promoters. The effect of overexpression of different cellulase was compared, and it was found that expression of cellobiohydrolase 2 from Trichoderma reesei increased the filter paper activity by 2 times, the cellobiohydrolase activity by 4.5 times, and that the itaconic acid titer was also significantly improved. A bidirectional cis-aconitic acid accumulation strategy was established by constructing the reverse glyoxylate shunt and expressing the transporter MTTA, which increased itaconic acid production to 637.2 mg/L. The simultaneous optimization of cellulase and metabolic pathway was more conducive to the improvement of cellulase activity than that of cellulase alone, so as to further increase itaconic acid production. Finally, through the combination of fermentation by optimized strains and medium optimization, the titers of itaconic acid using Avicel and corn stover as substrate were 1165.1 mg/L and 871.3 mg/L, respectively. The results prove the potential of the consolidated bioprocessing that directly converts lignocellulose to itaconic acid by a model cellulase synthesizing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- The Second Department of Vaccine, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaojie Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, 733 Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Yadav S, Shaik S, Dubey KD. On the engineering of reductase-based-monooxygenase activity in CYP450 peroxygenases. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5174-5186. [PMID: 38577361 PMCID: PMC10988616 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent bioengineering of CYP450OleT shows that peroxide-based CYP450OleT can be converted to a reductase-based self-sufficient enzyme, which is capable of showing efficient hydroxylation and decarboxylation activity for a wide range of substrates. The so-generated enzyme creates several mechanistic puzzles: (A) as CYP450 peroxygenases lack the conventional acid-alcohol pair, what is the source of two protons that are required to create the ultimate oxidant Cpd I? (B) Why is it only CYP450OleT that shows the reductase-based activity but no other CYP members? The present study provides a mechanistic solution to these puzzles using comprehensive MD simulations and hybrid QM/MM calculations. We show that the fusion of the reductase domain to the heme-binding domain triggers significant conformational rearrangement, which is gated by the propionate side chain, which constitutes a new water aqueduct via the carboxylate end of the substrate that ultimately participates in Cpd I formation. Importantly, such well-synchronized choreographies are controlled by remotely located Tyr359, which senses the fusion of reductase and communicates to the heme domain via non-covalent interactions. These findings provide crucial insights and a broader perspective which enables us to make a verifiable prediction: thus, the catalytic activity is not only limited to the first or second catalytic shell of an enzyme. Furthermore, it is predicted that reinstatement of tyrosine at a similar position in other members of CYP450 peroxygenases can convert these enzymes to reductase-based monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence NH91 Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence NH91 Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
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Murayama K, Ohtsuki T. A simple method for the preparation of single cells and regeneration of colonies of Botryococcus braunii NIES836. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 216:106859. [PMID: 37995829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii, a colonial alga, is known for notably slow growth; however, the growth rate and hydrocarbon productivity are expected to be improved using genetic modification techniques. Nevertheless, B. braunii has a hydrocarbon-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), and the ECM is a major barrier to DNA transformation. To analyse and utilize genetically modified B. braunii, it is essential to regenerate genetically homogeneous colonies derived from single cells. In this study, we developed a novel, simple method for harvesting viable single cells of B. braunii by centrifugation of the culture and subsequent filtration alone. The harvest of single cells was made possible by culturing B. braunii colonies in AF6 medium until the depletion of nitrogen and phosphorus sources and then releasing the single cells in colonies into the medium. Twenty-day culture of single cells in a 96-well plate resulted in 96% regeneration of colonies, and the regeneration of colonies was also confirmed on agar medium. This is the first report of colony regeneration from single cells of B. braunii. We believe that our method developed in this study will contribute greatly to the advancement of genetic modification techniques for B. braunii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Murayama
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.
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Takahashi S. Studies on Streptomyces sp. SN-593: reveromycin biosynthesis, β-carboline biomediator activating LuxR family regulator, and construction of terpenoid biosynthetic platform. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:432-444. [PMID: 35778609 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces represents an important reservoir for biologically active natural products. Understanding the biosynthetic mechanism and the mode of gene expression is important for enhanced metabolite production and evaluation of biological activities. This review provides an overview of biosynthetic studies investigating reveromycin and β-carboline biomediators that enhanced the production of reveromycin in Streptomyces sp. SN-593 through activation of the LuxR family regulator. Furthermore, based on the optimal expression of a pathway specific regulator controlling the mevalonate pathway gene cluster, Streptomyces sp. SN-593 was developed as a platform for terpenoid compounds mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Takahashi
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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7
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Kawamura K, Nishikawa S, Hirano K, Ardianor A, Nugroho RA. BoCAPS: Rapid screening of chemical races in Botryococcus braunii with direct PCR-CAPS. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Nagata R, Suemune H, Kobayashi M, Shinada T, Shin‐ya K, Nishiyama M, Hino T, Sato Y, Kuzuyama T, Nagano S. Structural Basis for the Prenylation Reaction of Carbazole‐Containing Natural Products Catalyzed by Squalene Synthase‐Like Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Nagata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hironori Suemune
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Masaya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin‐ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM) The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM) The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
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9
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Nagata R, Suemune H, Kobayashi M, Shinada T, Shin‐ya K, Nishiyama M, Hino T, Sato Y, Kuzuyama T, Nagano S. Structural Basis for the Prenylation Reaction of Carbazole‐Containing Natural Products Catalyzed by Squalene Synthase‐Like Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Nagata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hironori Suemune
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Masaya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin‐ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM) The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM) The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
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Abstract
Valerena-1,10-diene synthase (VDS) catalyzes the conversion of the universal precursor farnesyl diphosphate into the unusual sesquiterpene valerena-1,10-diene (VLD), which possesses a unique isobutenyl substituent group. In planta, one of VLD's isobutenyl terminal methyl groups becomes oxidized to a carboxylic acid forming valerenic acid (VA), an allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor. Because a structure-activity relationship study of VA for its modulatory activity is desired, we sought to manipulate the VDS enzyme for the biosynthesis of structurally diverse scaffolds that could ultimately lead to the generation of VA analogues. Using three-dimensional structural homology models, phylogenetic sequence comparisons to well-characterized sesquiterpene synthases, and a substrate-active site contact mapping approach, the contributions of specific amino acid residues within or near the VDS active site to possible catalytic cascades for VLD and other sesquiterpene products were assessed. An essential role of Tyr535 in a germacrenyl route to VLD was demonstrated, while its contribution to a family of other sesquiterpenes derived from a humulyl route was not. No role for Cys415 or Cys452 serving as a proton donor to reaction intermediates in VLD biosynthesis was observed. However, a gatekeeper role for Asn455 in directing farnesyl carbocations down all-trans catalytic cascades (humulyl and germacrenyl routes) versus a cisoid cascade (nerolidyl route) was demonstrated. Altogether, these results have mapped residues that establish a context for the catalytic cascades operating in VDS and future manipulations for generating more structurally constrained scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Zinck
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Joe Chappell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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11
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Yang X, Liu D, Lu H, Weston DJ, Chen JG, Muchero W, Martin S, Liu Y, Hassan MM, Yuan G, Kalluri UC, Tschaplinski TJ, Mitchell JC, Wullschleger SD, Tuskan GA. Biological Parts for Plant Biodesign to Enhance Land-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9798714. [PMID: 37849951 PMCID: PMC10521660 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9798714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A grand challenge facing society is climate change caused mainly by rising CO2 concentration in Earth's atmosphere. Terrestrial plants are linchpins in global carbon cycling, with a unique capability of capturing CO2 via photosynthesis and translocating captured carbon to stems, roots, and soils for long-term storage. However, many researchers postulate that existing land plants cannot meet the ambitious requirement for CO2 removal to mitigate climate change in the future due to low photosynthetic efficiency, limited carbon allocation for long-term storage, and low suitability for the bioeconomy. To address these limitations, there is an urgent need for genetic improvement of existing plants or construction of novel plant systems through biosystems design (or biodesign). Here, we summarize validated biological parts (e.g., protein-encoding genes and noncoding RNAs) for biological engineering of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) traits in terrestrial plants to accelerate land-based decarbonization in bioenergy plantations and agricultural settings and promote a vibrant bioeconomy. Specifically, we first summarize the framework of plant-based CDR (e.g., CO2 capture, translocation, storage, and conversion to value-added products). Then, we highlight some representative biological parts, with experimental evidence, in this framework. Finally, we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and curation of biological parts for CDR engineering in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Degao Liu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Department of Academic Education, Central Community College-Hastings, Hastings, NE 68902USA
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stanton Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Julie C. Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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12
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Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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13
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Chang HY, Cheng TH, Wang AHJ. Structure, catalysis, and inhibition mechanism of prenyltransferase. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:40-63. [PMID: 33246356 PMCID: PMC7839719 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five‐carbon isopentenyl diphosphate or its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate as the building blocks. Isoprenoids are structurally and functionally diverse and include dolichols, steroid hormones, carotenoids, retinoids, aromatic metabolites, the isoprenoid side‐chain of ubiquinone, and isoprenoid attached signaling proteins. Productions of isoprenoids are catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as prenyltransferases, such as farnesyltransferases, geranylgeranyltransferases, terpenoid cyclase, squalene synthase, aromatic prenyltransferase, and cis‐ and trans‐prenyltransferases. Because these enzymes are key in cellular processes and metabolic pathways, they are expected to be potential targets in new drug discovery. In this review, six distinct subsets of characterized prenyltransferases are structurally and mechanistically classified, including (1) head‐to‐tail prenyl synthase, (2) head‐to‐head prenyl synthase, (3) head‐to‐middle prenyl synthase, (4) terpenoid cyclase, (5) aromatic prenyltransferase, and (6) protein prenylation. Inhibitors of those enzymes for potential therapies against several diseases are discussed. Lastly, recent results on the structures of integral membrane enzyme, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Tateno M, Stone BJ, Srodulski SJ, Reedy S, Gawriluk TR, Chambers TM, Woodward J, Chappell J, Kempinski CF. Synthetic Biology-derived triterpenes as efficacious immunomodulating adjuvants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17090. [PMID: 33051497 PMCID: PMC7553918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene oil squalene is an essential component of nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvants. It is most notably in the MF59 adjuvant, a component in some seasonal influenza vaccines, in stockpiled, emulsion-based adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines, and with demonstrated efficacy for vaccines to other pandemic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Squalene has historically been harvested from shark liver oil, which is undesirable for a variety of reasons. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of a Synthetic Biology (yeast) production platform to generate squalene and novel triterpene oils, all of which are equally as efficacious as vaccine adjuvants based on physiochemical properties and immunomodulating activities in a mouse model. These Synthetic Biology adjuvants also elicited similar IgG1, IgG2a, and total IgG levels compared to marine and commercial controls when formulated with common quadrivalent influenza antigens. Injection site morphology and serum cytokine levels did not suggest any reactogenic effects of the yeast-derived squalene or novel triterpenes, suggesting their safety in adjuvant formulations. These results support the advantages of yeast produced triterpene oils to include completely controlled growth conditions, just-in-time and scalable production, and the capacity to produce novel triterpenes beyond squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tateno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie Reedy
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0099, USA
| | | | - Thomas M Chambers
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0099, USA
| | - Jerold Woodward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
- Enepret Incorporated, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Chase F Kempinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
- Enepret Incorporated, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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15
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Meng Y, Shao X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zheng X, Wei G, Kim S, Wang C. Extension of cell membrane boosting squalene production in the engineered
Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3499-3507. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Meng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xixi Shao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xiaojian Zheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Seon‐Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus) PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University Jinju Republic of Korea
| | - Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou China
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16
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Lin CY, Eudes A. Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:71. [PMID: 32318116 PMCID: PMC7158082 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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17
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Introduction of a green algal squalene synthase enhances squalene accumulation in a strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 10:e00125. [PMID: 32123662 PMCID: PMC7038009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpene which is produced as a precursor for a wide range of terpenoid compounds in many organisms. It has commercial use in food and cosmetics but could also be used as a feedstock for production of chemicals and fuels, if generated sustainably on a large scale. We have engineered a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, for production of squalene from CO2. In this organism, squalene is produced via the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis, and consumed by the enzyme squalene hopene cyclase (Shc) for generation of hopanoids. The gene encoding Shc in Synechocystis was inactivated (Δshc) by insertion of a gene encoding a squalene synthase from the green alga Botryococcus braunii, under control of an inducible promoter. We could demonstrate elevated squalene generation in cells where the algal enzyme was induced. Heterologous overexpression of genes upstream in the MEP pathway further enhanced the production of squalene, to a level three times higher than the Δshc background strain. During growth in flat panel bioreactors, a squalene titer of 5.1 mg/L of culture was reached.
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18
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Chacko AR, Amster DE, Johnson TE, Newman SR, Gladchuk AV, Sohn CJ, Prunkard DE, Yakelis NA, Freeman JO. High-throughput screen for sorting cells capable of producing the biofuel feedstock botryococcene. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3195-3201. [PMID: 30839011 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Botryococcene is a branched triterpene produced by the algae Botryococcus braunii. Hydrocracking botryococcene yields a variety of combustible fuels such as gasoline and jet fuel. Engineering host systems and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of botryococcene to optimize production is of interest given these applications. The current study investigates the use of a diaryltetrazole based screen that undergoes a photoclick reaction with terminal alkenes, such as the branched terminal alkene present on botryococcene, to yield a fluorescent product. Host E. coli systems were established to produce botryococcene, squalene, and no triterpene to serve as a control. Cells were incubated with tetrazole and briefly irradiated with UV light to initiate the photoclick reaction. It was found that the botryococcene producing cells yielded observable fluorescence while the squalene and control cells had negligible fluorescence turn-on activity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was subsequently used to identify and sort botryococcene producing E. coli from a mixture of control and squalene producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen R Chacko
- Department of Chemistry, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447, USA.
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19
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Hsu SC, Browne DR, Tatli M, Devarenne TP, Stern DB. N-terminal sequences affect expression of triterpene biosynthesis enzymes in Chlamydomonas chloroplasts. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Detection of the oil-producing microalga Botryococcus braunii in natural freshwater environments by targeting the hydrocarbon biosynthesis gene SSL-3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16974. [PMID: 31740707 PMCID: PMC6861321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii produces hydrocarbon oils at 25-75% of its dry weight and is a promising source of biofuel feedstock. Few studies have examined this species' ecology in natural habitats, and few wild genetic resources have been collected due to difficulties caused by its low abundance in nature. This study aimed to develop a real-time PCR assay for specific detection and quantification of this alga in natural environments and to quantify spatiotemporal variations of wild B. braunii populations in a tropical pond. We designed PCR primers toward the hydrocarbon biosynthesis gene SSL-3 and examined amplification specificity and PCR efficiency with 70 wild strains newly isolated from various environments. The results demonstrated that this PCR assay specifically amplified B. braunii DNA, especially that of B-race strains, and can be widely used to detect wild B. braunii strains in temperate and tropical habitats. Field-testing in a tropical pond suggested a diurnal change in the abundance of B. braunii in surface water and found B. braunii not only in surface water, but also at 1-1.5 m deep and in bottom sediments. This method can contribute to efficient genetic resource exploitations and may also help elucidate the unknown ecology of B. braunii.
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21
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Cheng P, Okada S, Zhou C, Chen P, Huo S, Li K, Addy M, Yan X, Ruan RR. High-value chemicals from Botryococcus braunii and their current applications - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121911. [PMID: 31383389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is known for its high yield of extracellular hydrocarbons and polysaccharides. Hydrocarbons, especially botryococcenes and squalene can be used as not only fuels but also alternative feedstock for other fossil-based products. Exopolysaccharides excreted from B. braunii can be used as scaffolds for polyesters production, and have a notable potential for synthesis of nanoparticles. B. braunii is also a rich source of carotenoids, especially the unique secondary carotenoids such as botryoxanthins that have never been found in other microalgae. The morphology, physiology, and outer cell walls of B. braunii are complex. Understanding the colony structure shall provide insights into the mechanism of cell growth and chemicals secretion. It is possible to improve the production economics of the alga with advanced culture systems. Moreover, investigation of metabolic pathways for B. braunii may help us understand their regulation and provide valuable information for strain selection and optimal production of high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shuhao Huo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min Addy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Roger R Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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22
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Chen H, Li Z, Zhang Z, Jie K, Li J, Li H, Mao S, Wang D, Lu X, Fu J. Synthesis of Composition-Tunable Syngas from Efficiently Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 over AuCu/CNT Bimetallic Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Sinopec Nanjing Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd, Nanjing 210048, China
| | - Songbai Mao
- Sinopec Nanjing Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd, Nanjing 210048, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Sinopec Nanjing Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., Ltd, Nanjing 210048, China
| | - Xiuyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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23
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Athanasakoglou A, Kampranis SC. Diatom isoprenoids: Advances and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107417. [PMID: 31326522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the most productive and ecologically important groups of microalgae in contemporary oceans. Due to their distinctive metabolic and physiological features, they offer exciting opportunities for a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. One such feature is their ability to synthesize a wide diversity of isoprenoid compounds. However, limited understanding of how these molecules are synthesized have until recently hindered their exploitation. Following comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of various diatom species, the biosynthetic mechanisms and regulation of the different branches of the pathway are now beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent advances in understanding diatom isoprenoid synthesis and discuss the exploitation potential of diatoms as chassis for high-value isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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24
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Bello JE, Stamm P, Leinaas HP, Schulz S. Viaticene A - An Unusual Tetraterpene Cuticular Lipid Isolated from the Springtail Hypogastrura viatica. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Bello
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Patrick Stamm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hans Petter Leinaas
- Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; Postboks 1066, Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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25
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Kempinski C, Chappell J. Engineering triterpene metabolism in the oilseed of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:386-396. [PMID: 29979486 PMCID: PMC6335079 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Squalene and botryococcene are linear, hydrocarbon triterpenes that have industrial and medicinal values. While natural sources for these compounds exist, there is a pressing need for robust, renewable production platforms. Oilseeds are an excellent target for heterologous production because of their roles as natural storage repositories and their capacity to produce precursors from photosynthetically-derived carbon. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants using a variety of engineering strategies (subcellular targeting and gene stacking) to assess the potential for oilseeds to produce these two compounds. Constructs used seed-specific promoters and evaluated expression of a triterpene synthase alone and in conjunction with a farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) plus 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS). Constructs directing biosynthesis to the cytosol to harness isoprenoid precursors from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway were compared to those directing biosynthesis to the plastid compartment diverting precursors from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. On average, the highest accumulation for both compounds was achieved by targeting the triterpene synthase, FPS and DXS to the plastid (526.84 μg/g seed for botryococcene and 227.30 μg/g seed for squalene). Interestingly, a higher level accumulation of botryococcene (a non-native compound) was observed when the biosynthetic enzymes were targeted to the cytosol (>1000 μg/g seed in one line), but not squalene (natively produced in the cytosol). Not only do these results indicate the potential of engineering triterpene accumulation in oilseeds, but they also uncover some the unique regulatory mechanisms controlling triterpene metabolism in different cellular compartments of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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26
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Wang S, Guo C, Wu W, Sui K, Liu C. Effects of incident light intensity and light path length on cell growth and oil accumulation in Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyta). Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:104-111. [PMID: 32624992 PMCID: PMC6999195 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii was cultured in different light path length under different incident light intensity to investigate the effect of light on alga growth as well as hydrocarbon and fatty acid accumulation. Results indicated that longer light path length required higher incident light intensity in order to meet the light requirement of algal growth and hydrocarbon accumulation during the course of cultivation. However, hydrocarbon profile was only affected by the incident light intensity and not influenced by the light path length. High incident light intensity enhanced the accumulation of hydrocarbons with longer carbon chains. Besides, the fatty acid content and profiles were significantly influenced by both incident light intensity and light path. Higher fatty acid content and higher percentage of C18 and monounsaturated fatty acid components were achieved at the higher incident light intensity and lower light path length. Taken together, these results are benefit to improve its biomass and oil productivity through the optimization of light and photobioreactor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Kai Wang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐fibers and Eco‐textilesInstitute of Biochemical EngineeringShandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological textilesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringQingdao UniversityQingdaoP. R. China
| | - Kun‐Yan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐fibers and Eco‐textilesInstitute of Biochemical EngineeringShandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological textilesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringQingdao UniversityQingdaoP. R. China
| | - Chun‐Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐fibers and Eco‐textilesInstitute of Biochemical EngineeringShandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological textilesCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringQingdao UniversityQingdaoP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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27
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Kempinski C, Jiang Z, Zinck G, Sato SJ, Ge Z, Clemente TE, Chappell J. Engineering linear, branched-chain triterpene metabolism in monocots. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:373-385. [PMID: 29979490 PMCID: PMC6335073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are thirty-carbon compounds derived from the universal five-carbon prenyl precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Normally, triterpenes are synthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes where DMAPP is condensed with two IPPs to yield farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by FPP synthase (FPS). Squalene synthase (SQS) condenses two molecules of FPP to generate the symmetrical product squalene, the first committed precursor to sterols and most other triterpenes. In the green algae Botryococcus braunii, two FPP molecules can also be condensed in an asymmetric manner yielding the more highly branched triterpene, botryococcene. Botryococcene is an attractive molecule because of its potential as a biofuel and petrochemical feedstock. Because B. braunii, the only native host for botryococcene biosynthesis, is difficult to grow, there have been efforts to move botryococcene biosynthesis into organisms more amenable to large-scale production. Here, we report the genetic engineering of the model monocot, Brachypodium distachyon, for botryococcene biosynthesis and accumulation. A subcellular targeting strategy was used, directing the enzymes (botryococcene synthase [BS] and FPS) to either the cytosol or the plastid. High titres of botryococcene (>1 mg/g FW in T0 mature plants) were obtained using the cytosolic-targeting strategy. Plastid-targeted BS + FPS lines accumulated botryococcene (albeit in lesser amounts than the cytosolic BS + FPS lines), but they showed a detrimental phenotype dependent on plastid-targeted FPS, and could not proliferate and survive to set seed under phototrophic conditions. These results highlight intriguing differences in isoprenoid metabolism between dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Garrett Zinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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28
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Cheng P, Zhou C, Wang Y, Xu Z, Xu J, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zhang X, Liu T, Tang M, Yang Q, Yan X, Fan J. Comparative transcriptome analyses of oleaginous Botryococcus braunii race A reveal significant differences in gene expression upon cobalt enrichment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:333. [PMID: 30568733 PMCID: PMC6297975 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botryococcus braunii is known for its high hydrocarbon content, thus making it a strong candidate feedstock for biofuel production. Previous study has revealed that a high cobalt concentration can promote hydrocarbon synthesis and it has little effect on growth of B. braunii cells. However, mechanisms beyond the cobalt enrichment remain unknown. This study seeks to explore the physiological and transcriptional response and the metabolic pathways involved in cobalt-induced hydrocarbon synthesis in algae cells. RESULTS Growth curves were similar at either normal or high cobalt concentration (4.5 mg/L), suggesting the absence of obvious deleterious effects on growth introduced by cobalt. Photosynthesis indicators (decline in Fv/Fm ratio and chlorophyll content) and reactive oxygen species parameters revealed an increase in physiological stress in the high cobalt concentration. Moreover, cobalt enrichment treatment resulted in higher crude hydrocarbon content (51.3% on day 8) compared with the control (43.4% on day 8) throughout the experiment (with 18.2% improvement finally). Through the de novo assembly and functional annotation of the B. braunii race A SAG 807-1 transcriptome, we retrieved 196,276 non-redundant unigenes with an average length of 1086 bp. Of the assembled unigenes, 89,654 (45.7%), 42,209 (21.5%), and 32,318 (16.5%) were found to be associated with at least one KOG, GO, or KEGG ortholog function. In the early treatment (day 2), the most strongly upregulated genes were those involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the most downregulated genes were those involved in carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis. Genes that produce terpenoid liquid hydrocarbons were also well identified and annotated, and 21 (or 29.2%) were differentially expressed along the cobalt treatment. CONCLUSIONS Botryococcus braunii SAG 807-1 can tolerate high cobalt concentration and benefit from hydrocarbon accumulation. The time-course expression profiles for fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism, and TAG assembly were obtained through different approaches but had equally satisfactory results with the redirection of free long-chain fatty acid and VLCFA away from TAG assembly and oxidation. These molecules served as precursors and backbone supply for the fatty acid-derived hydrocarbon accumulation. These findings provide a foundation for exploiting the regulation mechanisms in B. braunii race A for improved photosynthetic production of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jilin Xu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Tang
- Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Yang
- Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
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Cormier M, de la Torre A, Marek I. Total Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene and
epi
‐Botryococcene by a Diastereoselective Ring Opening of Alkenylcyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13237-13241. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Cormier
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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30
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Cormier M, de la Torre A, Marek I. Total Synthesis of C30 Botryococcene and
epi
‐Botryococcene by a Diastereoselective Ring Opening of Alkenylcyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Cormier
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion—Israel Institute of TechnologySchulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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31
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Uchida H, Sumimoto K, Oki T, Nishii I, Mizohata E, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Isolation and characterization of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase gene from Botryococcus braunii, race B. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:839-848. [PMID: 29725892 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The B race of a green microalga Botryococcus braunii Kützing produces triterpene hydrocarbons that is a promising source for biofuel. In this algal race, precursors of triterpene hydrocarbons are provided from the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The terminal enzyme of this pathway, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) is regarded as one of the key enzymes that affect yields of products in terpene biosynthesis. In order to better understand the MEP pathway of the alga, cDNA and genomic clones of HDR were obtained from B. braunii Showa strain. B. braunii HDR (BbHDR) is encoded on a single copy gene including a 1509-bp open reading frame that was intervened by 6 introns. The exon-intron structure of BbHDR genes did not show clear relation to phylogeny, while its amino acid sequence reflected phyla and classes well. BbHDR sequence was distinctive from that of the HDR protein from Escherichia coli in the residues involved in hydrogen-bond network that surrounds substrate. Introduction of BbHDR cDNA into an E. coli HDR deficient mutant resulted in recovery of its auxotrophy. BbHDR expression level was upregulated from the onset of liquid culture to the 24th day after inoculation with a 2.5-fold increase and retained its level in the subsequent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Koremitsu Sumimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tomoka Oki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishii
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya, Higashimachi, Nara, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.
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32
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Zhang Y, Nielsen J, Liu Z. Engineering yeast metabolism for production of terpenoids for use as perfume ingredients, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:4582882. [PMID: 29096021 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids represent a large class of natural products with significant commercial applications. These chemicals are currently mainly obtained through extraction from plants and microbes or through chemical synthesis. However, these sources often face challenges of unsustainability and low productivity. In order to address these issues, Escherichia coli and yeast have been metabolic engineered to produce non-native terpenoids. With recent reports of engineering yeast metabolism to produce several terpenoids at high yields, it has become possible to establish commercial yeast production of terpenoids that find applications as perfume ingredients, pharmaceuticals and advanced biofuels. In this review, we describe the strategies to rewire the yeast pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. Recent advances will be discussed together with challenges and perspectives of yeast as a cell factory to produce different terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorget, Building 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zihe Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Kumar S, Kinison S, Linscott K, Nybo E, Janze S, Wood C, Chappell J. Agronomic and chemical performance of field-grown tobacco engineered for triterpene and methylated triterpene metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1110-1124. [PMID: 29069530 PMCID: PMC5978867 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a linear intermediate to nearly all classes of triterpenes and sterols and is itself highly valued for its use in wide range of industrial applications. Another unique linear triterpene is botryococcene and its methylated derivatives generated by the alga Botryococcus braunii race B, which are progenitors to fossil fuel deposits. Production of these linear triterpenes was previously engineered into transgenic tobacco by introducing the key steps of triterpene metabolism into the particular subcellular compartments. In this study, the agronomic characteristics (height, biomass accumulation, leaf area), the photosynthetic capacity (photosynthesis rate, conductance, internal CO2 levels) and triterpene content of select lines grown under field conditions were evaluated for three consecutive growing seasons. We observed that transgenic lines targeting enzymes to the chloroplasts accumulated 50-150 times more squalene than the lines targeting the enzymes to the cytoplasm, without compromising growth or photosynthesis. We also found that the transgenic lines directing botryococcene metabolism to the chloroplast accumulated 10- to 33-fold greater levels than the lines where the same enzymes were targeted to in the cytoplasm. However, growth of these high botryococcene accumulators was highly compromised, yet their photosynthesis rates remained unaffected. In addition, in the transgenic lines targeting a triterpene methyltransferase (TMT) to the chloroplasts of high squalene accumulators, 55%-65% of total squalene was methylated, whereas in the lines expressing a TMT in the cytoplasm, only 6%-13% of squalene was methylated. The growth of these methylated triterpene-accumulating lines was more compromised than that of nonmethylated squalene lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Scott Kinison
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Kristin Linscott
- Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Eric Nybo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Sarah Janze
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Connie Wood
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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34
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Suzuki R, Nishii I, Okada S, Noguchi T. 3D reconstruction of endoplasmic reticulum in a hydrocarbon-secreting green alga, Botryococcus braunii (Race B). PLANTA 2018; 247:663-677. [PMID: 29164368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on 3D sections through cells of Botryococcus braunii, the structure of three domains of endoplasmic reticulum, and their spatial and functional relationships to other organelles are clarified. Oil production by photosynthetic microalgae has attracted attention since these oils can be converted into renewable, carbon-neutral fuels. The green alga B. braunii accumulates large amounts of hydrocarbons, 30-50% of cell dry weight, in extracellular spaces rather than its cytoplasm. To advance the knowledge of hydrocarbon biosynthesis and transport pathways in this alga, we utilized transmission EM combined with rapid freezing and image reconstruction. We constructed detailed 3D maps distinguishing three ER domains: rdER with ribosomes on both sides, rsER with ribosomes on one side, and sER without ribosomes. The rsER and sER domains were especially prominent during the oil body formation and oil secretion stages. The ER contacted the chloroplasts, oil bodies, or plasma membrane via the rsER domains, oriented with the ribosome-free surface facing the organelles. We discuss the following transport pathway for hydrocarbons and their precursors in the cytoplasm: chloroplast → endoplasmic reticulum (ER) → oil bodies → ER → plasma membrane → secretion. This study represents the first 3D study of the three-domain classification (rdER, rsER and sER) of the ER network among eukaryotic cells. Finally, we propose the novel features of the ERs in plant cells that are distinct from the latest proposed model for the ERs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suzuki
- Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Noguchi
- Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
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35
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Uchida H, Kato K, Suzuki K, Yokota A, Kawano S, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Algal Genes Encoding Enzymes for Photosynthesis and Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis as Candidates for Genetic Engineering. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ko Kato
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Kensaku Suzuki
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Akiho Yokota
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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36
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Khalid A, Takagi H, Panthee S, Muroi M, Chappell J, Osada H, Takahashi S. Development of a Terpenoid-Production Platform in Streptomyces reveromyceticus SN-593. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2339-2349. [PMID: 29019653 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent the largest class of natural products, some of which are resources for pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and fuels. Generally, mass production of valuable terpenoid compounds is hampered by their low production levels in organisms and difficulty of chemical synthesis. Therefore, the development of microbial biosynthetic platforms represents an alternative approach. Although microbial terpenoid-production platforms have been established in Escherichia coli and yeast, an optimal platform has not been developed for Streptomyces species, despite the large capacity to produce secondary metabolites, such as polyketide compounds. To explore this potential, we constructed a terpenoid-biosynthetic platform in Streptomyces reveromyceticus SN-593. This strain is unique in that it harbors the mevalonate gene cluster enabling the production of furaquinocin, which can be controlled by the pathway specific regulator Fur22. We simultaneously expressed the mevalonate gene cluster and subsequent terpenoid-biosynthetic genes under the control of Fur22. To achieve improved fur22 gene expression, we screened promoters from S. reveromyceticus SN-593. Our results showed that the promoter associated with rvr2030 gene enabled production of 212 ± 20 mg/L botryococcene to levels comparable to those previously reported for other microbial hosts. Given that the rvr2030 gene encodes for an enzyme involved in the primary metabolism, these results suggest that optimized expression of terpenoid-biosynthetic genes with primary and secondary metabolism might be as important for high yields of terpenoid compounds as is the absolute expression level of a target gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Khalid
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa, 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Natural
Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Natural
Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Muroi
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa, 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Joe Chappell
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 S Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa, 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Natural
Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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37
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Brodie J, Chan CX, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Coelho SM, Gachon C, Grossman AR, Mock T, Raven JA, Smith AG, Yoon HS, Bhattacharya D. The Algal Revolution. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:726-738. [PMID: 28610890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Algae are (mostly) photosynthetic eukaryotes that occupy multiple branches of the tree of life, and are vital for planet function and health. In this review, we highlight a transformative period in studies of the evolution and functioning of this extraordinary group of organisms and their potential for novel applications, wrought by high-throughput 'omic' and reverse genetic methods. We cover the origin and diversification of algal groups, explore advances in understanding the link between phenotype and genotype, consider algal sex determination, and review progress in understanding the roots of algal multicellularity. Experimental evolution studies to determine how algae evolve in changing environments are highlighted, as is their potential as production platforms for compounds of commercial interest, such as biofuel precursors, nutraceuticals, or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Brodie
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Research Group Phycology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Mark Cock
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff F-29688, France
| | - Susana M Coelho
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff F-29688, France
| | - Claire Gachon
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - John A Raven
- Permanent address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Nakamura H, Shiozaki T, Gonda N, Furuya K, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Utilization of ammonium by the hydrocarbon-producing microalga, Botryococcus braunii Showa. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Tembrock LR, Broeckling CD, Heuberger AL, Simmons MP, Stermitz FR, Uvarov JM. Employing Two-stage Derivatisation and GC-MS to Assay for Cathine and Related Stimulant Alkaloids across the Celastraceae. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:257-266. [PMID: 28124803 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Catha edulis (qat, khat, mirra) is a woody plant species that is grown and consumed in East Africa and Yemen for its stimulant alkaloids cathinone, cathine and norephedrine. Two Celastraceae species, in addition to qat, have been noted for their stimulant properties in ethnobotanical literature. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions place four genera in a clade sister to Catha edulis, and these genera are primary candidates to search for cathine and related alkaloids. OBJECTIVE Determine if cathine or related alkaloids are present in species of Celastraceae other than Catha edulis. METHODS Leaf samples from 43 Celastraceae species were extracted in water followed by basification of the aqueous extract and partitioning with methyl-t-butyl ether to provide an alkaloid-enriched fraction. The extract was derivatised in a two-stage process and analysed using GC-MS for the presence of cathine. Related alkaloids and other metabolites in this alkaloid-enriched fraction were tentatively identified. RESULTS Cathinone, cathine and norephedrine were not detected in any of the 43 Celastraceae species assayed other than Catha edulis. However, the phenylalanine- or tyrosine-derived alkaloid phenylethylamine was identified in five species. Nine species were found to be enriched for numerous sterol- and terpene-like compounds. CONCLUSION These results indicate that cathine is unique to Catha edulis, and not the compound responsible for the stimulant properties reported in related Celastraceae species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Tembrock
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark P Simmons
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Frank R Stermitz
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica M Uvarov
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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40
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Zhang X, Lu H, Liao J, Tang C, Sheng G, Peng P. Two new oxygen-containing biomarkers isolated from the Chinese Maoming oil shale by silica gel column chromatography and preparative gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:813-818. [PMID: 27925402 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two biomarkers, 5,9-dimethyl-6-isopropyl-2-decanone (1) and 4,9,11-trimethyl-6-isopropyl-2-dodecanone (2), were isolated from Chinese Maoming oil shale by silica gel column chromatography and preparative gas chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Effects of 2-azahypoxanthine on extracellular terpene accumulations by the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, race B. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Quaranta E. State of the art and perspectives in catalytic processes for CO2 conversion into chemicals and fuels: The distinctive contribution of chemical catalysis and biotechnology. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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43
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Jin J, Dupré C, Yoneda K, Watanabe MM, Legrand J, Grizeau D. Characteristics of extracellular hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii for biofuels production: Recent advances and opportunities. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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44
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Kumar S, Kempinski C, Zhuang X, Norris A, Mafu S, Zi J, Bell SA, Nybo SE, Kinison SE, Jiang Z, Goklany S, Linscott KB, Chen X, Jia Q, Brown SD, Bowman JL, Babbitt PC, Peters RJ, Chen F, Chappell J. Molecular Diversity of Terpene Synthases in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2632-2650. [PMID: 27650333 PMCID: PMC5134972 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha is a basal terrestrial land plant, which like most liverworts accumulates structurally diverse terpenes believed to serve in deterring disease and herbivory. Previous studies have suggested that the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways, present in evolutionarily diverged plants, are also operative in liverworts. However, the genes and enzymes responsible for the chemical diversity of terpenes have yet to be described. In this study, we resorted to a HMMER search tool to identify 17 putative terpene synthase genes from M. polymorpha transcriptomes. Functional characterization identified four diterpene synthase genes phylogenetically related to those found in diverged plants and nine rather unusual monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthase-like genes. The presence of separate monofunctional diterpene synthases for ent-copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene biosynthesis is similar to orthologs found in vascular plants, pushing the date of the underlying gene duplication and neofunctionalization of the ancestral diterpene synthase gene family to >400 million years ago. By contrast, the mono- and sesquiterpene synthases represent a distinct class of enzymes, not related to previously described plant terpene synthases and only distantly so to microbial-type terpene synthases. The absence of a Mg2+ binding, aspartate-rich, DDXXD motif places these enzymes in a noncanonical family of terpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Xun Zhuang
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Ayla Norris
- Gradaute School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Sibongile Mafu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Stephen A Bell
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Stephen Eric Nybo
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Scott E Kinison
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Sheba Goklany
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Kristin B Linscott
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4561
| | - Qidong Jia
- Gradaute School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Shoshana D Brown
- Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2330
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Patricia C Babbitt
- Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2330
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Feng Chen
- Gradaute School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4561
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082
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45
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Linscott KB, Niehaus TD, Zhuang X, Bell SA, Chappell J. Mapping a kingdom-specific functional domain of squalene synthase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1049-1057. [PMID: 27320012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in sterol biosynthesis and consists of both an amino-terminal catalytic domain and a carboxy-terminal domain tethering the enzyme to the ER membrane. While the overall architecture of this enzyme is identical in eukaryotes, it was previously shown that plant and animal genes cannot complement a squalene synthase knockout mutation in yeast unless the carboxy-terminal domain is swapped for one of fungal origin. This implied a unique component of the fungal carboxy-terminal domain was responsible for the complementation phenotype. To identify this motif, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a squalene synthase knockout mutation, and expressed intact and chimeric squalene synthases originating from fungi, plants, and animals. In contrast to previous observations, all enzymes tested could partially complement the knockout mutation when the genes were weakly expressed. However, when highly expressed, non-fungal squalene synthases could not complement the yeast mutation and instead led to the accumulation of a toxic intermediate(s) as defined by mutations of genes downstream in the ergosterol pathway. Restoration of the complete complementation phenotype was mapped to a 26-amino acid hinge region linking the catalytic and membrane-spanning domains specific to fungal squalene synthases. Over-expression of the C-terminal domain containing a hinge domain from fungi, not from animals or plants, led to growth inhibition of wild-type yeast. Because this hinge region is unique to and highly conserved within each kingdom of life, the data suggests that the hinge domain plays an essential functional role, such as assembly of ergosterol multi-enzyme complexes in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Linscott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, United States
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
| | - Xun Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
| | - Stephen A Bell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
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46
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Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Chappell J. Extraction and Analysis of Terpenes/Terpenoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:345-358. [PMID: 27868090 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes/terpenoids constitute one of the largest classes of natural products, this is due to the incredible chemical diversity that can arise from the biochemical transformations of the relatively simple prenyl diphosphate starter units. All terpenes/terpenoids comprise a hydrocarbon backbone that is generated from the various length prenyl diphosphates (a polymer chain of prenyl units). Upon ionization (removal) of the diphosphate group, the remaining allylic carbocation intermediates can be coaxed down complex chemical cascades leading to diverse linear and cyclized hydrocarbon backbones, which can then be further modified with a wide range of functional groups (e.g. alcohol, ketones, etc.) and substituent additions (e.g. sugars, fatty acids). Because of this chemical diversity, terpenes/terpenoids have great industrial uses as flavors, fragrances, high grade lubricants, biofuels, agricultural chemicals and medicines. The protocols presented here focus on the extraction of terpenes/terpenoids from various plant sources and have been divided into extraction methods for terpenes/terpenoids with various levels of chemical decoration, from the relative small, nonpolar, volatile hydrocarbons to substantially large molecules with greater physical complexity due to their chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Chase Kempinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
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47
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Tatsis EC, O'Connor SE. New developments in engineering plant metabolic pathways. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:126-132. [PMID: 27132124 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants contain countless metabolic pathways that are responsible for the biosynthesis of complex metabolites. Armed with new tools in sequencing and bioinformatics, the genes that encode these plant biosynthetic pathways have become easier to discover, putting us in an excellent position to fully harness the wealth of compounds and biocatalysts (enzymes) that plants provide. For overproduction and isolation of high-value plant-derived chemicals, plant pathways can be reconstituted in heterologous hosts. Alternatively, plant pathways can be modified in the native producer to confer new properties to the plant, such as better biofuel production or enhanced nutritional value. This perspective highlights a range of examples that demonstrate how the metabolic pathways of plants can be successfully harnessed with a variety of metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos C Tatsis
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. sarah.o'
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48
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Thapa HR, Naik MT, Okada S, Takada K, Molnár I, Xu Y, Devarenne TP. A squalene synthase-like enzyme initiates production of tetraterpenoid hydrocarbons in Botryococcus braunii Race L. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11198. [PMID: 27050299 PMCID: PMC4823828 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is considered a promising biofuel feedstock producer due to its prodigious accumulation of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. B. braunii Race L produces the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene via an uncharacterized biosynthetic pathway. Structural similarities suggest this pathway follows a biosynthetic mechanism analogous to that of C30 squalene. Confirming this hypothesis, the current study identifies C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) as a precursor for lycopaoctaene biosynthesis, the first committed intermediate in the production of lycopadiene. Two squalene synthase (SS)-like complementary DNAs are identified in race L with one encoding a true SS and the other encoding an enzyme with lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS) activity. Interestingly, LOS uses alternative C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphate substrates to produce combinatorial hybrid hydrocarbons, but almost exclusively uses GGPP in vivo. This discovery highlights how SS enzyme diversification results in the production of specialized tetraterpenoid oils in race L of B. braunii. The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is a promising biofuel producer due to its ability to produce large amounts of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. Here the authors implicate lycopaoctaene synthase, a squalene synthases-like enzyme, in the first step towards the biosynthesis of the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Mandar T Naik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.,Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85739, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85739, USA.,Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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49
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Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Bush CJ, Nybo SE, Chappell J. Engineering Triterpene and Methylated Triterpene Production in Plants Provides Biochemical and Physiological Insights into Terpene Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:702-16. [PMID: 26603654 PMCID: PMC4734568 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Linear, branch-chained triterpenes, including squalene (C30), botryococcene (C30), and their methylated derivatives (C31-C37), generated by the green alga Botryococcus braunii race B have received significant attention because of their utility as chemical and biofuel feedstocks. However, the slow growth habit of B. braunii makes it impractical as a production system. In this study, we evaluated the potential of generating high levels of botryococcene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants by diverting carbon flux from the cytosolic mevalonate pathway or the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate pathway by the targeted overexpression of an avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase along with two versions of botryococcene synthases. Up to 544 µg g(-1) fresh weight of botryococcene was achieved when this metabolism was directed to the chloroplasts, which is approximately 90 times greater than that accumulating in plants engineered for cytosolic production. To test if methylated triterpenes could be produced in tobacco, we also engineered triterpene methyltransferases (TMTs) from B. braunii into wild-type plants and transgenic lines selected for high-level triterpene accumulation. Up to 91% of the total triterpene contents could be converted to methylated forms (C31 and C32) by cotargeting the TMTs and triterpene biosynthesis to the chloroplasts, whereas only 4% to 14% of total triterpenes were methylated when this metabolism was directed to the cytoplasm. When the TMTs were overexpressed in the cytoplasm of wild-type plants, up to 72% of the total squalene was methylated, and total triterpene (C30+C31+C32) content was elevated 7-fold. Altogether, these results point to innate mechanisms controlling metabolite fluxes, including a homeostatic role for squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Caroline J Bush
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - S Eric Nybo
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
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50
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Pan JJ, Ramamoorthy G, Poulter CD. Absolute Configuration of Hydroxysqualene. An Intermediate in Bacterial Hopanoid Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2016; 18:512-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jung Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Gurusankar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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