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Yin X, Wang J, Ge M, Feng X, Zhang G. Designing Small Molecule PI3Kγ Inhibitors: A Review of Structure-Based Methods and Computational Approaches. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10530-10547. [PMID: 38988222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays critical roles in a wide array of biological processes. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ), a class IB PI3K family member, represents a potential therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity. In this Perspective, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, biological function, and regulation of PI3Kγ. We also focus on the development of PI3Kγ inhibitors over the past decade and emphasize their binding modes, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological activities. The application of computational technologies and artificial intelligence in the discovery of novel PI3Kγ inhibitors is also introduced. This review aims to provide a timely and updated overview on the strategies for targeting PI3Kγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yin
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Ge
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Feng
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050018, People's Republic of China
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2
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Badoiu SC, Greabu M, Miricescu D, Stanescu-Spinu II, Ilinca R, Balan DG, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE, Mihai DA, Vacaroiu IA, Stefani C, Jinga V. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Dysregulation and Reprogramming Metabolic Pathways in Renal Cancer: Crosstalk with the VHL/HIF Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8391. [PMID: 37176098 PMCID: PMC10179314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 85-95% of kidney cancers and is the most frequent type of renal cancer in adult patients. It accounts for 3% of all cancer cases and is in 7th place among the most frequent histological types of cancer. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), accounts for 75% of RCCs and has the most kidney cancer-related deaths. One-third of the patients with ccRCC develop metastases. Renal cancer presents cellular alterations in sugars, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acid metabolism. RCC is characterized by several metabolic dysregulations including oxygen sensing (VHL/HIF pathway), glucose transporters (GLUT 1 and GLUT 4) energy sensing, and energy nutrient sensing cascade. Metabolic reprogramming represents an important characteristic of the cancer cells to survive in nutrient and oxygen-deprived environments, to proliferate and metastasize in different body sites. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of the rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway is usually dysregulated in various cancer types including renal cancer. This molecular pathway is frequently correlated with tumor growth and survival. The main aim of this review is to present renal cancer types, dysregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway members, crosstalk with VHL/HIF axis, and carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acid alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu Constantin Badoiu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Iulia-Ioana Stanescu-Spinu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Radu Ilinca
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Gabriela Balan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Andra-Elena Balcangiu-Stroescu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Doina-Andrada Mihai
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ileana Adela Vacaroiu
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Constantin Stefani
- Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 134 Calea Plevnei, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Department of Urology, “Prof. Dr. Theodor Burghele” Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Theodor Burghele” Clinical Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Sciences Section, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050085 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Harris NJ, Jenkins ML, Nam SE, Rathinaswamy MK, Parson MA, Ranga-Prasad H, Dalwadi U, Moeller BE, Sheekey E, Hansen SD, Yip CK, Burke JE. Allosteric activation or inhibition of PI3Kγ mediated through conformational changes in the p110γ helical domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536585. [PMID: 37090531 PMCID: PMC10120615 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PI3Kγ is a critical immune signaling enzyme activated downstream of diverse cell surface molecules, including Ras, PKCβ activated by the IgE receptor, and Gβγ subunits released from activated GPCRs. PI3Kγ can form two distinct complexes, with the p110γ catalytic subunit binding to either a p101 or p84 regulatory subunit, with these complexes being differentially activated by upstream stimuli. Here using a combination of Cryo electron microscopy, HDX-MS, and biochemical assays we have identified novel roles of the helical domain of p110γ in regulating lipid kinase activity of distinct PI3Kγ complexes. We defined the molecular basis for how an allosteric inhibitory nanobody potently inhibits kinase activity through rigidifying the helical domain and regulatory motif of the kinase domain. The nanobody did not block either p110γ membrane recruitment or Ras/Gβγ binding, but instead decreased ATP turnover. We also identified that p110γ can be activated by dual PKCβ helical domain phosphorylation leading to partial unfolding of an N-terminal region of the helical domain. PKCβ phosphorylation is selective for p110γ-p84 compared to p110γ-p101, driven by differential dynamics of the helical domain of these different complexes. Nanobody binding prevented PKCβ mediated phosphorylation. Overall, this works shows an unexpected allosteric regulatory role of the helical domain of p110γ that is distinct between p110γ-p84 and p110γ-p101, and reveals how this can be modulated by either phosphorylation or allosteric inhibitory binding partners. This opens possibilities of future allosteric inhibitor development for therapeutic intervention.
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4
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Targeting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in obesity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114244. [PMID: 36638594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disorder with an increasing prevalence, which impairs the life quality of patients and intensifies societal health care costs. The development of safe and innovative prevention strategies and therapeutic approaches is thus of great importance. The complex pathophysiology of obesity involves multiple signaling pathways that influence energy metabolism in different tissues. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway is critical for the metabolic homeostasis and its function in insulin-sensitive tissues is described in the context of health, obesity and obesity-related complications. The PI3K family participates in the regulation of diverse physiological processes including but not limited to cell growth, survival, differentiation, autophagy, chemotaxis, and metabolism depending on the cellular context. AKT is downstream of PI3K in the insulin signaling pathway, and promotes multiple cellular processes by targeting a plethora of regulatory proteins that control glucose and lipid metabolism. Natural products are essential for prevention and treatment of many human diseases, including obesity. Anti-obesity natural compounds effect multiple pathophysiological mechanisms involved in obesity development. Numerous recent preclinical studies reveal the advances in using plant secondary metabolites to target the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for obesity management. In this paper the druggability of PI3K as a target for compounds with anti-obesity potential is evaluated. Perspectives on the strategies and limitations for clinical implementation of obesity management using natural compounds modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway are suggested.
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Rathinaswamy MK, Jenkins ML, Duewell BR, Zhang X, Harris NJ, Evans JT, Stariha JTB, Dalwadi U, Fleming KD, Ranga-Prasad H, Yip CK, Williams RL, Hansen SD, Burke JE. Molecular basis for differential activation of p101 and p84 complexes of PI3Kγ by Ras and GPCRs. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112172. [PMID: 36842083 PMCID: PMC10068899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kγ) is activated in immune cells and can form two distinct complexes (p110γ-p84 and p110γ-p101), which are differentially activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Ras. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), electron microscopy, molecular modeling, single-molecule imaging, and activity assays, we identify molecular differences between p110γ-p84 and p110γ-p101 that explain their differential membrane recruitment and activation by Ras and GPCRs. The p110γ-p84 complex is dynamic compared with p110γ-p101. While p110γ-p101 is robustly recruited by Gβγ subunits, p110γ-p84 is weakly recruited to membranes by Gβγ subunits alone and requires recruitment by Ras to allow for Gβγ activation. We mapped two distinct Gβγ interfaces on p101 and the p110γ helical domain, with differences in the C-terminal domain of p84 and p101 conferring sensitivity of p110γ-p101 to Gβγ activation. Overall, our work provides key insight into the molecular basis for how PI3Kγ complexes are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Rathinaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Duewell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Xuxiao Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Noah J Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John T Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jordan T B Stariha
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Udit Dalwadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kaelin D Fleming
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Harish Ranga-Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Scott D Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Lanahan SM, Wymann MP, Lucas CL. The role of PI3Kγ in the immune system: new insights and translational implications. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:687-700. [PMID: 35322259 PMCID: PMC9922156 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, new insights have positioned phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) as a context-dependent modulator of immunity and inflammation. Recent advances in protein structure determination and drug development have allowed for generation of highly specific PI3Kγ inhibitors, with the first now in clinical trials for several oncology indications. Recently, a monogenic immune disorder caused by PI3Kγ deficiency was discovered in humans and modelled in mice. Human inactivated PI3Kγ syndrome confirms the immunomodulatory roles of PI3Kγ and strengthens newly defined roles of this molecule in modulating inflammatory cytokine release in macrophages. Here, we review the functions of PI3Kγ in the immune system and discuss how our understanding of its potential as a therapeutic target has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Lanahan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Carrie L Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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PI3K and AKT at the Interface of Signaling and Metabolism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:311-336. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Class I PI3K Biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:3-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Becattini B, Breasson L, Sardi C, Zani F, Solinas G. PI3Kγ promotes obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating metabolism and inflammation. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100359. [PMID: 34704005 PMCID: PMC8521290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Phosphatidylinositides-3 kinases (PI3Ks) are promising drug targets for cancer therapy, but blockage of PI3K-AKT signalling causes hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and liver damage in patients, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. There are 4 PI3Ks: PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ. The role of PI3Kγ in HCC is unknown. Methods We performed histopathological, metabolic, and molecular phenotyping of mice with genetic ablation of PI3Kγ using models where HCC was initiated by the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and promoted by dietary or genetic obesity (ob/ob). The role of PI3Kγ in leucocytes was investigated in mice lacking PI3Kγ in haematopoietic and endothelial cells. Results Loss of PI3Kγ had no effects on the development of DEN-induced HCC in lean mice. However, in mice injected with DEN and placed on an obesogenic diet, PI3Kγ ablation reduced tumour growth, which was associated with reduced insulinaemia, steatosis, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. ob/ob mice lacking PI3Kγ, and mice with diet-induced obesity lacking PI3Kγ in leucocytes and endothelial cells did not display improved insulin sensitivity, steatosis, metabolic inflammation, or reduced tumour growth. However, these mice showed a reduced number of tumours, reduced liver infiltration by neutrophils, and reduced hepatocyte proliferation acutely induced by DEN. Conclusions Loss of PI3Kγ reduces tumour development in obesity-promoted HCC through multiple cell types and mechanisms that include improved insulinaemia, steatosis, and metabolic inflammation as well as the regulation of acute neutrophil infiltration and compensatory hepatocyte proliferation. PI3Kγ-selective inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach to reduce HCC initiation and slow HCC progression. Lay summary Class-1 phosphatidylinositides-3 kinases (PI3Ks) are critical targets in cancer therapy, but complete inhibition of all isoforms causes liver damage, hyperglycaemia, and insulinaemia. Here we show that selective ablation of the PI3Kγ isoform dampens tumour initiation and growth in a mouse model of carcinogen-initiated and obesity-promoted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The effect of PI3Kγ ablation on reduced tumour growth was explained by reduced tumour cell proliferation, which was associated with reduced insulin levels, liver lipids, and reduced expression of tumour-promoting cytokines. PI3Kγ ablation in leucocytes of obese mice had no effects on tumour size. However, it reduced tumour number in association with reduced carcinogen-induced neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte proliferation in livers of obese mice. Inhibition of PI3Kγ may thus reduce HCC initiation and growth in obese subjects by a mechanism involving reduced metabolic stress and insulinaemia and reduced carcinogen-induced neutrophil infiltration to the fatty liver. PI3Kγ ablation does not affect carcinogen-induced liver cancer in lean mice. PI3Kγ ablation reduces carcinogen-induced liver cancer in obese mice. Systemic PI3Kγ ablation reduces hyperinsulinaemia, steatosis, metabolic inflammation, and growth of liver tumours. PI3Kγ ablation in leucocytes and endothelial cells reduces neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte proliferation acutely induced by carcinogen in the fatty liver.
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Key Words
- AKT
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin
- NAFLD
- NASH
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositides-3 kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RT, room temperature
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling
- WT, wild-type
- mTOR
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ludovic Breasson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Sardi
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Issinger OG, Guerra B. Phytochemicals in cancer and their effect on the PI3K/AKT-mediated cellular signalling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111650. [PMID: 33945911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases belong to the largest family of enzymes controlling every aspect of cellular activity including gene expression, cell division, differentiation and metabolism. They are part of major intracellular signalling pathways. Hence, it is not surprising that they are involved in the development of major diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, dementia and, most importantly, cancer when they undergo mutations, modifications and unbalanced expression. This review will explore the possibility to draw a connection between the application of natural phytochemicals and the treatment of cancer. We have chosen to focus on the PI3K/AKT cellular signalling pathway which has been shown to be a major target by natural compounds in cell cultures and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf-Georg Issinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Barbara Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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11
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Mazzoli A, Sardi C, Breasson L, Theilig F, Becattini B, Solinas G. JNK1 ablation improves pancreatic β-cell mass and function in db/db diabetic mice without affecting insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue inflammation. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:94-107. [PMID: 33615154 PMCID: PMC7876705 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cJun N‐terminal Kinases (JNK) emerged as a major link between obesity and insulin resistance, but their role in the loss of pancreatic β‐cell mass and function driving the progression from insulin resistance to type‐2 diabetes and in the complications of diabetes was not investigated to the same extent. Furthermore, it was shown that pan‐JNK inhibition exacerbates kidney damage in the db/db model of obesity‐driven diabetes. Here we investigate the role of JNK1 in the db/db model of obesity‐driven type‐2 diabetes. Mice with systemic ablation of JNK1 (JNK1−/−) were backcrossed for more than 10 generations in db/+ C57BL/KS mice to generate db/db‐JNK1−/− mice and db/db control mice. To define the role of JNK1 in the loss of β‐cell mass and function occurring during obesity‐driven diabetes we performed comprehensive metabolic phenotyping, evaluated steatosis and metabolic inflammation, performed morphometric and cellular composition analysis of pancreatic islets, and evaluated kidney function in db/db‐JNK1−/− mice and db/db controls. db/db‐JNK1−/− mice and db/db control mice developed insulin resistance, fatty liver, and metabolic inflammation to a similar extent. However, db/db‐JNK1−/− mice displayed better glucose tolerance and improved insulin levels during glucose tolerance test, higher pancreatic insulin content, and larger pancreatic islets with more β‐cells than db/db mice. Finally, albuminuria, kidney histopathology, kidney inflammation and oxidative stress in db/db‐JNK1−/− mice and in db/db mice were similar. Our data indicate that selective JNK1 ablation improves glucose tolerance in db/db mice by reducing the loss of functional β‐cells occurring in the db/db mouse model of obesity‐driven diabetes, without significantly affecting metabolic inflammation, steatosis, and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, we have found that, differently from what previously reported for pan‐JNK inhibitors, selective JNK1 ablation does not exacerbate kidney dysfunction in db/db mice. We conclude that selective JNK1 inactivation may have a superior therapeutic index than pan‐JNK inhibition in obesity‐driven diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Mazzoli
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Claudia Sardi
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ludovic Breasson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Franziska Theilig
- Institute of Anatomy Christian Albrechts-University Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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12
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Jin R, Zhong W, Liu S, Wang M, Li G. Inhibition of PI3Kγ by AS605240 plus low-dose tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) combination improves thrombolytic therapy in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135339. [PMID: 32882317 PMCID: PMC8171661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that PI3Kγ inhibition with AS605240 plus a standard rat-dose tPA (10 mg/kg) combination attenuates delayed tPA-induced brain hemorrhage and ameliorates acute stroke injury 3 days after ischemic stroke in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combining AS605240 with tPA can enhance thrombolytic efficacy, so that lower doses of tPA can be applied to improve long-term outcome after ischemic stroke. The results showed that AS605240 plus low-dose tPA (5 mg/kg) combination therapy at 4 h after stroke onset significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits at 24 h after stroke compared with saline, AS605240 or low-dose tPA alone group. Importantly, the combination therapy significantly reduced the delayed tPA-associated brain hemorrhage. Moreover, the combination therapy significantly decreased the size of the residual embolus within the middle cerebral artery, which was associated with a decrease in plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity compared with saline and tPA alone. Finally, AS605240 plus low-dose tPA combination improved long-term outcome for at least 35 days after stroke compared with the saline-treated group. Taken together, these findings suggest that PI3Kγ inhibition with AS605240 might act as an adjunct approach for enhancing tPA thrombolytic efficacy in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Jin JR, Gogvadze E, Xavier AR, Bohnacker T, Voelzmann J, Wymann MP. PI3K γ Regulatory Protein p84 Determines Mast Cell Sensitivity to Ras Inhibition-Moving Towards Cell Specific PI3K Targeting? Front Immunol 2020; 11:585070. [PMID: 33193405 PMCID: PMC7655736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are the major effector cells in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy. The high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI, as well as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the mast cell surface signals to phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) to initiate degranulation, cytokine release, and chemotaxis. PI3Kγ is therefore considered as a target for treatment of allergic disorders. However, leukocyte PI3Kγ is key to many functions in innate and adaptive immunity, and attenuation of host defense mechanisms is an expected adverse effect that complicates treatment of chronic illnesses. PI3Kγ operates as a p110γ/p84 or p110γ/p101 complex, where p110γ/p84 requires Ras activation. Here we investigated if modulation of Ras-isoprenylation could target PI3Kγ activity to attenuate PI3Kγ-dependent mast cell responses without impairment of macrophage functions. In murine bone marrow-derived mast cells, GPCR stimulation triggers activation of N-Ras and H-Ras isoforms, which is followed by the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) relayed through PI3Kγ. Although K-Ras is normally not activated in Ras wild-type cells, it is able to compensate for genetically deleted N- and H-Ras isoforms. Inhibition of Ras isoprenylation with farnesyltransferase inhibitor FTI-277 leads to a significant reduction of mast cell degranulation, cytokine production, and migration. Complementation experiments expressing PI3Kγ adaptor proteins p84 or p101 demonstrated a differential sensitivity towards Ras-inhibition depending on PI3Kγ complex composition. Mast cell responses are exclusively p84-dependent and were effectively controlled by FTI-277. Similar results were obtained when GTP-Ras was inactivated by overexpression of the GAP-domain of Neurofibromin-1 (NF-1). Unlike mast cells, macrophages express p84 and p101 but are p101-dominated and thus remain functional under treatment with FTI-277. Our work demonstrates that p101 and p84 have distinct physiological roles, and that Ras dependence of PI3Kγ signaling differs between cell types. FTI-277 reduces GPCR-activated PI3Kγ responses in p84-expressing but not p101-containing bone marrow derived cells. However, prenylation inhibitors have pleiotropic effects beyond Ras and non-tolerable side-effects that disfavor further clinical validation. Statins are, however, clinically well-established drugs that have previously been proposed to block mast cell degranulation by interference with protein prenylation. We show here that Simvastatin inhibits mast cell degranulation, but that this does not occur via Ras-PI3Kγ pathway alterations.
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George JA, Alshebli Z, Alneyadi A, Al Mukhaini N, Al-Salam S, Sudhadevi M, Souid AK, Alsuwaidi AR. Idelalisib induces apoptosis in the lymphoid tissues and impairs lung function in mice. J Chemother 2019; 32:88-97. [PMID: 31884896 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1708153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Idelalisib, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p110δ subunit (PI3Kδ), is approved for treating lymphoid malignancy. The drug is associated with hematopoietic and pulmonary toxicities, which limit its clinical use. However, the toxicity mechanisms are not completely elucidated. In this study, mice were intraperitoneally injected with idelalisib (40 or 80 µg/g) or dimethyl sulfoxide for five days every week for up to four weeks to evaluate the changes in the thymus, spleen, and pulmonary functions. Idelalisib treatment induced thymic involution, decreased CD4+/CD8+ T-cell population, and increased CD4-/CD8- T-cell population. In the spleen, idelalisib dose dependently decreased the lymphocyte viability and cell count. Idelalisib-treated mice exhibited enhanced cleaved caspase-3 expression in the thymus, spleen, and lung tissues. Idelalisib augmented thoracic and airway resistance and decreased thoracic compliance. Thus, PI3Kδ has physiological roles in T-cell development and airway function. Monitoring drug toxicity is important for developing follow-up compounds that target PI3Kδ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu A George
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zainab Alshebli
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Alneyadi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noura Al Mukhaini
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manjusha Sudhadevi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Function, Regulation and Biological Roles of PI3Kγ Variants. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090427. [PMID: 31480354 PMCID: PMC6770443 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) γ is the only class IB PI3K member playing significant roles in the G-protein-dependent regulation of cell signaling in health and disease. Originally found in the immune system, increasing evidence suggest a wide array of functions in the whole organism. PI3Kγ occur as two different heterodimeric variants: PI3Kγ (p87) and PI3Kγ (p101), which share the same p110γ catalytic subunit but differ in their associated non-catalytic subunit. Here we concentrate on specific PI3Kγ features including its regulation and biological functions. In particular, the roles of its non-catalytic subunits serving as the main regulators determining specificity of class IB PI3Kγ enzymes are highlighted.
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16
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Buchanan CM, Lee KL, Shepherd PR. For Better or Worse: The Potential for Dose Limiting the On-Target Toxicity of PI 3-Kinase Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090402. [PMID: 31443495 PMCID: PMC6770514 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyper-activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase signaling pathway is a hallmark of many cancers and overgrowth syndromes, and as a result, there has been intense interest in the development of drugs that target the various isoforms of PI 3-kinase. Given the key role PI 3-kinases play in many normal cell functions, there is significant potential for the disruption of essential cellular functions by PI 3-kinase inhibitors in normal tissues; so-called on-target drug toxicity. It is, therefore, no surprise that progress within the clinical development of PI 3-kinase inhibitors as single-agent anti-cancer therapies has been slowed by the difficulty of identifying a therapeutic window. The aim of this review is to place the cellular, tissue and whole-body effects of PI 3-kinase inhibition in the context of understanding the potential for dose limiting on-target toxicities and to introduce possible strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Buchanan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kate L Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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p110γ deficiency protects against pancreatic carcinogenesis yet predisposes to diet-induced hepatotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14724-14733. [PMID: 31266893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813012116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is notorious for its poor survival and resistance to conventional therapies. PI3K signaling is implicated in both disease initiation and progression, and specific inhibitors of selected PI3K p110 isoforms for managing solid tumors are emerging. We demonstrate that increased activation of PI3K signals cooperates with oncogenic Kras to promote aggressive PDAC in vivo. The p110γ isoform is overexpressed in tumor tissue and promotes carcinogenesis via canonical AKT signaling. Its selective blockade sensitizes tumor cells to gemcitabine in vitro, and genetic ablation of p110γ protects against Kras-induced tumorigenesis. Diet/obesity was identified as a crucial means of p110 subunit up-regulation, and in the setting of a high-fat diet, p110γ ablation failed to protect against tumor development, showing increased activation of pAKT and hepatic damage. These observations suggest that a careful and judicious approach should be considered when targeting p110γ for therapy, particularly in obese patients.
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18
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Gao L, Sun N, Xu Q, Jiang Z, Li C. Comparative analysis of mRNA expression profiles in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epigenomics 2019; 11:685-699. [PMID: 31016992 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to understand the individual and shared features of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) by analyzing the gene expression profile. Materials & methods: An integrated analysis was performed with microarray datasets for T1D and T2D. Compared with normal control, shared and specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T1D and T2D were obtained. Functional annotation, further validation and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed. Results: Five and three datasets for T1D and T2D were downloaded, respectively. In total, 141 (85 T1D vs 56 normal controls) and 70 (29 T2D vs 41 normal controls) peripheral blood samples were included in T1D and T2D group, respectively. Compared with normal controls, 119 and 146 DEGs were found in T1D and T2D, respectively. PNP and CCR1 have great diagnostic value for both T1D and T2D. MGAM and NAMPT had great diagnostic value for T2D. Conclusion: Our finding provided clues for developing biomarkers for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qinglei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lanshan District Diabetes Hospital of LinYi, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi 276038, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
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19
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A class of highly selective inhibitors bind to an active state of PI3Kγ. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:348-357. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Perry MWD, Abdulai R, Mogemark M, Petersen J, Thomas MJ, Valastro B, Westin Eriksson A. Evolution of PI3Kγ and δ Inhibitors for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4783-4814. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raolat Abdulai
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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21
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Martins VF, Tahvilian S, Kang JH, Svensson K, Hetrick B, Chick WS, Schenk S, McCurdy CE. Calorie Restriction-Induced Increase in Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Is Not Prevented by Overexpression of the p55α Subunit of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase. Front Physiol 2018; 9:789. [PMID: 29997524 PMCID: PMC6030672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays an important role in skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. While whole-body and tissue specific knockout (KO) of individual or combinations of the regulatory subunits of PI3K (p85α, p55α, and p50α or p85β); increase insulin sensitivity, no study has examined whether increasing the expression of the individual regulatory subunits would inhibit insulin action in vivo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of the p55α regulatory subunit of PI3K impairs skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, or prevents its enhancement by caloric restriction. Methods: We developed a novel "floxed" mouse that, through the Cre-LoxP approach, allows for tamoxifen (TMX)-inducible and skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of the p55α subunit of PI3K (referred to as, 'p55α-mOX'). Beginning at 10 weeks of age, p55α-mOX mice and their floxed littermates (referred to as wildtype [WT]) either continued with free access to food (ad libitum; AL), or were switched to a calorie restricted diet (CR; 60% of AL intake) for 20 days. We measured body composition, whole-body energy expenditure, oral glucose tolerance and ex vivo skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles using the 2-deoxy-glucose (2DOG) uptake method. Results: p55α mRNA and protein expression was increased ∼2 fold in muscle from p55α-mOX versus WT mice. There were no differences in energy expenditure, total activity, or food intake of AL-fed mice between genotypes. Body weight, fat and lean mass, tissue weights, and fasting glucose and insulin were comparable between p55α-mOX and WT mice on AL, and were decreased equally by CR. Interestingly, overexpression of p55α did not impair oral glucose tolerance or skeletal muscle insulin signaling or sensitivity, nor did it impact the ability of CR to enhance these parameters. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of p55α does not impact skeletal muscle insulin action, suggesting that p85α and/or p50α may be more important regulators of skeletal muscle insulin signaling and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F. Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shahriar Tahvilian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ji H. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Wallace S. Chick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carrie E. McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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22
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Solinas G, Becattini B. The role of PI3Kγ in metabolism and macrophage activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106145-106146. [PMID: 29290924 PMCID: PMC5739709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- Giovanni Solinas: The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Becattini
- Giovanni Solinas: The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Breasson L, Sardi C, Becattini B, Zani F, Solinas G. PI3Kγ ablation does not promote diabetes in db/db mice, but improves insulin sensitivity and reduces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. FASEB J 2017; 32:319-329. [PMID: 28904022 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700372rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PI3Kγ has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance; however, previous studies have indicated that PI3Kγ activity in pancreatic β cells is required for normal insulin secretion in response to glucose. Hence, a possible deterioration of insulin secretion capacity in patients who are predisposed to the failure of pancreatic β-cell function is a major concern for the pharmacologic inhibition of PI3Kγ. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of PI3Kγ ablation in db/db diabetic mice, a genetic model of obesity-driven β-cell failure and diabetes. Mice that lacked PI3Kγ were backcrossed into db/+ mice C57BL/KS (>10 generations) to obtain db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice. db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice and control db/db mice were phenotyped for glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, steatosis, metabolic inflammation, pancreatic islet morphometry, islet cellular composition, and inflammation. Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and proliferation were also evaluated. db/db-PI3Kγ -/- mice and control db/db mice developed similar body weight, steatosis, glycemia, and insulin levels after a glucose load; however, db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice displayed improved insulin tolerance, higher levels of fasting serum insulin, and lower pancreatic insulin content. In db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice, the number of adipose tissue macrophages was similar to control, but displayed reduced adipose tissue neutrophils and M2-polarized adipose tissue gene expression. Finally, db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice have more pancreatic β cells and larger islets than db/db mice, despite displaying similar islet inflammation. This phenotype could be explained by reduced β-cell apoptosis in db/db-PI3Kγ-/- mice compared with control db/db mice. Our results are consistent with the concept that the beneficial action of PI3Kγ ablation in obesity-driven glucose intolerance is largely a result of its leptin-dependent effects on adiposity and, to a lesser extent, the promotion of adipose tissue neutrophil recruitment and M1 polarization of gene expression. Of importance, our data challenge the concept that PI3Kγ is required for insulin secretion in response to glucose in vivo, and indicate that PI3Kγ ablation protects db/db mice from β-cell apoptosis and improves fasting insulin levels. We conclude that PI3Kγ inhibition in obese patients who are predisposed to β-cell failure is not expected to produce adverse effects on insulin secretion.-Breasson, L., Sardi, C., Becattini, B., Zani, F., Solinas, G. PI3Kγ ablation does not promote diabetes in db/db mice, but improves insulin sensitivity and reduces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Breasson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Sardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Becattini
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio Zani
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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24
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Breasson L, Becattini B, Sardi C, Molinaro A, Zani F, Marone R, Botindari F, Bousquenaud M, Ruegg C, Wymann MP, Solinas G. PI3Kγ activity in leukocytes promotes adipose tissue inflammation and early-onset insulin resistance during obesity. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/488/eaaf2969. [PMID: 28720716 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays a major role in leukocyte recruitment during acute inflammation and has been proposed to inhibit classical macrophage activation by driving immunosuppressive gene expression. PI3Kγ plays an important role in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In seeking to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we showed that PI3Kγ action in high-fat diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance depended largely on its role in the control of adiposity, which was due to PI3Kγ activity in a nonhematopoietic cell type. However, PI3Kγ activity in leukocytes was required for efficient neutrophil recruitment to adipose tissue. Neutrophil recruitment was correlated with proinflammatory gene expression in macrophages in adipose tissue, which triggered insulin resistance early during the development of obesity. Our data challenge the concept that PI3Kγ is a general suppressor of classical macrophage activation and indicate that PI3Kγ controls macrophage gene expression by non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, the outcome of which is context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Breasson
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Becattini
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Fabio Zani
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Romina Marone
- Cancer and Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Botindari
- Cancer and Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Bousquenaud
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Curzio Ruegg
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Cancer and Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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柴 巧, 钟 素, 倪 佳, 陈 蕾, 周 磊, 章 锦. [Beneficial effect of periodontal therapy on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in obese rats with periodontitis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:663-667. [PMID: 28539291 PMCID: PMC6780471 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of periodontal therapy in controlling periodontitis and on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in obese rats with periodontitis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal group (group C), obese group (group O), periodontitis combined with obesity group (group P) and periodontal treatment group (group T). The obese rats in groups P and T were subjected to ligation of the maxillary second molar with silk thread to induce experimental periodontitis, and the rats in group T received periodontal therapy after the ligation. All the rats were sacrificed at the age of 24 weeks for measurement of blood lipids, insulin and blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The expressions of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 in the liver tissues were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Compared with the obese rats in group O, the rats in group P showed significantly higher HOMA-IR and LDL-C and lower expressions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 mRNA expression and HDL-C level (P<0.05). Compared with those in group P, the mRNA expressions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 and HDL-C level were significantly increased and LDL-C level, TC level and HOMA-IR were all decreased in group T (P<0.05), but the level of TG was comparable between the two groups. Pathological examination revealed lessened inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue destruction in the upper jaw of the rats in group T; the rats in group P presented with the most obvious upper jaw destruction and steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver. CONCLUSION Periodontal inflammation can downregulate the expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2 and increase insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in obese rats. Periodontal therapy produces a beneficial effect in improving insulin resistance and reducing dyslipidemia in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- 巧学 柴
- 南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510515Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southern Medical University//Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 素兰 钟
- 南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510515Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southern Medical University//Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 佳 倪
- 南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510515Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southern Medical University//Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 蕾 陈
- 南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510515Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southern Medical University//Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 磊 周
- 南方医科大学口腔医院//广东省口腔医院,广东 广州 510515Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Southern Medical University//Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 锦才 章
- 中国科学院大学存济医学院,北京 100049Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Scaffolding Function of PI3Kgamma Emerges from Enzyme's Shadow. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:763-772. [PMID: 28179187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, an enzyme is a protein that mediates biochemical action by binding to the substrate and by catalyzing the reaction that translates external cues into biological responses. Sequential dissemination of information from one enzyme to another facilitates signal transduction in biological systems providing for feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms. Given this viewpoint, an enzyme without its catalytic activity is generally considered to be an inert organizational protein without catalytic function and has classically been termed as pseudo-enzymes. However, pseudo-enzymes still have biological function albeit non-enzymatic like serving as a chaperone protein or an interactive platform between proteins. In this regard, majority of the studies have focused solely on the catalytic role of enzymes in biological function, overlooking the potentially critical non-enzymatic roles. Increasing evidence from recent studies implicate that the scaffolding function of enzymes could be as important in signal transduction as its catalytic activity, which is an antithesis to the definition of enzymes. Recognition of non-enzymatic functions could be critical, as these unappreciated roles may hold clues to the ineffectiveness of kinase inhibitors in pathology, which is characteristically associated with increased enzyme expression. Using an established enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ, we discuss the insights obtained from the scaffolding function and how this non-canonical role could contribute to/alter the outcomes in pathology like cancer and heart failure. Also, we hope that with this review, we provide a forum and a starting point to discuss the idea that catalytic function alone may not account for all the actions observed with increased expression of the enzyme.
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Shipp SL, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Recent advances in the understanding of how neuropeptide Y and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone function in adipose physiology. Adipocyte 2016; 5:333-350. [PMID: 27994947 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1208867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the brain and the adipose tissue has been the focus of many studies in recent years, with the "brain-fat axis" identified as a system that orchestrates the assimilation and usage of energy to maintain body mass and adequate fat stores. It is now well-known that appetite-regulating peptides that were studied as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system can act both on the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and also on the adipose tissue to modulate the storage of energy. Energy balance is thus partly controlled by factors that can alter both energy intake and storage/expenditure. Two such factors involved in these processes are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). NPY, an orexigenic factor, is associated with promoting adipogenesis in both mammals and chickens, while α-MSH, an anorexigenic factor, stimulates lipolysis in rodents. There is also evidence of interaction between the 2 peptides. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the study of NPY and α-MSH regarding their role in adipose tissue physiology, with an emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms. A greater understanding of the brain-fat axis and regulation of adiposity by bioactive peptides may provide insights on strategies to prevent or treat obesity and also enhance nutrient utilization efficiency in agriculturally-important species.
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Deisl C, Anderegg M, Albano G, Lüscher BP, Cerny D, Soria R, Bouillet E, Rimoldi S, Scherrer U, Fuster DG. Loss of Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger NHA2 Exacerbates Obesity- and Aging-Induced Glucose Intolerance in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163568. [PMID: 27685945 PMCID: PMC5042380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHA2, also known as NHEDC2 or SLC9B2, is critical for insulin secretion by β–cells. To gain more insights into the role of NHA2 on systemic glucose homeostasis, we studied the impact of loss of NHA2 during the physiological aging process and in the setting of diet-induced obesity. While glucose tolerance was normal at 2 months of age, NHA2 KO mice displayed a significant glucose intolerance at 5 and 12 months of age, respectively. An obesogenic high fat diet further exacerbated the glucose intolerance of NHA2 KO mice. Insulin levels remained similar in NHA2 KO and WT mice during aging and high fat diet, but fasting insulin/glucose ratios were significantly lower in NHA2 KO mice. Peripheral insulin sensitivity, measured by insulin tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps, was unaffected by loss of NHA2 during aging and high fat diet. High fat diet diminished insulin secretion capacity in both WT and NHA2 KO islets and reduced expression of NHA2 in WT islets. In contrast, aging was characterized by a gradual increase of NHA2 expression in islets, paralleled by an increasing difference in insulin secretion between WT and NHA2 KO islets. In summary, our results demonstrate that loss of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHA2 exacerbates obesity- and aging-induced glucose intolerance in mice. Furthermore, our data reveal a close link between NHA2 expression and insulin secretion capacity in islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Deisl
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
| | - Manuel Anderegg
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Albano
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
| | - Benjamin P. Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
| | - David Cerny
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Soria
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rimoldi
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Scherrer
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
| | - Daniel G. Fuster
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Becattini B, Zani F, Breasson L, Sardi C, D'Agostino VG, Choo MK, Provenzani A, Park JM, Solinas G. JNK1 ablation in mice confers long-term metabolic protection from diet-induced obesity at the cost of moderate skin oxidative damage. FASEB J 2016; 30:3124-32. [PMID: 27230858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600393r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with oxidative stress, which may be implicated in the progression of obesity-related diseases. The kinase JNK1 has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. JNK1 is also a key mediator of the oxidative stress response, which can promote cell death or survival, depending on the magnitude and context of its activation. In this article, we describe a study in which the long-term effects of JNK1 inactivation on glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress in obese mice were investigated for the first time. Mice lacking JNK1 (JNK1(-/-)) were fed an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) for a long period. JNK1(-/-) mice fed an HFD for the long term had reduced expression of antioxidant genes in their skin, more skin oxidative damage, and increased epidermal thickness and inflammation compared with the effects in control wild-type mice. However, we also observed that the protection from obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, steatosis, and insulin resistance, conferred by JNK1 ablation, was sustained over a long period and was paralleled by decreased oxidative damage in fat and liver. We conclude that compounds targeting JNK1 activity in brain and adipose tissue, which do not accumulate in the skin, may be safer and most effective.-Becattini, B., Zani, F., Breasson, L., Sardi, C., D'Agostino, V. G., Choo, M.-K., Provenzani, A., Park, J. M., Solinas, G. JNK1 ablation in mice confers long-term metabolic protection from diet-induced obesity at the cost of moderate skin oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Becattini
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zani
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Breasson
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Sardi
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jin Mo Park
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland;
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Kächele M, Hennige AM, Machann J, Hieronimus A, Lamprinou A, Machicao F, Schick F, Fritsche A, Stefan N, Nürnberg B, Häring HU, Staiger H. Variation in the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Gamma Gene Affects Plasma HDL-Cholesterol without Modification of Metabolic or Inflammatory Markers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144494. [PMID: 26658747 PMCID: PMC4675530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is a G-protein-coupled receptor-activated lipid kinase mainly expressed in leukocytes and cells of the cardiovascular system. PI3Kγ plays an important signaling role in inflammatory processes. Since subclinical inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, obesity-related insulin resistance, and pancreatic β-cell failure, we asked whether common genetic variation in the PI3Kγ gene (PIK3CG) contributes to body fat content/distribution, serum adipokine/cytokine concentrations, alterations in plasma lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, insulin release, and glucose homeostasis. Study Design Using a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach, we analyzed genotype-phenotype associations in 2,068 German subjects genotyped for 10 PIK3CG SNPs and characterized by oral glucose tolerance tests. In subgroups, data from hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the liver, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were available, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used for gene expression analysis. Results After appropriate adjustment, none of the PIK3CG tagging SNPs was significantly associated with body fat content/distribution, adipokine/cytokine concentrations, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, or blood glucose concentrations (p>0.0127, all; Bonferroni-corrected α-level: 0.0051). However, six non-linked SNPs displayed at least nominal associations with plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, two of them (rs4288294 and rs116697954) reaching the level of study-wide significance (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0004, respectively). More precisely, rs4288294 and rs116697954 influenced HDL2-, but not HDL3-, cholesterol. With respect to the SNPs’ in vivo functionality, rs4288294 was significantly associated with PIK3CG mRNA expression in PBMCs. Conclusions We could demonstrate that common genetic variation in the PIK3CG locus, possibly via altered PIK3CG gene expression, determines plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Since HDL2-, but not HDL3-, cholesterol is influenced by PIK3CG variants, PI3Kγ may play a role in HDL clearance rather than in HDL biogenesis. Even though the molecular pathways connecting PI3Kγ and HDL metabolism remain to be further elucidated, this finding could add a novel aspect to the pathophysiological role of PI3Kγ in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kächele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Hieronimus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Apostolia Lamprinou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fausto Machicao
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nutritional and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Galvão JGFM, da Silva JSDF, de Sales-Neto JM, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Obesity-Driven Gut Microbiota Inflammatory Pathways to Metabolic Syndrome. Front Physiol 2015; 6:341. [PMID: 26635627 PMCID: PMC4652019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The intimate interplay between immune system, metabolism, and gut microbiota plays an important role in controlling metabolic homeostasis and possible obesity development. Obesity involves impairment of immune response affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. The main factors involved in the relationship of obesity with inflammation have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, gut microbiota, via innate immune receptors, has emerged as one of the key factors regulating events triggering acute inflammation associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Inflammatory disorders lead to several signaling transduction pathways activation, inflammatory cytokine, chemokine production and cell migration, which in turn cause metabolic dysfunction. Inflamed adipose tissue, with increased macrophages infiltration, is associated with impaired preadipocyte development and differentiation to mature adipose cells, leading to ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. This review focuses on the relationship between obesity and inflammation, which is essential to understand the pathological mechanisms governing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H A Cavalcante-Silva
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil
| | - José G F M Galvão
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil
| | - Juliane Santos de França da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil
| | - José M de Sales-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brasil
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Beretta M, Bauer M, Hirsch E. PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity: The cause and the cure. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 58:1-15. [PMID: 25512233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the steady rise in the incidence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, in the last decades research aimed at understanding molecular mechanisms that control body weight has gained new interest. Fat gain is frequently associated with chronic adipose tissue inflammation and with peripheral as well as central metabolic derangements, resulting in an impaired hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Recent attention has focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in both immune and metabolic response pathways, being involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on distinct PI3K isoforms, especially class I PI3Ks, mediating inflammatory cells recruitment to the enlarged fat as well as intracellular responses to key hormonal regulators of fat storage, both in adipocytes and in the central nervous system. This integrated view of PI3K functions may ultimately help to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beretta
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Ortega-Molina A, Lopez-Guadamillas E, Mattison JA, Mitchell SJ, Muñoz-Martin M, Iglesias G, Gutierrez VM, Vaughan KL, Szarowicz MD, González-García I, López M, Cebrián D, Martinez S, Pastor J, de Cabo R, Serrano M. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K reduces adiposity and metabolic syndrome in obese mice and rhesus monkeys. Cell Metab 2015; 21:558-70. [PMID: 25817535 PMCID: PMC5867518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic inhibition of PI3K signaling increases energy expenditure, protects from obesity and metabolic syndrome, and extends longevity. Here, we show that two pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, CNIO-PI3Ki and GDC-0941, decrease the adiposity of obese mice without affecting their lean mass. Long-term treatment of obese mice with low doses of CNIO-PI3Ki reduces body weight until reaching a balance that is stable for months as long as the treatment continues. CNIO-PI3Ki treatment also ameliorates liver steatosis and decreases glucose serum levels. The above observations have been recapitulated in independent laboratories and using different oral formulations of CNIO-PI3Ki. Finally, daily oral treatment of obese rhesus monkeys for 3 months with low doses of CNIO-PI3Ki decreased their adiposity and lowered their serum glucose levels, in the absence of detectable toxicities. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K is an effective and safe anti-obesity intervention that could reverse the negative effects of metabolic syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Guadamillas
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maribel Muñoz-Martin
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gema Iglesias
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Vincent M Gutierrez
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kelli L Vaughan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; SoBran, Inc., Burtonsville, MD 20866, USA
| | - Mark D Szarowicz
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; SoBran, Inc., Burtonsville, MD 20866, USA
| | - Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - David Cebrián
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sonia Martinez
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joaquin Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Solinas G, Borén J, Dulloo AG. De novo lipogenesis in metabolic homeostasis: More friend than foe? Mol Metab 2015; 4:367-77. [PMID: 25973385 PMCID: PMC4421107 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An acute surplus of carbohydrates, and other substrates, can be converted and safely stored as lipids in adipocytes via de novo lipogenesis (DNL). However, in obesity, a condition characterized by chronic positive energy balance, DNL in non-adipose tissues may lead to ectopic lipid accumulation leading to lipotoxicity and metabolic stress. Indeed, DNL is dynamically recruited in liver during the development of fatty liver disease, where DNL is an important source of lipids. Nonetheless, a number of evidences indicates that DNL is an inefficient road for calorie to lipid conversion and that DNL may play an important role in sustaining metabolic homeostasis. Scope of review In this manuscript, we discuss the role of DNL as source of lipids during obesity, the energetic efficiency of this pathway in converting extra calories to lipids, and the function of DNL as a pathway supporting metabolic homeostasis. Major conclusion We conclude that inhibition of DNL in obese subjects, unless coupled with a correction of the chronic positive energy balance, may further promote lipotoxicity and metabolic stress. On the contrary, strategies aimed at specifically activating DNL in adipose tissue could support metabolic homeostasis in obese subjects by a number of mechanisms, which are discussed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Burke JE, Williams RL. Synergy in activating class I PI3Ks. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:88-100. [PMID: 25573003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that transduce a host of cellular signals and regulate a broad range of essential functions including growth, proliferation, and migration. As such, PI3Ks have pivotal roles in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, primary immune disorders, and inflammation. These enzymes are activated downstream of numerous activating stimuli including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras superfamily of small G proteins. A major challenge is to decipher how each PI3K isoform is able to successfully synergize these inputs into their intended signaling function. This article highlights recent progress in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways, as well as novel roles for PI3Ks in human diseases, specifically cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Drive, Victoria BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Roger L Williams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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Castoldi A, Naffah de Souza C, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development. Front Immunol 2015; 6:637. [PMID: 26779183 PMCID: PMC4700258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira,
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Perino A, Beretta M, Kilić A, Ghigo A, Carnevale D, Repetto IE, Braccini L, Longo D, Liebig-Gonglach M, Zaglia T, Iacobucci R, Mongillo M, Wetzker R, Bauer M, Aime S, Vercelli A, Lembo G, Pfeifer A, Hirsch E. Combined inhibition of PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ reduces fat mass by enhancing α-MSH-dependent sympathetic drive. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra110. [PMID: 25406378 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an abnormal increase in white adipose tissue and has become a major medical burden worldwide. Signals from the brain control not only appetite but also energy expenditure, both of which contribute to body weight. We showed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of two phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ) in mice reduced fat mass by promoting increased energy expenditure. This effect was accompanied by stimulation of lipolysis and the acquisition of the energy-burning characteristics of brown adipocytes by white adipocytes, a process referred to as "browning." The browning of the white adipocytes involved increased norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nervous system. We found that PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ together promoted a negative feedback loop downstream of the melanocortin 4 receptor in the central nervous system, which controls appetite and energy expenditure in the periphery. Analysis of mice with drug-induced sympathetic denervation suggested that these kinases controlled the sympathetic drive in the brain. Administration of inhibitors of both PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ to mice by intracerebroventricular delivery induced a 10% reduction in fat mass as quickly as 10 days. These results suggest that combined inhibition of PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ might represent a promising treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Martina Beretta
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ana Kilić
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy. Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Ivan Enrico Repetto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Braccini
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Longo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Tania Zaglia
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Iacobucci
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy. Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Falasca M, Maffucci T. Targeting p110gamma in gastrointestinal cancers: attack on multiple fronts. Front Physiol 2014; 5:391. [PMID: 25360116 PMCID: PMC4197894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate several cellular functions that are critical for cancer progression and development, including cell survival, proliferation and migration. Three classes of PI3Ks exist with the class I PI3K encompassing four isoforms of the catalytic subunit known as p110α, p110β, p110γ, and p110δ. Although for many years attention has been mainly focused on p110α recent evidence supports the conclusion that p110β, p110γ, and p110δ can also have a role in cancer. Amongst these, accumulating evidence now indicates that p110γ is involved in several cellular processes associated with cancer and indeed this specific isoform has emerged as a novel important player in cancer progression. Studies from our laboratory have identified a specific overexpression of p110γ in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues compared to their normal counterparts. Our data have further established that selective inhibition of p110γ is able to block PDAC and HCC cell proliferation, strongly suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme can directly affect growth of these tumors. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that p110γ plays also a key role in the interactions between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment and in particular in tumor-associated immune response. It has also been reported that p110γ can regulate invasion of myeloid cells into tumors and tumor angiogenesis. Finally p110γ has also been directly involved in regulation of cancer cell migration. Taken together these data indicate that p110γ plays multiple roles in regulation of several processes that are critical for tumor progression and metastasis. This review will discuss the role of p110γ in gastrointestinal tumor development and progression and how targeting this enzyme might represent a way to target very aggressive tumors such as pancreatic and liver cancer on multiple fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falasca
- Inositide Signalling Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Inositide Signalling Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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Kolic J, Spigelman AF, Smith AM, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE. Insulin secretion induced by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ in rodent and human β-cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32109-32120. [PMID: 25288806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PI3Kγ, a G-protein-coupled type 1B phosphoinositol 3-kinase, exhibits a basal glucose-independent activity in β-cells and can be activated by the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). We therefore investigated the role of the PI3Kγ catalytic subunit (p110γ) in insulin secretion and β-cell exocytosis stimulated by GIP. We inhibited p110γ with AS604850 (1 μmol/liter) or knocked it down using an shRNA adenovirus or siRNA duplex in mouse and human islets and β-cells. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blunted the exocytotic and insulinotropic response to GIP receptor activation, whereas responses to the glucagon-like peptide-1 or the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 were unchanged. Downstream, we find that GIP, much like glucose stimulation, activates the small GTPase protein Rac1 to induce actin remodeling. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blocked these effects of GIP. Although exendin-4 could also stimulate actin remodeling, this was not prevented by p110γ inhibition. Finally, forced actin depolymerization with latrunculin B restored the exocytotic and secretory responses to GIP during PI3Kγ inhibition, demonstrating that the loss of GIP-induced actin depolymerization was indeed limiting insulin exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kolic
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Alannah M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
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40
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Wymann MP, Solinas G. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ attenuates inflammation, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1280:44-7. [PMID: 23551103 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays a central role in inflammation, allergy, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. Obesity is accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation. As PI3Kγ plays a major role in leukocyte recruitment, targeting of PI3Kγ has been considered to be a strategy for attenuating progression of obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, PI3Kγ null mice are protected from high fat diet-induced obesity, metabolic inflammation, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. The lean phenotype of the PI3Kγ-null mice has been linked to increased thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, the increase in fat mass and metabolic aberrations were not linked to PI3Kγ activity in the hematopoietic compartment. Thermogenesis and oxygen consumption are modulated by PI3Kγ lipid kinase-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms. PI3Kγ signaling controls metabolic and inflammatory stress, and may provide an entry point for therapeutic strategies in metabolic disease, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.
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41
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Smith GC, Ong WK, Costa JL, Watson M, Cornish J, Grey A, Gamble GD, Dickinson M, Leung S, Rewcastle GW, Han W, Shepherd PR. Extended treatment with selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR inhibitors has effects on metabolism, growth, behaviour and bone strength. FEBS J 2013; 280:5337-49. [PMID: 23837532 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PtdIns3Ks) mediate the effects of many hormones and growth factors on a wide range of cellular processes, and activating mutations or gene amplifications of class I PtdIns3K isoforms are known to contribute to oncogenic processes in a range of tumours. Consequently, a number of small-molecule PtdIns3K inhibitors are under development and in clinical trial. The central signalling role of PtdIns3K in many cellular processes suggests there will be on-target side effects associated with the use of these agents. To gain insights into what these might be we investigated the effect of extended daily dosing of eight small-molecule inhibitors of class Ia PtdIns3Ks. Animals were characterized in metabolic cages to analyse food intake, oxygen consumption and movement. Insulin tolerance and body composition were analysed at the end of the experiment, the latter using EchoMRI. Bone volume and strength was assessed by micro-CT and three-point bending, respectively. Surprisingly, after sustained dosing with pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α isoform there was a resolution of the impairments in insulin tolerance observed in drug-naïve animals treated with the same drugs. However, pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α have deleterious effects on animal growth, animal behaviour and bone volume and strength. Together, these findings identify a range of on target effects of PtdIns3K inhibitors and suggest use of these drugs in humans may have important adverse effects on metabolism, body composition, behaviour and skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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42
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Zani F, Breasson L, Becattini B, Vukolic A, Montani JP, Albrecht U, Provenzani A, Ripperger JA, Solinas G. PER2 promotes glucose storage to liver glycogen during feeding and acute fasting by inducing Gys2 PTG and G L expression. Mol Metab 2013; 2:292-305. [PMID: 24049741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between hepatic glycogen metabolism and blood glucose levels is a paradigm of the rhythmic nature of metabolic homeostasis. Here we show that mice lacking a functional PER2 protein (Per2 (Brdm1) ) display reduced fasting glycemia, altered rhythms of hepatic glycogen accumulation, and altered rhythms of food intake. Per2 (Brdm1) mice show reduced hepatic glycogen content and altered circadian expression during controlled fasting and refeeding. Livers from Per2 (Brdm1) mice display reduced glycogen synthase protein levels during refeeding, and increased glycogen phosphorylase activity during fasting. The latter is explained by PER2 action on the expression of the adapter proteins PTG and GL, which target the protein phosphatase-1 to glycogen to decrease glycogen phosphorylase activity. Finally, PER2 interacts with genomic regions of Gys2, PTG, and G L . These results indicate an important role for PER2 in the hepatic transcriptional response to feeding and acute fasting that promotes glucose storage to liver glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zani
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Stephens
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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44
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Walser R, Burke JE, Gogvadze E, Bohnacker T, Zhang X, Hess D, Küenzi P, Leitges M, Hirsch E, Williams RL, Laffargue M, Wymann MP. PKCβ phosphorylates PI3Kγ to activate it and release it from GPCR control. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001587. [PMID: 23824069 PMCID: PMC3692425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) associate tightly with regulatory subunits through interactions that have been thought to be constitutive. PI3Kγ is key to the regulation of immune cell responses activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Remarkably we find that PKCβ phosphorylates Ser582 in the helical domain of the PI3Kγ catalytic subunit p110γ in response to clustering of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and/or store-operated Ca²⁺- influx in mast cells. Phosphorylation of p110γ correlates with the release of the p84 PI3Kγ adapter subunit from the p84-p110γ complex. Ser582 phospho-mimicking mutants show increased p110γ activity and a reduced binding to the p84 adapter subunit. As functional p84-p110γ is key to GPCR-mediated p110γ signaling, this suggests that PKCβ-mediated p110γ phosphorylation disconnects PI3Kγ from its canonical inputs from trimeric G proteins, and enables p110γ to operate downstream of Ca²⁺ and PKCβ. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry shows that the p84 adaptor subunit interacts with the p110γ helical domain, and reveals an unexpected mechanism of PI3Kγ regulation. Our data show that the interaction of p110γ with its adapter subunit is vulnerable to phosphorylation, and outline a novel level of PI3K control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Walser
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John E. Burke
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Gogvadze
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bohnacker
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuxiao Zhang
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Küenzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roger L. Williams
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Forbes JM, Harris DCH, Cooper ME. Report on ISN Forefronts, Melbourne, Australia, 4-7 October 2012: tubulointerstitial disease in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2013; 84:653-6. [PMID: 23698229 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in expansion of the tubulointerstitial compartment of the kidney in individuals with diabetes are not well understood. Given that tubulointerstitial damage is an important predictor of progression to end-stage kidney disease in most forms of chronic kidney disease it is imperative to gain a greater understanding of the processes involved. With this in mind, a very clear objective for the scientific content of this meeting was to spend more than half the program outside the comfort zone of nephrology, gaining insights from sources such as neurodegenerative and mitochondrial diseases, stem cells, cancer and high-level computing to reconstruct organ systems. The meeting also aimed to place the new concepts presented in the context of current knowledge in diabetic kidney disease and the milestones achieved to date in this area. The presenters were all extremely generous, giving not only their time, but also showing a large proportion of unpublished data to stimulate discussions, questions and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Forbes
- 1] Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia [2] Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Obesity is caused by chronic positive energy balance because of higher energy intake relative to energy expenditure. Thermogenesis, the capacity of an organism to produce heat, is an important component of energy expenditure. Thus targeting the molecular mechanisms controlling thermogenesis could be an effective strategy for the prevention or treatment of obesity. Thermogenesis is modulated by three major factors: environmental temperature, nutrient quantity and quality, and by systemic inflammation. Obesity is now recognized to be a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, which has been proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-associated diseases. This review discussed the molecular pathways that are recruited during metabolic inflammation and that are also implicated in the control of thermogenesis and energy balance. It emerges that the complex signalling network recruited during metabolic inflammation exerts a balanced action on the modulation of thermogenesis and energy balance, with some pathways promoting weight gain whereas other pathways have opposite actions. It is thus concluded that immunomodulation of metabolic inflammation, rather than an anti-inflammatory intervention aiming at its suppression, may be a more promising strategy to increase thermogenesis for the treatment or prevention of obesity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Solinas
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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47
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Braccini L, Ciraolo E, Martini M, Pirali T, Germena G, Rolfo K, Hirsch E. PI3K keeps the balance between metabolism and cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:389-405. [PMID: 22884032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established a positive correlation between cancer and metabolic disorders, suggesting that aberrant cell metabolism is a common feature of nearly all tumors. To meet their demand of building block molecules, cancer cells switch to a heavily glucose-dependent metabolism. As insulin triggers glucose uptake, most tumors are or become insulin-dependent. However, the effects of insulin and of other similar growth factors are not only limited to metabolic control but also favor tumor growth by stimulating proliferation and survival. A key signaling event mediating these metabolic and proliferative responses is the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K) pathway. In this review, we will thus discuss the current concepts of tumor metabolism and the opportunity of PI3K-targeted therapies to exploit the "sweet tooth" of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Braccini
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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48
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3 K) isoforms contribute to glomerular disease. Finer and colleagues define a temporal and selective role for the p110γ catalytic isoform of PI3 K, normally expressed by hematopoietic cells, and TGF-β in adriamycin-mediated glomerular injury. Early ectopic upregulation of p110γ by podocytes drives initial injury and proteinuria, whereas late upregulation of TGF-β drives fibrogenesis. Thus, proteinuria and renal fibrogenesis involve distinct signaling activated by p110γ and TGF-β, respectively.
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49
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Bergamini G, Bell K, Shimamura S, Werner T, Cansfield A, Müller K, Perrin J, Rau C, Ellard K, Hopf C, Doce C, Leggate D, Mangano R, Mathieson T, O'Mahony A, Plavec I, Rharbaoui F, Reinhard F, Savitski MM, Ramsden N, Hirsch E, Drewes G, Rausch O, Bantscheff M, Neubauer G. A selective inhibitor reveals PI3Kγ dependence of T(H)17 cell differentiation. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:576-82. [PMID: 22544264 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We devised a high-throughput chemoproteomics method that enabled multiplexed screening of 16,000 compounds against native protein and lipid kinases in cell extracts. Optimization of one chemical series resulted in CZC24832, which is to our knowledge the first selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) with efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. Extensive target- and cell-based profiling of CZC24832 revealed regulation of interleukin-17-producing T helper cell (T(H)17) differentiation by PI3Kγ, thus reinforcing selective inhibition of PI3Kγ as a potential treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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