1
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of spinal muscular atrophy. BMC Biol 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38664795 PMCID: PMC11044505 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across a broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, genetic models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate in vertebrates and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. RESULTS Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, the knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of a ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless, and Diap2 and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. CONCLUSIONS In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address: Lake, Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Amanda C Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Ashlyn M Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Gu J, Yi J, Li J, Li W, Zhai Z. High-fat diets induce inflammatory IMD/NFκB signaling via gut microbiota remodeling in Drosophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347716. [PMID: 38716198 PMCID: PMC11074423 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFDs), a prevailing daily dietary style worldwide, induce chronic low-grade inflammation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, promoting a variety of diseases including pathologies associated with neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms linking HFDs to inflammation are not entirely clear. Here, using a Drosophila HFD model, we explored the mechanism of HFD-induced inflammation in remote tissues. We found that HFDs activated the IMD/NFκB immune pathway in the head through remodeling of the commensal gut bacteria. Removal of gut microbiota abolished such HFD-induced remote inflammatory response. Further experiments revealed that HFDs significantly increased the abundance of Acetobacter malorum in the gut, and the re-association of this bacterium was sufficient to elicit inflammatory response in remote tissues. Mechanistically, Acetobacter malorum produced a greater amount of peptidoglycan (PGN), a well-defined microbial molecular pattern that enters the circulation and remotely activates an inflammatory response. Our results thus show that HFDs trigger inflammation mediated by a bacterial molecular pattern that elicits host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zongzhao Zhai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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3
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Sunila BG, Dhanushkumar T, Dasegowda KR, Vasudevan K, Rambabu M. Unraveling the molecular landscape of Ataxia Telangiectasia: Insights into Neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and potential therapeutic target. Neurosci Lett 2024; 828:137764. [PMID: 38582325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) is a genetic disorder characterized by compromised DNA repair, cerebellar degeneration, and immune dysfunction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving AT pathology is crucial for developing targeted therapies. METHODS In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AT pathology. Using publicly available RNA-seq datasets comparing control and AT samples, we employed in silico transcriptomics to identify potential genes and pathways. We performed differential gene expression analysis with DESeq2 to reveal dysregulated genes associated with AT. Additionally, we constructed a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network to explore the interactions between proteins implicated in AT. RESULTS The network analysis identified hub genes, including TYROBP and PCP2, crucial in immune regulation and cerebellar function, respectively. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis unveiled dysregulated pathways linked to AT pathology, providing insights into disease progression. CONCLUSION Our integrated approach offers a holistic understanding of the complex molecular landscape of AT and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention. By combining transcriptomic analysis with network-based methods, we provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of AT pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Sunila
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - T Dhanushkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - K R Dasegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Karthick Vasudevan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Majji Rambabu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru 560064, India.
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4
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Deacon S, Dalleywater W, Peat C, Paine SML, Dineen RA. Disproportionate Expression of ATM in Cerebellar Cortex During Human Neurodevelopment. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:502-511. [PMID: 37120494 PMCID: PMC10951037 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar neurodegeneration is a classical feature of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function mutation of the ATM gene, a gene with multiple regulatory functions. The increased vulnerability of cerebellar neurones to degeneration compared to cerebral neuronal populations in individuals with ataxia telangiectasia implies a specific importance of intact ATM function in the cerebellum. We hypothesised that there would be elevated transcription of ATM in the cerebellar cortex relative to ATM expression in other grey matter regions during neurodevelopment in individuals without A-T. Using ATM transcription data from the BrainSpan Atlas of the Developing Human Brain, we demonstrate a rapid increase in cerebellar ATM expression relative to expression in other brain regions during gestation and remaining elevated during early childhood, a period corresponding to the emergence of cerebellar neurodegeneration in ataxia telangiectasia patients. We then used gene ontology analysis to identify the biological processes represented in the genes correlated with cerebellar ATM expression. This analysis demonstrated that multiple processes are associated with expression of ATM in the cerebellum, including cellular respiration, mitochondrial function, histone methylation, and cell-cycle regulation, alongside its canonical role in DNA double-strand break repair. Thus, the enhanced expression of ATM in the cerebellum during early development may be related to the specific energetic demands of the cerebellum and its role as a regulator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deacon
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - William Dalleywater
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charles Peat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Simon M L Paine
- Department of Neuropathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rob A Dineen
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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5
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Olufs ZPG, Wassarman DA, Perouansky M. Stress Pathways Induced by Volatile Anesthetics and Failure of Preconditioning in a Mitochondrial Complex I Mutant. Anesthesiology 2024; 140:463-482. [PMID: 38118175 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of mutations in the mitochondrial electron transport chain are at increased risk of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. To investigate the neurotoxicity mechanism and to test preconditioning as a protective strategy, this study used a Drosophila melanogaster model of Leigh syndrome. Model flies carried a mutation in ND23 (ND2360114) that encodes a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I subunit. This study investigated why ND2360114 mutants become susceptible to lethal, oxygen-modulated neurotoxicity within 24 h of exposure to isoflurane but not sevoflurane. METHODS This study used transcriptomics and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to identify genes that are differentially expressed in ND2360114 but not wild-type fly heads at 30 min after exposure to high- versus low-toxicity conditions. This study also subjected ND2360114 flies to diverse stressors before isoflurane exposure to test whether isoflurane toxicity could be diminished by preconditioning. RESULTS The ND2360114 mutation had a greater effect on isoflurane- than sevoflurane-mediated changes in gene expression. Isoflurane and sevoflurane did not affect expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes (Hsp22, Hsp27, and Hsp68) in wild-type flies, but isoflurane substantially increased expression of these genes in ND2360114 mutant flies. Furthermore, isoflurane and sevoflurane induced expression of oxidative (GstD1 and GstD2) and xenobiotic (Cyp6a8 and Cyp6a14) stress genes to a similar extent in wild-type flies, but the effect of isoflurane was largely reduced in ND2360114 flies. In addition, activating stress response pathways by pre-exposure to anesthetics, heat shock, hyperoxia, hypoxia, or oxidative stress did not suppress isoflurane-induced toxicity in ND2360114 mutant flies. CONCLUSIONS Mutation of a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I subunit generates differential effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on gene expression that may underlie their differential effects on neurotoxicity. Additionally, the mutation produces resistance to preconditioning by stresses that protect the brain in other contexts. Therefore, complex I activity modifies molecular and physiologic effects of anesthetics in an anesthetic-specific manner. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P G Olufs
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Misha Perouansky
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health and Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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6
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Maliar NL, Talbot EJ, Edwards AR, Khoronenkova SV. Microglial inflammation in genome instability: A neurodegenerative perspective. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 135:103634. [PMID: 38290197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is crucial for cell homeostasis and tissue integrity. Numerous human neuropathologies display chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, set against a backdrop of genome instability, implying a close interplay between the DNA damage and immune responses in the context of neurological disease. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of this crosstalk is essential for holistic understanding of neuroinflammatory pathways in genome instability disorders. Non-neuronal cell types, specifically microglia, are major drivers of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system with neuro-protective and -toxic capabilities. Here, we discuss how persistent DNA damage affects microglial homeostasis, zooming in on the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway and the downstream inflammatory response, which can drive neurotoxic outcomes in the context of genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Maliar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J Talbot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail R Edwards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Paull TT, Woolley PR. A-T neurodegeneration and DNA damage-induced transcriptional stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 135:103647. [PMID: 38377644 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Loss of the ATM protein kinase in humans results in Ataxia-telangiectasia, a disorder characterized by childhood-onset neurodegeneration of the cerebellum as well as cancer predisposition and immunodeficiency. Although many aspects of ATM function are well-understood, the mechanistic basis of the progressive cerebellar ataxia that occurs in patients is not. Here we review recent progress related to the role of ATM in neurons and the cerebellum that comes from many sources: animal models, post-mortem brain tissue samples, and human neurons in culture. These observations have revealed new insights into the consequences of ATM loss on DNA damage, gene expression, and immune signaling in the brain. Many results point to the importance of reactive oxygen species as well as single-strand DNA breaks in the progression of molecular events leading to neuronal dysfunction. In addition, innate immunity signaling pathways appear to play a critical role in ATM functions in microglia, responding to various forms of nucleic acid sensors and regulating survival of neurons and other cell types. Overall, the results lead to an updated view of transcriptional stress and DNA damage resulting from ATM loss that results in changes in gene expression as well as neuroinflammation that contribute to the cerebellar neurodegeneration observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Phillip R Woolley
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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8
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571739. [PMID: 38168196 PMCID: PMC10760185 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, vertebrate models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. Results Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the Immune Deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of an ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless and Diap2, and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. Conclusions In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Amanda C. Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - A. Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ashlyn M. Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
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9
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Mannino MC, Cassidy MB, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. Mutations in abnormal spindle disrupt temporal transcription factor expression and trigger immune responses in the Drosophila brain. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad188. [PMID: 37831641 PMCID: PMC10697820 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly (MCPH), a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here, we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-5 (MCPH5) and extend our findings into the functional realm to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of coexpressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp mutant brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp mutant brain phenotypes, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of the asp mutant brain phenotype is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine tissue size and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Zeid Rusan
- Personalis, Inc., Fremont, CA 94555, USA
| | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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10
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Meng FW, Murphy KE, Makowski CE, Delatte B, Murphy PJ. Competition for H2A.Z underlies the developmental impacts of repetitive element de-repression. Development 2023; 150:dev202338. [PMID: 37938830 PMCID: PMC10651094 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The histone variant H2A.Z is central to early embryonic development, determining transcriptional competency through chromatin regulation of gene promoters and enhancers. In addition to genic loci, we find that H2A.Z resides at a subset of evolutionarily young repetitive elements, including DNA transposons, long interspersed nuclear elements and long terminal repeats, during early zebrafish development. Moreover, increases in H2A.Z occur when repetitive elements become transcriptionally active. Acquisition of H2A.Z corresponds with a reduction in the levels of the repressive histone modification H3K9me3 and a moderate increase in chromatin accessibility. Notably, however, de-repression of repetitive elements also leads to a significant reduction in H2A.Z over non-repetitive genic loci. Genic loss of H2A.Z is accompanied by transcriptional silencing at adjacent coding sequences, but remarkably, these impacts are mitigated by augmentation of total H2A.Z protein via transgenic overexpression. Our study reveals that levels of H2A.Z protein determine embryonic sensitivity to de-repression of repetitive elements, that repetitive elements can function as a nuclear sink for epigenetic factors and that competition for H2A.Z greatly influences overall transcriptional output during development. These findings uncover general mechanisms in which counteractive biological processes underlie phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanju W. Meng
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin Delatte
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Active Motif, 1914 Palomar Oaks Way STE 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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11
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Briguglio S, Cambria C, Albizzati E, Marcello E, Provenzano G, Frasca A, Antonucci F. New Views of the DNA Repair Protein Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated in Central Neurons: Contribution in Synaptic Dysfunctions of Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2181. [PMID: 37681912 PMCID: PMC10486624 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase principally known to orchestrate DNA repair processes upon DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations in the Atm gene lead to Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT), a recessive disorder characterized by ataxic movements consequent to cerebellar atrophy or dysfunction, along with immune alterations, genomic instability, and predisposition to cancer. AT patients show variable phenotypes ranging from neurologic abnormalities and cognitive impairments to more recently described neuropsychiatric features pointing to symptoms hardly ascribable to the canonical functions of ATM in DNA damage response (DDR). Indeed, evidence suggests that cognitive abilities rely on the proper functioning of DSB machinery and specific synaptic changes in central neurons of ATM-deficient mice unveiled unexpected roles of ATM at the synapse. Thus, in the present review, upon a brief recall of DNA damage responses, we focus our attention on the role of ATM in neuronal physiology and pathology and we discuss recent findings showing structural and functional changes in hippocampal and cortical synapses of AT mouse models. Collectively, a deeper knowledge of ATM-dependent mechanisms in neurons is necessary not only for a better comprehension of AT neurological phenotypes, but also for a higher understanding of the pathological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders involving ATM dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Briguglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Clara Cambria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Elena Albizzati
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38068 Trento, TN, Italy;
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, IN-CNR, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
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12
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Xu X, An H, Wu C, Sang R, Wu L, Lou Y, Yang X, Xi Y. HR repair pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining neural stem cell fate under irradiation stress. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201802. [PMID: 37197982 PMCID: PMC10192720 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress can cause mutation or genomic instability in stem cells which, in some cases, leads to tumorigenesis. Mechanisms to monitor and eliminate these mutant stem cells remain elusive. Here, using the Drosophila larval brain as a model, we show that X-ray irradiation (IR) at the early larval stage leads to accumulation of nuclear Prospero (Pros), resulting in premature differentiation of neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs). Through NB-specific RNAi screenings, we determined that it is the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway, rather than non-homologous end-joining pathway that plays, a dominant role in the maintenance of NBs under IR stress. The DNA damage sensor ATR/mei-41 is shown to act to prevent IR-induced nuclear Pros in a WRNexo-dependent manner. The accumulation of nuclear Pros in NBs under IR stress, leads to NB cell fate termination, rather than resulting in mutant cell proliferation. Our study reveals an emerging mechanism for the HR repair pathway in maintaining neural stem cell fate under irradiation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanping An
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology of Hanzhong City, Hanzhong Vocational and Technique College, Hanzhong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Sang
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Litao Wu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Lou
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Wu T, Deger JM, Ye H, Guo C, Dhindsa J, Pekarek BT, Al-Ouran R, Liu Z, Al-Ramahi I, Botas J, Shulman JM. Tau polarizes an aging transcriptional signature to excitatory neurons and glia. eLife 2023; 12:e85251. [PMID: 37219079 PMCID: PMC10259480 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cell-type vulnerability underlies its characteristic clinical manifestations. We have performed longitudinal, single-cell RNA-sequencing in Drosophila with pan-neuronal expression of human tau, which forms AD neurofibrillary tangle pathology. Whereas tau- and aging-induced gene expression strongly overlap (93%), they differ in the affected cell types. In contrast to the broad impact of aging, tau-triggered changes are strongly polarized to excitatory neurons and glia. Further, tau can either activate or suppress innate immune gene expression signatures in a cell-type-specific manner. Integration of cellular abundance and gene expression pinpoints nuclear factor kappa B signaling in neurons as a marker for cellular vulnerability. We also highlight the conservation of cell-type-specific transcriptional patterns between Drosophila and human postmortem brain tissue. Overall, our results create a resource for dissection of dynamic, age-dependent gene expression changes at cellular resolution in a genetically tractable model of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Wu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Jennifer M Deger
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Hui Ye
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Caiwei Guo
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Justin Dhindsa
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Brandon T Pekarek
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Rami Al-Ouran
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Juan Botas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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14
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Huang CH, Huang YC, Xu JK, Chen SY, Tseng LC, Huang JL, Lin CS. ATM Inhibition-Induced ISG15/IFI27/OASL Is Correlated with Immunotherapy Response and Inflamed Immunophenotype. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091288. [PMID: 37174688 PMCID: PMC10177353 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy can improve the survival of cancer patients with a high tumor mutation burden (TMB-H) or deficiency in DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) in their tumors. However, most cancer patients without TMB-H and dMMR do not benefit from ICB therapy. The inhibition of ATM can increase DNA damage and activate the interferon response, thus modulating the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the efficacy of ICB therapy. In this study, we showed that ATM inhibition activated interferon signaling and induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in cisplatin-resistant and parent cancer cells. The ISGs induced by ATM inhibition were correlated with survival in cancer patients who received ICB therapy. In oral cancer, high expressions of ISG15, IFI27, and OASL were associated with low expressions of ATM, the activation of inflamed immune pathways, and increased tumor-infiltrating scores of CD8+ T, natural killer, and dendritic cells. The high expressions of ISG15, IFI27, and OASL were also correlated with complete remission in patients with cervical cancer treated with cisplatin. These results suggest that ATM inhibition can induce the interferon response and inflamed TIME, which may benefit ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Cian Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Xu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Chia Tseng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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15
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Nukala KM, Lilienthal AJ, Lye SH, Bassuk AG, Chtarbanova S, Manak JR. Downregulation of oxidative stress-mediated glial innate immune response suppresses seizures in a fly epilepsy model. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112004. [PMID: 36641750 PMCID: PMC9942582 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory has shown that mutations in prickle (pk) cause myoclonic-like seizures and ataxia in Drosophila, similar to what is observed in humans carrying mutations in orthologous PRICKLE genes. Here, we show that pk mutant brains show elevated, sustained neuronal cell death that correlates with increasing seizure penetrance, as well as an upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and innate immune response (IIR) genes. Moreover, flies exhibiting more robust seizures show increased levels of IIR-associated target gene expression suggesting they may be linked. Genetic knockdown in glia of either arm of the IIR (Immune Deficiency [Imd] or Toll) leads to a reduction in neuronal death, which in turn suppresses seizure activity, with oxidative stress acting upstream of IIR. These data provide direct genetic evidence that oxidative stress in combination with glial-mediated IIR leads to progression of an epilepsy disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Nukala
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Shu Hui Lye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa and Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa and Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; The Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa and Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - J Robert Manak
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa and Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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16
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Mannino MC, Bartels Cassidy M, Florez S, Rusan Z, Chakraborty S, Schoborg T. The neurodevelopmental transcriptome of the Drosophila melanogaster microcephaly gene abnormal spindle reveals a role for temporal transcription factors and the immune system in regulating brain size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523369. [PMID: 36711768 PMCID: PMC9882087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of cellular behaviors during neurodevelopment is critical for determining the form, function, and size of the central nervous system. Mutations in the vertebrate Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) gene and its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog abnormal spindle (asp) lead to microcephaly, a reduction in overall brain size whose etiology remains poorly defined. Here we provide the neurodevelopmental transcriptional landscape for a Drosophila model for autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and extend our findings into the functional realm in an attempt to identify the key cellular mechanisms responsible for Asp-dependent brain growth and development. We identify multiple transcriptomic signatures, including new patterns of co-expressed genes in the developing CNS. Defects in optic lobe neurogenesis were detected in larval brains through downregulation of temporal transcription factors (tTFs) and Notch signaling targets, which correlated with a significant reduction in brain size and total cell numbers during the neurogenic window of development. We also found inflammation as a hallmark of asp MCPH brains, detectable throughout every stage of CNS development, which also contributes to the brain size phenotype. Finally, we show that apoptosis is not a primary driver of the asp MCPH phenotype, further highlighting an intrinsic Asp-dependent neurogenesis promotion mechanism that is independent of cell death. Collectively, our results suggest that the etiology of asp MCPH is complex and that a comprehensive view of the cellular basis of the disorder requires an understanding of how multiple pathway inputs collectively determine the microcephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Mannino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Steven Florez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Shalini Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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17
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Barzilai A, Mitiagin Y. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated plays an important role in cerebellar integrity and functionality. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:497-502. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Davis J, Kolaski E, Babcock DT. Vexed mutations promote degeneration of dopaminergic neurons through excessive activation of the innate immune response. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:147. [PMID: 36323700 PMCID: PMC9630459 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain. However, little is known about why DA neurons are selectively vulnerable to PD. We previously completed a screen identifying genes associated with the progressive degeneration of DA neurons. Here we describe the role of a previously uncharacterized gene, CG42339, in the loss of DA neurons using Drosophila Melanogaster. CG42339 mutants display a progressive loss of DA neurons and locomotor dysfunction, along with an accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the brain. Based on this phenotype, we refer to CG42339 as vexed. We demonstrate that vexed is specifically required within cortex glia to maintain neuronal viability. Loss of vexed function results in excessive activation of the innate immune response in the brain, leading to loss of DA neurons. We show that activation of the innate immune response leads to increased nitric oxide signaling and accumulation of AGEs, which ultimately result in neurodegeneration. These results provide further insight into the relationship between the role of the immune response in the central nervous system and how this impacts neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Davis
- grid.259029.50000 0004 1936 746XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Elizabeth Kolaski
- grid.259029.50000 0004 1936 746XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Daniel T. Babcock
- grid.259029.50000 0004 1936 746XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
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19
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Liu W, Liang W, Xiong XP, Li JL, Zhou R. A circular RNA Edis-Relish-castor axis regulates neuronal development in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010433. [PMID: 36301831 PMCID: PMC9612563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new group of noncoding/regulatory RNAs that are particularly abundant in the nervous system, however, their physiological functions are underexplored. Here we report that the brain-enriched circular RNA Edis (Ect4-derived immune suppressor) plays an essential role in neuronal development in Drosophila. We show that depletion of Edis in vivo causes defects in axonal projection patterns of mushroom body (MB) neurons in the brain, as well as impaired locomotor activity and shortened lifespan of adult flies. In addition, we find that the castor gene, which encodes a transcription factor involved in neurodevelopment, is upregulated in Edis knockdown neurons. Notably, castor overexpression phenocopies Edis knockdown, and reducing castor levels suppresses the neurodevelopmental phenotypes in Edis-depleted neurons. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that the transcription factor Relish, which plays a key role in regulating innate immunity signaling, occupies a pair of sites at the castor promoter, and that both sites are required for optimal castor gene activation by either immune challenge or Edis depletion. Lastly, Relish mutation and/or depletion can rescue both the castor gene hyperactivation phenotype and neuronal defects in Edis knockdown animals. We conclude that the circular RNA Edis acts through Relish and castor to regulate neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Weihong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Liu J, Jin T, Ran L, Zhao Z, Zhu R, Xie G, Bi X. Profiling ATM regulated genes in Drosophila at physiological condition and after ionizing radiation. Hereditas 2022; 159:41. [PMID: 36271387 PMCID: PMC9587650 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein kinase is highly conserved in metazoan, and plays a critical role at DNA damage response, oxidative stress, metabolic stress, immunity, RNA biogenesis etc. Systemic profiling of ATM regulated genes, including protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, will greatly improve our understanding of ATM functions and its regulation. Results 1) differentially expressed protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs in atm mutated flies were identified at physiological condition and after X-ray irradiation. 2) functions of differentially expressed genes in atm mutated flies, regardless of protein-coding genes or non-coding RNAs, are closely related with metabolic process, immune response, DNA damage response or oxidative stress. 3) these phenomena are persistent after irradiation. 4) there is a cross-talk regulation towards miRNAs by ATM, E2f1, and p53 during development and after irradiation. 5) knock-out flies or knock-down flies of most irradiation-induced miRNAs were sensitive to ionizing radiation. Conclusions We provide a valuable resource of protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, for understanding ATM functions and regulations. Our work provides the new evidence of inter-dependence among ATM-E2F1-p53 for the regulation of miRNAs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-022-00254-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Tianyu Jin
- College of Basic Medical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lanxi Ran
- College of Basic Medical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xiaolin Bi
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China. .,College of Basic Medical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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21
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Liu W, Lim KL, Tan EK. Intestine-derived α-synuclein initiates and aggravates pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 36253844 PMCID: PMC9575256 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a key pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the precise role of intestinal α-syn in the progression of PD is unclear. In a number of genetic Drosophila models of PD, α-syn was frequently ectopically expressed in the neural system to investigate the pathobiology. Method We investigated the potential role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathogenesis using a Drosophila model. Human α-syn was overexpressed in Drosophila guts, and life span, survival, immunofluorescence and climbing were evaluated. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining were performed to assess the effects of intestinal α-syn on intestinal dysplasia. High‐throughput RNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and ROS staining were performed to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Results We found that the intestinal α-syn alone recapitulated many phenotypic and pathological features of PD, including impaired life span, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and progressive motor defects. The intestine-derived α-syn disrupted intestinal homeostasis and accelerated the onset of intestinal ageing. Moreover, intestinal expression of α-syn induced dysbiosis, while microbiome depletion was efficient to restore intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate the progression of PD. Intestinal α-syn triggered ROS, and eventually led to the activation of the dual oxidase (DUOX)–ROS–Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. In addition, α-syn from both the gut and the brain synergized to accelerate the progression of PD. Conclusions The intestinal expression of α-syn recapitulates many phenotypic and pathologic features of PD, and induces dysbiosis that aggravates the pathology through the DUOX–ROS–JNK pathway in Drosophila. Our findings provide new insights into the role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Research, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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22
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Carlsen L, El-Deiry WS. Anti-cancer immune responses to DNA damage response inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms and progress toward clinical translation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:998388. [PMID: 36276148 PMCID: PMC9583871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.998388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response inhibitors are widely used anti-cancer agents that have potent activity against tumor cells with deficiencies in various DNA damage response proteins such as BRCA1/2. Inhibition of other proteins in this pathway including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, or ATM can sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and such combinations are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of many malignancies including breast, ovarian, rectal, and lung cancer. Unrepaired DNA damage induced by DNA damage response inhibitors alone or in combination with radio- or chemotherapy has a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells and can also engage anti-cancer innate and adaptive immune responses. DNA damage-induced immune stimulation occurs by a variety of mechanisms including by the cGAS/STING pathway, STAT1 and downstream TRAIL pathway activation, and direct immune cell activation. Whether or not the relative contribution of these mechanisms varies after treatment with different DNA damage response inhibitors or across cancers with different genetic aberrations in DNA damage response enzymes is not well-characterized, limiting the design of optimal combinations with radio- and chemotherapy. Here, we review how the inhibition of key DNA damage response enzymes including PARP, DNA-PK, WEE1, CHK1/2, ATR, and ATM induces innate and adaptive immune responses alone or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. We also discuss current progress in the clinical translation of immunostimulatory DNA-damaging treatment regimens and necessary future directions to optimize the immune-sensitizing potential of DNA damage response inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Wafik S. El-Deiry,
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23
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Xiong XP, Liang W, Liu W, Xu S, Li JL, Tito A, Situ J, Martinez D, Wu C, Perera RJ, Zhang S, Zhou R. The circular RNA Edis regulates neurodevelopment and innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010429. [PMID: 36301822 PMCID: PMC9612488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in eukaryotes. However, only a subset has been functionally characterized. We identify and validate a collection of circRNAs in Drosophila, and show that depletion of the brain-enriched circRNA Edis (circ_Ect4) causes hyperactivation of antibacterial innate immunity both in cultured cells and in vivo. Notably, Edis depleted flies display heightened resistance to bacterial infection and enhanced pathogen clearance. Conversely, ectopic Edis expression blocks innate immunity signaling. In addition, inactivation of Edis in vivo leads to impaired locomotor activity and shortened lifespan. Remarkably, these phenotypes can be recapitulated with neuron-specific depletion of Edis, accompanied by defective neurodevelopment. Furthermore, inactivation of Relish suppresses the innate immunity hyperactivation phenotype in the fly brain. Moreover, we provide evidence that Edis encodes a functional protein that associates with and compromises the processing and activation of the immune transcription factor Relish. Importantly, restoring Edis expression or ectopic expression of Edis-encoded protein suppresses both innate immunity and neurodevelopment phenotypes elicited by Edis depletion. Thus, our study establishes Edis as a key regulator of neurodevelopment and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Weihong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonio Tito
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Situ
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ranjan J. Perera
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Programs in Genetics & Epigenetics and Neuroscience, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhou
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
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24
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Stuart BAR, Franitza AL, E L. Regulatory Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Nervous System: Implications for Neuronal Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843790. [PMID: 35321204 PMCID: PMC8936185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are classically known as important effector molecules in innate immunity across all multicellular organisms. However, emerging evidence begins to suggest multifunctional properties of AMPs beyond their antimicrobial activity, surprisingly including their roles in regulating neuronal function, such as sleep and memory formation. Aging, which is fundamental to neurodegeneration in both physiological and disease conditions, interestingly affects the expression pattern of many AMPs in an infection-independent manner. While it remains unclear whether these are coincidental events, or a mechanistic relationship exists, previous studies have suggested a close link between AMPs and a few key proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses recent literature and advances in understanding the crosstalk between AMPs and the nervous system at both molecular and functional levels, with the aim to explore how AMPs may relate to neuronal vulnerability in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradey A. R. Stuart
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ariel L. Franitza
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lezi E
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Lezi E
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25
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Chen K, Wang P, Chen J, Ying Y, Chen Y, Gilson E, Lu Y, Ye J. Loss of atm in Zebrafish as a Model of Ataxia–Telangiectasia Syndrome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020392. [PMID: 35203601 PMCID: PMC8962326 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key DNA damage signaling kinase that is mutated in humans with ataxia–telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by neurodegeneration, immune abnormality, cancer predisposition, and premature aging. To better understand the function of ATM in vivo, we engineered a viable zebrafish model with a mutated atm gene. Zebrafish atm loss-of-function mutants show characteristic features of A-T-like motor disturbance, including coordination disorders, immunodeficiency, and tumorigenesis. The immunological disorder of atm homozygote fish is linked to the developmental blockade of hematopoiesis, which occurs at the adulthood stage and results in a decrease in infection defense but, with little effect on wound healing. Malignant neoplasms found in atm mutant fish were mainly nerve sheath tumors and myeloid leukemia, which rarely occur in A-T patients or Atm−/− mice. These results underscore the importance of atm during immune cell development. This zebrafish A-T model opens up a pathway to an improved understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis in A-T and the cellular role of atm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Jingrun Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yiling Ying
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Yi Chen
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Eric Gilson
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06107 Nice, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Yiming Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
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26
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van Alphen B, Stewart S, Iwanaszko M, Xu F, Li K, Rozenfeld S, Ramakrishnan A, Itoh TQ, Sisobhan S, Qin Z, Lear BC, Allada R. Glial immune-related pathways mediate effects of closed head traumatic brain injury on behavior and lethality in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001456. [PMID: 35081110 PMCID: PMC8791498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), the initial injury phase is followed by a secondary phase that contributes to neurodegeneration, yet the mechanisms leading to neuropathology in vivo remain to be elucidated. To address this question, we developed a Drosophila head-specific model for TBI termed Drosophila Closed Head Injury (dCHI), where well-controlled, nonpenetrating strikes are delivered to the head of unanesthetized flies. This assay recapitulates many TBI phenotypes, including increased mortality, impaired motor control, fragmented sleep, and increased neuronal cell death. TBI results in significant changes in the transcriptome, including up-regulation of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To test the in vivo functional role of these changes, we examined TBI-dependent behavior and lethality in mutants of the master immune regulator NF-κB, important for AMP induction, and found that while sleep and motor function effects were reduced, lethality effects were enhanced. Similarly, loss of most AMP classes also renders flies susceptible to lethal TBI effects. These studies validate a new Drosophila TBI model and identify immune pathways as in vivo mediators of TBI effects. Traumatic brain injury in Drosophila causes sleep and motor impairments, as well as a strong activation of the innate immune response that is crucial for survival. This study leverages Drosophila as a model organism to reveal neuroprotective and neurotoxic injury mechanisms more quickly using high throughout approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Alphen
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stewart
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marta Iwanaszko
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine—Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fangke Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keyin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sydney Rozenfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anujaianthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Taichi Q. Itoh
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shiju Sisobhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zuoheng Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bridget C. Lear
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Edara VV, Manning KE, Ellis M, Lai L, Moore KM, Foster SL, Floyd K, Davis-Gardner ME, Mantus G, Nyhoff LE, Bechnak S, Alaaeddine G, Naji A, Samaha H, Lee M, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Ciric CR, Nguyen PV, Gagne M, Roberts-Torres J, Henry AR, Godbole S, Grakoui A, Sexton M, Piantadosi A, Waggoner JJ, Douek DC, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34981056 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.459619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines generate potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, the principal antigenic target of these vaccines, has raised concerns over the neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibody responses. The Omicron variant, which emerged in November 2021, consists of over 30 mutations within the spike protein. Here, we used an authentic live virus neutralization assay to examine the neutralizing activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant against mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses. Following the 2nd dose, we observed a 30-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. Through six months after the 2nd dose, none of the sera from naïve vaccinated subjects showed neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. In contrast, recovered vaccinated individuals showed a 22-fold reduction with more than half of the subjects retaining neutralizing antibody responses. Following a booster shot (3rd dose), we observed a 14-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant and over 90% of boosted subjects showed neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. These findings show that a 3rd dose is required to provide robust neutralizing antibody responses against the Omicron variant.
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28
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Takeuchi KI, Honda D, Okumura M, Miura M, Chihara T. Systemic innate immune response induces death of olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 27:113-123. [PMID: 34921694 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural functions are known to decline during normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms of functional impairment owing to the normal aging of the brain are poorly understood. Previously, we reported that caspase-3-like protease, the protease responsible for inducing apoptosis, is activated in a subset of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), especially in Drosophila Or42b neurons, during normal aging. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying age-related caspase-3-like protease activation and cell death in Or42b neurons. Gene expression profiling of young and aged fly antenna showed that the expression of antimicrobial peptides was significantly upregulated, suggesting an activated innate immune response. Consistent with this observation, inhibition or activation of the innate immune pathway caused delayed or precocious cell death, respectively, in Or42b neurons. Accordingly, autonomous cell activation of the innate immune pathway in Or42b neurons is not likely required for their age-related death, whereas the systemic innate immune response induces caspase-3-like protease activation in Or42b neurons; this indicated that the death of these neurons is regulated non-cell autonomously. We propose a possible link between the innate immune response and the death of olfactory neurons during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Takeuchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Daichi Honda
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misako Okumura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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29
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Perez H, Abdallah MF, Chavira JI, Norris AS, Egeland MT, Vo KL, Buechsenschuetz CL, Sanghez V, Kim JL, Pind M, Nakamura K, Hicks GG, Gatti RA, Madrenas J, Iacovino M, McKinnon PJ, Mathews PJ. A novel, ataxic mouse model of ataxia telangiectasia caused by a clinically relevant nonsense mutation. eLife 2021; 10:64695. [PMID: 34723800 PMCID: PMC8601662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) and Ataxia with Ocular Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1) are devastating neurological disorders caused by null mutations in the genome stability genes, A-T mutated (ATM) and Aprataxin (APTX), respectively. Our mechanistic understanding and therapeutic repertoire for treating these disorders are severely lacking, in large part due to the failure of prior animal models with similar null mutations to recapitulate the characteristic loss of motor coordination (i.e., ataxia) and associated cerebellar defects. By increasing genotoxic stress through the insertion of null mutations in both the Atm (nonsense) and Aptx (knockout) genes in the same animal, we have generated a novel mouse model that for the first time develops a progressively severe ataxic phenotype associated with atrophy of the cerebellar molecular layer. We find biophysical properties of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) are significantly perturbed (e.g., reduced membrane capacitance, lower action potential [AP] thresholds, etc.), while properties of synaptic inputs remain largely unchanged. These perturbations significantly alter PN neural activity, including a progressive reduction in spontaneous AP firing frequency that correlates with both cerebellar atrophy and ataxia over the animal’s first year of life. Double mutant mice also exhibit a high predisposition to developing cancer (thymomas) and immune abnormalities (impaired early thymocyte development and T-cell maturation), symptoms characteristic of A-T. Finally, by inserting a clinically relevant nonsense-type null mutation in Atm, we demonstrate that Small Molecule Read-Through (SMRT) compounds can restore ATM production, indicating their potential as a future A-T therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Perez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - May F Abdallah
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Jose I Chavira
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Angelina S Norris
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Martin T Egeland
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Karen L Vo
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Callan L Buechsenschuetz
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Jeannie L Kim
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Molly Pind
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kotoka Nakamura
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Geoffrey G Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard A Gatti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joaquin Madrenas
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Michelina Iacovino
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Paul J Mathews
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
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30
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Winkler B, Funke D, Benmimoun B, Spéder P, Rey S, Logan MA, Klämbt C. Brain inflammation triggers macrophage invasion across the blood-brain barrier in Drosophila during pupal stages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh0050. [PMID: 34705495 PMCID: PMC8550232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system is shielded from circulating immune cells by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). During infections and autoimmune diseases, macrophages can enter the brain where they participate in pathogen elimination but can also cause tissue damage. Here, we establish a Drosophila model to study macrophage invasion into the inflamed brain. We show that the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway, but not the Toll pathway, is responsible for attraction and invasion of hemolymph-borne macrophages across the BBB during pupal stages. Macrophage recruitment is mediated by glial, but not neuronal, induction of the Imd pathway through expression of Pvf2. Within the brain, macrophages can phagocytose synaptic material and reduce locomotor abilities and longevity. Similarly, we show that central nervous system infection by group B Streptococcus elicits macrophage recruitment in an Imd-dependent manner. This suggests that evolutionarily conserved inflammatory responses require a delicate balance between beneficial and detrimental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Winkler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Funke
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Billel Benmimoun
- Brain Plasticity in response to the Environment, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Brain Plasticity in response to the Environment, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Simone Rey
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mary A. Logan
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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31
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Waldrip ZJ, Burdine L, Harrison DK, Azevedo-Pouly AC, Storey AJ, Moffett OG, Mackintosh SG, Burdine MS. DNA-PKcs kinase activity stabilizes the transcription factor Egr1 in activated immune cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101209. [PMID: 34562454 PMCID: PMC8551498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is known primarily for its function in DNA double-stranded break repair and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). However, DNA-PKcs also has a critical yet undefined role in immunity impacting both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages spurring interest in targeting DNA-PKcs for therapeutic strategies in immune-related diseases. To gain insight into the function of DNA-PKcs within immune cells, we performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic screen in T cells to identify phosphorylation targets of DNA-PKcs. Our results indicate that DNA-PKcs phosphorylates the transcription factor Egr1 (early growth response protein 1) at serine 301. Expression of Egr1 is induced early upon T cell activation and dictates T cell response by modulating expression of cytokines and key costimulatory molecules such as IL (interleukin) 2, IL6, IFNγ, and NFκB. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs by treatment with a DNA-PKcs specific inhibitor NU7441 or shRNA knockdown increased proteasomal degradation of Egr1. Mutation of serine 301 to alanine via CRISPR-Cas9 reduced EGR1 protein expression and decreased Egr1-dependent transcription of IL2 in activated T cells. Our findings identify DNA-PKcs as a critical intermediary link between T cell activation and T cell fate and a novel phosphosite involved in regulating Egr1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Waldrip
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lyle Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - David K Harrison
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ana Clara Azevedo-Pouly
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aaron J Storey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Olivia G Moffett
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marie Schluterman Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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32
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Buhlman LM, Krishna G, Jones TB, Thomas TC. Drosophila as a model to explore secondary injury cascades after traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112079. [PMID: 34463269 PMCID: PMC8458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophilae are emerging as a valuable model to study traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury cascades that drive persisting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathology that imposes significant risk for long-term neurological deficits. As in mammals, TBI in Drosophila triggers axonal injury, metabolic crisis, oxidative stress, and a robust innate immune response. Subsequent neurodegeneration stresses quality control systems and perpetuates an environment for neuroprotection, regeneration, and delayed cell death via highly conserved cell signaling pathways. Fly injury models continue to be developed and validated for both whole-body and head-specific injury to isolate, evaluate, and modulate these parallel pathways. In conjunction with powerful genetic tools, the ability for longitudinal evaluation, and associated neurological deficits that can be tested with established behavioral tasks, Drosophilae are an attractive model to explore secondary injury cascades and therapeutic intervention after TBI. Here, we review similarities and differences between mammalian and fly pathophysiology and highlight strategies for their use in translational neurotrauma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Buhlman
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - T Bucky Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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33
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Msaad Guerfali M, Charaabi K, Hamden H, Djobbi W, Fadhl S, Mosbah A, Cherif A. Probiotic based-diet effect on the immune response and induced stress in irradiated mass reared Ceratitis capitata males (Diptera: Tephritidae) destined for the release in the sterile insect technique programs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257097. [PMID: 34506561 PMCID: PMC8432743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratitis capitata (medfly) is one of the most devastating crop pests worldwide. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a control method that is based on the mass rearing of males, their sterilization, and release in the field. However, the effectiveness of the technique depends on the quality of the released males and their fitness. We previously isolated and selected a probiotic bacteria (Enterobacter sp.), from wild-caught medflies, according to criteria that improved biological quality traits of reared medfly males.We firstly evaluated the impact of the irradiation on the expression of different immune and stress genes in the medfly sterile males. Expression was measured at differents time points ranging from 0 to 168 h after irradiation to capture the response of genes with distinct temporal expression patterns. Then, we supplemented the larval diet with previously isolated Enterobacter sp.strain, live and autoclaved at various concentrations to see whether the probiotic treatments affect, through their protective role, the gene expression level, and quality traits. The irradiation had significant effect on the genes attacin, cecropin, PGPR-LC, hsp23, and hsp70 level expression. The expression of attacin and PGPR-LC was up-regulated while that of cecropin was down-regulated. Hsp genes showed decreased levels between 0 and 18 h to peak at 72 h. However, the supplementation of the probiotic strain, either live or autoclaved, was statistically significant only for attacingene. However, significant interaction time x probiotic was noticed for attacin, cecropin, hsp23 and hsp70. The probiotic treatments also improved the quality control parameters like pupal weight. From this work we can conclude that a consortium of parabiotics (autoclaved probiotics) treatment will be recommended in insectaries considering both the beneficial effects on mass reared insects and its general safety for insectary workers and for environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Msaad Guerfali
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies LR16CNSTN01, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Charaabi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies LR16CNSTN01, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Haytham Hamden
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies LR16CNSTN01, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Djobbi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies LR16CNSTN01, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Salma Fadhl
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies LR16CNSTN01, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Amor Mosbah
- Laboratory of Biology and Bio-Geo Resources LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Laboratory of Biology and Bio-Geo Resources LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
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34
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Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Mita P, McKerrow W, Fenyö D, Boeke JD, Linker SB, Gage FH, Kreiling JA, Petrashen AP, Woodham TA, Taylor JR, Helfand SL, Sedivy JM. The role of retrotransposable elements in ageing and age-associated diseases. Nature 2021; 596:43-53. [PMID: 34349292 PMCID: PMC8600649 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of virtually all organisms contain repetitive sequences that are generated by the activity of transposable elements (transposons). Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can move from one genomic location to another; in this process, they amplify and increase their presence in genomes, sometimes to very high copy numbers. In this Review we discuss new evidence and ideas that the activity of retrotransposons, a major subgroup of transposons overall, influences and even promotes the process of ageing and age-related diseases in complex metazoan organisms, including humans. Retrotransposons have been coevolving with their host genomes since the dawn of life. This relationship has been largely competitive, and transposons have earned epithets such as 'junk DNA' and 'molecular parasites'. Much of our knowledge of the evolution of retrotransposons reflects their activity in the germline and is evident from genome sequence data. Recent research has provided a wealth of information on the activity of retrotransposons in somatic tissues during an individual lifespan, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this activity, and the manner in which these processes intersect with our own physiology, health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Paolo Mita
- Institute for Systems Genetics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Wilson McKerrow
- Institute for Systems Genetics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jef D. Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn 11201, NY, USA
| | - Sara B. Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jill A. Kreiling
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Anna P. Petrashen
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Trenton A. Woodham
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jackson R. Taylor
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Stephen L. Helfand
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - John M. Sedivy
- Center on the Biology of Aging, and Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.,Corresponding author
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35
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Li CY. Non-canonical roles of apoptotic and DNA double-strand break repair factors in mediating cellular response to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 99:915-924. [PMID: 34187285 PMCID: PMC8758794 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1948139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide an updated summary of recent advances in our understanding of the non-canonical roles of apoptotic and DNA double-strand break repair factors in various biological processes, especially in the cellular response to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Apoptotic caspases are usually considered as "executioners'' of unwanted or damaged cells or tissues. However, recent studies indicated they play multiple additional, often counterintuitive roles in many biological processes. Similarly, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair factors were also found to play unexpected roles beyond repairing damaged DNA. In this review, I will summarize key findings on the non-canonical roles of apoptotic and DSB repair factors in disparate biological and pathological processes such as radiation-induced genetic instability and carcinogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration, induced pluripotent stem cell induction, spontaneous and stochastic generation of cancer stem cells, and cancer immunotherapy. I believe these findings will usher in more studies in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
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36
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Lebo DPV, Chirn A, Taylor JD, Levan A, Doerre Torres V, Agreda E, Serizier SB, Lord AK, Jenkins VK, McCall K. An RNAi screen of the kinome in epithelial follicle cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary reveals genes required for proper germline death and clearance. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6080751. [PMID: 33693600 PMCID: PMC8022946 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death and cell corpse clearance are an essential part of organismal health and development. Cell corpses are often cleared away by professional phagocytes such as macrophages. However, in certain tissues, neighboring cells known as nonprofessional phagocytes can also carry out clearance functions. Here, we use the Drosophila melanogaster ovary to identify novel genes required for clearance by nonprofessional phagocytes. In the Drosophila ovary, germline cells can die at multiple time points. As death proceeds, the epithelial follicle cells act as phagocytes to facilitate the clearance of these cells. We performed an unbiased kinase screen to identify novel proteins and pathways involved in cell clearance during two death events. Of 224 genes examined, 18 demonstrated severe phenotypes during developmental death and clearance while 12 demonstrated severe phenotypes during starvation-induced cell death and clearance, representing a number of pathways not previously implicated in phagocytosis. Interestingly, it was found that several genes not only affected the clearance process in the phagocytes, but also non-autonomously affected the process by which germline cells died. This kinase screen has revealed new avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane P V Lebo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alice Chirn
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Taylor
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Levan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emily Agreda
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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37
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Fabian DK, Fuentealba M, Dönertaş HM, Partridge L, Thornton JM. Functional conservation in genes and pathways linking ageing and immunity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33990202 PMCID: PMC8120713 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At first glance, longevity and immunity appear to be different traits that have not much in common except the fact that the immune system promotes survival upon pathogenic infection. Substantial evidence however points to a molecularly intertwined relationship between the immune system and ageing. Although this link is well-known throughout the animal kingdom, its genetic basis is complex and still poorly understood. To address this question, we here provide a compilation of all genes concomitantly known to be involved in immunity and ageing in humans and three well-studied model organisms, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the house mouse Mus musculus. By analysing human orthologs among these species, we identified 7 evolutionarily conserved signalling cascades, the insulin/TOR network, three MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK), JAK/STAT, TGF-β, and Nf-κB pathways that act pleiotropically on ageing and immunity. We review current evidence for these pathways linking immunity and lifespan, and their role in the detrimental dysregulation of the immune system with age, known as immunosenescence. We argue that the phenotypic effects of these pathways are often context-dependent and vary, for example, between tissues, sexes, and types of pathogenic infection. Future research therefore needs to explore a higher temporal, spatial and environmental resolution to fully comprehend the connection between ageing and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fabian
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. .,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matías Fuentealba
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Handan Melike Dönertaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
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38
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Yang B, Dan X, Hou Y, Lee J, Wechter N, Krishnamurthy S, Kimura R, Babbar M, Demarest T, McDevitt R, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Mattson MP, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. NAD + supplementation prevents STING-induced senescence in ataxia telangiectasia by improving mitophagy. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13329. [PMID: 33734555 PMCID: PMC8045911 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in aging and in premature aging diseases, including ataxia telangiectasia (A‐T). Loss of mitochondrial function can drive age‐related decline in the brain, but little is known about whether improving mitochondrial homeostasis alleviates senescence phenotypes. We demonstrate here that mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence with a senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) occur in A‐T patient fibroblasts, and in ATM‐deficient cells and mice. Senescence is mediated by stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and involves ectopic cytoplasmic DNA. We further show that boosting intracellular NAD+ levels with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevents senescence and SASP by promoting mitophagy in a PINK1‐dependent manner. NR treatment also prevents neurodegeneration, suppresses senescence and neuroinflammation, and improves motor function in Atm−/− mice. Our findings suggest a central role for mitochondrial dysfunction‐induced senescence in A‐T pathogenesis, and that enhancing mitophagy as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Xiuli Dan
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yujun Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jong‐Hyuk Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Risako Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Tyler Demarest
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Ross McDevitt
- Mouse Phenotyping Unit National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Core National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Deborah L. Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
| | - Vilhelm A. Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology National Institute on Aging NIH Baltimore MD USA
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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39
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Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation-A Call for Future Research. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040465. [PMID: 33805190 PMCID: PMC8064348 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms are able to elicit behavioral change in other organisms. Examples include different microbes (e.g., viruses and fungi), parasites (e.g., hairworms and trematodes), and parasitoid wasps. In most cases, the mechanisms underlying host behavioral change remain relatively unclear. There is a growing body of literature linking alterations in immune signaling with neuron health, communication, and function; however, there is a paucity of data detailing the effects of altered neuroimmune signaling on insect neuron function and how glial cells may contribute toward neuron dysregulation. It is important to consider the potential impacts of altered neuroimmune communication on host behavior and reflect on its potential role as an important tool in the "neuro-engineer" toolkit. In this review, we examine what is known about the relationships between the insect immune and nervous systems. We highlight organisms that are able to influence insect behavior and discuss possible mechanisms of behavioral manipulation, including potentially dysregulated neuroimmune communication. We close by identifying opportunities for integrating research in insect innate immunity, glial cell physiology, and neurobiology in the investigation of behavioral manipulation.
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40
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Shah EJ, Hüttemann M, Sanderson TH, Gurdziel K, Ruden DM. Inhibiting Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Downregulates Gene Transcription After Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2021; 12:628777. [PMID: 33790803 PMCID: PMC8005633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.628777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) caused by a sudden impact to the head alter behavior and impair physical and cognitive function. Besides the severity, type and area of the brain affected, the outcome of TBI is also influenced by the patient’s biological sex. Previous studies reporting mitochondrial dysfunction mainly focused on exponential reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and altered mitochondrial dynamics as a key player in the outcome to brain injury. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a near-infrared (NIR) light exposure on gene expression in a Drosophila TBI model. NIR interacts with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) of the electron transport chain to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization, attenuate ROS generation, and apoptosis. We subjected w1118 male and female flies to TBI using a high-impact trauma (HIT) device and subsequently exposed the isolated fly brains to a COX-inhibitory wavelength of 750 nm for 2 hours (hr). Genome-wide 3′-mRNA-sequencing of fly brains revealed that injured w1118 females exhibit greater changes in transcription compared to males at 1, 2, and 4 hours (hr) after TBI. Inhibiting COX by exposure to NIR downregulates gene expression in injured females but has minimal effect in injured males. Our results suggest that mitochondrial COX modulation with NIR alters gene expression in Drosophila following TBI and the response to injury and NIR exposure varies by biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta J Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Office of the Vice President of Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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41
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Crosstalk between Different DNA Repair Pathways Contributes to Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020163. [PMID: 33669593 PMCID: PMC7922961 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Constant exposure to endogenous and environmental factors induces oxidative stress and DNA damage. Rare brain disorders caused by defects in DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) signaling establish that failure to process DNA damage may lead to neurodegeneration. In this review, we present mechanisms that link DDR with neurodegeneration in these disorders and discuss their relevance for common age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Moreover, we highlight recent insight into the crosstalk between the DDR and other cellular processes known to be disturbed during NDDs. Abstract Genomic integrity is maintained by DNA repair and the DNA damage response (DDR). Defects in certain DNA repair genes give rise to many rare progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as ocular motor ataxia, Huntington disease (HD), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). Dysregulation or dysfunction of DDR is also proposed to contribute to more common NDDs, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Here, we present mechanisms that link DDR with neurodegeneration in rare NDDs caused by defects in the DDR and discuss the relevance for more common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we highlight recent insight into the crosstalk between the DDR and other cellular processes known to be disturbed during NDDs. We compare the strengths and limitations of established model systems to model human NDDs, ranging from C. elegans and mouse models towards advanced stem cell-based 3D models.
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42
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Hu M, Zhou M, Bao X, Pan D, Jiao M, Liu X, Li F, Li CY. ATM inhibition enhances cancer immunotherapy by promoting mtDNA leakage and cGAS/STING activation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:139333. [PMID: 33290271 PMCID: PMC7843232 DOI: 10.1172/jci139333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches are needed to boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays a central role in sensing DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and coordinating their repair. Recent data indicated that ATM might be a promising target to enhance ICB therapy. However, the molecular mechanism involved has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we show that ATM inhibition could potentiate ICB therapy by promoting cytoplasmic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and activation of the cGAS/STING pathway. We show that genetic depletion of ATM in murine cancer cells delayed tumor growth in syngeneic mouse hosts in a T cell-dependent manner. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of ATM potentiated anti-PD-1 therapy of mouse tumors. ATM inhibition potently activated the cGAS/STING pathway and enhanced lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor microenvironment by downregulating mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which led to mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm. Moreover, our analysis of data from a large patient cohort indicated that ATM mutations, especially nonsense mutations, predicted for clinical benefits of ICB therapy. Our study therefore provides strong evidence that ATM may serve as both a therapeutic target and a biomarker to enable ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
| | - Dong Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
| | - Meng Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
| | - Chuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Caronina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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43
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Decio P, Ustaoglu P, Derecka K, Hardy ICW, Roat TC, Malaspina O, Mongan N, Stöger R, Soller M. Thiamethoxam exposure deregulates short ORF gene expression in the honey bee and compromises immune response to bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1489. [PMID: 33452318 PMCID: PMC7811001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing crop yields relies on the use of agrochemicals to control insect pests. One of the most widely used classes of insecticides are neonicotinoids that interfere with signalling of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, but these can also disrupt crop-pollination services provided by bees. Here, we analysed whether chronic low dose long-term exposure to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam alters gene expression and alternative splicing in brains of Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera, as adaptation to altered neuronal signalling. We find differentially regulated genes that show concentration-dependent responses to thiamethoxam, but no changes in alternative splicing. Most differentially expressed genes have no annotated function but encode short Open Reading Frames, a characteristic feature of anti-microbial peptides. As this suggested that immune responses may be compromised by thiamethoxam exposure, we tested the impact of thiamethoxam on bee immunity by injecting bacteria. We show that intrinsically sub-lethal thiamethoxam exposure makes bees more vulnerable to normally non-pathogenic bacteria. Our findings imply a synergistic mechanism for the observed bee population declines that concern agriculturists, conservation ecologists and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Decio
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Pinar Ustaoglu
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Kamila Derecka
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Ian C. W. Hardy
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Thaisa C. Roat
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Nigel Mongan
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Reinhard Stöger
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Matthias Soller
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Onyango IG, Bennett JP, Stokin GB. Regulation of neuronal bioenergetics as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1467-1482. [PMID: 33433460 PMCID: PMC8323696 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are a heterogeneous group of debilitating disorders with multifactorial etiologies and pathogeneses that manifest distinct molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestations with abnormal protein dynamics and impaired bioenergetics. Mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as an important feature in the etiopathogenesis of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The prevalence and incidence of these diseases is on the rise with the increasing global population and average lifespan. Although many therapeutic approaches have been tested, there are currently no effective treatment routes for the prevention or cure of these diseases. We present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases and highlight recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies targeting neuronal bioenergetics as potential approach for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Onyango
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James P Bennett
- Neurodegeneration Therapeutics, 3050A Berkmar Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Swanson LC, Trujillo EA, Thiede GH, Katzenberger RJ, Shishkova E, Coon JJ, Ganetzky B, Wassarman DA. Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila Is Increased by Heterozygosity for a Mutation of the NF-κB Innate Immune Response Transcription Factor Relish. Genetics 2020; 216:1117-1136. [PMID: 33109529 PMCID: PMC7768241 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathologies are caused by primary and secondary injuries. Primary injuries result from physical damage to the brain, and secondary injuries arise from cellular responses to primary injuries. A characteristic cellular response is sustained activation of inflammatory pathways commonly mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors. Using a Drosophila melanogaster TBI model, we previously found that the main proximal transcriptional response to primary injuries is triggered by activation of Toll and Imd innate immune response pathways that engage NF-κB factors Dif and Relish (Rel), respectively. Here, we found by mass spectrometry that Rel protein level increased in fly heads at 4-8 hr after TBI. To investigate the necessity of Rel for secondary injuries, we generated a null allele, Reldel , by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. When heterozygous but not homozygous, the Reldel mutation reduced mortality at 24 hr after TBI and increased the lifespan of injured flies. Additionally, the effect of heterozygosity for Reldel on mortality was modulated by genetic background and diet. To identify genes that facilitate effects of Reldel on TBI outcomes, we compared genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of uninjured and injured +/+, +/Reldel , and Reldel /Reldel flies at 4 hr following TBI. Only a few genes changed expression more than twofold in +/Reldel flies relative to +/+ and Reldel /Reldel flies, and they were not canonical innate immune response genes. Therefore, Rel is necessary for TBI-induced secondary injuries but in complex ways involving Rel gene dose, genetic background, diet, and possibly small changes in expression of innate immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Swanson
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gene H Thiede
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebeccah J Katzenberger
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Barry Ganetzky
- Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Khor S, Cai D. Control of lifespan and survival by Drosophila NF-κB signaling through neuroendocrine cells and neuroblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24604-24622. [PMID: 33232282 PMCID: PMC7803524 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparative analysis of the effects of immune activation in the fly nervous system using genetic activation models to target Drosophila NF-κB within Toll versus Imd pathways. Genetic gain-of-function models for either pathway pan-neuronally as well as in discrete subsets of neural cells including neuroendocrine insulin-producing cells (IPCs) or neuroblasts reduce fly lifespan, however, these phenotypes in IPCs and neuroblasts are stronger with Toll activation than Imd activation. Of note, while aging is influenced more by Toll/NF-κB activation in IPCs during adulthood, neuroblasts influence aging more substantially during development. The study then focused on Toll/NF-κB inhibition, revealing that IPCs or neuroblasts are important for the effects of lifespan and healthspan extension but in a life stage-dependent manner while some of these effects display sexual dimorphism. Importantly, co-inhibition of Toll/NF-κB pathway in IPCs and neuroblasts increased fly lifespan greater than either cell population, suggesting that independent mechanisms might exist. Toll/NF-κB inhibition in IPCs was also sufficient to enhance survival under various fatal stresses, supporting the additional benefits to fly healthspan. In conclusion, IPCs and neuroblasts are important for Drosophila NF-κB for controlling lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Khor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND General anesthetics influence mitochondrial homeostasis, placing individuals with mitochondrial disorders and possibly carriers of recessive mitochondrial mutations at increased risk of perioperative complications. In Drosophila, mutations in the ND23 subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain-analogous to mammalian NDUFS8-replicate key characteristics of Leigh syndrome, an inherited mitochondrial disorder. The authors used the ND23 mutant for testing the hypothesis that anesthetics have toxic potential in carriers of mitochondrial mutations. METHODS The authors exposed wild-type flies and ND23 mutant flies to behaviorally equivalent doses of isoflurane or sevoflurane in 5%, 21%, or 75% oxygen. The authors used percent mortality (mean ± SD, n ≥ 3) at 24 h after exposure as a readout of toxicity and changes in gene expression to investigate toxicity mechanisms. RESULTS Exposure of 10- to 13-day-old male ND23 flies to isoflurane in 5%, 21%, or 75% oxygen resulted in 16.0 ± 14.9% (n = 10), 48.2 ± 16.1% (n = 9), and 99.2 ± 2.0% (n = 10) mortality, respectively. Comparable mortality was observed in females. In contrast, under the same conditions, mortality was less than 5% for all male and female groups exposed to sevoflurane, except 10- to 13-day-old male ND23 flies with 9.6 ± 8.9% (n = 16) mortality. The mortality of 10- to 13-day-old ND23 flies exposed to isoflurane was rescued by neuron- or glia-specific expression of wild-type ND23. Isoflurane and sevoflurane differentially affected expression of antioxidant genes in 10- to 13-day-old ND23 flies. ND23 flies had elevated mortality from paraquat-induced oxidative stress compared with wild-type flies. The mortality of heterozygous ND23 flies exposed to isoflurane in 75% oxygen increased with age, resulting in 54.0 ± 19.6% (n = 4) mortality at 33 to 39 days old, and the percent mortality varied in different genetic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the mitochondrial complex I subunit ND23 increase susceptibility to isoflurane-induced toxicity and to oxidative stress in Drosophila. Asymptomatic flies that carry ND23 mutations are sensitized to hyperoxic isoflurane toxicity by age and genetic background. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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48
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Scharenbrock AR, Schiffman HJ, Olufs ZPG, Wassarman DA, Perouansky M. Interactions among Genetic Background, Anesthetic Agent, and Oxygen Concentration Shape Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186926. [PMID: 32967238 PMCID: PMC7555144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the time window during which secondary injuries develop provides a window for therapeutic interventions. During this time, many TBI victims undergo exposure to hyperoxia and anesthetics. We investigated the effects of genetic background on the interaction of oxygen and volatile general anesthetics with brain pathophysiology after closed-head TBI in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To test whether sevoflurane shares genetic risk factors for mortality with isoflurane and whether locomotion is affected similarly to mortality, we used a device that generates acceleration–deceleration forces to induce TBI in ten inbred fly lines. After TBI, we exposed flies to hyperoxia alone or in combination with isoflurane or sevoflurane and quantified mortality and locomotion 24 and 48 h after TBI. Modulation of TBI–induced mortality and locomotor impairment by hyperoxia with or without anesthetics varied among fly strains and among combinations of agents. Resistance to increased mortality from hyperoxic isoflurane predicted resistance to increased mortality from hyperoxic sevoflurane but did not predict the degree of locomotion impairment under any condition. These findings are important because they demonstrate that, in the context of TBI, genetic background determines the latent toxic potentials of oxygen and anesthetics.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Genetic Background
- Head Injuries, Closed/drug therapy
- Head Injuries, Closed/genetics
- Head Injuries, Closed/metabolism
- Head Injuries, Closed/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperoxia/drug therapy
- Hyperoxia/genetics
- Hyperoxia/metabolism
- Hyperoxia/pathology
- Isoflurane/pharmacology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Sevoflurane/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Scharenbrock
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (A.R.S.); (H.J.S.); (Z.P.G.O.)
| | - Hannah J. Schiffman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (A.R.S.); (H.J.S.); (Z.P.G.O.)
| | - Zachariah P. G. Olufs
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (A.R.S.); (H.J.S.); (Z.P.G.O.)
| | - David A. Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Misha Perouansky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (A.R.S.); (H.J.S.); (Z.P.G.O.)
- Correspondence:
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49
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Swanson LC, Rimkus SA, Ganetzky B, Wassarman DA. Loss of the Antimicrobial Peptide Metchnikowin Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3109-3119. [PMID: 32631949 PMCID: PMC7466987 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major pathophysiological feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Early and persistent activation of innate immune response signaling pathways by primary injuries is associated with secondary cellular injuries that cause TBI outcomes to change over time. We used a Drosophila melanogaster model to investigate the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in acute and chronic outcomes of closed-head TBI. AMPs are effectors of pathogen and stress defense mechanisms mediated by the evolutionarily conserved Toll and Immune-deficiency (Imd) innate immune response pathways that activate Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors. Here, we analyzed the effect of null mutations in 10 of the 14 known Drosophila AMP genes on TBI outcomes. We found that mutation of Metchnikowin (Mtk) was unique in protecting flies from mortality within the 24 h following TBI under two diet conditions that produce different levels of mortality. In addition, Mtk mutants had reduced behavioral deficits at 24 h following TBI and increased lifespan either in the absence or presence of TBI. Using a transcriptional reporter of gene expression, we found that TBI increased Mtk expression in the brain. Quantitative analysis of mRNA in whole flies revealed that expression of other AMPs in the Toll and Imd pathways as well as NF-κB transcription factors were not altered in Mtk mutants. Overall, these results demonstrate that Mtk plays an infection-independent role in the fly nervous system, and TBI-induced expression of Mtk in the brain activates acute and chronic secondary injury pathways that are also activated during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Swanson
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Stacey A Rimkus
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Barry Ganetzky
- Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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50
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ATM Protein Kinase: Old and New Implications in Neuronal Pathways and Brain Circuitry. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091969. [PMID: 32858941 PMCID: PMC7564642 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the human autosomal recessive disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare pathology, interest in the function of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) is extensive. From a clinical point of view, the role of ATM in the central nervous system (CNS) is the most impacting, as motor disability is the predominant symptom affecting A-T patients. Coherently, spino-cerebellar neurodegeneration is the principal hallmark of A-T and other CNS regions such as dentate and olivary nuclei and brain stem are implicated in A-T pathophysiology. Recently, several preclinical studies also highlighted the involvement of ATM in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, thus extending A-T symptomatology to new brain areas and pathways. Here, we review old and recent evidence that largely demonstrates not only the historical ATM account in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation, but the multiple pathways through which ATM controls oxidative stress homeostasis, insulin signalling pathways, epigenetic regulation, synaptic transmission, and excitatory–inhibitory balance. We also summarise recent evidence on ATM implication in neurological and cognitive diseases beyond A-T, bringing out ATM as new pathological substrate and potential therapeutic target.
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