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Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR, Jagannathan P. The impact of Plasmodium-driven immunoregulatory networks on immunity to malaria. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:637-653. [PMID: 38862638 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites, drives multiple regulatory responses across the immune landscape. These regulatory responses help to protect against inflammatory disease but may in some situations hamper the acquisition of adaptive immune responses that clear parasites. In addition, the regulatory responses that occur during Plasmodium infection may negatively affect malaria vaccine efficacy in the most at-risk populations. Here, we discuss the specific cellular mechanisms of immunoregulatory networks that develop during malaria, with a focus on knowledge gained from human studies and studies that involve the main malaria parasite to affect humans, Plasmodium falciparum. Leveraging this knowledge may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to increase protective immunity to malaria during infection or after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Life Sciences Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Reyes RA, Turner L, Ssewanyana I, Jagannathan P, Feeney ME, Lavstsen T, Greenhouse B, Bol S, Bunnik EM. Differences in phenotype between long-lived memory B cells against Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens and variant surface antigens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.01.596978. [PMID: 38895251 PMCID: PMC11185507 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infections elicit strong humoral immune responses to two main groups of antigens expressed by blood-stage parasites: merozoite antigens that are involved in the erythrocyte invasion process and variant surface antigens that mediate endothelial sequestration of infected erythrocytes. Long-lived B cells against both antigen classes can be detected in the circulation for years after exposure, but have not been directly compared. Here, we studied the phenotype of long-lived memory and atypical B cells to merozoite antigens (MSP1 and AMA1) and variant surface antigens (the CIDRα1 domain of PfEMP1) in Ugandan adults before and after local reduction of P. falciparum transmission. After a median of 1.7 years without P. falciparum infections, the percentage of antigen-specific activated B cells declined, but long-lived antigen-specific B cells were still detectable in all individuals. The majority of MSP1/AMA1-specific B cells were CD95+CD11c+ memory B cells, which are primed for rapid differentiation into antibody-secreting cells, and FcRL5-T-bet- atypical B cells. On the other hand, most CIDRα1-specific B cells were CD95-CD11c- memory B cells. CIDRα1-specific B cells were also enriched among a subset of atypical B cells that seem poised for antigen presentation. These results point to differences in how these antigens are recognized or processed by the immune system and how P. falciparum-specific B cells will respond upon re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael A Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for translational Medicine & Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for translational Medicine & Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Righospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Evelien M Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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3
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Brown SL, Bauer JJ, Lee J, Ntirandekura E, Stumhofer JS. IgM + and IgM - memory B cells represent heterogeneous populations capable of producing class-switched antibodies and germinal center B cells upon rechallenge with P. yoelii. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1115-1135. [PMID: 35657097 PMCID: PMC9613510 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0921-523r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for maintaining long-term humoral immunity to infectious organisms, including Plasmodium. MBCs are a heterogeneous population whose function can be dictated by isotype or expression of particular surface proteins. Here, aided by antigen-specific B-cell tetramers, MBC populations were evaluated to discern their phenotype and function in response to infection with a nonlethal strain of P. yoelii. Infection of mice with P. yoelii 17X resulted in 2 predominant MBC populations: somatically hypermutated isotype-switched (IgM- ) and IgM+ MBCs that coexpressed CD73 and CD80 that produced antigen-specific antibodies in response to secondary infection. Rechallenge experiments indicated that IgG-producing cells dominated the recall response over the induction of IgM-secreting cells, with both populations expanding with similar timing during the secondary response. Furthermore, using ZsGreen1 expression as a surrogate for activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression alongside CD73 and CD80 coexpression, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ , and IgM- MBCs gave rise to plasmablasts that secreted Ag-specific Abs after adoptive transfer and infection with P. yoelii. Moreover, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ and IgM- MBCs could differentiate into B cells with a germinal center phenotype after adoptive transfer. A third population of B cells (ZsGreen1- CD73- CD80- IgM- ) that is apparent after infection responded poorly to reactivation in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these cells do not represent a canonical population of MBCs. Together these data indicated that MBC function is not defined by immunoglobulin isotype, nor does coexpression of key surface markers limit the potential fate of MBCs after recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jonathan J Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Enatha Ntirandekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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4
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Gonzales SJ, Clarke KN, Batugedara G, Garza R, Braddom AE, Reyes RA, Ssewanyana I, Garrison KC, Ippolito GC, Greenhouse B, Bol S, Bunnik EM. A Molecular Analysis of Memory B Cell and Antibody Responses Against Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Children and Adults From Uganda. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809264. [PMID: 35720313 PMCID: PMC9201334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) and plasma antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) merozoite antigens are important components of the protective immune response against malaria. To gain understanding of how responses against Pf develop in these two arms of the humoral immune system, we evaluated MBC and antibody responses against the most abundant merozoite antigen, full-length Pf merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1FL), in individuals from a region in Uganda with high Pf transmission. Our results showed that PfMSP1FL-specific B cells in adults with immunological protection against malaria were predominantly IgG+ classical MBCs, while children with incomplete protection mainly harbored IgM+ PfMSP1FL-specific classical MBCs. In contrast, anti-PfMSP1FL plasma IgM reactivity was minimal in both children and adults. Instead, both groups showed high plasma IgG reactivity against PfMSP1FL, with broadening of the response against non-3D7 strains in adults. The B cell receptors encoded by PfMSP1FL-specific IgG+ MBCs carried high levels of amino acid substitutions and recognized relatively conserved epitopes on the highly variable PfMSP1 protein. Proteomics analysis of PfMSP119-specific IgG in plasma of an adult revealed a limited repertoire of anti-MSP1 antibodies, most of which were IgG1 or IgG3. Similar to B cell receptors of PfMSP1FL-specific MBCs, anti-PfMSP119 IgGs had high levels of amino acid substitutions and their sequences were predominantly found in classical MBCs, not atypical MBCs. Collectively, these results showed evolution of the PfMSP1-specific humoral immune response with cumulative Pf exposure, with a shift from IgM+ to IgG+ B cell memory, diversification of B cells from germline, and stronger recognition of PfMSP1 variants by the plasma IgG repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen N. Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gayani Batugedara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rolando Garza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ashley E. Braddom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raphael A. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kendra C. Garrison
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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5
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Ioannidis LJ, Pietrzak HM, Ly A, Utami RA, Eriksson EM, Studniberg SI, Abeysekera W, Li-Wai-Suen CS, Sheerin D, Healer J, Puspitasari AM, Apriyanti D, Coutrier FN, Poespoprodjo JR, Kenangalem E, Andries B, Prayoga P, Sariyanti N, Smyth GK, Trianty L, Cowman AF, Price RN, Noviyanti R, Hansen DS. High-dimensional mass cytometry identifies T cell and B cell signatures predicting reduced risk of Plasmodium vivax malaria. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148086. [PMID: 34128836 PMCID: PMC8410020 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ-driven responses to malaria have been shown to modulate the development and function of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and memory B cells (MBCs), with conflicting evidence of their involvement in the induction of antibody responses required to achieve clinical immunity and their association with disease outcomes. Using high-dimensional single-cell mass cytometry, we identified distinct populations of TH1-polarized CD4+ T cells and MBCs expressing the TH1-defining transcription factor T-bet, associated with either increased or reduced risk of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria, demonstrating that inflammatory responses to malaria are not universally detrimental for infection. Furthermore, we found that, whereas class-switched but not IgM+ MBCs were associated with a reduced risk of symptomatic malaria, populations of TH1 cells with a stem central memory phenotype, TH17 cells, and T regulatory cells were associated with protection from asymptomatic infection, suggesting that activation of cell-mediated immunity might also be required to control persistent P. vivax infection with low parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Halina M. Pietrzak
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Retno A.S. Utami
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie I. Studniberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Connie S.N. Li-Wai-Suen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dylan Sheerin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dwi Apriyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Enny Kenangalem
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Pak Prayoga
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Novita Sariyanti
- Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Gordon K. Smyth
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Diana S. Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Jahnmatz P, Sundling C, Yman V, Widman L, Asghar M, Sondén K, Stenström C, Smedman C, Ndungu F, Ahlborg N, Färnert A. Memory B-Cell Responses Against Merozoite Antigens After Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria, Assessed Over One Year Using a Novel Multiplexed FluoroSpot Assay. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619398. [PMID: 33679707 PMCID: PMC7928423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are believed to be important for the maintenance of immunity to malaria, and these cells need to be explored in the context of different parasite antigens and their breadth and kinetics after natural infections. However, frequencies of antigen-specific MBCs are low in peripheral blood, limiting the number of antigens that can be studied, especially when small blood volumes are available. Here, we developed a multiplexed reversed B-cell FluoroSpot assay capable of simultaneously detecting MBCs specific for the four Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens, MSP-119, MSP-2, MSP-3 and AMA-1. We used the assay to study the kinetics of the MBC response after an acute episode of malaria and up to one year following treatment in travelers returning to Sweden from sub-Saharan Africa. We show that the FluoroSpot assay can detect MBCs to all four merozoite antigens in the same well, and that the breadth and kinetics varied between individuals. We further found that individuals experiencing a primary infection could mount and maintain parasite-specific MBCs to a similar extent as previously exposed adults, already after a single infection. We conclude that the multiplexed B-cell FluoroSpot is a powerful tool for assessing antigen-specific MBC responses to several antigens simultaneously, and that the kinetics of MBC responses against merozoite surface antigens differ over the course of one year. These findings contribute to the understanding of acquisition and maintenance of immune responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jahnmatz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnea Widman
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Stenström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Francis Ndungu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Rosado J, White MT, Longley RJ, Lacerda M, Monteiro W, Brewster J, Sattabongkot J, Guzman-Guzman M, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Mueller I. Heterogeneity in response to serological exposure markers of recent Plasmodium vivax infections in contrasting epidemiological contexts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009165. [PMID: 33591976 PMCID: PMC7909627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody responses as serological markers of Plasmodium vivax infection have been shown to correlate with exposure, but little is known about the other factors that affect antibody responses in naturally infected people from endemic settings. To address this question, we studied IgG responses to novel serological exposure markers (SEMs) of P. vivax in three settings with different transmission intensity. METHODOLOGY We validated a panel of 34 SEMs in a Peruvian cohort with up to three years' longitudinal follow-up using a multiplex platform and compared results to data from cohorts in Thailand and Brazil. Linear regression models were used to characterize the association between antibody responses and age, the number of detected blood-stage infections during follow-up, and time since previous infection. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to test the performance of SEMs to identify P. vivax infections in the previous 9 months. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Antibody titers were associated with age, the number of blood-stage infections, and time since previous P. vivax infection in all three study sites. The association between antibody titers and time since previous P. vivax infection was stronger in the low transmission settings of Thailand and Brazil compared to the higher transmission setting in Peru. Of the SEMs tested, antibody responses to RBP2b had the highest performance for classifying recent exposure in all sites, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.83 in Thailand, AUC = 0.79 in Brazil, and AUC = 0.68 in Peru. CONCLUSIONS In low transmission settings, P. vivax SEMs can accurately identify individuals with recent blood-stage infections. In higher transmission settings, the accuracy of this approach diminishes substantially. We recommend using P. vivax SEMs in low transmission settings pursuing malaria elimination, but they are likely to be less effective in high transmission settings focused on malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rosado
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, ED 393, Paris, France
| | - Michael T. White
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rhea J. Longley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane (Fiocruz), Manaus, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jessica Brewster
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mitchel Guzman-Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Unit of Malaria: Parasites and hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Cai C, Hu Z, Yu X. Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:610121. [PMID: 33363057 PMCID: PMC7758250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Zarletti G, Tiberi M, De Molfetta V, Bossù M, Toppi E, Bossù P, Scapigliati G. A Cell-Based ELISA to Improve the Serological Analysis of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111274. [PMID: 33171590 PMCID: PMC7695166 DOI: 10.3390/v12111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the antibody-mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to understand virus immunogenicity, establish seroprevalence, and determine whether subjects or recovered patients are at risk for infection/reinfection and would therefore benefit from vaccination. Here, we describe a novel and simple cell-ELISA specifically designed to measure viral spike S1-specific IgG produced in vitro by B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from a cohort of 45 asymptomatic (n = 24) and symptomatic (n = 21) individuals, with age ranging from 8 to 99 years. All subjects underwent ELISA serological screening twice, at the same time as the cell-ELISA (T2) as well as 35–60 days earlier (T1). Cryopreserved PBMCs of healthy donors obtained years before the COVID-19 pandemic were also included in the analysis. The preliminary results presented here show that out of 45 tested subjects, 16 individuals (35.5%) were positive to the cell-ELISA, 11 (24.5%) were concomitantly positive in the serological screening (T1 and/or T2), and only one person was exclusively positive in ELISA (T1) and negative in cell-ELISA, though values were close to the cutoff. Of note, five individuals (11.2%) tested negative in ELISA but positive in cell-ELISA and thus, they appear to have circulating B cells that produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, likely at levels that are undetectable in the serum, which challenges the negative results of the serological screening. The relative level of in vitro secreted IgG was measurable in positive subjects, ranging from 7 to 50 ng/well. Accordingly, all anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive subjects previously reported moderate to severe symptoms attributable to COVID-19, even though the RT-PCR data were rarely available to confirm viral infection. Overall, the described cell-ELISA might be an effective method for detecting subjects who encountered the virus in the past, and thus helpful to improve serological ELISA tests in the case of undetectable/equivocal circulating IgG levels, and a suitable and improved tool to better evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpaolo Zarletti
- Dipartimento per l’Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Università della Tuscia, 01000 Viterbo, Italy; (G.Z.); (M.T.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Massimo Tiberi
- Dipartimento per l’Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Università della Tuscia, 01000 Viterbo, Italy; (G.Z.); (M.T.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Veronica De Molfetta
- Dipartimento per l’Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Università della Tuscia, 01000 Viterbo, Italy; (G.Z.); (M.T.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Bossù
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, “Sapienza” University, 00146 Roma, Italy;
| | - Elisa Toppi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Experimental Neuropsychobiology Lab, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Bossù
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Experimental Neuropsychobiology Lab, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Dipartimento per l’Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Università della Tuscia, 01000 Viterbo, Italy; (G.Z.); (M.T.); (V.D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Makenga G, Menon S, Baraka V, Minja DT, Nakato S, Delgado-Ratto C, Francis F, Lusingu JP, Van Geertruyden JP. Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in school-aged children and pregnant women in endemic settings of sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00188. [PMID: 33145445 PMCID: PMC7591779 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased malaria control efforts, school-aged children (5–14 years) have higher a malaria prevalence compared to children under-five. In high-transmission settings, up to 70% of school-aged children harbour malaria parasitaemia and therefore contribute significantly to the reservoir for transmission. A systematic review was performed to explore the correlation between the malaria parasite carriage in pregnant women and school-aged children living in similar endemic settings of sub Saharan Africa to inform strategies to improve targeted malaria control. In order to obtain data on malaria prevalence in pregnant women and school-aged children living in the same endemic setting, we searched the Malaria in Pregnancy Library, PubMed, Cochrane library and Web of Science in December 2018. We fit a fixed effect model to obtain a pooled risk ratio (PRR) of malaria in school-aged children versus pregnant women and used Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios in school-aged children for every increase in prevalence in pregnant women. We used data from six (out of 1096) sources that included 10 data points. There was a strong linear relation between the prevalence of malaria infection in pregnant women and school-aged children (r = 0·93, p < 0·0001). School-aged children were nearly twice at risk to carry parasites compared to pregnant women (RR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1·69–2.25, p < 0.01). Poisson regression showed that a 1% increase in prevalence of malaria infection in pregnant women was significantly associated with increase in risk in school-aged children by 4%. Malaria infection prevalence in school-aged children is strongly correlated with the prevalence in pregnant women living in the same community, and may be considered as alternative indicators to track temporal and spatial trends in malaria transmission intensity. Chemoprevention strategies targeting school-aged children should be explored to reduce malaria burden and transmission in school-aged children and its potential impact on communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofrey Makenga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding author at.: National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania.
| | - Sonia Menon
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vito Baraka
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Daniel T.R. Minja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Swabra Nakato
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Filbert Francis
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - John P.A. Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P. O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
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12
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Aye R, Sutton HJ, Nduati EW, Kai O, Mwacharo J, Musyoki J, Otieno E, Wambua J, Bejon P, Cockburn IA, Ndungu FM. Malaria exposure drives both cognate and bystander human B cells to adopt an atypical phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1187-1194. [PMID: 32222961 PMCID: PMC7611263 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atypical memory B cells (aMBCs) are found in elevated numbers in individuals exposed to malaria. A key question is whether malaria induces aMBCs as a result of exposure to Ag, or non-Ag-specific mechanisms. We identified Plasmodium and bystander tetanus toxoid (TT) specific B cells in individuals from areas of previous and persistent exposure to malaria using tetramers. Malaria-specific B cells were more likely to be aMBCs than TT-specific B cells. However, TT-specific B cells from individuals with continuous exposure to malaria were more likely to be aMBCs than TT-specific B cells in individuals from areas where transmission has ceased. Finally, sequences of BCRs specific for a blood stage malaria-Ag were more highly mutated than sequences from TT-specific BCRs and under strong negative selection, indicative of ongoing antigenic pressure. Our data suggest both persistent Ag exposure and the inflammatory environment shape the B-cell response to malaria and bystander Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Aye
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Henry J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eunice W Nduati
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Kai
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jedida Mwacharo
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliana Wambua
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Soares RR, Nakaie CR, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, da Silva RL, Lima-Junior JDC, Scopel KKG. Main B-cell epitopes of PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-9 are targeted by naturally acquired antibodies and epitope-specific memory cells in acute and convalescent phases of vivax malaria. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12705. [PMID: 32096238 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although antibodies are considered critical for malaria protection, little is known about the mechanisms/factors that maintain humoral immunity, especially regarding the induction and maintenance of memory B cells over time. In Brazilian endemic areas, this is the first time that the profile of antibody responses and the occurrence of antigen-specific memory B cells (MBC) against P vivax were investigated during acute malaria and up to six months after parasite clearance. For this, we selected two peptides, PvAMA-1(S290-K307) and PvMSP-9(E795-A808) , which represent the apical membrane antigen-1 and merozoite surface protein-9 of P vivax, respectively. Both peptides were previously described as containing linear B-cell epitopes. Our findings were as follows: 1-both peptides were recognized by IgG antibodies at a high frequency (between 24% and 81%) in all study groups; 2-in the absence of infection, the IgG levels remained stable throughout 6 months of follow-up; and 3-PvAMA-1(S290-K307) and PvMSP-9(E795-A808) -specific MBCs were detected in all individual groups in the absence of reinfection throughout the follow-up period, suggesting long-lived MBC. However, no positive association was observed between malaria-specific antibody levels and frequency of MBCs over time. Taken together, these results suggest that peptides can be, in the future, an alternative strategy to polypeptidic vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Reis Soares
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de For a, Juiz de For a, Brazil
| | - Clovis Ryuichi Nakaie
- Departament of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Lauria da Silva
- Departament of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de For a, Juiz de For a, Brazil
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Pérez‐Mazliah D, Ndungu FM, Aye R, Langhorne J. B-cell memory in malaria: Myths and realities. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:57-69. [PMID: 31733075 PMCID: PMC6972598 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long-lasting B-cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long-lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B-cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype-switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B-cell responses to Plasmodium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez‐Mazliah
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- York Biomedical Research InstituteHull York Medical SchoolUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseaseJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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15
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Jahnmatz P, Sundling C, Makower B, Sondén K, Färnert A, Ahlborg N. Multiplex analysis of antigen-specific memory B cells in humans using reversed B-cell FluoroSpot. J Immunol Methods 2019; 478:112715. [PMID: 31809709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of B-cell specificities at the single cell level provides important information on how the B-cell compartment responds when challenged by infection or vaccination. We recently developed a reversed B-cell FluoroSpot assay and showed that it could be used to detect B cells specific for different antigens simultaneously in a mouse model. The aim of this study was to further develop the method to detect and quantify antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in humans where circulating antigen-specific cells are less frequent. We show that MBCs specific for three antigens, tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B surface antigen and cytomegalovirus pp65, could be detected simultaneously in one well. In addition to enumerating antigen-specific MBCs, we also assessed the spot volume to estimate the intensity of the response in individual cells and found this to be a new and sensitive approach to study MBC responses after vaccination. This unique B-cell FluoroSpot approach provides a simple and sensitive multiplex analysis of MBCs and can be adapted to most antigens and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jahnmatz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden.
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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16
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Kochayoo P, Changrob S, Wangriatisak K, Lee SK, Chootong P, Han ET. The persistence of naturally acquired antibodies and memory B cells specific to rhoptry proteins of Plasmodium vivax in patients from areas of low malaria transmission. Malar J 2019; 18:382. [PMID: 31783870 PMCID: PMC6884809 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhoptries are the large, paired, secretory organelles located at the apical tip of the malaria merozoite that are considered important for parasite invasion processes. Plasmodium vivax rhoptry proteins have been shown to induce humoral immunity during natural infections. Therefore, these proteins may be potential novel vaccine candidates. However, there is a lack of data on the duration of antibody and memory B cell (MBC) responses. Here, the longitudinal analysis of antibody and MBC responses to the P. vivax rhoptry proteins PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2 were monitored and analysed in individuals to determine their persistence. Methods Thirty-nine samples from P. vivax-infected subjects (age 18–60 years) were recruited to explore the frequency and persistence of antibody and MBC responses against rhoptry proteins (PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2) using both cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study designs. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA during clinical malaria, and at 3, 9 and 12 months post-infection. The frequency of MBC sub-sets and presence of rhoptry-specific MBCs in subjects 18 months after treatment were detected by flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay. Results The seroprevalence of antibodies against PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRhopH2 proteins was found to be high during acute infection, with IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 sub-classes predominant. However, these anti-rhoptry responses were short-lived and significantly decreased at 9 months post-infection. To relate the durability of these antibody responses to MBC persistence at post-infection, 18-month post-infection peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples were taken to detect rhoptry-specific MBCs and frequency of MBC sub-sets, and correlate with antibody responses. These late post-infection samples revealed that rhoptry-specific MBCs were present in about 70% of total subjects. However, the persistence of specific MBCs was not correlated with antibody responses as the majority of malaria subjects who were positive for PvRALP1-Ecto- or PvRhopH2-specific MBCs were seronegative for the rhoptry antigens. The frequencies of classical MBCs were increased after infection, whereas those of activated and atypical MBCs were decreased, indicating that MBC responses could switch from activated or atypical MBCs to classical MBCs after parasite clearance, and were maintained in blood circulating at post-infection. Conclusion The study showed that rhoptry antigens induced the development and persistence of MBC responses in P. vivax-infected subjects who lived in a region of low malaria transmission, which were not related to the longevity of antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Kochayoo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Wangriatisak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Seong Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Soares RR, Cunha CF, Ferraz‐Nogueira R, Marins‐dos‐Santos A, Rodrigues‐da‐Silva RN, Soares I, Lima‐Junior J, Bertho AL, Ferreira MU, Scopel KKG. Apical membrane protein 1‐specific antibody profile and temporal changes in peripheral blood B‐cell populations in
Plasmodium vivax
malaria. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12662. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Reis Soares
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Clarissa F. Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Raquel Ferraz‐Nogueira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting Core Facility Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Irene Soares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology University of São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Josué Lima‐Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting Core Facility Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
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18
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Yap XZ, Hustin LSP, Sauerwein RW. T H1-Polarized T FH Cells Delay Naturally-Acquired Immunity to Malaria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1096. [PMID: 31156642 PMCID: PMC6533880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is a critical effector arm for protection against malaria but develops only slowly after repeated infections. T cell-mediated regulatory dynamics affect the development of antibody responses to Plasmodium parasites. Here, we hypothesize that T follicular helper cell (TFH) polarization generated by repeated Plasmodium asexual blood-stage infections delays the onset of protective humoral responses. IFN-γ production promotes polarization toward TFH1 and increased generation of regulatory follicular helper cells (TFR). Delineating the mechanisms that drive TH1 polarization will provide clues for appropriate induction of lasting, protective immunity against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zen Yap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, RadboudUMC Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lucie S P Hustin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, RadboudUMC Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, RadboudUMC Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
A single exposure to many viral and bacterial pathogens typically induces life-long immunity, however, the development of the protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites is strikingly less efficient and achieves only partial protection, with adults residing in endemic areas often experiencing asymptomatic infections. Although naturally acquired immunity to malaria requires both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, antibodies govern the control of malarial disease caused by the blood-stage form of the parasites. A large body of epidemiological evidence described that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost without continued parasite exposure, suggesting that malaria is accompanied by defects in the development of immunological B cell memory. This topic has been of focus of recent studies of malaria infection in humans and mice. This review examines the main findings to date on the processes that modulate the acquisition of memory B cell responses to malaria, and highlights the importance of closing outstanding gaps of knowledge in the field for the rational design of next generation therapeutics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Yman V, White MT, Asghar M, Sundling C, Sondén K, Draper SJ, Osier FHA, Färnert A. Antibody responses to merozoite antigens after natural Plasmodium falciparum infection: kinetics and longevity in absence of re-exposure. BMC Med 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30696449 PMCID: PMC6352425 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against merozoite antigens are key components of malaria immunity. The naturally acquired antibody response to these antigens is generally considered short-lived; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Prospective studies of travellers with different levels of prior exposure, returning to malaria-free countries with Plasmodium infection, offer a unique opportunity to investigate the kinetics and composition of the antibody response after natural infection. METHODS Adults diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria in Stockholm, Sweden (20 likely malaria naïve and 41 with repeated previous exposure during residency in sub-Saharan Africa) were sampled at diagnosis and 10 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Total and subclass-specific IgG responses to P. falciparum merozoite antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, MSP-2, MSP-3, and RH5) and tetanus toxoid were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and ELISA. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate the exposure-dependent longevity of antibodies and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). RESULTS A majority of individuals mounted detectable antibody responses towards P. falciparum merozoite antigens at diagnosis; however, the magnitude and breadth were greater in individuals with prior exposure. In both exposure groups, antibody levels increased rapidly for 2 weeks and decayed thereafter. Previously exposed individuals maintained two- to ninefold greater antibody levels throughout the 1-year follow-up. The half-lives of malaria-specific long-lived ASCs, responsible for maintaining circulating antibodies, ranged from 1.8 to 3.7 years for merozoite antigens and were considerably short compared to tetanus-specific ASCs. Primary infected individuals did acquire a long-lived component of the antibody response; however, the total proportion of long-lived ASCs generated in response to infection was estimated not to exceed 10%. In contrast, previously exposed individuals maintained substantially larger numbers of long-lived ASCs (10-56% of total ASCs). CONCLUSION The short-lived nature of the naturally acquired antibody response, to all tested merozoite antigens, following primary malaria infection can be attributed to a combination of a poor acquisition and short half-life of long-lived ASCs. Greater longevity is acquired with repeated infections and can be explained by the maintenance of larger numbers of long-lived ASCs. These insights advance our understanding of naturally acquired malaria immunity and will guide strategies for further development of both vaccines and serological tools to monitor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael T White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Faith H A Osier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Beeson JG, Kurtovic L, Dobaño C, Opi DH, Chan JA, Feng G, Good MF, Reiling L, Boyle MJ. Challenges and strategies for developing efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/474/eaau1458. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been major recent progress in malaria vaccine development, substantial challenges remain for achieving highly efficacious and durable vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Greater knowledge of mechanisms and key targets of immunity are needed to accomplish this goal, together with new strategies for generating potent, long-lasting, functional immunity against multiple antigens. Implementation considerations in endemic areas will ultimately affect vaccine effectiveness, so innovations to simplify and enhance delivery are also needed. Whereas challenges remain, recent exciting progress and emerging knowledge promise hope for the future of malaria vaccines.
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22
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Gardner PJ, Schweighoffer E, McLaughlin S, Hosking C, Tumwine I, Davis RS, Potocnik AJ, Tybulewicz VL, Langhorne J. Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are short-lived activated B cells. eLife 2018; 7:39800. [PMID: 30387712 PMCID: PMC6242553 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of atypical memory B cells accumulates in malaria and several infections, autoimmune disorders and aging in both humans and mice. It has been suggested these cells are exhausted long-lived memory B cells, and their accumulation may contribute to poor acquisition of long-lasting immunity to certain chronic infections, such as malaria and HIV. Here, we generated an immunoglobulin heavy chain knock-in mouse with a BCR that recognizes MSP1 of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi. In combination with a mosquito-initiated P. chabaudi infection, we show that Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are short-lived and disappear upon natural resolution of chronic infection. These cells show features of activation, proliferation, DNA replication, and plasmablasts. Our data demonstrate that Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are not a subset of long-lived memory B cells, but rather short-lived activated cells, and part of a physiologic ongoing B-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Gardner
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Randall S Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Alexandre J Potocnik
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Changrob S, McHenry AM, Nyunt MH, Sattabongkot J, Han ET, Adams JH, Chootong P. Persistence of Long-lived Memory B Cells specific to Duffy Binding Protein in individuals exposed to Plasmodium vivax. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8347. [PMID: 29844379 PMCID: PMC5973932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in designing a protective Duffy binding protein region II (DBPII)-based vaccine against blood-stage vivax malaria is the high number of polymorphisms in critical residues targeted by binding-inhibitory antibodies. Here, longevity of antibody and memory B cell response (MBCs) to DBL-TH variants, DBL-TH2, -TH4, -TH5, -TH6 and -TH9 were analyzed in P. vivax-exposed individuals living in a low malaria transmission area of southern Thailand. Antibody to DBL-TH variants were significantly detected during P. vivax infection and it was persisted for up to 9 months post-infection. However, DBL-TH-specific MBC responses were stably maintained longer than antibody response, at least 3 years post-infection in the absence of re-infection. Phenotyping of B cell subsets showed the expansion of activated and atypical MBCs during acute and recovery phase of infection. While the persistence of DBL-TH-specific MBCs was found in individuals who had activated and atypical MBC expansion, anti-DBL-TH antibody responses was rapidly declined in plasma. The data suggested that these two MBCs were triggered by P. vivax infection, its expansion and stability may have impact on antibody responses. Our results provided evidence for ability of DBPII variant antigens in induction of long-lasting MBCs among individuals who were living in low malaria endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Amy M McHenry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas, 76059, USA
| | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - John H Adams
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Blood Stage Malaria Disrupts Humoral Immunity to the Pre-erythrocytic Stage Circumsporozoite Protein. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3193-3205. [PMID: 28009289 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many current malaria vaccines target the pre-erythrocytic stage of infection in the liver. However, in malaria-endemic regions, increased blood stage exposure is associated with decreased vaccine efficacy, thereby challenging current vaccine efforts. We hypothesized that pre-erythrocytic humoral immunity is directly disrupted by blood stage infection. To investigate this possibility, we used Plasmodium-antigen tetramers to analyze B cells after infection with either late liver stage arresting parasites or wild-type parasites that progress to the blood stage. Our data demonstrate that immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the pre-erythrocytic antigen, circumsporozoite protein (CSP), are generated only in response to the attenuated, but not the wild-type, infection. Further analyses revealed that blood stage malaria inhibits CSP-specific germinal center B cell differentiation and modulates chemokine expression. This results in aberrant memory formation and the loss of a rapid secondary B cell response. These data highlight how immunization with attenuated parasites may drive optimal immunity to malaria.
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25
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Malaria: Biology and Disease. Cell 2016; 167:610-624. [PMID: 27768886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has been a major global health problem of humans through history and is a leading cause of death and disease across many tropical and subtropical countries. Over the last fifteen years renewed efforts at control have reduced the prevalence of malaria by over half, raising the prospect that elimination and perhaps eradication may be a long-term possibility. Achievement of this goal requires the development of new tools including novel antimalarial drugs and more efficacious vaccines as well as an increased understanding of the disease and biology of the parasite. This has catalyzed a major effort resulting in development and regulatory approval of the first vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) as well as identification of novel drug targets and antimalarial compounds, some of which are in human clinical trials.
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26
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Hodgson SH, Llewellyn D, Silk SE, Milne KH, Elias SC, Miura K, Kamuyu G, Juma EA, Magiri C, Muia A, Jin J, Spencer AJ, Longley RJ, Mercier T, Decosterd L, Long CA, Osier FH, Hoffman SL, Ogutu B, Hill AVS, Marsh K, Draper SJ. Changes in Serological Immunology Measures in UK and Kenyan Adults Post-controlled Human Malaria Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1604. [PMID: 27790201 PMCID: PMC5061779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The timing of infection is closely determined in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies, and as such they provide a unique opportunity to dissect changes in immunological responses before and after a single infection. The first Kenyan Challenge Study (KCS) (Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR20121100033272) was performed in 2013 with the aim of establishing the CHMI model in Kenya. This study used aseptic, cryopreserved, attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites administered by needle and syringe (PfSPZ Challenge) and was the first to evaluate parasite dynamics post-CHMI in individuals with varying degrees of prior exposure to malaria. Methods: We describe detailed serological and functional immunological responses pre- and post-CHMI for participants in the KCS and compare these with those from malaria-naïve UK volunteers who also underwent CHMI (VAC049) (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01465048) using PfSPZ Challenge. We assessed antibody responses to three key blood-stage merozoite antigens [merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), and reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5)] and functional activity using two candidate measures of anti-merozoite immunity; the growth inhibition activity (GIA) assay and the antibody-dependent respiratory burst activity (ADRB) assay. Results:Clear serological differences were observed pre- and post-CHMI by ELISA between malaria-naïve UK volunteers in VAC049, and Kenyan volunteers who had prior malaria exposure. Antibodies to AMA1 and schizont extract correlated with parasite multiplication rate (PMR) post-CHMI in KCS. Serum from volunteer 110 in KCS, who demonstrated a dramatically reduced PMR in vivo, had no in vitro GIA prior to CHMI but the highest level of ADRB activity. A significant difference in ADRB activity was seen between KCS volunteers with minimal and definite prior exposure to malaria and significant increases were seen in ADRB activity post-CHMI in Kenyan volunteers. Quinine and atovaquone/proguanil, previously assumed to be removed by IgG purification, were identified as likely giving rise to aberrantly high in vitro GIA results. Conclusions: The ADRB activity assay is a promising functional assay that warrants further investigation as a measure of prior exposure to malaria and predictor of control of parasite growth. The CHMI model can be used to evaluate potential measures of naturally-acquired immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gathoni Kamuyu
- Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A Juma
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobi, Kenya; Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore UniversityNairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Magiri
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Muia
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Mercier
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Beaumont, Université de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Decosterd
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Beaumont, Université de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Faith H Osier
- Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Bernhards Ogutu
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobi, Kenya; Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore UniversityNairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome TrustKilifi, Kenya; Department of Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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27
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Acquisition of natural humoral immunity to P. falciparum in early life in Benin: impact of clinical, environmental and host factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33961. [PMID: 27670685 PMCID: PMC5037375 DOI: 10.1038/srep33961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, effects of age, placental malaria infection, infections during follow-up, nutritional habits, sickle-cell trait and individual exposure to Anopheles bites were never explored together in a study focusing on the acquisition of malaria antibody responses among infants living in endemic areas.Five hundred and sixty-seven Beninese infants were weekly followed-up from birth to 18 months of age. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1 and IgG3 specific for 5 malaria antigens were measured every 3 months. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of each variable on the acquisition of antimalarial antibodies in 6-to18-month old infants in univariate and multivariate analyses. Placental malaria, nutrition intakes and sickle-cell trait did not influence the infant antibody levels to P. falciparum antigens. In contrary, age, malaria antibody levels at birth, previous and present malaria infections as well as exposure to Anopheles bites were significantly associated with the natural acquisition of malaria antibodies in 6-to18-month old Beninese infants. This study highlighted inescapable factors to consider simultaneously in an immuno-epidemiological study or a vaccine trial in early life.
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28
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Bediako Y, Ngoi JM, Nyangweso G, Wambua J, Opiyo M, Nduati EW, Bejon P, Marsh K, Ndungu FM. The effect of declining exposure on T cell-mediated immunity to Plasmodium falciparum - an epidemiological "natural experiment". BMC Med 2016; 14:143. [PMID: 27660116 PMCID: PMC5034532 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally acquired immunity to malaria may be lost with lack of exposure. Recent heterogeneous reductions in transmission in parts of Africa mean that large populations of previously protected people may lose their immunity while remaining at risk of infection. METHODS Using two ethnically similar long-term cohorts of children with historically similar levels of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum who now experience very different levels of exposure, we assessed the effect of decreased parasite exposure on antimalarial immunity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children in each cohort were stimulated with P. falciparum and their P. falciparum-specific proliferative and cytokine responses were compared. RESULTS We demonstrate that, while P. falciparum-specific CD4+ T cells are maintained in the absence of exposure, the proliferative capacity of these cells is altered considerably. P. falciparum-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from children previously exposed, but now living in an area of minimal exposure ("historically exposed") proliferate significantly more upon stimulation than cells isolated from children continually exposed to the parasite. Similarly, PBMCs from historically exposed children expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with P. falciparum. Notably, we found a significant positive association between duration since last febrile episode and P. falciparum-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, with more recent febrile episodes associated with lower proliferation. CONCLUSION Considered in the context of existing knowledge, these data suggest a model explaining how immunity is lost in absence of continuing exposure to P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Bediako
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Joyce Mwongeli Ngoi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Nyangweso
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Juliana Wambua
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Michael Opiyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Wambui Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Francis Maina Ndungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research (Coast), Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
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29
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Krishnamurty AT, Thouvenel CD, Portugal S, Keitany GJ, Kim KS, Holder A, Crompton PD, Rawlings DJ, Pepper M. Somatically Hypermutated Plasmodium-Specific IgM(+) Memory B Cells Are Rapid, Plastic, Early Responders upon Malaria Rechallenge. Immunity 2016; 45:402-14. [PMID: 27473412 PMCID: PMC5118370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity consists of pre-existing antibodies expressed by long-lived plasma cells and rapidly reactive memory B cells (MBC). Recent studies of MBC development and function after protein immunization have uncovered significant MBC heterogeneity. To clarify functional roles for distinct MBC subsets during malaria infection, we generated tetramers that identify Plasmodium-specific MBCs in both humans and mice. Long-lived murine Plasmodium-specific MBCs consisted of three populations: somatically hypermutated immunoglobulin M(+) (IgM(+)) and IgG(+) MBC subsets and an unmutated IgD(+) MBC population. Rechallenge experiments revealed that high affinity, somatically hypermutated Plasmodium-specific IgM(+) MBCs proliferated and gave rise to antibody-secreting cells that dominated the early secondary response to parasite rechallenge. IgM(+) MBCs also gave rise to T cell-dependent IgM(+) and IgG(+)B220(+)CD138(+) plasmablasts or T cell-independent B220(-)CD138(+) IgM(+) plasma cells. Thus, even in competition with IgG(+) MBCs, IgM(+) MBCs are rapid, plastic, early responders to a secondary Plasmodium rechallenge and should be targeted by vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay T Krishnamurty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gladys J Keitany
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen S Kim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Holder
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Show Robust Memory B-Cell Responses in Spite of a Delayed Accumulation of Memory B Cells: an Observational Study in the First 2 Years of Life. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:576-85. [PMID: 27170641 PMCID: PMC4933775 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00149-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved HIV care has led to an increase in the number of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants born to HIV-infected women. Although they are uninfected, these infants experience increased morbidity and mortality. One explanation may be that their developing immune system is altered by HIV exposure, predisposing them to increased postnatal infections. We explored the impact of HIV exposure on the B-cell compartment by determining the B-cell subset distribution, the frequency of common vaccine antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs), and the levels of antibodies to the respective antigens in HEU and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants born to uninfected mothers, using flow cytometry, a B-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, during the first 2 years of life. For the majority of the B-cell subsets, there were no differences between HEU and HUU infants. However, HIV exposure was associated with a lower proportion of B cells in general and MBCs in particular, largely due to a lower proportion of unswitched memory B cells. This reduction was maintained even after correcting for age. These phenotypic differences in the MBC compartment did not affect the ability of HEU infants to generate recall responses to previously encountered antigens or reduce the antigen-specific antibody levels at 18 months of life. Although HIV exposure was associated with a transient reduction in the proportion of MBCs, we found that the ability of HEU infants to mount robust MBC and serological responses was unaffected.
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Abstract
Rationale: Several studies have demonstrated links between infectious diseases and cardiovascular conditions. Malaria and hypertension are widespread in many low- and middle-income countries, but the possible link between them has not been considered. Objective: In this article, we outline the basis for a possible link between malaria and hypertension and discuss how the hypothesis could be confirmed or refuted. Methods and Results: We reviewed published literature on factors associated with hypertension and checked whether any of these were also associated with malaria. We then considered various study designs that could be used to test the hypothesis. Malaria causes low birth weight, malnutrition, and inflammation, all of which are associated with hypertension in high-income countries. The hypothetical link between malaria and hypertension can be tested through the use of ecological, cohort, or Mendelian randomization studies, each of which poses specific challenges. Conclusions: Confirmation of the existence of a causative link with malaria would be a paradigm shift in efforts to prevent and control hypertension and would stimulate wider research on the links between infectious and noncommunicable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Etyang
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.); Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.), and Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (L.S.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.).
| | - Liam Smeeth
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.); Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.), and Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (L.S.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.); Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.), and Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (L.S.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.); Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (A.O.E., J.A.G.S.), and Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (L.S.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with ~250 million clinical cases annually. Most cases of severe disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The blood stage of Plasmodium parasite is entirely responsible for malaria-associated pathology. Disease syndromes range from fever to more severe complications, including respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria. The most susceptible population to severe malaria is children under the age of 5, with low levels of immunity. It is only after many years of repeated exposure, that individuals living in endemic areas develop clinical immunity. This form of protection does not result in sterilizing immunity but prevents clinical episodes by substantially reducing parasite burden. Naturally acquired immunity predominantly targets blood-stage parasites and it is known to require antibody responses. A large body of epidemiological evidence suggests that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost in the absence of ongoing exposure, which suggests a defect in the development of B cell immunological memory. This review summarizes the main findings to date contributing to our understanding on cellular processes underlying the slow acquisition of humoral immunity to malaria. Some of the key outstanding questions in the field are discussed.
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Abstract
SUMMARYPlasmodium vivaxis the most geographically widespread of the malaria parasites causing human disease, yet it is comparatively understudied compared withPlasmodium falciparum.In this article we review what is known about naturally acquired immunity toP. vivax, and importantly, how this differs to that acquired againstP. falciparum.Immunity to clinicalP. vivaxinfection is acquired more quickly than toP. falciparum, and evidence suggests humans in endemic areas also have a greater capacity to mount a successful immunological memory response to this pathogen. Both of these factors give promise to the idea of a successfulP. vivaxvaccine. We review what is known about both the cellular and humoral immune response, including the role of cytokines, antibodies, immunoregulation, immune memory and immune dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss where the future lies in terms of advancing our understanding of naturally acquired immunity toP. vivax, through the use of well-designed longitudinal epidemiological studies and modern tools available to immunologists.
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Abstract
With increasing malaria control and goals of malaria elimination, many endemic areas are transitioning from high-to-low-to-no malaria transmission. Reductions in transmission will impact on the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria, which develops after repeated exposure to Plasmodium spp. However, it is currently unclear how declining transmission and malaria exposure will affect the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Here we review the key processes which underpin this knowledge; the amount of Plasmodium spp. exposure required to generate effective immune responses, the longevity of antibody responses and the ability to mount an effective response upon re-exposure through memory responses. Lastly we identify research priorities which will increase our understanding of how changing transmission will impact on malarial immunity.
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Galatas B, Bassat Q, Mayor A. Malaria Parasites in the Asymptomatic: Looking for the Hay in the Haystack. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:296-308. [PMID: 26708404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With malaria elimination back on the international agenda, programs face the challenge of targeting all Plasmodium infections, not only symptomatic cases. As asymptomatic individuals are unlikely to seek treatment, they are missed by passive surveillance while remaining infectious to mosquitoes, thus acting as silent reservoirs of transmission. To estimate the risk of asymptomatic infections in various phases of malaria elimination, we need a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms favoring carriage over disease, which may involve both pathogen and host factors. Here we review our current knowledge on the determinants leading to Plasmodium falciparum symptomless infections. Understanding the host-pathogen interactions that are most likely to affect transitions between malaria disease states could guide the development of tools to tackle asymptomatic carriers in elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Galatas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
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King CL, Davies DH, Felgner P, Baum E, Jain A, Randall A, Tetteh K, Drakeley CJ, Greenhouse B. Biosignatures of Exposure/Transmission and Immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:16-27. [PMID: 26259938 PMCID: PMC4574271 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A blood test that captures cumulative exposure over time and assesses levels of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) would provide a critical tool to monitor the impact of interventions to reduce malaria transmission and broaden our understanding of how NAI develops around the world as a function of age and exposure. This article describes a collaborative effort in multiple International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMRs) to develop such tests using malaria-specific antibody responses as biosignatures of transmission and immunity. The focus is on the use of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax protein microarrays to identify a panel of the most informative antibody responses in diverse malaria-endemic settings representing an unparalleled spectrum of malaria transmission and malaria species mixes before and after interventions to reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. King
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
| | - D. Huw Davies
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
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Muema DM, Macharia GN, Hassan AS, Mwaringa SM, Fegan GW, Berkley JA, Nduati EW, Urban BC. Control of Viremia Enables Acquisition of Resting Memory B Cells with Age and Normalization of Activated B Cell Phenotypes in HIV-Infected Children. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1082-91. [PMID: 26116511 PMCID: PMC4505960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV affects the function of all lymphocyte populations, including B cells. Phenotypic and functional defects of B cells in HIV-infected adults have been well characterized, but defects in children have not been studied to the same extent. We determined the proportion of B cell subsets and frequencies of Ag-specific memory B cells in peripheral blood from HIV-infected children and healthy controls, using flow cytometry and B cell ELISPOT, respectively. In addition, we measured the quantities and avidities of plasma Abs against various Ags by ELISA. We also determined plasma levels of BAFF and expression of BAFF receptors on B cells. Children with high HIV viremia had increased proportions of activated mature B cells, tissue-like memory B cells and plasmablasts, and low proportions of naive B cells when compared with community controls and children with low HIV viremia, similar to adults infected with HIV. HIV-infected groups had lower proportions of resting memory B cells than did community controls. Notably, high HIV viremia prevented the age-dependent accumulation of class-switched resting memory B cells. HIV-infected children, regardless of the level of viremia, showed lower quantities and avidities of IgG and lower frequencies of memory B cells against Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines. The HIV-infected children had an altered BAFF profile that could have affected their B cell compartment. Therefore, B cell defects in HIV-infected children are similar to those seen in HIV-infected adults. However, control of HIV viremia is associated with normalization of activated B cell subsets and allows age-dependent accumulation of resting memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Muema
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gladys N Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Amin S Hassan
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shalton M Mwaringa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Greg W Fegan
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - James A Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eunice W Nduati
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya;
| | - Britta C Urban
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Research - Coast, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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Portugal S, Tipton CM, Sohn H, Kone Y, Wang J, Li S, Skinner J, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Doumbo OK, Doumbo S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Traore B, Sanz I, Pierce SK, Crompton PD. Malaria-associated atypical memory B cells exhibit markedly reduced B cell receptor signaling and effector function. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25955968 PMCID: PMC4444601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are only acquired after years of repeated infections. Chronic malaria exposure is associated with a large increase in atypical memory B cells (MBCs) that resemble B cells expanded in a variety of persistent viral infections. Understanding the function of atypical MBCs and their relationship to classical MBCs will be critical to developing effective vaccines for malaria and other chronic infections. We show that VH gene repertoires and somatic hypermutation rates of atypical and classical MBCs are indistinguishable indicating a common developmental history. Atypical MBCs express an array of inhibitory receptors and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is stunted in atypical MBCs resulting in impaired B cell responses including proliferation, cytokine production and antibody secretion. Thus, in response to chronic malaria exposure, atypical MBCs appear to differentiate from classical MBCs becoming refractory to BCR-mediated activation and potentially interfering with the acquisition of malaria immunity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.001 The human immune system works to protect individuals from harmful microbes, such as the parasites that cause malaria. One line of defense is to produce a large array of proteins called antibodies that specifically bind to microbes to mark them for destruction by the immune system. The immune system also produces long-lived memory B cells that are able to mount a quicker and more effective antibody response if the microbe enters the body again. This means that most people only become ill with a particular disease the first time they encounter the microbe that causes it. However, malaria is unusual in that it can take many years of exposure to the parasite that causes it before an individual produces enough antibodies and memory B cells to be protected from the disease. There is also no vaccine that provides effective and long-lasting protection against malaria. Vaccinations rely on stimulating the body's natural defenses, and so understanding more about antibodies and memory B cells in relation to malaria may aid future efforts to develop a vaccine. Researchers have discovered that many of the memory B cells that accumulate in people who have been exposed to the malaria parasite over long-periods of time are different from the normal memory B cells. But it was not clear what role these ‘atypical’ cells play in immunity to malaria. To address this question, Portugal et al. studied the genetics and activity of B cells collected from children and adults living in Mali who—by living in a region where malaria is common—had been repeatedly exposed to the parasite. The experiments indicate that atypical and normal memory B cells both develop from the same precursor cells. However, the genes that are active in each cell type are different, resulting in the atypical cells being less able to respond to the parasite than the normal memory B cells. Portugal et al.'s findings suggest that the atypical cells develop from normal memory B cells during long-term exposure to malaria, which may delay the development of immunity to this disease. Future challenges include understanding what drives the formation of the atypical memory B cells in malaria, and finding out why they are less active than the normal cells. This could aid the development of vaccines and/or therapies that restore their activity in patients. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Younoussou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Shanping Li
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
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Impact of malaria preexposure on antiparasite cellular and humoral immune responses after controlled human malaria infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2185-96. [PMID: 25776749 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03069-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the effect of previous malaria exposure on antiparasite immune responses is important for developing successful immunization strategies. Controlled human malaria infections (CHMIs) using cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites provide a unique opportunity to study differences in acquisition or recall of antimalaria immune responses in individuals from different transmission settings and genetic backgrounds. In this study, we compared antiparasite humoral and cellular immune responses in two cohorts of malaria-naive Dutch volunteers and Tanzanians from an area of low malarial endemicity, who were subjected to the identical CHMI protocol by intradermal injection of P. falciparum sporozoites. Samples from both trials were analyzed in parallel in a single center to ensure direct comparability of immunological outcomes. Within the Tanzanian cohort, we distinguished one group with moderate levels of preexisting antibodies to asexual P. falciparum lysate and another that, based on P. falciparum serology, resembled the malaria-naive Dutch cohort. Positive P. falciparum serology at baseline was associated with a lower parasite density at first detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) after CHMI than that for Tanzanian volunteers with negative serology. Post-CHMI, both Tanzanian groups showed a stronger increase in anti-P. falciparum antibody titers than Dutch volunteers, indicating similar levels of B-cell memory independent of serology. In contrast to the Dutch, Tanzanians failed to increase P. falciparum-specific in vitro recall gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production after CHMI, and innate IFN-γ responses were lower in P. falciparum lysate-seropositive individuals than in seronegative individuals. In conclusion, positive P. falciparum lysate serology can be used to identify individuals with better parasite control but weaker IFN-γ responses in circulating lymphocytes, which may help to stratify volunteers in future CHMI trials in areas where malaria is endemic.
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40
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Daou M, Kouriba B, Ouédraogo N, Diarra I, Arama C, Keita Y, Sissoko S, Ouologuem B, Arama S, Bousema T, Doumbo OK, Sauerwein RW, Scholzen A. Protection of Malian children from clinical malaria is associated with recognition of multiple antigens. Malar J 2015; 14:56. [PMID: 25653026 PMCID: PMC4332451 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally acquired immunity to clinical malaria is thought to be mainly antibody-mediated, but reports on antigen targets are contradictory. Recognition of multiple antigens may be crucial for protection. In this study, the magnitude of antibody responses and their temporal stability was assessed for a panel of malaria antigens in relation to protection against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods Malian children aged two to 14 years were enrolled in a longitudinal study and followed up by passive and active case detection for seven months. Plasma was collected at enrolment and at the beginning, in the middle and after the end of the transmission season. Antibody titres to the P. falciparum-antigens apical membrane protein (AMA)-1, merozoite surface protein (MSP)-119, MSP-3, glutamine-rich protein (GLURP-R0) and circumsporozoite antigen (CSP) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 99 children with plasma available at all time points. Parasite carriage was determined by microscopy and nested PCR. Results Antibody titres to all antigens, except MSP-119, and the number of antigens recognized increased with age. After malaria exposure, antibody titres increased in children that had low titres at baseline, but decreased in those with high baseline responses. No significant differences were found between antibody titers for individual antigens between children remaining symptomatic or asymptomatic after exposure, after adjustment for age. Instead, children remaining asymptomatic following parasite exposure had a broader repertoire of antigen recognition. Conclusions The present study provides immune-epidemiological evidence from a limited cohort of Malian children that strong recognition of multiple antigens, rather than antibody titres for individual antigens, is associated with protection from clinical malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0567-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modibo Daou
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Route 268, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bourèma Kouriba
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Nicolas Ouédraogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Issa Diarra
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Charles Arama
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Yamoussa Keita
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Sibiri Sissoko
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Boucary Ouologuem
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Seydou Arama
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Route 268, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Route 268, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Route 268, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bao LQ, Nhi DM, Huy NT, Kikuchi M, Yanagi T, Hamano S, Hirayama K. Splenic CD11c+ cells derived from semi-immune mice protect naïve mice against experimental cerebral malaria. Malar J 2015; 14:23. [PMID: 25626734 PMCID: PMC4318192 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-014-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity to malaria requires innate, adaptive immune responses and Plasmodium-specific memory cells. Previously, mice semi-immune to malaria was developed. Three cycles of infection and cure (‘three-cure’) were required to protect mice against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain) infection. Methods C57BL/6 J mice underwent three cycles of P. berghei infection and drug-cure to become semi-immune. The spleens of infected semi-immune mice were collected for flow cytometry analysis. CD11c(+) cells of semi-immune mice were isolated and transferred into naïve mice which were subsequently challenged and followed up by survival and parasitaemia. Results The percentages of splenic CD4(+) and CD11c(+) cells were increased in semi-immune mice on day 7 post-infection. The proportion and number of B220(+)CD11c(+)low cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells, DCs) was higher in semi-immune, three-cure mice than in their naïve littermates on day 7 post-infection (2.6 vs 1.1% and 491,031 vs 149,699, respectively). In adoptive transfer experiment, three months after the third cured P. berghei infection, splenic CD11c(+) DCs of non-infected, semi-immune, three-cure mice slowed Plasmodium proliferation and decreased the death rate due to neurological pathology in recipient mice. In addition, anti-P. berghei IgG1 level was higher in mice transferred with CD11c(+) cells of semi-immune, three-cure mice than mice transferred with CD11c(+) cells of naïve counterparts. Conclusion CD11c(+) cells of semi-immune mice protect against experimental cerebral malaria three months after the third cured malaria, potentially through protective plasmacytoid DCs and enhanced production of malaria-specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Q Bao
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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42
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Hviid L, Barfod L, Fowkes FJI. Trying to remember: immunological B cell memory to malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:89-94. [PMID: 25596801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In areas with stable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites, even partially-protective immunity to malaria is acquired only after years of exposure and several infections. It has long been speculated that malaria parasites are directly able to undermine the establishment and maintenance of immunological memory, and that the often transient antibody responses to this parasite are evidence of such a dysfunction. We propose that long-lived antibody responses may not always be a prerequisite for protection, and that antibody longevity varies in an exposure- and age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lea Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Zinöcker S, Schindler CE, Skinner J, Rogosch T, Waisberg M, Schickel JN, Meffre E, Kayentao K, Ongoïba A, Traoré B, Pierce SK. The V gene repertoires of classical and atypical memory B cells in malaria-susceptible West African children. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:929-39. [PMID: 25556245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is naturally acquired in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas of Africa. Abs play a key role in mediating this immunity; however, the acquisition of the components of Ab immunity, long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs), is remarkably inefficient, requiring years of malaria exposure. Although long-lived classical MBCs (CD19(+)/CD20(+)/CD21(+)/CD27(+)/CD10(-)) are gradually acquired in response to natural infection, exposure to P. falciparum also results in a large expansion of what we have termed atypical MBCs (CD19(+)/CD20(+)/CD21(-)/CD27(-)/CD10(-)). At present, the function of atypical MBCs in malaria is not known, nor are the factors that drive their differentiation. To gain insight into the relationship between classical and atypical IgG(+) MBCs, we compared the Ab H and L chain V gene repertoires of children living in a malaria-endemic region in Mali. We found that these repertoires were remarkably similar by a variety of criteria, including V gene usage, rate of somatic hypermutation, and CDR-H3 length and composition. The similarity in these repertoires suggests that classical MBCs and atypical MBCs differentiate in response to similar Ag-dependent selective pressures in malaria-exposed children and that atypical MBCs do not express a unique V gene repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Zinöcker
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
| | - Christine E Schindler
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Laboratory for Neonatology and Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Waisberg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Mali International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aïssata Ongoïba
- Mali International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traoré
- Mali International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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Crompton PD, Moebius J, Portugal S, Waisberg M, Hart G, Garver LS, Miller LH, Barillas-Mury C, Pierce SK. Malaria immunity in man and mosquito: insights into unsolved mysteries of a deadly infectious disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 32:157-87. [PMID: 24655294 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the obligate intracellular Apicomplexa phylum the most deadly of which, Plasmodium falciparum, prevails in Africa. Malaria imposes a huge health burden on the world's most vulnerable populations, claiming the lives of nearly one million children and pregnant women each year. Although there is keen interest in eradicating malaria, we do not yet have the necessary tools to meet this challenge, including an effective malaria vaccine and adequate vector control strategies. Here we review what is known about the mechanisms at play in immune resistance to malaria in both the human and mosquito hosts at each step in the parasite's complex life cycle with a view toward developing the tools that will contribute to the prevention of disease and death and, ultimately, to the goal of malaria eradication. In so doing, we hope to inspire immunologists to participate in defeating this devastating disease.
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Requena P, Campo JJ, Umbers AJ, Ome M, Wangnapi R, Barrios D, Robinson LJ, Samol P, Rosanas-Urgell A, Ubillos I, Mayor A, López M, de Lazzari E, Arévalo-Herrera M, Fernández-Becerra C, del Portillo H, Chitnis CE, Siba PM, Bardají A, Mueller I, Rogerson S, Menéndez C, Dobaño C. Pregnancy and Malaria Exposure Are Associated with Changes in the B Cell Pool and in Plasma Eotaxin Levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2971-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Protective antigen-specific memory B cells persist years after anthrax vaccination and correlate with humoral immunity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2424-31. [PMID: 25123559 PMCID: PMC4147590 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) generates short-lived protective antigen (PA) specific IgG that correlates with in vitro toxin neutralization and protection from Bacillus anthracis challenge. Animal studies suggest that when PA-specific IgG has waned, survival after spore challenge correlates with an activation of PA-specific memory B cells. Here, we characterize the quantity and the longevity of AVA-induced memory B cell responses in humans. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals vaccinated ≥3 times with AVA (n = 50) were collected early (3-6 months, n = 27) or late after their last vaccination (2-5 years, n = 23), pan-stimulated, and assayed by ELISPOT for total and PA-specific memory B cells differentiated into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). PA-specific ASC percentages ranged from 0.02% to 6.25% (median: 1.57%) and did not differ between early and late post-vaccination individuals. PA-specific ASC percentages correlated with plasma PA-specific IgG (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) and toxin neutralization (r = 0.52, p = 0.003) early post vaccination. PA-specific ASC percentages correlated with supernatant anti-PA both early (r = 0.60, p = 0.001) and late post vaccination (r = 0.71, p < 0.0001). These data suggest PA-specific memory B cell responses are long-lived and can be estimated after recent vaccination by the magnitude and neutralization capacity of the humoral response.
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Nahrendorf W, Scholzen A, Bijker EM, Teirlinck AC, Bastiaens GJH, Schats R, Hermsen CC, Visser LG, Langhorne J, Sauerwein RW. Memory B-cell and antibody responses induced by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite immunization. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1981-90. [PMID: 24970846 PMCID: PMC4241945 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization of healthy volunteers during receipt of chemoprophylaxis with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (CPS-immunization) induces sterile protection from malaria. Antibody responses have long been known to contribute to naturally acquired immunity against malaria, but their association with sterile protection after whole sporozoite immunization is not well established. We therefore studied the induction and kinetics of malaria parasite antigen-specific antibodies and memory B-cells (MBCs) during CPS-immunization and their correlation with protection from challenge infection. Methods We assessed humoral reactivity to 9 antigens representing different stages of the life cycle of P. falciparum by performing standardized MBC enzyme-linked immunospot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples from 38 Dutch volunteers enrolled in 2 randomized controlled clinical trials. Results MBCs and antibodies recognizing pre-erythrocytic and cross-stage antigens were gradually acquired during CPS-immunization. The magnitude of these humoral responses did not correlate with protection but directly reflected parasite exposure in CPS-immunization and challenge. Conclusions Humoral responses to the malarial antigens circumsporozoite protein, liver-stage antigen-1, apical membrane antigen-1, and merozoite surface protein-1 do not to predict protection from challenge infection but can be used as sensitive marker of recent parasite exposure. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01236612 and NCT01218893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Else M Bijker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Anne C Teirlinck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Guido J H Bastiaens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Remko Schats
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus C Hermsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
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Elias SC, Choudhary P, de Cassan SC, Biswas S, Collins KA, Halstead FD, Bliss CM, Ewer KJ, Hodgson SH, Duncan CJA, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. Analysis of human B-cell responses following ChAd63-MVA MSP1 and AMA1 immunization and controlled malaria infection. Immunology 2014; 141:628-44. [PMID: 24303947 PMCID: PMC3956436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of non-sterilizing natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been shown in low transmission areas following multiple exposures. However, conflicting data from endemic areas suggest that the parasite may interfere with the induction of effective B-cell responses. To date, the impact of blood-stage parasite exposure on antigen-specific B cells has not been reported following controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Here we analysed human B-cell responses in a series of Phase I/IIa clinical trials, which include CHMI, using candidate virus-vectored vaccines encoding two blood-stage antigens: merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). Previously vaccinated volunteers show boosting of pre-existing antigen-specific memory B-cell (mBC) responses following CHMI. In contrast, unvaccinated malaria-naive control volunteers developed an mBC response against MSP1 but not AMA1. Serum IgG correlated with the mBC response after booster vaccination but this relationship was less well maintained following CHMI. A significant reduction in peripheral MSP1-specific mBC was observed at the point of diagnosis of blood-stage infection. This was coincident with a reduction in peripheral blood B-cell subsets expressing CXCR3 and elevated serum levels of interferon-γ and CXCL9, suggesting migration away from the periphery. These CHMI data confirm that mBC and antibody responses can be induced and boosted by blood-stage parasite exposure, in support of epidemiological studies on low-level parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ampomah P, Stevenson L, Ofori MF, Barfod L, Hviid L. Kinetics of B cell responses to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in Ghanaian women naturally exposed to malaria parasites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5236-44. [PMID: 24760153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally acquired protective immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria takes years to develop. It relies mainly on Abs, particularly IgG specific for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) proteins on the infected erythrocyte surface. It is only partially understood why acquisition of clinical protection takes years to develop, but it probably involves a range of immune-evasive parasite features, not least of which are PfEMP1 polymorphism and clonal variation. Parasite-induced subversion of immunological memory and expansion of "atypical" memory B cells may also contribute. In this first, to our knowledge, longitudinal study of its kind, we measured B cell subset composition, as well as PfEMP1-specific Ab levels and memory B cell frequencies, in Ghanaian women followed from early pregnancy up to 1 y after delivery. Cell phenotypes and Ag-specific B cell function were assessed three times during and after pregnancy. Levels of IgG specific for pregnancy-restricted, VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1 increased markedly during pregnancy and declined after delivery, whereas IgG levels specific for two PfEMP1 proteins not restricted to pregnancy did not. Changes in VAR2CSA-specific memory B cell frequencies showed typical primary memory induction among primigravidae and recall expansion among multigravidae, followed by contraction postpartum in all. No systematic changes in the frequencies of memory B cells specific for the two other PfEMP1 proteins were identified. The B cell subset analysis confirmed earlier reports of high atypical memory B cell frequencies among residents of P. falciparum-endemic areas, and indicated an additional effect of pregnancy. Our study provides new knowledge regarding immunity to P. falciparum malaria and underpins efforts to develop PfEMP1-based vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ampomah
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
| | - Michael F Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lea Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
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White MT, Griffin JT, Akpogheneta O, Conway DJ, Koram KA, Riley EM, Ghani AC. Dynamics of the Antibody Response to Plasmodium falciparum Infection in African Children. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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