1
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Tucker JS, Khan H, D’Orazio SEF. Lymph node stromal cells vary in susceptibility to infection but can support the intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:132-145. [PMID: 38416405 PMCID: PMC11212796 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) are an often overlooked component of the immune system but play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and orchestrating immune responses. Our understanding of the functions these cells serve in the context of bacterial infections remains limited. We previously showed that Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular foodborne bacterial pathogen, must replicate within an as-yet-unidentified cell type in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) to spread systemically. Here, we show that L. monocytogenes could invade, escape from the vacuole, replicate exponentially, and induce a type I interferon response in the cytosol of 2 LNSC populations infected in vitro, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and blood endothelial cells (BECs). Infected FRCs and BECs also produced a significant chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine response after in vitro infection. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that GFP+ L. monocytogenes were associated with a small percentage of MLN stromal cells in vivo following foodborne infection of mice. Using fluorescent microscopy, we showed that these cell-associated bacteria were intracellular L. monocytogenes and that the number of infected FRCs and BECs changed over the course of a 3-day infection in mice. Ex vivo culturing of these infected LNSC populations revealed viable, replicating bacteria that grew on agar plates. These results highlight the unexplored potential of FRCs and BECs to serve as suitable growth niches for L. monocytogenes during foodborne infection and to contribute to the proinflammatory environment within the MLN that promotes clearance of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila S Tucker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 780 Rose Street, MS417, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - Hiba Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 780 Rose Street, MS417, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - Sarah E F D’Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 780 Rose Street, MS417, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
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2
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Peng C, Ye Z, Ju Y, Huang X, Zhan C, Wei K, Zhang Z. Mechanism of action and treatment of type I interferon in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:326-337. [PMID: 37402970 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by HBV, HCV infection, and other factors is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although, percutaneous treatments such as surgery, ethanol injection, radiofrequency ablation, and transcatheter treatments such as arterial chemoembolization are useful for local tumor control, they are not sufficient to improve the prognosis of patients with HCC. External interferon agents that induce interferon-related genes or type I interferon in combination with other drugs can reduce the recurrence rate and improve survival in HCC patients after surgery. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent advances in the mechanism of action of type I interferons, emerging therapies, and potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC using IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhijian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chenjie Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ke Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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3
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M. S. Barron A, Fabre T, De S. Distinct fibroblast functions associated with fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and their implications for therapeutic development. F1000Res 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38681509 PMCID: PMC11053351 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.143472.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are ubiquitous cells that can adopt many functional states. As tissue-resident sentinels, they respond to acute damage signals and shape the earliest events in fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Upon sensing an insult, fibroblasts produce chemokines and growth factors to organize and support the response. Depending on the size and composition of the resulting infiltrate, these activated fibroblasts may also begin to contract or relax thus changing local stiffness within the tissue. These early events likely contribute to the divergent clinical manifestations of fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Further, distinct changes to the cellular composition and signaling dialogue in these diseases drive progressive fibroblasts specialization. In fibrotic diseases, fibroblasts support the survival, activation and differentiation of myeloid cells, granulocytes and innate lymphocytes, and produce most of the pathogenic extracellular matrix proteins. Whereas, in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, sequential accumulation of dendritic cells, T cells and B cells programs fibroblasts to support local, destructive adaptive immune responses. Fibroblast specialization has clear implications for the development of effective induction and maintenance therapies for patients with these clinically distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. S. Barron
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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4
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Song Q, Datta S, Liang X, Xu X, Pavicic P, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Liu S, Zhao J, Xu Y, Xu J, Wu L, Wu Z, Zhang M, Zhao Z, Lin C, Wang Y, Han P, Jiang P, Qin Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Sen G, Stark GR, Zhao C, Hamilton T, Yang J. Type I interferon signaling facilitates resolution of acute liver injury by priming macrophage polarization. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:143-157. [PMID: 36596875 PMCID: PMC9886918 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their broad functional plasticity, myeloid cells contribute to both liver injury and recovery during acetaminophen overdose-induced acute liver injury (APAP-ALI). A comprehensive understanding of cellular diversity and intercellular crosstalk is essential to elucidate the mechanisms and to develop therapeutic strategies for APAP-ALI treatment. Here, we identified the function of IFN-I in the myeloid compartment during APAP-ALI. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterized the cellular atlas and dynamic progression of liver CD11b+ cells post APAP-ALI in WT and STAT2 T403A mice, which was further validated by immunofluorescence staining, bulk RNA-seq, and functional experiments in vitro and in vivo. We identified IFN-I-dependent transcriptional programs in a three-way communication pathway that involved IFN-I synthesis in intermediate restorative macrophages, leading to CSF-1 production in aging neutrophils that ultimately enabled Trem2+ restorative macrophage maturation, contributing to efficient liver repair. Overall, we uncovered the heterogeneity of hepatic myeloid cells in APAP-ALI at single-cell resolution and the therapeutic potential of IFN-I in the treatment of APAP-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shyamasree Datta
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xue Liang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Paul Pavicic
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Radiation, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peng Han
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Radiation, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yating Qin
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiation, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ganes Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Thomas Hamilton
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Lee B, Lee SH, Shin K. Crosstalk between fibroblasts and T cells in immune networks. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1103823. [PMID: 36700220 PMCID: PMC9868862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are primarily considered as cells that support organ structures and are currently receiving attention for their roles in regulating immune responses in health and disease. Fibroblasts are assigned distinct phenotypes and functions in different organs owing to their diverse origins and functions. Their roles in the immune system are multifaceted, ranging from supporting homeostasis to inducing or suppressing inflammatory responses of immune cells. As a major component of immune cells, T cells are responsible for adaptive immune responses and are involved in the exacerbation or alleviation of various inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which fibroblasts regulate immune responses by interacting with T cells in host health and diseases, as well as their potential as advanced therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyuk Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,R&D Division, GenoFocus Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Seung-Hyo Lee, ; Kihyuk Shin,
| | - Kihyuk Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea,Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Seung-Hyo Lee, ; Kihyuk Shin,
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6
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Honan AM, Vazquez EN, Chen Z. Lymph Node Stromal Cell-Intrinsic MHC Class II Expression Promotes MHC Class I-Restricted CD8 T Cell Lineage Conversion to Regulatory CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1530-1544. [PMID: 34408011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I)-restricted CD4+ T cells have long been discovered in the natural repertoire of healthy humans as well as patients with autoimmune diseases or cancer, but the exact origin of these cells remains to be fully characterized. In mouse models, mature peripheral CD8+ T cells have the potential to convert to CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. This conversion can produce a unique population of MHC-I-restricted CD4+ T cells including Foxp3+ regulatory T cells termed MHC-I-restricted CD4+Foxp3+ T (CI-Treg) cells. In this study we examined the cellular and molecular elements that promote CD8-to-CD4 lineage conversion and the development of CI-Treg cells in mice. Using adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments, we found that the differentiation of CI-Treg cells was driven by lymph node stromal cell (LNSC)-intrinsic MHC-II expression as opposed to transcytosis of MHC-II from bone marrow-derived APCs. The lineage conversion was accompanied by Runx3 versus ThPOK transcriptional switch. This finding of a new role for LNSCs in vivo led us to develop an efficient tissue culture method using LNSCs to generate and expand CI-Treg cells in vitro. CI-Treg cells expanded in vitro with LNSCs effectively suppressed inflammatory tissue damage caused by pathogenic CD4+ T cells in mouse models of colitis. This study identified a novel role of MHC-II expressed by LNSCs in immune regulation and the potential utilization of LNSCs to generate novel subsets of immune regulatory cells for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Honan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Emily N Vazquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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7
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Asam S, Nayar S, Gardner D, Barone F. Stromal cells in tertiary lymphoid structures: Architects of autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:184-195. [PMID: 34060101 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mediators present within the inflammatory microenvironment are able, in certain conditions, to favor the initiation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) development. TLS is organized lymphocyte clusters able to support antigen-specific immune response in non-immune organs. Importantly, chronic inflammation does not always result in TLS formation; instead, TLS has been observed to develop specifically in permissive organs, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific cues that are able to imprint the immune responses and form TLS hubs. Fibroblasts are tissue-resident cells that define the anatomy and function of a specific tissue. Fibroblast plasticity and specialization in inflammatory conditions have recently been unraveled in both immune and non-immune organs revealing a critical role for these structural cells in human physiology. Here, we describe the role of fibroblasts in the context of TLS formation and its functional maintenance in the tissue, highlighting their potential role as therapeutic disease targets in TLS-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Asam
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saba Nayar
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,bNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gardner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francesca Barone
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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8
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Willard-Mack CL, Elmore SA, Hall WC, Harleman J, Kuper CF, Losco P, Rehg JE, Rühl-Fehlert C, Ward JM, Weinstock D, Bradley A, Hosokawa S, Pearse G, Mahler BW, Herbert RA, Keenan CM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Hematolymphoid System. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 47:665-783. [PMID: 31526133 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative changes in rats and mice. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying changes observed in the hematolymphoid organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and other lymphoid tissues (serosa-associated lymphoid clusters and tertiary lymphoid structures) with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. The nomenclature for these organs is divided into 3 terminologies: descriptive, conventional, and enhanced. Three terms are listed for each diagnosis. The rationale for this approach and guidance for its application to toxicologic pathology are described in detail below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Thymus subgroup lead.,National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Johannes Harleman
- Lymph node subgroup lead.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Independent Consultant, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- Associated lymphoid organs subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Losco
- General hematolymphoid subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jerrold M Ward
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Satoru Hosokawa
- Eisai Co, Ltd, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 PMCID: PMC6935411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Lymph node conduits transport virions for rapid T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:602-612. [PMID: 30886418 PMCID: PMC6474694 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in antiviral T cell priming, the routes of virion movement in lymph nodes (LNs) are imperfectly understood. Current models fail to explain how virus-infected cells rapidly appear within the LN interior after viral infection. To better understand virion trafficking in the LN, we determined virion and infected-cell locations after vaccinia and Zika virus administration. Notably, many rapidly infected cells in the LN interior were adjacent to LN conduits. Using confocal and electron microscopy, we clearly visualized virions within conduits. Functionally, CD8+ T cells rapidly and preferentially associated with vaccinia virus-infected cells deeper in the LN, leading to T cell activation in the LN interior. These results reveal that it is possible for even large virions to flow through LN conduits and infect dendritic cells within the T cell zone to prime CD8+ T cells. Virions can access lymph node conduits.
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11
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Cortes-Selva D, Ready A, Gibbs L, Rajwa B, Fairfax KC. IL-4 promotes stromal cell expansion and is critical for development of a type-2, but not a type 1 immune response. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:428-442. [PMID: 30575951 PMCID: PMC6953475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is critical for differentiation of Th2 cells and antibody isotype switching, but our work demonstrated that it is produced in the peripheral LN under both Type 2, and Type 1 conditions, raising the possibility of other functions. We found that IL-4 is vital for proper positioning of hematopoietic and stromal cells in steady state, and the lack of IL-4 or IL-4Rα correlates with disarrangement of both follicular dendritic cells and CD31+ endothelial cells. We observed a marked disorganization of B cells in these mice, suggesting that the lymphocyte-stromal cell axis is maintained by the IL-4 signaling pathway. This study showed that absence of IL-4 correlates with significant downregulation of Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) and Lymphotoxin beta (LTβ), critical lymphokines for the development and maintenance of lymphoid organs. Moreover, immunization of IL-4 deficient mice with Type 2 antigens failed to induce lymphotoxin production, LN reorganization, or germinal center formation, while this process is IL-4 independent following Type 1 immunization. Additionally, we found that Type 1 antigen mediated LN reorganization is dependent on IFN-γ in the absence of IL-4. Our findings reveal a role of IL-4 in the maintenance of peripheral lymphoid organ microenvironments during homeostasis and antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes-Selva
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Ready
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, and Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Keke C Fairfax
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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12
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Rodriguez S, Roussel M, Tarte K, Amé-Thomas P. Impact of Chronic Viral Infection on T-Cell Dependent Humoral Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1434. [PMID: 29163507 PMCID: PMC5671495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, considerable efforts have been done to decipher mechanisms supported by microorganisms or viruses involved in the development, differentiation, and function of immune cells. Pathogens and their associated secretome as well as the continuous inflammation observed in chronic infection are shaping both innate and adaptive immunity. Secondary lymphoid organs are functional structures ensuring the mounting of adaptive immune response against microorganisms and viruses. Inside these organs, germinal centers (GCs) are the specialized sites where mature B-cell differentiation occurs leading to the release of high-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells. Different steps are critical to complete B-cell differentiation process, including proliferation, somatic hypermutations in Ig variable genes, affinity-based selection, and class switch recombination. All these steps require intense interactions with cognate CD4+ helper T cells belonging to follicular helper lineage. Interestingly, pathogens can disturb this subtle machinery affecting the classical adaptive immune response. In this review, we describe how viruses could act directly on GC B cells, either through B-cell infection or by their contribution to B-cell cancer development and maintenance. In addition, we depict the indirect impact of viruses on B-cell response through infection of GC T cells and stromal cells, leading to immune response modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Rodriguez
- UMR U1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Mikaël Roussel
- UMR U1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR U1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- UMR U1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
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13
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo. Virology 2016; 498:69-81. [PMID: 27564543 PMCID: PMC5045820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells produce IFNγ within hours of secondary infection, but this is quickly terminated in vivo despite the presence of stimulatory viral antigen, suggesting that active suppression occurs. Herein, we investigated the in vivo effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells during successive encounters with viral antigen. CD8(+) T cells in immune mice receiving prior viral or peptide challenge failed to reproduce IFNγ during LCMV rechallenge. Surprisingly, this refractory state was induced even in memory cells that had not encountered their cognate antigen, indicating that the silencing of CD8(+) T cell responses is TCR-independent. Direct injection of IFNγ also suppressed the ability of virus-specific memory cells to respond to subsequent viral challenge. We propose the existence of a negative feedback loop whereby IFNγ, produced by memory CD8(+) T cells to combat viral challenge, acts - directly or indirectly - to limit its further production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Royer DJ, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Herpesvirus-Associated Lymphadenitis Distorts Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Microarchitecture and Attenuates CD8 T Cell Responses to Neurotropic Infection in Mice Lacking the STING-IFNα/β Defense Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2338-52. [PMID: 27511736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-driven immune responses to acute viral infection are critical to counter replication and prevent dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying host resistance to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that mice with deficiencies in IFN-α/β signaling or stimulator of IFN genes (STING) exhibit exacerbated neurovirulence and atypical lymphotropic dissemination of HSV-1 following ocular infection. Synergy between IFN-α/β signaling and efficacy of early adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 were dissected using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive cell transfer approaches to profile clonal expansion, effector function, and recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphotropic viral dissemination was commensurate with abrogated CD8(+) T cell responses and pathological alterations of fibroblastic reticular cell networks in the draining lymph nodes. Our results show that resistance to HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection is conferred in part by STING and IFN-α/β signaling in both bone marrow-derived and -resident cells, which coalesce to support a robust HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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15
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Hatzioannou A, Nayar S, Gaitanis A, Barone F, Anagnostopoulos C, Verginis P. Intratumoral accumulation of podoplanin-expressing lymph node stromal cells promote tumor growth through elimination of CD4 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1216289. [PMID: 27757315 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1216289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of checkpoint blockade in tumor immunotherapy are limited to patients with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Delineation of the regulatory networks that orchestrate the presence of TILs holds great promise for the design of effective immunotherapies. Podoplanin/gp38 (PDPN)-expressing lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) are present in tumor stroma; however, their effect in the regulation of TILs remains elusive. Herein we demonstrate that intratumor injection of ex-vivo-isolated PDPN+ LNSCs into melanoma-bearing mice induces elimination of TILs and promotes tumor growth. In support, PDPN+ LNSCs exert their function through direct inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation in a cell-to-cell contact independent fashion. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PDPN+ LNSCs mediate T cell growth arrest and induction of apoptosis to activated CD69+CD4+ T cells. Importantly, LTbR-Ig-mediated blockade of PDPN+ LNSCs expansion and function significantly attenuates melanoma tumor growth and enhances the infiltration and proliferation of CD4+ TILs. Overall, our findings decipher a novel role of PDPN-expressing LNSCs in the elimination of CD4+ TILs and propose a new target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Saba Nayar
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Anastasios Gaitanis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Barone
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Constantinos Anagnostopoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Athens, Greece
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16
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Ng CT, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC, Oldstone MBA. Alpha and Beta Type 1 Interferon Signaling: Passage for Diverse Biologic Outcomes. Cell 2016; 164:349-52. [PMID: 26824652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) elicits a complex cascade of events in response to microbial infection. Here, we review recent developments illuminating the large number of IFN-I species and describing their unique biologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie T Ng
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juan L Mendoza
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Lui JB, McGinn LS, Chen Z. Gut microbiota amplifies host-intrinsic conversion from the CD8 T cell lineage to CD4 T cells for induction of mucosal immune tolerance. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:40-7. [PMID: 26939850 PMCID: PMC4856445 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota has been shown to promote tolerogenic differentiation of T lymphocytes. It remains unclear to what extent microbiota triggers de novo re-programming or amplify pre-existing plasticity intrinsic to T cells. In a study with mouse models to track the clonal fate of CD4 and CD8 T cells, we discovered that CD8 T cells converted to MHC class I-restricted CD4 T cells without regard to selfness of their antigen specificity. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), CD8 T cells converted to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells which were enriched in the large intestine lamina propria (LILP) and suppressed chemical- or immune-mediated inflammatory damage. In germ-free conditions, the converted CD4 populations were present in MLN, but absent in LILP. Therefore, an intrinsic plasticity in the host was amplified by the gut microbiota, leading to selfless tolerance induction in the intestinal mucosa. The findings may be relevant to HIV infection, cancer and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Bon Lui
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lander S McGinn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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18
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Murine Fibroblastic Reticular Cells From Lymph Node Interact With CD4+ T Cells Through CD40-CD40L. Transplantation 2015; 99:1561-7. [PMID: 25856408 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costimulatory blockade with anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus donor-specific splenocyte transfusion (DST) induces alloantigen-specific tolerance. We previously showed that lymphotoxin signaling in the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) stromal subset was required for proper lymph node structure and function during tolerization in murine cardiac transplantation. Here we focused on FRC functions and hypothesized that DST and anti-CD40L mAb-modulated FRC interactions with CD4(+) T cells in mice. METHODS Mice were immunized or tolerized by DST or DST plus anti-CD40L mAb. Fibroblastic reticular cells were flow-sorted at different timepoints for characterization and in vitro proliferation and activation assays. RESULTS Fibroblastic reticular cells responded rapidly to DST by transcribing inflammatory cytokine and chemokine messenger RNAs, such as CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL21. Conversely, anti-CD40L mAb inhibited FRC inflammatory responses. CD40 was expressed on FRC and agonistic anti-CD40 mAb activated FRC, which supported CD4(+) T-cell proliferation, whereas unstimulated FRC did not. Anti-CD3 mAb-activated CD4(+) T cells induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expressions by FRC, which were inhibited by anti-CD40L mAb. Thus, FRC phenotype was altered by interaction with CD4(+) T cells through CD40-CD40L, and activated FRC interacted directly with CD4(+) T cells to support T cell activation and proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrated that CD40 on FRC facilitated bidirectional communication between FRC and CD4(+) T cells via CD40-CD40L, thereby altering FRC gene expression of immune regulatory molecules. Because blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions results in tolerance in mice, identification of FRC-T cell interactions provides a new research target for tolerance induction.
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19
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Hirosue S, Dubrot J. Modes of Antigen Presentation by Lymph Node Stromal Cells and Their Immunological Implications. Front Immunol 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26441957 PMCID: PMC4561840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is no longer the exclusive domain of cells of hematopoietic origin. Recent works have demonstrated that lymph node stromal cell (LNSC) populations, such as fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells, not only provide a scaffold for lymphocyte interactions but also exhibit active immunomodulatory roles that are critical to mounting and resolving effective immune responses. Importantly, LNSCs possess the ability to present antigens and establish antigen-specific interactions with T cells. One example is the expression of peripheral tissue antigens, which are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules with tolerogenic consequences on T cells. Additionally, exogenous antigens, including self and tumor antigens, can be processed and presented on MHC-I complexes, which result in dysfunctional activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. While MHC-I is widely expressed on cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins, antigen presentation via MHC-II is more precisely regulated. Nevertheless, LNSCs are capable of endogenously expressing, or alternatively, acquiring MHC-II molecules. Transfer of antigen between LNSC and dendritic cells in both directions has been recently suggested to promote tolerogenic roles of LNSCs on the CD4+ T cell compartment. Thus, antigen presentation by LNSCs is thought to be a mechanism that promotes the maintenance of peripheral tolerance as well as generates a pool of diverse antigen-experienced T cells for protective immunity. This review aims to integrate the current and emerging literature to highlight the importance of LNSCs in immune responses, and emphasize their role in antigen trafficking, retention, and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Over the past decade, a series of discoveries relating to fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) — immunologically specialized myofibroblasts found in lymphoid tissue — has promoted these cells from benign bystanders to major players in the immune response. In this Review, we focus on recent advances regarding the immunobiology of lymph node-derived FRCs, presenting an updated view of crucial checkpoints during their development and their dynamic control of lymph node expansion and contraction during infection. We highlight the robust effects of FRCs on systemic B cell and T cell responses, and we present an emerging view of FRCs as drivers of pathology following acute and chronic viral infections. Lastly, we review emerging therapeutic advances that harness the immunoregulatory properties of FRCs.
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21
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Ammendolia DA, Lumsden JS, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye spleen stromal cell line sensitive to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) and to protection by synthetic dsRNA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:83-93. [PMID: 25701636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-spleen6, has been developed from the stromal layer of primary spleen cell cultures. On conventional plastic, WE-spleen6 cells had a spindle-shaped morphology at low cell density but grew to become epithelial-like at confluency. On the commercial extracellular matrix (ECM), Matrigel, the cells remained spindle-shaped and formed lumen-like structures. WE-spleen6 cells had intermediate filament protein, vimentin and the ECM protein, collagen I, but not smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and lacked alkaline phosphatase and phagocytic activities. WE-spleen6 was more susceptible to infection with VHSV IVb than a fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from the walleye caudal fin, WE-cfin11f and WE-cfin11e, respectively. Viral transcripts and proteins appeared earlier in WE-spleen6 cultures as did cytopathic effect (CPE) and significant virus production. The synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pIC), induced the antiviral protein Mx in both cell lines. Treating WE-spleen6 cultures with pIC prior to infection with VHSV IVb inhibited the early accumulation of viral transcripts and proteins and delayed the appearance of CPE and significant viral production. Of particular note, pIC caused the disappearance of viral P protein 2 days post infection. WE-spleen6 should be useful for investigating the impact of VHSV IVb on hematopoietic organs and the actions of pIC on the rhabdovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron W Bender
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Ontario Veterinary College, Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N2G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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22
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Sullivan BM, Teijaro JR, de la Torre JC, Oldstone MBA. Early virus-host interactions dictate the course of a persistent infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004588. [PMID: 25569216 PMCID: PMC4287607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many persistent viral infections are characterized by a hypofunctional T cell response and the upregulation of negative immune regulators. These events occur days after the initiation of infection. However, the very early host-virus interactions that determine the establishment of viral persistence remain poorly uncharacterized. Here we show that to establish persistence, LCMV must counteract an innate anti-viral immune response within eight hours after infection. While the virus triggers cytoplasmic RNA sensing pathways soon after infection, LCMV counteracts this pathway through a rapid increase in viral titers leading to a dysfunctional immune response characterized by a high cytokine and chemokine expression profile. This altered immune environment allows for viral replication in the splenic white pulp as well as infection of immune cells essential to an effective anti-viral immune response. Our findings illustrate how early events during infection critically dictate the characteristics of the immune response to infection and facilitate either virus control and clearance or persistence. Lymphocytic Choriomenengitis Virus (LCMV) is an important model for the investigation of the pathogenesis of persistent viral infections. As with humans infected with hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1, adult mice persistently infected with immunosuppressive strains of LCMV express high levels of negative immune regulators that suppress the adaptive T cell immune response thereby facilitating viral persistence. Unknown, however, is whether and how very early interactions between the virus and the infected host affect the establishment of a persistent infection. Here, we describe host-virus interactions within the first 8–12 hours of infection are critical for establishing a persistent infection. While early induction of an anti-viral type-I interferons is essential for the subsequent adaptive immune response required to clear the virus, LCMV is able to overcome the programmed innate immune response by over-stimulating this response early. This affects not only the rate of viral growth in the host, but also the ability to infect specific immune cells that help shape an effective adaptive immune response. We further describe how and where LCMV is sensed by this early immune response, identify the critical timing of early virus-host interactions that lead to a persistent infection, and identify an early dysregulated immune signature associated with a persistent viral infection. Altogether, these observations are critical to understanding how early virus-host interactions determines the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Sullivan
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Dubrot J, Duraes FV, Potin L, Capotosti F, Brighouse D, Suter T, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Garbi N, Reith W, Swartz MA, Hugues S. Lymph node stromal cells acquire peptide-MHCII complexes from dendritic cells and induce antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cell tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1153-66. [PMID: 24842370 PMCID: PMC4042642 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
LNSCs present peptide–MHCII complexes acquired from DCs to CD4+ T cells and induce T cell dysfunction by preventing their proliferation and survival. Dendritic cells (DCs), and more recently lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs), have been described to tolerize self-reactive CD8+ T cells in LNs. Although LNSCs express MHCII, it is unknown whether they can also impact CD4+ T cell functions. We show that the promoter IV (pIV) of class II transactivator (CIITA), the master regulator of MHCII expression, controls endogenous MHCII expression by LNSCs. Unexpectedly, LNSCs also acquire peptide–MHCII complexes from DCs and induce CD4+ T cell dysfunction by presenting transferred complexes to naive CD4+ T cells and preventing their proliferation and survival. Our data reveals a novel, alternative mechanism where LN-resident stromal cells tolerize CD4+ T cells through the presentation of self-antigens via transferred peptide–MHCII complexes of DC origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda V Duraes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lambert Potin
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Capotosti
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dale Brighouse
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Suter
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuroimmunology and MS Research, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland ISREC, SV, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Misumi I, Whitmire JK. IFN-λ exerts opposing effects on T cell responses depending on the chronicity of the virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3596-606. [PMID: 24646741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IFN-λ induces an antiviral state in many cell types and may contribute to the overall inflammatory environment after infection. Either of these effects may influence adaptive immune responses, but the role of type 3 IFNs in the development of primary and memory T cell responses to infection has not been evaluated. In this study, we examined T cell responses to acute or persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in IFN-λR1-deficient mice. Following acute infection, we find that IFN-λR1-deficient mice produced normal levels of IFN, robust NK cell responses, but greater than normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses compared with wild type BALB/c mice. There were more T cells that were IL-7R(hi) and, correspondingly, the IFN-λR-deficient mice showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in memory T cell number. The inhibitory effect of IFN-λR expression was independent of direct cytokine signaling into T cells. In contrast with acute infection, the IFN-λR-deficient mice generated markedly diminished T cell responses and had greater weight loss compared with wild type mice when confronted with a highly disseminating variant of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These data indicate that IFN-λR limits T cell responses and memory after transient infection but augments T cell responses during persisting infection. Thus, the immune-regulatory functions for IFN-λR are complex and vary with the overall inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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25
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Ng CT, Snell LM, Brooks DG, Oldstone MBA. Networking at the level of host immunity: immune cell interactions during persistent viral infections. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:652-64. [PMID: 23768490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are the result of a series of connected events that culminate in diminished immunity and the inability to eliminate infection. By building our understanding of how distinct components of the immune system function both individually and collectively in productive versus abortive responses, new potential therapeutic targets can be developed to overcome immune dysfunction and thus fight persistent infections. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a model of a persistent virus infection and drawing parallels to persistent human viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), we describe the cellular relationships and interactions that determine the outcome of initial infection and highlight immune targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat persistent infections. Ultimately, these findings will further our understanding of the immunologic basis of persistent viral infection and likely lead to strategies to treat human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie T Ng
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms of tolerance induction and maintenance remain incompletely understood and have yet to be translated to clinical practice. Advances in imaging techniques have allowed precise examination of cell interactions in the lymph node, often in real time. Herein we review evidence that lymph node structure is dynamic and controls the character of the immune response in a multistep, multiplayer dance. T-cell responses in particular can be initiated or influenced in regions beyond the canonical T-cell zone. We propose that the cortical ridge is one such region required for induction and maintenance of tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Lymph node domains are more complex than T-cell and B-cell zones. Different domains are important for different types of immune responses. These domains are in part defined by dynamic, malleable physical structures that guide cell interactions and influence immune outcomes. SUMMARY Further probing as to how lymph node stromal cells and fibers interact with and determine the character of immune responses should yield fundamental insights into tolerance and immunity. Manipulation of lymph node structure and associated unique cell types and molecules may allow therapeutic interventions in the tolerogenic process.
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Malhotra D, Fletcher AL, Turley SJ. Stromal and hematopoietic cells in secondary lymphoid organs: partners in immunity. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:160-76. [PMID: 23278748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), including lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and the spleen, have evolved to bring cells of the immune system together. In these collaborative environments, lymphocytes scan the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells for cognate antigens, while moving along stromal networks. The cell-cell interactions between stromal and hematopoietic cells in SLOs are therefore integral to the normal functioning of these tissues. Not only do stromal cells physically construct SLO architecture but they are essential for regulating hematopoietic populations within these domains. Stromal cells interact closely with lymphocytes and dendritic cells, providing scaffolds on which these cells migrate, and recruiting them into niches by secreting chemokines. Within lymph nodes, stromal cell-ensheathed conduit networks transport small antigens deep into the SLO parenchyma. More recently, stromal cells have been found to induce peripheral CD8(+) T-cell tolerance and control the extent to which newly activated T cells proliferate within lymph nodes. Thus, stromal-hematopoietic crosstalk has important consequences for regulating immune cell function within SLOs. In addition, stromal cell interactions with hematopoietic cells, other stroma, and the inflammatory milieu have profound effects on key stromal functions. Here, we examine ways in which these interactions within the lymph node environment influence the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lessons learned and concepts formed from study of the pathogenesis of the two negative-strand viruses lymphocytic choriomeningitis and influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4180-3. [PMID: 23341590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222025110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have unique lifestyles. To describe the pathogenesis and significance of viral infection in terms of host responses, resultant injury, and therapy, we focused on two RNA viruses: lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) and influenza (Flu). Many of the currently established concepts and consequences about viruses and immunologic tolerance, virus-induced immunosuppression, virus-induced autoimmunity, immune complex disease, and virus-lymphocyte and virus-dendritic cell interactions evolved through studies of LCMV in its natural murine host. Similarly, the mechanisms, aftermath, and treatment of persistent RNA viruses emerged, in large part, from research on LCMV. Analysis of acute influenza virus infections uncovered the prominent direct role that cytokine storm plays in the pathogenesis, morbidity, and mortality from this disease. Cytokine storm of influenza virus infection is initiated via a pulmonary endothelial cell amplification loop involving IFN-producing cells and virus-infected pulmonary epithelial cells. Importantly, the cytokine storm is chemically treatable with specific agonist therapy directed to the sphingosphine 1 phosphate receptor 1, which is located on pulmonary endothelial cells, pointing to the endothelial cells as the gatekeepers of this hyperaggressive host immune response.
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Siegert S, Luther SA. Positive and negative regulation of T cell responses by fibroblastic reticular cells within paracortical regions of lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:285. [PMID: 22973278 PMCID: PMC3438460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) form the structural backbone of the T cell rich zones in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), but also actively influence the adaptive immune response. They provide a guidance path for immigrating T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) and are the main local source of the cytokines CCL19, CCL21, and IL-7, all of which are thought to positively regulate T cell homeostasis and T cell interactions with DC. Recently, FRC in lymph nodes (LN) were also described to negatively regulate T cell responses in two distinct ways. During homeostasis they express and present a range of peripheral tissue antigens, thereby participating in peripheral tolerance induction of self-reactive CD8+ T cells. During acute inflammation T cells responding to foreign antigens presented on DC very quickly release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon γ. These cytokines are sensed by FRC which transiently produce nitric oxide (NO) gas dampening the proliferation of neighboring T cells in a non-cognate fashion. In summary, we propose a model in which FRC engage in a bidirectional crosstalk with both DC and T cells to increase the efficiency of the T cell response. However, during an acute response, FRC limit excessive expansion and inflammatory activity of antigen-specific T cells. This negative feedback loop may help to maintain tissue integrity and function during rapid organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Siegert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne Epalinges, Switzerland
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