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Patel H, Minkah NK, Kumar S, Zanghi G, Schepis A, Goswami D, Armstrong J, Abatiyow BA, Betz W, Reynolds L, Camargo N, Sheikh AA, Kappe SHI. Malaria blood stage infection suppresses liver stage infection via host-induced interferons but not hepcidin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2104. [PMID: 38453916 PMCID: PMC10920859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites first replicate as liver stages (LS), which then seed symptomatic blood stage (BS) infection. Emerging evidence suggests that these stages impact each other via perturbation of host responses, and this influences the outcome of natural infection. We sought to understand whether the parasite stage interplay would affect live-attenuated whole parasite vaccination, since the efficacy of whole parasite vaccines strongly correlates with their extend of development in the liver. We thus investigated the impact of BS infection on LS development of genetically attenuated and wildtype parasites in female rodent malaria models and observed that for both, LS infection suffered severe suppression during concurrent BS infection. Strikingly and in contrast to previously published studies, we find that the BS-induced iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is not mediating suppression of LS development. Instead, we demonstrate that BS-induced host interferons are the main mediators of LS developmental suppression. The type of interferon involved depended on the BS-causing parasite species. Our study provides important mechanistic insights into the BS-mediated suppression of LS development. This has direct implications for understanding the outcomes of live-attenuated Plasmodium parasite vaccination in malaria-endemic areas and might impact the epidemiology of natural malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Patel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nana K Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonino Schepis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janna Armstrong
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Biley A Abatiyow
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amina A Sheikh
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Breidung D, Megas IF, Freytag DL, Bernhagen J, Grieb G. The Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) in Infections: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38275363 PMCID: PMC10813530 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), are cytokines that play critical roles in the immune response to various infectious diseases. This review provides an overview of the complex involvement of MIF and D-DT in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The role of MIF in different types of infections is controversial, as it has either a protective function or a host damage-enhancing function depending on the pathogen. Depending on the specific role of MIF, different therapeutic options for MIF-targeting drugs arise. Human MIF-neutralizing antibodies, anti-parasite MIF antibodies, small molecule MIF inhibitors or MIF-blocking peptides, as well as the administration of exogenous MIF or MIF activity-augmenting small molecules have potential therapeutic applications and need to be further explored in the future. In addition, MIF has been shown to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in sepsis. Further research is needed to unravel the complexity of MIF and D-DT in infectious diseases and to develop personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these cytokines. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the role of MIF and D-DT in infections could lead to new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breidung
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Klinikum Nuremberg Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Ioannis-Fivos Megas
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Center of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - David Lysander Freytag
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Feodor-Lynenstraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynenstraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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de Roquetaillade C, Laouenan C, Mira JP, Roy C, Thuong M, Azoulay É, Gruson D, Jacobs F, Chommeloux J, Raffi F, Hocqueloux L, Imbert P, Jeantils V, Delassus JL, Matheron S, Fitting C, Timsit JF, Bruneel F. Cytokine profiles in adults with imported malaria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10347. [PMID: 37365194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in worldwide travel is making imported malaria a growing health concern in non-endemic countries. Most data on the pathophysiology of malaria come from endemic areas. Little is known about cytokine profiles during imported malaria. This study aimed at deciphering the relationship between cytokine host response and malaria severity among imported cases in France. This study reports cytokine profiles in adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria included in the PALUREA prospective study conducted between 2006 and 2010. The patients were classified as having uncomplicated malaria (UM) or severe malaria (SM), with this last further categorized as very severe malaria (VSM) or less severe malaria (LSM). At hospital admission, eight blood cytokines were assayed in duplicate using Luminex® technology: interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interferon (IFN)γ, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). These assays were repeated on days 1 and 2 in the SM group. Of the 278 patients, 134 had UM and 144 SM. At hospital admission, over half the patients had undetectable levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IFNγ, and TNFα, while IL-10 and MIF were significantly higher in the SM vs. the UM group. Higher IL-10 was significantly associated with higher parasitemia (R = 0.32 [0.16-0.46]; P = 0.0001). In the SM group, IL-10 elevation persisting from admission to day 2 was significantly associated with subsequent nosocomial infection. Of eight tested cytokines, only MIF and IL-10 were associated with disease severity in adults with imported P. falciparum malaria. At admission, many patients had undetectable cytokine levels, suggesting that circulating cytokine assays may not be helpful as part of the routine evaluation of adults with imported malaria. Persisting high IL-10 concentration was associated with subsequent nosocomial infection, suggesting its possible interest in immune monitoring of most severe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles de Roquetaillade
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU PROMICE, DMU Parabol, AP-HP Nord, Paris, France.
- INSERM UMR 942 MASCOT, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Cédric Laouenan
- Département Epidémiologie Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologie Clinique 1425, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- UMR 1137, Université de Paris-Cité, INSERM, IAME, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Carine Roy
- Département Epidémiologie Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologie Clinique 1425, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- UMR 1137, Université de Paris-Cité, INSERM, IAME, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Thuong
- Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise, France
| | - Élie Azoulay
- Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Nord, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Didier Gruson
- Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Hôpital Pellegrin-Tripode, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Jacobs
- Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Juliette Chommeloux
- Service de medecine intensive reanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, ICAN, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service de maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Patrick Imbert
- Centre de vaccinations internationales, Hôpital d'instruction des armees Bégin, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - Vincent Jeantils
- Service de maladies infectieuses, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Bondy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Delassus
- Service de medecine interne et de maladies infectieuses, Centre hospitalier intercommunal Robert-Ballanger, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, GHU Paris Nord, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-François Timsit
- Service de medecine intensive et reanimation (MI2), Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- IAME, Université de Paris, INSERM U1137, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Bruneel
- Service de reanimation, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
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Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Gaze ST, de Ornellas LG, Alves ÉA, Ismail N, Nakhasi HL, Correa-Oliveira R. Deletion of MIF gene from live attenuated LdCen -/- parasites enhances protective CD4 + T cell immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7362. [PMID: 37147351 PMCID: PMC10163264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live attenuated Leishmania parasites such as centrin deleted Leishmania donovani (LdCen-/-) against visceral leishmaniasis has been reported extensively. The protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the host immune mediators of protection are known, parasite determinants that affect the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations remain unknown. Parasite encoded inflammatory cytokine MIF has been shown to modulate the T cell differentiation characteristics by altering the inflammation induced apoptosis during contraction phase in experimental infections with Leishmania or Plasmodium. Neutralization of parasite encoded MIF either by antibodies or gene deletion conferred protection in Plasmodium and Leishmania studies. We investigated if the immunogenicity and protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites is affected by deleting MIF genes from this vaccine strain. Our results showed that LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented higher percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, increased CD8+ T cell proliferation after challenge compared to LdCen-/- immunization. LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented elevated production of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells concomitant with a reduced parasite load in spleen and liver compared to LdCen-/-group following challenge with L. infantum. Our results demonstrate the role of parasite induced factors involved in protection and long-term immunity of vaccines against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Alessandra Alves
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hira Lal Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Marongiu M, Pérez-Mejías G, Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Díaz-Quintana A, Mulas A, Busonero F, Maschio A, Walter K, Tardaguila M, Akbari P, Soranzo N, Fiorillo E, Gorospe M, Schlessinger D, Díaz-Moreno I, Cucca F, Zoledziewska M. GWAS of genetic factors affecting white blood cell morphological parameters in Sardinians uncovers influence of chromosome 11 innate immunity gene cluster on eosinophil morphology. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:790-797. [PMID: 36136759 PMCID: PMC9941829 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analyzing genetic regulation of morphological traits of white blood cells have been reported. We carried out a GWAS of 12 morphological traits in 869 individuals from the general population of Sardinia, Italy. These traits, included measures of cell volume, conductivity and light scatter in four white-cell populations (eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils). This analysis yielded seven statistically significant signals, four of which were novel (four novel, PRG2, P2RX3, two of CDK6). Five signals were replicated in the independent INTERVAL cohort of 11 822 individuals. The most interesting signal with large effect size on eosinophil scatter (P-value = 8.33 x 10-32, beta = -1.651, se = 0.1351) falls within the innate immunity cluster on chromosome 11, and is located in the PRG2 gene. Computational analyses revealed that a rare, Sardinian-specific PRG2:p.Ser148Pro mutation modifies PRG2 amino acid contacts and protein dynamics in a manner that could possibly explain the changes observed in eosinophil morphology. Our discoveries shed light on genetics of morphological traits. For the first time, we describe such large effect size on eosinophils morphology that is relatively frequent in Sardinian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Gonzalo Pérez-Mejías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Tardaguila
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Parsa Akbari
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
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Chandley P, Ranjan R, Kumar S, Rohatgi S. Host-parasite interactions during Plasmodium infection: Implications for immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091961. [PMID: 36685595 PMCID: PMC9845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global infectious disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Multiple environmental and host and parasite factors govern the clinical outcomes of malaria. The host immune response against the Plasmodium parasite is heterogenous and stage-specific both in the human host and mosquito vector. The Plasmodium parasite virulence is predominantly associated with its ability to evade the host's immune response. Despite the availability of drug-based therapies, Plasmodium parasites can acquire drug resistance due to high antigenic variations and allelic polymorphisms. The lack of licensed vaccines against Plasmodium infection necessitates the development of effective, safe and successful therapeutics. To design an effective vaccine, it is important to study the immune evasion strategies and stage-specific Plasmodium proteins, which are targets of the host immune response. This review provides an overview of the host immune defense mechanisms and parasite immune evasion strategies during Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, we also summarize and discuss the current progress in various anti-malarial vaccine approaches, along with antibody-based therapy involving monoclonal antibodies, and research advancements in host-directed therapy, which can together open new avenues for developing novel immunotherapies against malaria infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ravikant Ranjan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India,*Correspondence: Soma Rohatgi,
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7
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Belhimeur S, Briquet S, Peronet R, Pham J, Commere PH, Formaglio P, Amino R, Scherf A, Silvie O, Mecheri S. Plasmodium-encoded murine IL-6 impairs liver stage infection and elicits long-lasting sterilizing immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143012. [PMID: 37143657 PMCID: PMC10152192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasmodium sporozoites (SPZ) inoculated by Anopheles mosquitoes into the skin of the mammalian host migrate to the liver before infecting hepatocytes. Previous work demonstrated that early production of IL-6 in the liver is detrimental for the parasite growth, contributing to the acquisition of a long-lasting immune protection after immunization with live attenuated parasites. Methods Considering that IL-6 as a critical pro-inflammatory signal, we explored a novel approach whereby the parasite itself encodes for the murine IL-6 gene. We generated transgenic P. berghei parasites that express murine IL-6 during liver stage development. Results and Discussion Though IL-6 transgenic SPZ developed into exo-erythrocytic forms in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo, these parasites were not capable of inducing a blood stage infection in mice. Furthermore, immunization of mice with transgenic IL-6-expressing P. berghei SPZ elicited a long-lasting CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against a subsequent infectious SPZ challenge. Collectively, this study demonstrates that parasite-encoded IL-6 attenuates parasite virulence with abortive liver stage of Plasmodium infection, forming the basis of a novel suicide vaccine strategy to elicit protective antimalarial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Belhimeur
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS ERL9195 and Inserm U1201, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Briquet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS ERL9195 and Inserm U1201, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Pham
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Centre d’élevage et de production des anophèles (CEPIA), Paris, France
| | | | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Artur Scherf
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS ERL9195 and Inserm U1201, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Salaheddine Mecheri
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS ERL9195 and Inserm U1201, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Salaheddine Mecheri,
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8
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Kanoi BN, Maina M, Likhovole C, Kobia FM, Gitaka J. Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.988665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa bears the greatest burden of malaria with more than 200 million clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2020 alone. While malaria-associated deaths dropped steadily until 2015, the decline started to falter after 2016, highlighting the need for novel potent tools in the fight against malaria. Currently available tools, such as antimalarial drugs and insecticides are threatened by development of resistance by the parasite and the mosquito. The WHO has recently approved RTS,S as the first malaria vaccine for public health use. However, because the RTS,S vaccine has an efficacy of only 36% in young children, there is need for more efficacious vaccines. Indeed, based on the global goal of licensing a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy by 2030, RTS,S is unlikely to be sufficient alone. However, recent years have seen tremendous progress in vaccine development. Although the COVID-19 pandemic impacted malaria control, the rapid progress in research towards the development of COVID-19 vaccines indicate that harnessing funds and technological advances can remarkably expedite vaccine development. In this review, we highlight and discuss current and prospective trends in global efforts to discover and develop malaria vaccines through leveraging mRNA vaccine platforms and other systems optimized during COVID-19 vaccine studies.
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Osterloh A. Vaccination against Bacterial Infections: Challenges, Progress, and New Approaches with a Focus on Intracellular Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:751. [PMID: 35632507 PMCID: PMC9144739 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial infections are major health problems worldwide, and treatment of many of these infectious diseases is becoming increasingly difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a major threat. Prophylactic vaccines against these bacterial pathogens are urgently needed. This is also true for bacterial infections that are still neglected, even though they affect a large part of the world's population, especially under poor hygienic conditions. One example is typhus, a life-threatening disease also known as "war plague" caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, which could potentially come back in a war situation such as the one in Ukraine. However, vaccination against bacterial infections is a challenge. In general, bacteria are much more complex organisms than viruses and as such are more difficult targets. Unlike comparatively simple viruses, bacteria possess a variety of antigens whose immunogenic potential is often unknown, and it is unclear which antigen can elicit a protective and long-lasting immune response. Several vaccines against extracellular bacteria have been developed in the past and are still used successfully today, e.g., vaccines against tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria. However, while induction of antibody production is usually sufficient for protection against extracellular bacteria, vaccination against intracellular bacteria is much more difficult because effective defense against these pathogens requires T cell-mediated responses, particularly the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These responses are usually not efficiently elicited by immunization with non-living whole cell antigens or subunit vaccines, so that other antigen delivery strategies are required. This review provides an overview of existing antibacterial vaccines and novel approaches to vaccination with a focus on immunization against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Osterloh
- Department of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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10
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Kalia I, Anand R, Quadiri A, Bhattacharya S, Sahoo B, Singh AP. Plasmodium berghei-Released Factor, PbTIP, Modulates the Host Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 12:699887. [PMID: 34987497 PMCID: PMC8721568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium parasite has to cross various immunological barriers for successful infection. Parasites have evolved mechanisms to evade host immune responses, which hugely contributes to the successful infection and transmission by parasites. One way in which a parasite evades immune surveillance is by expressing molecular mimics of the host molecules in order to manipulate the host responses. In this study, we report a Plasmodium berghei hypothetical protein, PbTIP (PbANKA_124360.0), which is a Plasmodium homolog of the human T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP). The latter possesses immunomodulatory activities and suppressed the host immune responses in a mouse acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model. The Plasmodium berghei protein, PbTIP, is expressed on the merozoite surface and exported to the host erythrocyte surface upon infection. It is shed in the blood circulation by the activity of an uncharacterized membrane protease(s). The shed PbTIP could be detected in the host serum during infection. Our results demonstrate that the shed PbTIP exhibits binding on the surface of macrophages and reduces their inflammatory cytokine response while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Such manipulated immune responses are observed in the later stage of malaria infection. PbTIP induced Th2-type gene transcript changes in macrophages, hinting toward its potential to regulate the host immune responses against the parasite. Therefore, this study highlights the role of a Plasmodium-released protein, PbTIP, in immune evasion using macrophages, which may represent the critical strategy of the parasite to successfully survive and thrive in its host. This study also indicates the human malaria parasite TIP as a potential diagnostic molecule that could be exploited in lateral flow-based immunochromatographic tests for malaria disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Anand
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijayalaxmi Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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11
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Taina-González L, de la Fuente M. The Potential of Nanomedicine to Unlock the Limitless Applications of mRNA. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:460. [PMID: 35214191 PMCID: PMC8879057 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 was a turning point in the way society perceives science. Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology finally showed and shared its potential, starting a new era in medicine. However, there is no doubt that commercialization of these vaccines would not have been possible without nanotechnology, which has finally answered the long-term question of how to deliver mRNA in vivo. The aim of this review is to showcase the importance of this scientific milestone for the development of additional mRNA therapeutics. Firstly, we provide a full description of the marketed vaccine formulations and disclose LNPs' pharmaceutical properties, including composition, structure, and manufacturing considerations Additionally, we review different types of lipid-based delivery technologies currently in preclinical and clinical development, namely lipoplexes and cationic nanoemulsions. Finally, we highlight the most promising clinical applications of mRNA in different fields such as vaccinology, immuno-oncology, gene therapy for rare genetic diseases and gene editing using CRISPR Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taina-González
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Cancer Network Research (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- DIVERSA Technologies, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Chauhan R, Awasthi V, Thakur RS, Pande V, Chattopadhyay D, Das J. CD4 +ICOS +Foxp3 +: a sub-population of regulatory T cells contribute to malaria pathogenesis. Malar J 2022; 21:32. [PMID: 35109868 PMCID: PMC8812217 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells are known to play a key role to counter balance the protective immune response and immune mediated pathology. However, the role of naturally occurring regulatory cells CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ in malaria infection during the disease pathogenesis is controversial. Beside this, ICOS molecule has been shown to be involved in the development and function of regulatory T cell enhance IL-10 production. Therefore, possible involvement of the ICOS dependent regulatory CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells in resistance/susceptibility during malaria parasite is explored in this study. METHODS 5 × 105 red blood cells infected with non-lethal and lethal parasites were inoculated in female Balb/c mice by intra-peritoneal injection. Infected or uninfected mice were sacrificed at early (3rd day post infection) and later stage (10th day post infection) of infection. Harvested cells were analysed by using flow cytometer and serum cytokine by Bioplex assay. RESULTS Thin blood films show that percentages of parasitaemia increases with disease progression in infections with the lethal malaria parasite and mice eventually die by day 14th post-infection. Whereas in case of non-lethal malaria parasite, parasitaemia goes down by 7th day post infection and gets cleared within 13th day. The number of CD4+ ICOS+ T cells increases in lethal infection with disease progression. Surprisingly, in non-lethal parasite, ICOS expression decreases after day 7th post infection as parasitaemia goes down. The frequency of CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ Tregs was significantly higher in lethal parasitic infection as compared to the non-lethal parasite. The level of IL-12 cytokine was remarkably higher in non-lethal infection compared to the lethal infection. In contrast, the level of IL-10 cytokines was higher in lethal parasite infection compared to the non-lethal parasite. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that lethal parasite induce immunosuppressive environment, protecting from host immune responses and help the parasite to survive whereas non-lethal parasite leads to low frequencies of Treg cells seldom impede immune response that allow the parasite to get self-resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Chauhan
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Vikky Awasthi
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Reva Sharan Thakur
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, Kolkata, 700010, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Belagavi, 590010, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
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13
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Categorizing sequences of concern by function to better assess mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0033421. [PMID: 34780277 PMCID: PMC9119117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify sequences with a role in microbial pathogenesis, we assessed the adequacy of their annotation by existing controlled vocabularies and sequence databases. Our goal was to regularize descriptions of microbial pathogenesis for improved integration with bioinformatic applications. Here, we review the challenges of annotating sequences for pathogenic activity. We relate the categorization of more than 2,750 sequences of pathogenic microbes through a controlled vocabulary called Functions of Sequences of Concern (FunSoCs). These allow for an ease of description by both humans and machines. We provide a subset of 220 fully annotated sequences in the supplemental material as examples. The use of this compact (∼30 terms), controlled vocabulary has potential benefits for research in microbial genomics, public health, biosecurity, biosurveillance, and the characterization of new and emerging pathogens.
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14
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Cui JY, Lisi GP. Molecular Level Insights Into the Structural and Dynamic Factors Driving Cytokine Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:773252. [PMID: 34760929 PMCID: PMC8573031 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.773252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key mediators of cellular communication and regulators of biological advents. The timing, quantity and localization of cytokines are key features in producing specific biological outcomes, and thus have been thoroughly studied and reviewed while continuing to be a focus of the cytokine biology community. Due to the complexity of cellular signaling and multitude of factors that can affect signaling outcomes, systemic level studies of cytokines are ongoing. Despite their small size, cytokines can exhibit structurally promiscuous and dynamic behavior that plays an equally important role in biological activity. In this review using case studies, we highlight the recent insight gained from observing cytokines through a molecular lens and how this may complement a system-level understanding of cytokine biology, explain diversity of downstream signaling events, and inform therapeutic and experimental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - George P Lisi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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15
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Baeza Garcia A, Siu E, Du X, Leng L, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Howland SW, Rénia L, Lolis E, Bucala R. Suppression of Plasmodium MIF-CD74 signaling protects against severe malaria. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21997. [PMID: 34719814 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101072r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The deadliest complication of infection by Plasmodium parasites, cerebral malaria, accounts for the majority of malarial fatalities. Although our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology remains incomplete, recent studies support the contribution of systemic and neuroinflammation as the cause of cerebral edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. All Plasmodium species encode an orthologue of the innate cytokine, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), which functions in mammalian biology to regulate innate responses. Plasmodium MIF (PMIF) similarly signals through the host MIF receptor CD74, leading to an enhanced inflammatory response. We investigated the PMIF-CD74 interaction in the onset of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and liver stage Plasmodium development by using a combination of CD74 deficient (Cd74-/- ) hosts and PMIF deficient parasites. Cd74-/- mice were found to be protected from ECM and the protection was associated with the inability of brain microvessels to present parasite antigen to sequestered and pathogenic Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells. Infection of WT hosts with PMIF-deficient sporozoites or infection of Cd74-/- hosts with WT sporozoites impacted the survival of infected hepatocytes and subsequently reduced blood-stage associated inflammation, contributing to protection from ECM. We recapitulated these finding with a novel pharmacologic PMIF-selective antagonist that reduced PMIF/CD74 signaling and fully protected mice from ECM. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism for Plasmodium usurpation of host CD74 signaling and suggest a tractable approach for new pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edwin Siu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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16
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Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:817-838. [PMID: 34433919 PMCID: PMC8386155 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the most rapid vaccine development in history, with mRNA vaccines at the forefront of those efforts. Although it is now clear that mRNA vaccines can rapidly and safely protect patients from infectious disease, additional research is required to optimize mRNA design, intracellular delivery and applications beyond SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. In this Review, we describe the technologies that underlie mRNA vaccines, with an emphasis on lipid nanoparticles and other non-viral delivery vehicles. We also overview the pipeline of mRNA vaccines against various infectious disease pathogens and discuss key questions for the future application of this breakthrough vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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17
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Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Co-administered Ruxolitinib and Artemether-Lumefantrine in Healthy Adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0158421. [PMID: 34694880 PMCID: PMC8765294 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01584-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite repeated malaria infection, individuals living in malaria endemic areas remain vulnerable to re-infection. The Janus kinase (JAK1/2) inhibitor ruxolitinib could potentially disrupt the parasite-induced dysfunctional immune response when administered with anti-malarial therapy. This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single center phase 1 trial investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of ruxolitinib and the approved antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine in combination. Ruxolitinib pharmacodynamics were assessed by inhibition of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Eight healthy male and female participants aged 18-55 years were randomized to either ruxolitinib (20 mg) (n = 6) or placebo (n = 2) administered 2 h after artemether-lumefantrine (80/480 mg) twice daily for three days. Mild adverse events occurred in six participants (four ruxolitinib; two placebo). The combination of artemether-lumefantrine and ruxolitinib was well tolerated, with adverse events and pharmacokinetics consistent with the known profiles of both drugs. The incidence of adverse events and artemether, dihydroartemisinin (the major active metabolite of artemether) and lumefantrine exposure were not affected by ruxolitinib co-administration. Ruxolitinib co-administration resulted in a 3-fold greater pSTAT3 inhibition compared to placebo (geometric mean ratio: 3.01 [90%CI 2.14, 4.24]), with a direct and predictable relationship between ruxolitinib plasma concentrations and %pSTAT3 inhibition. This study supports the investigation of the combination of artemether-lumefantrine and ruxolitinib in healthy volunteers infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT04456634).
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18
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Djokic V, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Lessons Learned for Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Disease of Erythrocytic Parasites: Plasmodium and Babesia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685239. [PMID: 34414129 PMCID: PMC8369351 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes affects large human populations, while Ixodes ticks transmit Babesia species and cause babesiosis. Babesiosis in animals has been known as an economic drain, and human disease has also emerged as a serious healthcare problem in the last 20–30 years. There is limited literature available regarding pathogenesis, immunity, and disease caused by Babesia spp. with their genomes sequenced only in the last decade. Therefore, using previous studies on Plasmodium as the foundation, we have compared similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of Babesia and host immune responses. Sexual life cycles of these two hemoparasites in their respective vectors are quite similar. An adult Anopheles female can take blood meal several times in its life such that it can both acquire and transmit Plasmodia to hosts. Since each tick stage takes blood meal only once, transstadial horizontal transmission from larva to nymph or nymph to adult is essential for the release of Babesia into the host. The initiation of the asexual cycle of these parasites is different because Plasmodium sporozoites need to infect hepatocytes before egressed merozoites can infect erythrocytes, while Babesia sporozoites are known to enter the erythrocytic cycle directly. Plasmodium metabolism, as determined by its two- to threefold larger genome than different Babesia, is more complex. Plasmodium replication occurs in parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the host cells, and a relatively large number of merozoites are released from each infected RBC after schizogony. The Babesia erythrocytic cycle lacks both PV and schizogony. Cytoadherence that allows the sequestration of Plasmodia, primarily P. falciparum in different organs facilitated by prominent adhesins, has not been documented for Babesia yet. Inflammatory immune responses contribute to the severity of malaria and babesiosis. Antibodies appear to play only a minor role in the resolution of these diseases; however, cellular and innate immunity are critical for the clearance of both pathogens. Inflammatory immune responses affect the severity of both diseases. Macrophages facilitate the resolution of both infections and also offer cross-protection against related protozoa. Although the immunosuppression of adaptive immune responses by these parasites does not seem to affect their own clearance, it significantly exacerbates diseases caused by coinfecting bacteria during coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department for Bacterial Zoonozes, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, UPEC, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra C Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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19
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Lee S, Choi YK, Goo YK. Humoral and cellular immune response to Plasmodium vivax VIR recombinant and synthetic antigens in individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax in the Republic of Korea. Malar J 2021; 20:288. [PMID: 34183015 PMCID: PMC8237554 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax proteins with variant interspersed repeats (VIR) are the key proteins used by the parasite to escape from the host immune system through the creation of antigenic variations. However, few studies have been done to elucidate their role as targets of immunity. Thus, this study evaluated the naturally-acquired immune response against VIR proteins in vivax malaria-infected individuals in the Republic of Korea (ROK). METHODS Seven recombinant VIR proteins and two synthetic peptides previously studied in other countries that elicited a robust immune response were used to investigate the antibody and cellular immune response in 681 P. vivax-infected people in ROK. The expression of IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses against each VIR antigen or against PvMSP1-19 was analysed by ELISA. PvMSP1-19, known as a promising vaccine candidate of P. vivax, was used as the positive control for immune response assessment. Furthermore, the cellular immune response to VIR antigens was evaluated by in vitro proliferative assay, cellular activation assay, and cytokine detection in mononuclear cells of the P. vivax-infected population. RESULTS IgM or IgG were detected in 52.4% of the population. Among all the VIR antigens, VIR25 elicited the highest humoral immune response in the whole population with IgG and IgM prevalence of 27.8% and 29.2%, respectively, while PvMSP1-19 elicited even higher prevalence (92%) of IgG in the population. As for the cellular immune response, VIR-C2, PvLP2, and PvMSP1-19 induced high cell activation and secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and G-CSF in mononuclear cells from the P. vivax-infected population, comparable with results from PvMSP1-19. However, no significant proliferation response to these antigens was observed between the malaria-infected and healthy groups. CONCLUSION Moderate natural acquisition of antibody and cellular responses in P. vivax-infected Korean malaria patients presented here are similar to that in other countries. It is interesting that the immune response to VIR antigens is conserved among malaria parasites in different countries, considering that VIR genes are highly polymorphic. This thus warrants further studies to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which human elicit immune response to the malaria parasite VIR antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Bio Bigdata, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Rachmania S, Sulistyaningsih E, Ratna Dewi AAI. Recombinant DBL2β-PfEMP1 of the Indonesian Plasmodium falciparum induces immune responses in Wistar rats. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:422-430. [PMID: 34140870 PMCID: PMC8178645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Duffy binding-like (DBL) domain of the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) is reportedly responsible for the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria. People living in endemic malaria areas possess specific antibodies against PfEMP1 and elicit immune responses to control the severity of malaria infection. Therefore, PfEMP1 may be a potential protein-based vaccine candidate. This study aimed to explore the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by the recombinant DBL2β-PfEMP1 obtained from the Indonesian P. falciparum isolate. METHODS The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) as soluble and insoluble fractions, and this protein was purified using affinity chromatography before administration as a subcutaneous injection in Wistar rats on days 1, 21, and 42. Sera were harvested 14 days after the second and third injections to determine the titre of IgG and the concentration of CD4+ cells using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The IgG titre and the CD4+ cell concentration were found to be increased after the second and third injections. The Mann-Whitney test results showed a significant difference between the control and treatment groups for both the IgG and CD4+ cells (p = 0.001 and p = 0.000, respectively). Western blotting results indicated the presence of a specific antibody against the recombinant DBL2β-PfEMP1. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant DBL2β-PfEMP1 of the Indonesian P. falciparum isolate could induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Further studies on IgG exerting inhibitory effects and the role of CD4+ cells and their association with other effector cells are essential to determine the efficacy of DBL2β-PfEMP1 and its potential application as a peptide-based malaria vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilla Rachmania
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Indonesia
| | - Erma Sulistyaningsih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Indonesia
| | - Anak Agung I. Ratna Dewi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Indonesia
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21
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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Gruner K, Leissing F, Sinitski D, Thieron H, Axstmann C, Baumgarten K, Reinstädler A, Winkler P, Altmann M, Flatley A, Jaouannet M, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Keller H, Coustau C, Falter-Braun P, Feederle R, Bernhagen J, Panstruga R. Chemokine-like MDL proteins modulate flowering time and innate immunity in plants. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100611. [PMID: 33798552 PMCID: PMC8122116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an atypical chemokine implicated in intercellular signaling and innate immunity. MIF orthologs (MIF/D-DT-like proteins, MDLs) are present throughout the plant kingdom, but remain experimentally unexplored in these organisms. Here, we provide an in planta characterization and functional analysis of the three-member gene/protein MDL family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Subcellular localization experiments indicated a nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of MDL1 and MDL2, while MDL3 is localized to peroxisomes. Protein–protein interaction assays revealed the in vivo formation of MDL1, MDL2, and MDL3 homo-oligomers, as well as the formation of MDL1-MDL2 hetero-oligomers. Functionally, Arabidopsismdl mutants exhibited a delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (flowering) under long-day conditions, but not in a short-day environment. In addition, mdl mutants were more resistant to colonization by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. The latter phenotype was compromised by the additional mutation of SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2), a gene implicated in the defense-induced biosynthesis of the key signaling molecule salicylic acid. However, the enhanced antibacterial immunity was not associated with any constitutive or pathogen-induced alterations in the levels of characteristic phytohormones or defense-associated metabolites. Interestingly, bacterial infection triggered relocalization and accumulation of MDL1 and MDL2 at the peripheral lobes of leaf epidermal cells. Collectively, our data indicate redundant functionality and a complex interplay between the three chemokine-like Arabidopsis MDL proteins in the regulation of both developmental and immune-related processes. These insights expand the comparative cross-kingdom analysis of MIF/MDL signaling in human and plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gruner
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dzmitry Sinitski
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), LMU University Hospital, Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Thieron
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Axstmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Baumgarten
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Winkler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melina Altmann
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maëlle Jaouannet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Christine Coustau
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbe-Host Interactions, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), LMU University Hospital, Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany.
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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Increase hemoglobin level in severe malarial anemia while controlling parasitemia: A mathematical model. Math Biosci 2020; 326:108374. [PMID: 32416085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by immune cells; it can play a protective or deleterious role in response to pathogens. The intracellular malaria parasite secretes a similar protein, PMIF. The present paper is concerned with severe malarial anemia (SMA), where MIF suppresses the recruitment of red blood cells (RBCs) from the spleen and the bone marrow. This suppression results in a decrease of the hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to a dangerous level. Indeed, SMA is responsible for the majority of death-related malaria cases. Artesunate is the first line of treatment of SMA; it accelerates the death of infected RBCs (iRBCs), thereby decreasing parasitemia. However, artesunate does not increase the level of Hb, and, in some cases, post-artesunate hemolytic anemia requires blood transfusion. In order to avoid this situation, we explore combining artesunate with another drug so that the Hb level is increased to healthy levels while parasitemia is still controlled. In this paper we show, by a mathematical model, that increasing the Hb levels while controlling parasitemia in malarial anemia can be done with the experimental drug Epoxyazadiradione (Epoxy) in combination with artesunate. Epoxy acts as MIF inhibitor and thus has the potential to increase the Hb level. Simulations of the model show that the two drugs compliment each other: while artesunate is primarily responsible for decreasing parasitemia, Epoxy is primarily responsible for increasing the hemoglobin level.
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Role of Host and Parasite MIF Cytokines during Leishmania Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010046. [PMID: 32244916 PMCID: PMC7157535 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been extensively characterized in human disease and in mouse models. Its pro-inflammatory functions in mammals includes the retention of tissue macrophages and a unique ability to counteract the immunosuppressive activity of glucocorticoids. MIF also acts as a survival factor by preventing activation-induced apoptosis and by promoting sustained expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and nitric oxide. The pro-inflammatory activity of MIF has been shown to be protective against Leishmania major infection in mouse models of cutaneous disease, however the precise role of this cytokine in human infections is less clear. Moreover, various species of Leishmania produce their own MIF orthologs, and there is evidence that these may drive an inflammatory environment that is detrimental to the host response. Herein the immune response to Leishmania in mouse models and humans will be reviewed, and the properties and activities of mammalian and Leishmania MIF will be integrated into the current understandings in this field. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting Leishmania MIF for therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
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Ghosh S, Padalia J, Ngobeni R, Abendroth J, Farr L, Shirley DA, Edwards T, Moonah S. Targeting Parasite-Produced Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as an Antivirulence Strategy With Antibiotic-Antibody Combination to Reduce Tissue Damage. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1185-1193. [PMID: 31677380 PMCID: PMC7325720 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting virulence factors represents a promising alternative approach to antimicrobial therapy, through the inhibition of pathogenic pathways that result in host tissue damage. Yet, virulence inhibition remains an understudied area in parasitology. Several medically important protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania secrete an inflammatory macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) cytokine homolog, a virulence factor linked to severe disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of targeting parasite-produced MIF as combination therapy with standard antibiotics to reduce disease severity. Here, we used Entamoeba histolytica as the model MIF-secreting protozoan, and a mouse model that mirrors severe human infection. We found that intestinal inflammation and tissue damage were significantly reduced in mice treated with metronidazole when combined with anti-E. histolytica MIF antibodies, compared to metronidazole alone. Thus, this preclinical study provides proof-of-concept that combining antiparasite MIF-blocking antibodies with current standard-of-care antibiotics might improve outcomes in severe protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay Padalia
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Renay Ngobeni
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Farr
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Debbie-Ann Shirley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Correspondence: Shannon Moonah, MD, ScM, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 345 Crispell Dr, Charlottesville, VA 22908 ()
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Edwards CL, Ng SS, Corvino D, Montes de Oca M, de Labastida Rivera F, Nones K, Lakis V, Waddell N, Amante FH, McCarthy JS, Engwerda CR. Early Changes in CD4+ T-Cell Activation During Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1119-1129. [PMID: 29757416 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined transcriptional changes in CD4+ T cells during blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals without a history of previous parasite exposure. Transcription of CXCL8 (encoding interleukin 8) in CD4+ T cells was identified as an early biomarker of submicroscopic P. falciparum infection, with predictive power for parasite growth. Following antiparasitic drug treatment, a CD4+ T-cell regulatory phenotype developed. PD1 expression on CD49b+CD4+ T (putative type I regulatory T) cells after drug treatment negatively correlated with earlier parasite growth. Blockade of PD1 but no other immune checkpoint molecules tested increased interferon γ and interleukin 10 production in an ex vivo antigen-specific cellular assay at the peak of infection. These results demonstrate the early development of an immunoregulatory CD4+ T-cell phenotype in blood-stage P. falciparum infection and show that a selective immune checkpoint blockade may be used to modulate early developing antiparasitic immunoregulatory pathways as part of malaria vaccine and/or drug treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dillon Corvino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Katia Nones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lakis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Ghosh S, Jiang N, Farr L, Ngobeni R, Moonah S. Parasite-Produced MIF Cytokine: Role in Immune Evasion, Invasion, and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1995. [PMID: 31497025 PMCID: PMC6712082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites represent a major threat to health and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. This is further compounded by lack of effective vaccines, drug resistance and toxicity associated with current therapies. Multiple protozoans, including Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania produce homologs of the cytokine MIF. These parasite MIF homologs are capable of altering the host immune response during infection, and play a role in immune evasion, invasion and pathogenesis. This minireview outlines well-established and emerging literature on the role of parasite MIF homologs in disease, and their potential as targets for therapeutic and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nona Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Laura Farr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Renay Ngobeni
- Department of Environmental, Water, and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Izak D, Klim J, Kaczanowski S. Host-parasite interactions and ecology of the malaria parasite-a bioinformatics approach. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:451-457. [PMID: 29697785 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the highest mortality infectious diseases. Malaria is caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium. Most deaths are caused by infections involving Plasmodium falciparum, which has a complex life cycle. Malaria parasites are extremely well adapted for interactions with their host and their host's immune system and are able to suppress the human immune system, erase immunological memory and rapidly alter exposed antigens. Owing to this rapid evolution, parasites develop drug resistance and express novel forms of antigenic proteins that are not recognized by the host immune system. There is an emerging need for novel interventions, including novel drugs and vaccines. Designing novel therapies requires knowledge about host-parasite interactions, which is still limited. However, significant progress has recently been achieved in this field through the application of bioinformatics analysis of parasite genome sequences. In this review, we describe the main achievements in 'malarial' bioinformatics and provide examples of successful applications of protein sequence analysis. These examples include the prediction of protein functions based on homology and the prediction of protein surface localization via domain and motif analysis. Additionally, we describe PlasmoDB, a database that stores accumulated experimental data. This tool allows data mining of the stored information and will play an important role in the development of malaria science. Finally, we illustrate the application of bioinformatics in the development of population genetics research on malaria parasites, an approach referred to as reverse ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Izak
- Department of Bioinformatics at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Joanna Klim
- Department of Microbial Chemistry at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Szymon Kaczanowski
- Department of Bioinformatics at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
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Tissue Destruction Caused by Entamoeba histolytica Parasite : Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:51-57. [PMID: 31008019 PMCID: PMC6449278 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E. histolytica causes tissue destruction which leads to clinical disease. This review outlines some of the recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the processes that lead to the tissue damage caused by E. histolytica. Recent Findings Recent studies have identified new mechanisms involved in E. histolytica–induced tissue damage. These include (i) new form of contact-dependent killing called trogocytosis; (ii) parasite-produced cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, that contributes to inflammation; (iii) exploitation of host immune response to promote invasion; and (iv) the contribution of the gut microbiome to clinical disease. Summary Targeting these mechanisms that result in tissue injury should be a focus of future research for the development of improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for amebiasis.
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Neutralization of the Plasmodium-encoded MIF ortholog confers protective immunity against malaria infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2714. [PMID: 30006528 PMCID: PMC6045615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Using a novel RNA replicon-based vaccine, we show the impact of PMIF immunoneutralization on the host response and observed improved control of liver and blood-stage Plasmodium infection, and complete protection from re-infection. Vaccination against PMIF delayed blood-stage patency after sporozoite infection, reduced the expression of the Th1-associated inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ during blood-stage infection, augmented Tfh cell and germinal center responses, increased anti-Plasmodium antibody titers, and enhanced the differentiation of antigen-experienced memory CD4 T cells and liver-resident CD8 T cells. Protection from re-infection was recapitulated by the adoptive transfer of CD8 or CD4 T cells from PMIF RNA immunized hosts. Parasite MIF inhibition may be a useful approach to promote immunity to Plasmodium and potentially other parasite genera that produce MIF orthologous proteins. Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Here, the authors show that inhibition of PMIF may have translational benefits for managing malaria infections.
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Interaction between parasite-encoded JAB1/CSN5 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor proteins attenuates its proinflammatory function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10241. [PMID: 29980718 PMCID: PMC6035221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple protozoans produce homologs of the cytokine MIF which play a role in immune evasion, invasion and pathogenesis. However, how parasite-encoded MIF activity is controlled remains poorly understood. Cytokine activity can be inhibited by intracellular binding partners that are released in the extracellular space during cell death. We investigated the presence of an endogenous parasite protein that was capable of interacting and interfering with MIF activity. A screen for protein-protein interaction was performed using immunoaffinity purification of amebic cell lysate with specific anti-Entamoeba histolytica MIF (EhMIF) antibody followed by mass spectrometry analysis, which revealed an E. histolytica-produced JAB1 protein (EhJAB1) as a potential binding partner. JAB1 was found to be highly conserved in protozoans. Direct interaction between the EhMIF and EhJAB1 was confirmed by several independent approaches with GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and Biolayer interferometry (BLI) assays. Furthermore, the C-terminal region outside the functional JAMM deneddylase motif was required for EhMIF binding, which was consistent with the top in silico predictions. In addition, EhJAB1 binding blocked EhMIF-induced IL-8 production by human epithelial cells. We report the initial characterization of a parasite-encoded JAB1 and uncover a new binding partner for a protozoan-produced MIF protein, acting as a possible negative regulator of EhMIF.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2223. [PMID: 29884801 PMCID: PMC5993818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts multiple effects on immune cells, as well as having functions outside the immune system. MIF can promote inflammation through the induction of other cytokines, including TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 family cytokines. Here, we show that inhibition of MIF regulates the release of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18, not by affecting transcription or translation of these cytokines, but via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. MIF is required for the interaction between NLRP3 and the intermediate filament protein vimentin, which is critical for NLRP3 activation. Further, we demonstrate that MIF interacts with NLRP3, indicating a role for MIF in inflammasome activation independent of its role as a cytokine. These data advance our understanding of how MIF regulates inflammation and identify it as a factor critical for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. MIF is a cytokine best known for its modulatory effect on expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Here the authors show that MIF facilitates the NLRP3–vimentin interaction, resulting in Nlrp3 inflammasome activation.
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Abdi A, Yu L, Goulding D, Rono MK, Bejon P, Choudhary J, Rayner J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from a Plasmodium falciparum Kenyan clinical isolate defines a core parasite secretome. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:50. [PMID: 28944300 PMCID: PMC5583745 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11910.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert host immune responses, to acquire nutrients, and/or to prepare host cells for invasion. One of the ways that effector molecules are secreted is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Recently, the malaria parasite P. falciparum has been shown to produce EVs that can mediate transfer of genetic material between parasites and induce sexual commitment. Characterizing the content of these vesicles may improve our understanding of P. falciparum pathogenesis and virulence. METHODS Previous studies of P. falciparum EVs have been limited to long-term adapted laboratory isolates. In this study, we isolated EVs from a Kenyan P. falciparum clinical isolate adapted to in vitro culture for a short period and characterized their protein content by mass spectrometry (data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD006925). RESULTS We show that P. falciparum extracellular vesicles ( PfEVs) are enriched in proteins found within the exomembrane compartments of infected erythrocytes such as Maurer's clefts (MCs), as well as the secretory endomembrane compartments in the apical end of the merozoites, suggesting that these proteins play a role in parasite-host interactions. Comparison of this novel clinically relevant dataset with previously published datasets helps to define a core secretome present in Plasmodium EVs. CONCLUSIONS P. falciparum extracellular vesicles contain virulence-associated parasite proteins. Therefore, analysis of PfEVs contents from a range of clinical isolates, and their functional validation may improve our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the parasite, and potentially identify targets for interventions or diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Abdi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin K Rono
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Abdi A, Yu L, Goulding D, Rono MK, Bejon P, Choudhary J, Rayner J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from a Plasmodium falciparum Kenyan clinical isolate defines a core parasite secretome. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28944300 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11910.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert host immune responses, to acquire nutrients, and/or to prepare host cells for invasion. One of the ways that effector molecules are secreted is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Recently, the malaria parasite P. falciparum has been shown to produce EVs that can mediate transfer of genetic material between parasites and induce sexual commitment. Characterizing the content of these vesicles may improve our understanding of P. falciparum pathogenesis and virulence. METHODS Previous studies of P. falciparum EVs have been limited to long-term adapted laboratory isolates. In this study, we isolated EVs from a Kenyan P. falciparum clinical isolate adapted to in vitro culture for a short period and characterized their protein content by mass spectrometry (data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD006925). RESULTS We show that P. falciparum extracellular vesicles ( PfEVs) are enriched in proteins found within the exomembrane compartments of infected erythrocytes such as Maurer's clefts (MCs), as well as the secretory endomembrane compartments in the apical end of the merozoites, suggesting that these proteins play a role in parasite-host interactions. Comparison of this novel clinically relevant dataset with previously published datasets helps to define a core secretome present in Plasmodium EVs. CONCLUSIONS P. falciparum extracellular vesicles contain virulence-associated parasite proteins. Therefore, analysis of PfEVs contents from a range of clinical isolates, and their functional validation may improve our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the parasite, and potentially identify targets for interventions or diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Abdi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin K Rono
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Ngobeni R, Abhyankar MM, Jiang NM, Farr LA, Samie A, Haque R, Moonah SN. Entamoeba histolytica-Encoded Homolog of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Contributes to Mucosal Inflammation during Amebic Colitis. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1294-1302. [PMID: 28186296 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which Entamoeba histolytica drives gut inflammation is critical for the development of improved preventive and therapeutic strategies. E. histolytica encodes a homolog of the human cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Here, we investigated the role of E. histolytica MIF (EhMIF) during infection. We found that the concentration of fecal EhMIF correlated with the level of intestinal inflammation in persons with intestinal amebiasis. Mice treated with antibodies that specifically block EhMIF had reduced chemokine expression and neutrophil infiltration in the mucosa. In addition to antibody-mediated neutralization, we used a genetic approach to test the effect of EhMIF on mucosal inflammation. Mice infected with parasites overexpressing EhMIF had increased chemokine expression, neutrophil influx, and mucosal damage. Together, these results uncover a specific parasite protein that increases mucosal inflammation, expands our knowledge of host-parasite interaction during amebic colitis, and highlights a potential immunomodulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renay Ngobeni
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | | | - Nona M Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Laura A Farr
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, South Africa; and
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shannon N Moonah
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
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37
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Sparkes A, De Baetselier P, Roelants K, De Trez C, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, Raes G, Bucala R, Stijlemans B. Reprint of: The non-mammalian MIF superfamily. Immunobiology 2017; 222:858-867. [PMID: 28552269 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was first described as a cytokine 50 years ago, and emerged in mammals as a pleiotropic protein with pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and growth-promoting activities. In addition, MIF has gained substantial attention as a pivotal upstream mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses and with pathologic roles in several diseases. Of less importance in mammals is an intrinsic but non-physiologic enzymatic activity that points to MIF's evolution from an ancient defense molecule. Therefore, it is not surprising that mif-like genes also have been found across a range of different organisms including bacteria, plants, protozoa, helminths, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians and birds. While Genebank analysis identifying mif-like genes across species is extensive, contained herein is an overview of the non-mammalian MIF-like proteins that have been most well studied experimentally. For many of these organisms, MIF contributes to an innate defense system or plays a role in development. For parasitic organisms however, MIF appears to function as a virulence factor aiding in the establishment or persistence of infection by modulating the host immune response. Consequently, a combined targeting of both parasitic and host MIF could lead to more effective treatment strategies for parasitic diseases of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sparkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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38
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Machicado C, Marcos LA. A computational assessment of the predicted structures of Human Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor 1 orthologs in parasites and its affinity to human CD74 receptor. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [PMID: 28513076 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1 (Hu-MIF-1) is a protein involved in the inflammatory and immunology response to parasite infection. In the present study, the existence of Hu-MIF-1 from parasites have been explored by mining WormBase. A total of 35 helminths were found to have Hu-MIF-1 homologs, including some parasites of importance for public health. Physicochemical, structural, and biological properties of Hu-MIF-1 were compared with its orthologs in parasites showing that most of these are secretory proteins, with positive net charge and presence of the Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys motif that is critical for its oxidoreductase activity. The inhibitor-binding site present in Hu-MIF-1 is well conserved among parasite MIFs suggesting that Hu-MIF inhibitors may target orthologs in pathogens. The binding of Hu-MIF-1 to its cognate receptor CD74 was predicted by computer-assisted docking, and it resulted to be very similar to the predicted complexes formed by parasite MIFs and human CD74. More than 1 plausible conformation of MIFs in the extracellular loops of CD74 may be possible as demonstrated by the different predicted conformations of MIF orthologs in complex with CD74. Parasite MIFs in complex with CD74 resulted with some charged residues oriented to CD74, which was not observed in the Hu-MIF-1/CD74 complex. Our findings predict the binding mode of Hu-MIF-1 and orthologs with CD74, which can assist in the design of novel MIF inhibitors. Whether the parasite MIFs function specifically subvert host immune responses to suit the parasite is an open question that needs to be further investigated. Future research should lead to a better understanding of parasite MIF action in the parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Machicado
- Research and Development Laboratories, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru.,Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A Marcos
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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39
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Rani A, Nawaz SK, Irfan S, Arshad M, Bashir R, Shaheen N. Role of MyD88-adaptor-like gene polymorphism rs8177374 in modulation of malaria severity in the Pakistani population. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21:418-423. [PMID: 28482182 PMCID: PMC9428015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study was designed to investigate the association between rs8177374 polymorphism and malaria symptoms due to exposure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Materials and methods A total of 454 samples were included in the study (228 malaria patients and 226 healthy individuals). Malaria patients, divided into P. vivax and P. falciparum groups on the basis of the causative species of Plasmodium, were categorized into mild and severe on the basis of clinical outcomes according to WHO criteria. Healthy individuals were used as controls. Allele specific PCR based strategy was used for the identification of rs8177374 SNP. Results MyD88-adaptor-like gene polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to malaria (p < 0.001). C allele frequency (0.74) was higher in the population compared to T allele frequency (0.26). CT genotype increased the susceptibility of malaria (OR: 2.661; 95% CI: 1.722–4.113) and was positively associated with mild malaria (OR: 5.609; 95% CI: 3.479–9.044, p = 0.00). On the other hand, CC genotype was associated with severe malaria (OR: 3.116; 95% CI: 1.560–6.224, p = 0.00). P. vivax infection rate was higher in CT genotype carriers compared to other genotypes (OR: 3.616; 95% CI: 2.219–5.894, p < 0.001). Conclusion MyD88-adaptor-like/TIR domain containing adaptor protein polymorphism for single nucleotide polymorphism rs8177374 is related with the susceptibility of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Rani
- University of Sargodha, Department of Zoology, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Shazia Irfan
- University of Sargodha, Department of Zoology, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Razia Bashir
- University of Sargodha, Department of Zoology, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Najma Shaheen
- University of the Punjab, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
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40
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Liu J, Shao D, Lin Y, Luo M, Wang Z, Yao M, Hao X, Wei C, Gao Y, Deng W, Wang H. PyMIF enhances the inflammatory response in a rodent model by stimulating CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells accumulation in spleen. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:377-83. [PMID: 27028001 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (PMIF) expressed by Plasmodium parasites has been proved to be similar to the mammalian MIF in both structure and biological activity and is a critical upstream regulator in antimalaria innate immunity. In this work, using a genetically modified (MIF-KO) strain of highly lethal rodent Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (Py17XL), we found that PyMIF could increase the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by eliciting the CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells accumulated in the spleen of infected mouse. In addition, the chemotactic effect of PyMIF was demonstrated to associate with cell receptors CXCR2, CXCR4 and the cell surface markers ICAM-1, LFA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - D Shao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Y Lin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - M Luo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Z Wang
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - M Yao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - X Hao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - C Wei
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Y Gao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - W Deng
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences / Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
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41
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Sparkes A, De Baetselier P, Roelants K, De Trez C, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, Raes G, Bucala R, Stijlemans B. The non-mammalian MIF superfamily. Immunobiology 2017; 222:473-482. [PMID: 27780588 PMCID: PMC5293613 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was first described as a cytokine 50 years ago, and emerged in mammals as a pleiotropic protein with pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and growth-promoting activities. In addition, MIF has gained substantial attention as a pivotal upstream mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses and with pathologic roles in several diseases. Of less importance in mammals is an intrinsic but non-physiologic enzymatic activity that points to MIF's evolution from an ancient defense molecule. Therefore, it is not surprising that mif-like genes also have been found across a range of different organisms including bacteria, plants, protozoa, helminths, molluscs, arthropods, fish, amphibians and birds. While Genebank analysis identifying mif-like genes across species is extensive, contained herein is an overview of the non-mammalian MIF-like proteins that have been most well studied experimentally. For many of these organisms, MIF contributes to an innate defense system or plays a role in development. For parasitic organisms however, MIF appears to function as a virulence factor aiding in the establishment or persistence of infection by modulating the host immune response. Consequently, a combined targeting of both parasitic and host MIF could lead to more effective treatment strategies for parasitic diseases of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sparkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with several distinct hematological and epithelial malignancies, e.g., Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and others. The association with several malignant tumors of local and worldwide distribution makes EBV one of the most important tumor viruses. Furthermore, because EBV can cause posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, transplant medicine has to deal with EBV as a major pathogenic virus second only to cytomegalovirus. In this review, we summarize briefly the natural history of EBV infection and outline some of the recent advances in the pathogenesis of the major EBV-associated neoplasms. We present alternative scenarios and discuss them in the light of most recent experimental data. Emerging research areas including EBV-induced patho-epigenetic alterations in host cells and the putative role of exosome-mediated information transfer in disease development are also within the scope of this review. This book contains an in-depth description of a series of modern methodologies used in EBV research. In this introductory chapter, we thoroughly refer to the applications of these methods and demonstrate how they contributed to the understanding of EBV-host cell interactions. The data gathered using recent technological advancements in molecular biology and immunology as well as the application of sophisticated in vitro and in vivo experimental models certainly provided deep and novel insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of EBV infection and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the development of adoptive T cell immunotherapy has provided a novel approach to the therapy of viral disease in transplant medicine and hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Minarovits
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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43
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Singer M, Frischknecht F. Time for Genome Editing: Next-Generation Attenuated Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:202-213. [PMID: 27793562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with malaria parasites that developmentally arrest in or immediately after the liver stage is the only way currently known to confer sterilizing immunity in both humans and rodent models. There are various ways to attenuate parasite development resulting in different timings of arrest, which has a significant impact on vaccination efficiency. To understand what most impacts vaccination efficiency, newly developed gain-of-function methods can now be used to generate a wide array of differently attenuated parasites. The combination of multiple attenuation approaches offers the potential to engineer efficiently attenuated Plasmodium parasites and learn about their fascinating biology at the same time. Here we discuss recent studies and the potential of targeted parasite manipulation using genome editing to develop live attenuated malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Singer
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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44
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Holowka T, Castilho TM, Garcia AB, Sun T, McMahon-Pratt D, Bucala R. Leishmania-encoded orthologs of macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulate host immunity to promote parasite persistence. FASEB J 2016; 30:2249-65. [PMID: 26956417 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major encodes 2 orthologs of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), whose functions in parasite growth or in the host-parasite interaction are unknown. To determine the importance of Leishmania-encoded MIF, both LmMIF genes were removed to produce an mif(-/-) strain of L. major This mutant strain replicated normally in vitro but had a 2-fold increased susceptibility to clearance by macrophages. Mice infected with mif(-/-) L. major, when compared to the wild-type strain, also showed a 3-fold reduction in parasite burden. Microarray and functional analyses revealed a reduced ability of mif(-/-) L. major to activate antigen-presenting cells, resulting in a 2-fold reduction in T-cell priming. In addition, there was a reduction in inflammation and effector CD4 T-cell formation in mif(-/-) L. major-infected mice when compared to mice infected with wild-type L. major Notably, effector CD4 T cells that developed during infection with mif(-/-) L. major demonstrated statistically significant differences in markers of functional exhaustion, including increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-7R, reduced expression of programmed death-1, and decreased apoptosis. These data support a role for LmMIF in promoting parasite persistence by manipulating the host response to increase the exhaustion and depletion of protective CD4 T cells.-Holowka, T., Castilho, T. M., Baeza Garcia, A., Sun, T., McMahon-Pratt, D., Bucala, R. Leishmania-encoded orthologs of macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulate host immunity to promote parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holowka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Tiago M Castilho
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Tiffany Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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45
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Singh K, Kaur T. Pyrimidine-based antimalarials: design strategies and antiplasmodial effects. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The versatility in the design strategies of pyrimidine scaffold offer considerable opportunity for developing antimalarials capable of hitting different biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Tavleen Kaur
- Department of Nephrology
- Guru Nanak Dev Hospital
- Amritsar
- India
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46
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Hojo-Souza NS, Pereira DB, Mendes TAO, Passos LSA, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Tada MS, Zanini GM, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL. CD4+ T cells apoptosis in Plasmodium vivax infection is mediated by activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Malar J 2015; 14:5. [PMID: 25559491 PMCID: PMC4326293 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction in the number of circulating blood lymphocytes (lymphocytopaenia) has been reported during clinical episodes of malaria and is normalized after treatment with anti-malaria drugs. While this phenomenon is well established in malaria infection, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. In the present study, the occurrence of apoptosis and its pathways in CD4+ T cells was investigated in naturally Plasmodium vivax-infected individuals from a Brazilian endemic area (Porto Velho - RO). METHODS Blood samples were collected from P. vivax-infected individuals and healthy donors. The apoptosis was characterized by cell staining with Annexin V/FITC and propidium iodide and the apoptosis-associated gene expression profile was carried out using RT2 Profiler PCR Array-Human Apoptosis. The plasma TNF level was determined by ELISA. The unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney test was applied according to the data distribution. RESULTS Plasmodium vivax-infected individuals present low number of leukocytes and lymphocytes with a higher percentage of CD4+ T cells in early and/or late apoptosis. Increased gene expression was observed for TNFRSF1B and Bid, associated with a reduction of Bcl-2, in individuals with P. vivax malaria. Furthermore, these individuals showed increased plasma levels of TNF compared to malaria-naive donors. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that P. vivax infection induces apoptosis of CD4+ T cells mediated by two types of signaling: by activation of the TNFR1 death receptor (extrinsic pathway), which is amplified by Bid, and by decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (intrinsic pathway). The T lymphocytes apoptosis could reflect a strategy of immune evasion triggered by the parasite, enabling their persistence but also limiting the occurrence of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av, Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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47
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Berg A, Patel S, Gonca M, David C, Otterdal K, Ueland T, Dalen I, Kvaløy JT, Mollnes TE, Aukrust P, Langeland N. Cytokine network in adults with falciparum Malaria and HIV-1: increased IL-8 and IP-10 levels are associated with disease severity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114480. [PMID: 25503583 PMCID: PMC4263737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection with malaria and HIV increases the severity and mortality of both diseases, but the cytokine responses related to this co-infection are only partially characterised. The aim of this study was to explore cytokine responses in relation to severity and mortality in malaria patients with and without HIV co-infection. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from adults in Mozambique. Plasma was analysed for 21 classical pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. Results We included 212 in-patients with fever and/or suspected malaria and 56 healthy controls. Falciparum malaria was diagnosed in 131 patients, of whom 70 were co-infected with HIV-1. The malaria patients had marked increases in their cytokine responses compared with the healthy controls. Some of these changes, particularly interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interferon-γ-inducing protein 10 (IP-10) were strongly associated with falciparum malaria and disease severity. Both these chemokines were markedly increased in patients with falciparum malaria as compared with healthy controls, and raised levels of IL-8 and IP-10 were associated with increased disease severity, even after adjusting for relevant confounders. For IL-8, particularly high levels were found in malaria patients that were co-infected with HIV and in those who died during hospitalization. Interpretations Our findings underscore the complex role of inflammation during infection with P. falciparum, and suggest a potential pathogenic role for IL-8 and IP-10. However, the correlations do not necessarily mean any causal relationship, and further both clinical and mechanistic research is necessary to elucidate the role of cytokines in pathogenesis and protection during falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Berg
- Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Medicine, The Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Sam Patel
- Department of Medicine, The Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Miguel Gonca
- Department of Medicine, The Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Catarina David
- Department of Medicine, The Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Dalen
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan T. Kvaløy
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tom E. Mollnes
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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48
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Mathieu C, Demarta-Gatsi C, Porcherie A, Brega S, Thiberge S, Ronce K, Smith L, Peronet R, Amino R, Ménard R, Mécheri S. Plasmodium bergheihistamine-releasing factor favours liver-stage development via inhibition of IL-6 production and associates with a severe outcome of disease. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:542-58. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mathieu
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Adeline Porcherie
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Sara Brega
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Sabine Thiberge
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Karine Ronce
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Leanna Smith
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Robert Ménard
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites; Paris F-75015 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité de Recherche Associée 2581 CEDEX 15 Paris F-75724 France
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49
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Pantouris G, Rajasekaran D, Garcia AB, Ruiz VG, Leng L, Jorgensen WL, Bucala R, Lolis EJ. Crystallographic and Receptor Binding Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Complexed to Two Potent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8652-6. [PMID: 25268646 PMCID: PMC4207548 DOI: 10.1021/jm501168q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report the crystal structures of two inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum macrophage migration inhibitory
factor (PfMIF) with nanomolar Ki’s, analyze their interactions with the active site
of PfMIF, and provide explanations regarding their
selectivity of PfMIF versus human MIF. These inhibitors
were also found to selectively inhibit interactions between PfMIF and the human MIF receptor CD74. The results of this
study provide the framework for the development of new therapeutics
that target PfMIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pantouris
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Victor G. Ruiz
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Lin Leng
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Richard Bucala
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Elias J. Lolis
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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50
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The macrophage migration inhibitory factor homolog of Entamoeba histolytica binds to and immunomodulates host macrophages. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3523-30. [PMID: 24818664 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01812-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The host inflammatory response contributes to the tissue damage that occurs during amebic colitis, with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) being a key mediator of the gut inflammation observed. Mammalian macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the exacerbation of a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including colitis. We identified a MIF gene homolog in the Entamoeba histolytica genome, raising the question of whether E. histolytica MIF (EhMIF) has proinflammatory activity similar to that of mammalian MIF. In this report, we describe the first functional characterization of EhMIF. Antibodies were prepared against recombinantly expressed EhMIF and used to demonstrate that EhMIF is expressed as a 12-kDa protein localized to the cytoplasm of trophozoites. In a manner similar to that of mammalian MIF, EhMIF interacted with the MIF receptor CD74 and bound to macrophages. EhMIF induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. In addition, EhMIF enhanced TNF-α secretion by amplifying TNF-α production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and by inhibiting the glucocorticoid-mediated suppression of TNF-α secretion. EhMIF was expressed during human infection, as evidenced by the presence of anti-EhMIF antibodies in the sera of children living in an area where E. histolytica infection is endemic. Anti-EhMIF antibodies did not cross-react with human MIF. The ability of EhMIF to modulate host macrophage function may promote an exaggerated proinflammatory immune response and contribute to the tissue damage seen in amebic colitis.
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