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Elfar GA, Aning O, Ngai TW, Yeo P, Chan JWK, Sim SH, Goh L, Yuan J, Phua CZJ, Yeo JZZ, Mak SY, Goh BKP, Chow PKH, Tam WL, Ho YS, Cheok CF. p53-dependent crosstalk between DNA replication integrity and redox metabolism mediated through a NRF2-PARP1 axis. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae811. [PMID: 39315696 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying p53-mediated protection of the replicating genome remain elusive, despite the quintessential role of p53 in maintaining genomic stability. Here, we uncover an unexpected function of p53 in curbing replication stress by limiting PARP1 activity and preventing the unscheduled degradation of deprotected stalled forks. We searched for p53-dependent factors and elucidated RRM2B as a prime factor. Deficiency in p53/RRM2B results in the activation of an NRF2 antioxidant transcriptional program, with a concomitant elevation in basal PARylation in cells. Dissecting the consequences of p53/RRM2B loss revealed a crosstalk between redox metabolism and genome integrity that is negotiated through a hitherto undescribed NRF2-PARP1 axis, and pinpoint G6PD as a primary oxidative stress-induced NRF2 target and activator of basal PARylation. This study elucidates how loss of p53 could be destabilizing for the replicating genome and, importantly, describes an unanticipated crosstalk between redox metabolism, PARP1 and p53 tumor suppressor pathway that is broadly relevant in cancers and can be leveraged therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Ahmed Elfar
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Obed Aning
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Tsz Wai Ngai
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Pearlyn Yeo
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Joel Wai Kit Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shang Hong Sim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Leonard Goh
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Ju Yuan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Cheryl Zi Jin Phua
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Joanna Zhen Zhen Yeo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shi Ya Mak
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Brian Kim Poh Goh
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierce Kah-Hoe Chow
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Surgery Academic ClinicalProgramme, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chit Fang Cheok
- NUS Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Zhuang F, Huang S, Liu L. PYCR3 modulates mtDNA copy number to drive proliferation and doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 171:106581. [PMID: 38642827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses significant challenges in treatment due to its aggressive nature and limited therapeutic targets. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms driving TNBC progression and chemotherapy resistance is imperative for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Thus, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3 (PYCR3) in TNBC pathogenesis and therapeutic response. We observed that PYCR3 is significantly upregulated in TNBC specimens compared to normal breast tissues, correlating with a poorer prognosis in TNBC patients. Knockdown of PYCR3 not only suppresses TNBC cell proliferation but also reverses acquired resistance of TNBC cells to doxorubicin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Mechanistically, we identified the mitochondrial localization of PYCR3 in TNBC cells and demonstrated its impact on TNBC cell proliferation and sensitivity to doxorubicin through the regulation of mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial respiration. Importantly, Selective reduction of mtDNA copy number using the mtDNA replication inhibitor 2', 3'-dideoxycytidine effectively recapitulates the phenotypic effects observed in PYCR3 knockout, resulting in decreased TNBC cell proliferation and the reversal of doxorubicin resistance through apoptosis induction. Thus, our study underscores the clinical relevance of PYCR3 and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in TNBC management. By elucidating the functional significance of PYCR3 in TNBC, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of TNBC biology and provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoyan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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3
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Wang C, Tian L, He Q, Lin S, Wu Y, Qiao Y, Zhu B, Li D, Chen G. Targeting CK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53R2 sensitizes BRCA-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Oncogene 2023; 42:2971-2984. [PMID: 37620447 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which selectively kills homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient cancer cells, are widely employed to treat cancer patients harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. However, they display limited efficacy in tumors with wild-type (WT) BRCA1/2. Thus, it is crucial to identify new druggable HR repair regulators and improve the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitors via combination therapies in BRCA1/2-WT tumors. Here, we show that the depletion of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit p53R2 impairs HR repair and sensitizes BRCA1/2-WT cancer cells to PARP inhibition. We further demonstrate that the loss of p53R2 leads to a decrease of HR repair factor CtIP, as a result of dNTPs shortage-induced ubiquitination of CtIP. Moreover, we identify that casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates p53R2 at its ser20, which subsequently activates RNR for dNTPs production. Therefore, pharmacologic inhibition of the CK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53R2 compromises its HR repair capacity in BRCA1/2-WT cancer cells, which renders these cells susceptible to PARP inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a novel strategy to inhibit HR repair activity and convert BRCA1/2-proficient cancers to be susceptible to PARP inhibitors via synthetic lethal combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Ling Tian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shengbin Lin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Dake Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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4
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Magistrati M, Gilea AI, Gerra MC, Baruffini E, Dallabona C. Drug Drop Test: How to Quickly Identify Potential Therapeutic Compounds for Mitochondrial Diseases Using Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10696. [PMID: 37445873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) refer to a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous pathologies characterized by defective mitochondrial function and energy production. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for most MDs, and current therapeutic management is limited to relieving symptoms. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been efficiently used as a model organism to study mitochondria-related disorders thanks to its easy manipulation and well-known mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. It has been successfully exploited both to validate alleged pathogenic variants identified in patients and to discover potential beneficial molecules for their treatment. The so-called "drug drop test", a phenotype-based high-throughput screening, especially if coupled with a drug repurposing approach, allows the identification of molecules with high translational potential in a cost-effective and time-saving manner. In addition to drug identification, S. cerevisiae can be used to point out the drug's target or pathway. To date, drug drop tests have been successfully carried out for a variety of disease models, leading to very promising results. The most relevant aspect is that studies on more complex model organisms confirmed the effectiveness of the drugs, strengthening the results obtained in yeast and demonstrating the usefulness of this screening as a novel approach to revealing new therapeutic molecules for MDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Magistrati
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexandru Ionut Gilea
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gerra
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Baruffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Dallabona
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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5
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Gioia U, Tavella S, Martínez-Orellana P, Cicio G, Colliva A, Ceccon M, Cabrini M, Henriques AC, Fumagalli V, Paldino A, Presot E, Rajasekharan S, Iacomino N, Pisati F, Matti V, Sepe S, Conte MI, Barozzi S, Lavagnino Z, Carletti T, Volpe MC, Cavalcante P, Iannacone M, Rampazzo C, Bussani R, Tripodo C, Zacchigna S, Marcello A, d'Adda di Fagagna F. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces DNA damage, through CHK1 degradation and impaired 53BP1 recruitment, and cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:550-564. [PMID: 36894671 PMCID: PMC10104783 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the RNA virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 was reported to alter several cellular pathways, its impact on DNA integrity and the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes DNA damage and elicits an altered DNA damage response. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 proteins ORF6 and NSP13 cause degradation of the DNA damage response kinase CHK1 through proteasome and autophagy, respectively. CHK1 loss leads to deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) shortage, causing impaired S-phase progression, DNA damage, pro-inflammatory pathways activation and cellular senescence. Supplementation of deoxynucleosides reduces that. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 N-protein impairs 53BP1 focal recruitment by interfering with damage-induced long non-coding RNAs, thus reducing DNA repair. Key observations are recapitulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice and patients with COVID-19. We propose that SARS-CoV-2, by boosting ribonucleoside triphosphate levels to promote its replication at the expense of dNTPs and by hijacking damage-induced long non-coding RNAs' biology, threatens genome integrity and causes altered DNA damage response activation, induction of inflammation and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Gioia
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Tavella
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giada Cicio
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Colliva
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Ceccon
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cabrini
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana C Henriques
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Paldino
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Sreejith Rajasekharan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Iacomino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Matti
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sepe
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde I Conte
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Barozzi
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tea Carletti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Iannacone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute & University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM), National Research Institute (CNR), Pavia, Italy.
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Restrepo-Vera JL, Rovira-Moreno E, Ramón J, Codina-Sola M, Llauradó A, Salvadó M, Sánchez-Tejerina D, Sotoca J, Martínez-Sáez E, Martí R, García-Arumí E, Juntas-Morales R. Identification of two novel RRM2B variants associated with autosomal recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia in a family with pseudodominant inheritance pattern. J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s10038-023-01144-2. [PMID: 36959467 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
RRM2B encodes the p53-inducible small subunit (p53R2) of ribonucleotide reductase, a key protein for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. Pathogenic variants in this gene result in familial mitochondrial disease in adults and children, secondary to a maintenance disorder of mtDNA. This study describes two patients, mother and son, with early-onset chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). Skeletal muscle biopsy from the latter was examined: cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibres were shown, and molecular studies revealed multiple mtDNA deletions. A next-generation sequencing gene panel for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial maintenance genes identified two unreported heterozygous missense variants (c.514 G > A and c.682 G > A) in the clinically affected son. The clinically affected mother harboured the first variant in homozygous state, and the clinically unaffected father harboured the remaining variant in heterozygous state. In silico analyses predicted both variants as deleterious. Cell culture studies revealed that patients' skin fibroblasts, but not fibroblasts from healthy controls, responded to nucleoside supplementation with enhanced mtDNA repopulation, thus suggesting an in vitro functional difference in patients' cells. Our results support the pathogenicity of two novel RRM2B variants found in two patients with autosomal recessive PEO with multiple mtDNA deletions inherited with a pseudodominant pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Restrepo-Vera
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Rovira-Moreno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Codina-Sola
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Llauradó
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Salvadó
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Tejerina
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sotoca
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Experimental therapy for mitochondrial diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:259-277. [PMID: 36813318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are extremely heterogeneous genetic disorders due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). No cure is currently available for these conditions, beside supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. Mitochondria are under a double genetic control carried out by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and by nuclear DNA. Thus, not surprisingly, mutations in either genome can cause mitochondrial disease. Although mitochondria are usually associated with respiration and ATP synthesis, they play fundamental roles in a large number of other biochemical, signaling, and execution pathways, each being a potential target for therapeutic interventions. These can be classified as general therapies, i.e., potentially applicable to a number of different mitochondrial conditions, or therapies tailored to a single disease, i.e., personalized approaches, such as gene therapy, cell therapy, and organ replacement. Mitochondrial medicine is a particularly lively research field, and the last few years witnessed a steady increase in the number of clinical applications. This chapter will present the most recent therapeutic attempts emerged from preclinical work and an update of the currently ongoing clinical applications. We think that we are starting a new era in which the etiologic treatment of these conditions is becoming a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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Zhu H, Tan J, Pan X, Ouyang H, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhao Y. HELLPAR/RRM2 axis related to HMMR as novel prognostic biomarker in gliomas. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:125. [PMID: 36750807 PMCID: PMC9903609 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most frequent type of central nervous system tumor, accounting for more than 70% of all malignant CNS tumors. Recent research suggests that the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) could be a novel potential tumor prognostic marker. Furthermore, mounting data has highlighted the important role of ceRNA regulatory networks in a variety of human malignancies. The complexity and behavioural characteristics of HMMR and the ceRNA network in gliomas, on the other hand, remained unknown. METHODS Transcriptomic expression data were collected from TCGA, GTEx, GEO, and CGGA database.The relationship between clinical variables and HMMR was analyzed with the univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess OS. TCGA data are analyzed and processed, and the correlation results obtained were used to perform GO, GSEA, and ssGSEA. Potentially interacting miRNAs and lncRNAs were predicted by miRWalk and StarBase. RESULTS HMMR was substantially expressed in gliomas tissues compared to normal tissues. Multivariate analysis revealed that high HMMR expression was an independent predictive predictor of OS in TCGA and CGGA. Functional enrichment analysis found that HMMR expression was associated with nuclear division and cell cycle. Base on ssGSEA analysis, The levels of HMMR expression in various types of immune cells differed significantly. Bioinformatics investigation revealed the HEELPAR-hsa-let-7i-5p-RRM2 ceRNA network, which was linked to gliomas prognosis. And through multiple analysis, the good predictive performance of HELLPAR/RRM2 axis for gliomas patients was confirmed. CONCLUSION This study provides multi-layered and multifaceted evidence for the importance of HMMR and establishes a HMMR-related ceRNA (HEELPAR-hsa-let-7i-5p-RRM2) overexpressed network related to the prognosis of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Zhu
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Jiacong Tan
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Xinyi Pan
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Honggutan New District, Jiangxi 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Hengyang Ouyang
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Honggutan New District, Jiangxi 330006 Nanchang, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yeyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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9
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Kitab B, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Regulatory Role of Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunit M2 in Hepatocyte Growth and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032619. [PMID: 36768940 PMCID: PMC9916403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) frequently causes chronic infection in the human liver, which may progress to advanced hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV primarily infects highly differentiated quiescent hepatocytes and can modulate cell cycle-regulatory genes and proliferation pathways, which ultimately contribute to persistent infection and pathogenesis. On the other hand, several studies have shown differential regulation of HCV RNA and viral protein expression levels, depending on the proliferation state of hepatocytes and the phase of the cell cycle. HCV typically requires factors provided by host cells for efficient and persistent viral replication. Previously, we found that HCV infection upregulates the expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) in quiescent hepatocytes. RRM2 is a rate-limiting protein that catalyzes de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, and its expression is highly regulated during various phases of the cell cycle. RRM2 functions as a pro-viral factor essential for HCV RNA synthesis, but its functional role in HCV-induced liver diseases remains unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the role of the hepatocyte cell cycle, in correlation with RRM2 expression, in the regulation of HCV replication. We also discuss the potential relevance of this protein in the pathogenesis of HCV, particularly in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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10
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Prognostic and Immunological Potential of Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunits in Liver Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:3878796. [PMID: 36713030 PMCID: PMC9883104 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3878796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) consists of two subunits, the large subunit RRM1 and the small subunit (RRM2 or RRM2B), which is essential for DNA replication. Dysregulations of RR were implicated in multiple types of cancer. However, the abnormal expressions and biologic functions of RR subunits in liver cancer remain to be elucidated. Methods TCGA, HCCDB, CCLE, HPA, cBioPortal, and GeneMANIA were utilized to perform bioinformatics analysis of RR subunits in the liver cancer. GO, KEGG, and GSEA were used for enrichment analysis. Results The expressions of RRM1, RRM2, and RRM2B were remarkably upregulated among liver cancer tissue both in mRNA and protein levels. High expression of RRM1 and RRM2 was notably associated with high tumor grade, high stage, short overall survival, and disease-specific survival. Enrichment analyses indicated that RRM1 and RRM2 were related to DNA replication, cell cycle, regulation of nuclear division, DNA repair, and DNA recombination. Correlation analysis indicated that RRM1 and RRM2 were significantly associated with several subsets of immune cell, including Th2 cells, cytotoxic cells, and neutrophils. RRM2B expression was positively associated with immune score and stromal score. Chemosensitivity analysis revealed that sensitivity of nelarabine was positively associated with high expressions of RRM1 and RRM2. The sensitivity of rapamycin was positively associated with high expressions of RRM2B. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated high expression profiles of RR subunits in liver cancer, which may provide novel insights for predicting the poor prognosis and increased chemosensitivity of liver cancer in clinic.
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11
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Burgin HJ, Crameri JJ, Stojanovski D, Sanchez MIGL, Ziemann M, McKenzie M. Stimulating Mitochondrial Biogenesis with Deoxyribonucleosides Increases Functional Capacity in ECHS1-Deficient Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12610. [PMID: 36293464 PMCID: PMC9604038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective treatments for mitochondrial disease has seen the development of new approaches, including those that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis to boost ATP production. Here, we examined the effects of deoxyribonucleosides (dNs) on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 (ECHS1) 'knockout' (KO) cells, which exhibit combined defects in both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). DNs treatment increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and the expression of mtDNA-encoded transcripts in both CONTROL (CON) and ECHS1 KO cells. DNs treatment also altered global nuclear gene expression, with key gene sets including 'respiratory electron transport' and 'formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling' increased in both CON and ECHS1 KO cells. Genes involved in OXPHOS complex I biogenesis were also upregulated in both CON and ECHS1 KO cells following dNs treatment, with a corresponding increase in the steady-state levels of holocomplex I in ECHS1 KO cells. Steady-state levels of OXPHOS complex V, and the CIII2/CIV and CI/CIII2/CIV supercomplexes, were also increased by dNs treatment in ECHS1 KO cells. Importantly, treatment with dNs increased both basal and maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption in ECHS1 KO cells when metabolizing either glucose or the fatty acid palmitoyl-L-carnitine. These findings highlight the ability of dNs to improve overall mitochondrial respiratory function, via the stimulation mitochondrial biogenesis, in the face of combined defects in OXPHOS and FAO due to ECHS1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison James Burgin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jordan James Crameri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - M. Isabel G. Lopez Sanchez
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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12
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Gu M, Lu Q, Liu Y, Cui M, Si Y, Wu H, Chai T, Ling HQ. Requirement and functional redundancy of two large ribonucleotide reductase subunit genes for cell cycle, chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in tomato. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:173-187. [PMID: 35700127 PMCID: PMC9445600 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), functioning in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), is crucial for DNA replication and cell cycle progression. In most plants, the large subunits of RNR have more than one homologous gene. However, the different functions of these homologous genes in plant development remain unknown. In this study, we obtained the mutants of two large subunits of RNR in tomato and studied their functions. METHODS The mutant ylc1 was obtained by ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) treatment. Through map-based cloning, complementation and knock-out experiments, it was confirmed that YLC1 encodes a large subunit of RNR (SlRNRL1). The expression level of the genes related to cell cycle progression, chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis was assessed by RNA-sequencing. In addition, we knocked out SlRNRL2 (a SlRNRL1 homologue) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology in the tomato genome, and we down-regulated SlRNRL2 expression in the genetic background of slrnrl1-1 using a tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system. KEY RESULTS The mutant slrnrl1 exhibited dwarf stature, chlorotic young leaves and smaller fruits. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses indicated that SlRNRL1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell cycle progression, chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in tomato. The slrnrl2 mutant did not exhibit any visible phenotype. SlRNRL2 has a redundant function with SlRNRL1, and the double mutant slrnrl1slrnrl2 is lethal. CONCLUSIONS SlRNRL1 is essential for cell cycle progression, chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In addition, SlRNRL1 and SlRNRL2 possess redundant functions and at least one of these RNRLs is required for tomato survival, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Man Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoqi Si
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tuanyao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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López-Gómez C, Cámara Y, Hirano M, Martí R. 232nd ENMC international workshop: Recommendations for treatment of mitochondrial DNA maintenance disorders. 16 - 18 June 2017, Heemskerk, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2022; 32:609-620. [PMID: 35641351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michio Hirano
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Tool for Studying Mutations in Nuclear Genes Involved in Diseases Caused by Mitochondrial DNA Instability. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121866. [PMID: 34946817 PMCID: PMC8701800 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is critical for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) since some subunits of the respiratory chain complexes are mitochondrially encoded. Pathological mutations in nuclear genes involved in the mtDNA metabolism may result in a quantitative decrease in mtDNA levels, referred to as mtDNA depletion, or in qualitative defects in mtDNA, especially in multiple deletions. Since, in the last decade, most of the novel mutations have been identified through whole-exome sequencing, it is crucial to confirm the pathogenicity by functional analysis in the appropriate model systems. Among these, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be a good model for studying mutations associated with mtDNA instability. This review focuses on the use of yeast for evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations in six genes, MPV17/SYM1, MRM2/MRM2, OPA1/MGM1, POLG/MIP1, RRM2B/RNR2, and SLC25A4/AAC2, all associated with mtDNA depletion or multiple deletions. We highlight the techniques used to construct a specific model and to measure the mtDNA instability as well as the main results obtained. We then report the contribution that yeast has given in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutant variants, in finding the genetic suppressors of the mitochondrial defects and in the discovery of molecules able to improve the mtDNA stability.
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15
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di Punzio G, Gilberti M, Baruffini E, Lodi T, Donnini C, Dallabona C. A Yeast-Based Repurposing Approach for the Treatment of Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndromes Led to the Identification of Molecules Able to Modulate the dNTP Pool. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212223. [PMID: 34830106 PMCID: PMC8621932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (MDS) are clinically heterogenous and often severe diseases, characterized by a reduction of the number of copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in affected tissues. In the context of MDS, yeast has proved to be both an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial pathologies and for the discovery of new therapies via high-throughput assays. Among the several genes involved in MDS, it has been shown that recessive mutations in MPV17 cause a hepatocerebral form of MDS and Navajo neurohepatopathy. MPV17 encodes a non selective channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but its physiological role and the nature of its cargo remains elusive. In this study we identify ten drugs active against MPV17 disorder, modelled in yeast using the homologous gene SYM1. All ten of the identified molecules cause a concomitant increase of both the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (mtdNTP) pool and mtDNA stability, which suggests that the reduced availability of DNA synthesis precursors is the cause for the mtDNA deletion and depletion associated with Sym1 deficiency. We finally evaluated the effect of these molecules on mtDNA stability in two other MDS yeast models, extending the potential use of these drugs to a wider range of MDS patients.
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16
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Cell Synchronization Protocols Based on Inhibition of DNA Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910759. [PMID: 34639098 PMCID: PMC8509769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronous cell populations are commonly used for the analysis of various aspects of cellular metabolism at specific stages of the cell cycle. Cell synchronization at a chosen cell cycle stage is most frequently achieved by inhibition of specific metabolic pathway(s). In this respect, various protocols have been developed to synchronize cells in particular cell cycle stages. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols for cell synchronization of mammalian cells based on the inhibition of synthesis of DNA building blocks-deoxynucleotides and/or inhibition of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action, examples of their use, and advantages and disadvantages are described with the aim of providing a guide for the selection of suitable protocol for different studied situations.
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17
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Li Y, Luo W, Zhang H, Wang C, Yu C, Jiang Z, Zhang W. Antitumor Mechanism of Hydroxycamptothecin via the Metabolic Perturbation of Ribonucleotide and Deoxyribonucleotide in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:4902. [PMID: 34443490 PMCID: PMC8398164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) is a natural plant extract isolated from Camptotheca acuminate. It has a broad spectrum of anticancer activity through inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I, which could affect DNA synthesis and lead to DNA damage. Thus, the action of SN38 against cancers could inevitably affect endogenous levels of ribonucleotide (RNs) and deoxyribonucleotide (dRNs) that play critical roles in many biological processes, especially in DNA synthesis and repair. However, the exact impact of SN38 on RNs and dRNs is yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effect and associated mechanism of SN38 in human colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cells. As a result, SN38 could decrease the cell viability and induce DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, cell cycle arrest and intracellular nucleotide metabolism were perturbed due to DNA damage response, of which ATP, UTP, dATP, and TTP may be the critical metabolites during the whole process. Combined with the expression of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates synthesis enzymes, our results demonstrated that the alteration and imbalance of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates caused by SN38 was mainly due to the de novo nucleotide synthesis at 24 h, and subsequently the salvage pathways at 48 h. The unique features of SN38 suggested that it might be recommended as an effective supplementary drug with an anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Wendi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Huixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Caiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Caiyuan Yu
- Faculty of Agroforestry and Medicine, The Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China;
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.)
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Li Y, Zhang HX, Luo WD, Lam CWK, Wang CY, Bai LP, Wong VKW, Zhang W, Jiang ZH. Profiling Ribonucleotide and Deoxyribonucleotide Pools Perturbed by Remdesivir in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647280. [PMID: 33995062 PMCID: PMC8120990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) has generated much anticipation for its moderate effect in treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the unsatisfactory survival rates of hospitalized patients limit its application to the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, improvement of antiviral efficacy of RDV is urgently needed. As a typical nucleotide analog, the activation of RDV to bioactive triphosphate will affect the biosynthesis of endogenous ribonucleotides (RNs) and deoxyribonucleotides (dRNs), which are essential to RNA and DNA replication in host cells. The imbalance of RN pools will inhibit virus replication as well. In order to investigate the effects of RDV on cellular nucleotide pools and on RNA transcription and DNA replication, cellular RNs and dRNs concentrations were measured by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, and the synthesis of RNA and DNA was monitored using click chemistry. The results showed that the IC50 values for BEAS-2B cells at exposure durations of 48 and 72 h were 25.3 ± 2.6 and 9.6 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Ten (10) μM RDV caused BEAS-2B arrest at S-phase and significant suppression of RNA and DNA synthesis after treatment for 24 h. In addition, a general increase in the abundance of nucleotides and an increase of specific nucleotides more than 2 folds were observed. However, the variation of pyrimidine ribonucleotides was relatively slight or even absent, resulting in an obvious imbalance between purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Interestingly, the very marked disequilibrium between cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and cytidine monophosphate might result from the inhibition of CTP synthase. Due to nucleotides which are also precursors for the synthesis of viral nucleic acids, the perturbation of nucleotide pools would block viral RNA replication. Considering the metabolic vulnerability of endogenous nucleotides, exacerbating the imbalance of nucleotide pools imparts great promise to enhance the efficacy of RDV, which possibly has special implications for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hui-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wen-Di Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
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20
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Maiuri T, Hung CL, Suart C, Begeja N, Barba-Bazan C, Peng Y, Savic N, Wong T, Truant R. DNA Repair in Huntington's Disease and Spinocerebellar Ataxias: Somatic Instability and Alternative Hypotheses. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:165-173. [PMID: 33579859 PMCID: PMC7990435 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of genome wide association studies (GWAS) in Huntington's disease (HD) research, driven by unbiased human data analysis, has transformed the focus of new targets that could affect age at onset. While there is a significant depth of information on DNA damage repair, with many drugs and drug targets, most of this development has taken place in the context of cancer therapy. DNA damage repair in neurons does not rely on DNA replication correction mechanisms. However, there is a strong connection between DNA repair and neuronal metabolism, mediated by nucleotide salvaging and the poly ADP-ribose (PAR) response, and this connection has been implicated in other age-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Validation of leads including the mismatch repair protein MSH3, and interstrand cross-link repair protein FAN1, suggest the mechanism is driven by somatic CAG instability, which is supported by the protective effect of CAA substitutions in the CAG tract. We currently do not understand: how somatic instability is triggered; the state of DNA damage within expanding alleles in the brain; whether this damage induces mismatch repair and interstrand cross-link pathways; whether instability mediates toxicity, and how this relates to human ageing. We discuss DNA damage pathways uncovered by HD GWAS, known roles of other polyglutamine disease proteins in DNA damage repair, and a panel of hypotheses for pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maiuri
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia L.K. Hung
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste Suart
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nola Begeja
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Barba-Bazan
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Peng
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Savic
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Wong
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ray Truant
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Jin CY, Du L, Nuerlan AH, Wang XL, Yang YW, Guo R. High expression of RRM2 as an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:3518-3535. [PMID: 33411689 PMCID: PMC7906179 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 may play a role as a potential prognostic biomarker in several cancers. In this study, we evaluated whether RRM2 gene expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between RRM2 expression and clinical features in patients with LUAD. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to examine the effect of RRM2 expression level in the overall survival, and a nomogram was performed to illustrate the correlation between the RRM2 gene expression and the risk of LUAD. TCGA data set was used for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We also performed a further experiment in vitro to assess the effect of RRM2 expression on the proliferation and invasive abilities of LUAD cells and its key signaling pathway proteins. Our results revealed that the expression level of RRM2 in patients with LUAD was much higher than that in normal tissues (p = 3.99e-32). High expression of RRM2 was significantly associated with tumor stage (IV vs. I: OR = 3.02, p = 0.012) and TNM classification (T2 vs. T1: OR = 1.88, p = 0.001; N2 vs. N0: OR = 2.69, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high expression of RRM2 was associated with a worse prognosis of LUAD compared low expression of RRM2 (p = 7.86e-04). Multivariate analysis showed that high RRM2 expression was an independent factor affecting overall survival (HR = 1.29, p < 0.001). The association between RRM2 gene expression and the risk of LUAD was presented in a nomogram. GSEA revealed that the cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, DNA replication, small cell lung cancer, apoptosis, and pathways in cancer were differentially enriched in patients with high expression of RRM2. RRM2 over-expression promoted the proliferation and invasive abilities of LUAD cells. RRM2 over-expression increased the activation of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin signaling pathways, and reduced the activation of p53 signaling pathway. In summary, high RRM2 expression is an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Jin
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Du
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - A-Han Nuerlan
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Wang
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong-Wei Yang
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chest Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
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22
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Inhibiting RRM2 to enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110996. [PMID: 33227712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RRM2, the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, is identified as a tumor promotor and therapeutic target. It is common to see the overexpression of RRM2 in chemo-resistant cancer cells and patients. RRM2 mediates the resistance of many chemotherapeutic drugs and could become the predictor for chemosensitivity and prognosis. Therefore, inhibition of RRM2 may be an effective means to enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. This review tries to discuss the mechanisms of RRM2 overexpression and the role of RRM2 in resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, we compile the studies on small interfering RNA targets RRM2, RRM2 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and other ways that could overcome the resistance of chemotherapy or exert synergistic anticancer activity with chemotherapy through the expression inhibition or the enzyme inactivation of RRM2.
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23
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Buj R, Chen CW, Dahl ES, Leon KE, Kuskovsky R, Maglakelidze N, Navaratnarajah M, Zhang G, Doan MT, Jiang H, Zaleski M, Kutzler L, Lacko H, Lu Y, Mills GB, Gowda R, Robertson GP, Warrick JI, Herlyn M, Imamura Y, Kimball SR, DeGraff DJ, Snyder NW, Aird KM. Suppression of p16 Induces mTORC1-Mediated Nucleotide Metabolic Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1971-1980.e8. [PMID: 31433975 PMCID: PMC6716532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism and cell cycle dysregulation are two cancer hallmarks. p16 is a cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor that is upregulated during oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Loss of p16 allows for uninhibited cell cycle progression, bypass of OIS, and tumorigenesis. Whether p16 loss affects pro-tumorigenic metabolism is unclear. We report that suppression of p16 plays a central role in reprogramming metabolism by increasing nucleotide synthesis. This occurs by activation of mTORC1 signaling, which directly mediates increased translation of the mRNA encoding ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA), a pentose phosphate pathway enzyme. p16 loss correlates with activation of the mTORC1-RPIA axis in multiple cancer types. Suppression of RPIA inhibits proliferation only in p16-low cells by inducing senescence both in vitro and in vivo. These data reveal the molecular basis whereby p16 loss modulates pro-tumorigenic metabolism through mTORC1-mediated upregulation of nucleotide synthesis and reveals a metabolic vulnerability of p16-null cancer cells. Senescence bypass through p16 loss predisposes to transformation and tumorigenesis. Buj et al. found that the loss of p16 upregulates nucleotide metabolism through increased mTORC1-mediated translation of RPIA to bypass senescence in an RB-independent manner. Thus, the mTORC1-RPIA axis is a metabolic vulnerability for p16-null cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Erika S Dahl
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kelly E Leon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Rostislav Kuskovsky
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Maithili Navaratnarajah
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Institute, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary T Doan
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Helen Jiang
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Zaleski
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lydia Kutzler
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Holly Lacko
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Institute, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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24
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Cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of RRM1 ensures efficient DNA replication and regulates cancer vulnerability to ATR inhibition. Oncogene 2020; 39:5721-5733. [PMID: 32712628 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) building blocks for DNA synthesis, and is a well-recognized target for cancer therapy. RNR is a heterotetramer consisting of two large RRM1 subunits and two small RRM2 subunits. RNR activity is greatly stimulated by transcriptional activation of RRM2 during S/G2 phase to ensure adequate dNTP supply for DNA replication. However, little is known about the cell-cycle-dependent regulation of RNR activity through RRM1. Here, we report that RRM1 is phosphorylated at Ser 559 by CDK2/cyclin A during S/G2 phase. And this S559 phosphorylation of RRM1enhances RNR enzymatic activity and is required for maintaining sufficient dNTPs during normal DNA replication. Defective RRM1 S559 phosphorylation causes DNA replication stress, double-strand break, and genomic instability. Moreover, combined targeting of RRM1 S559 phosphorylation and ATR triggers lethal replication stress and profound antitumor effects. Thus, this posttranslational phosphorylation of RRM1 provides an alternative mechanism to finely regulating RNR and therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.
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25
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Zhang J, Si J, Gan L, Zhou R, Guo M, Zhang H. Harnessing the targeting potential of differential radiobiological effects of photon versus particle radiation for cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1695-1711. [PMID: 32691425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major modalities for malignancy treatment. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged-particle beams, like proton and carbon ions, exhibit favourable depth-dose distributions and radiobiological enhancement over conventional low-LET photon irradiation, thereby marking a new era in high precision medicine. Tumour cells have developed multicomponent signal transduction networks known as DNA damage responses (DDRs), which initiate cell-cycle checkpoints and induce double-strand break (DSB) repairs in the nucleus by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination pathways, to manage ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA lesions. DNA damage induction and DSB repair pathways are reportedly dependent on the quality of radiation delivered. In this review, we summarise various types of DNA lesion and DSB repair mechanisms, upon irradiation with low and high-LET radiation, respectively. We also analyse factors influencing DNA repair efficiency. Inhibition of DNA damage repair pathways and dysfunctional cell-cycle checkpoint sensitises tumour cells to IR. Radio-sensitising agents, including DNA-PK inhibitors, Rad51 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, ATM/ATR inhibitors, chk1 inhibitors, wee1 kinase inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have been found to enhance cell killing by IR through interference with DDRs, cell-cycle arrest, or other cellular processes. The cotreatment of these inhibitors with IR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Ecological Impacts and Environmental Health Effects of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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DNA Damage Response and Metabolic Reprogramming in Health and Disease. Trends Genet 2020; 36:777-791. [PMID: 32684438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear DNA damage contributes to cellular malfunction and the premature onset of age-related diseases, including cancer. Until recently, the canonical DNA damage response (DDR) was thought to represent a collection of nuclear processes that detect, signal and repair damaged DNA. However, recent evidence suggests that beyond nuclear events, the DDR rewires an intricate network of metabolic circuits, fine-tunes protein synthesis, trafficking, and secretion as well as balances growth with defense strategies in response to genotoxic insults. In this review, we discuss how the active DDR signaling mobilizes extranuclear and systemic responses to promote cellular homeostasis and organismal survival in health and disease.
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27
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Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Strategies for fighting mitochondrial diseases. J Intern Med 2020; 287:665-684. [PMID: 32100338 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are extremely heterogeneous genetic conditions characterized by faulty oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS deficiency can be the result of mutation in mtDNA genes, encoding either proteins (13 subunits of the mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V) or the tRNA and rRNA components of the in situ mtDNA translation. The remaining mitochondrial disease genes are in the nucleus, encoding proteins with a huge variety of functions, from structural subunits of the mitochondrial complexes, to factors involved in their formation and regulation, components of the mtDNA replication and expression machinery, biosynthetic enzymes for the biosynthesis or incorporation of prosthetic groups, components of the mitochondrial quality control and proteostasis, enzymes involved in the clearance of toxic compounds, factors involved in the formation of the lipid milieu, etc. These different functions represent potential targets for 'general' therapeutic interventions, as they may be adapted to a number of different mitochondrial conditions. This is in contrast with 'tailored', personalized therapeutic approaches, such as gene therapy, cell therapy and organ replacement, that can be useful only for individual conditions. This review will present the most recent concepts emerged from preclinical work and the attempts to translate them into the clinics. The common notion that mitochondrial disorders have no cure is currently challenged by a massive effort of scientists and clinicians, and we do expect that thanks to this intensive investigation work and tangible results for the development of strategies amenable to the treatment of patients with these tremendously difficult conditions are not so far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viscomi
- From the, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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28
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Sommerville EW, Dalla Rosa I, Rosenberg MM, Bruni F, Thompson K, Rocha M, Blakely EL, He L, Falkous G, Schaefer AM, Yu‐Wai‐Man P, Chinnery PF, Hedstrom L, Spinazzola A, Taylor RW, Gorman GS. Identification of a novel heterozygous guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) variant in a patient with a late-onset disorder of mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Clin Genet 2020; 97:276-286. [PMID: 31600844 PMCID: PMC7004030 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO) is a late-onset, Mendelian mitochondrial disorder characterised by paresis of the extraocular muscles, ptosis, and skeletal-muscle restricted multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. Although dominantly inherited, pathogenic variants in POLG, TWNK and RRM2B are among the most common genetic defects of adPEO, identification of novel candidate genes and the underlying pathomechanisms remains challenging. We report the clinical, genetic and molecular investigations of a patient who presented in the seventh decade of life with PEO. Oxidative histochemistry revealed cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibres and occasional ragged red fibres showing subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulation in skeletal muscle, while molecular studies identified the presence of multiple mtDNA deletions. Negative candidate screening of known nuclear genes associated with PEO prompted diagnostic exome sequencing, leading to the prioritisation of a novel heterozygous c.547G>C variant in GMPR (NM_006877.3) encoding guanosine monophosphate reductase, a cytosolic enzyme required for maintaining the cellular balance of adenine and guanine nucleotides. We show that the novel c.547G>C variant causes aberrant splicing, decreased GMPR protein levels in patient skeletal muscle, proliferating and quiescent cells, and is associated with subtle changes in nucleotide homeostasis protein levels and evidence of disturbed mtDNA maintenance in skeletal muscle. Despite confirmation of GMPR deficiency, demonstrating marked defects of mtDNA replication or nucleotide homeostasis in patient cells proved challenging. Our study proposes that GMPR is the 19th locus for PEO and highlights the complexities of uncovering disease mechanisms in late-onset PEO phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen W. Sommerville
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Ilaria Dalla Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Francesco Bruni
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of Bari “ldo Moro”BariItaly
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mariana Rocha
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Emma L. Blakely
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Gavin Falkous
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Andrew M. Schaefer
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Patrick Yu‐Wai‐Man
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of BiologyBrandeis UniversityWalthamMA
- Department of ChemistryBrandeis University, 415 South St.WalthamMA
| | - Antonella Spinazzola
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesUCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Gráinne S. Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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29
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Franzolin E, Coletta S, Ferraro P, Pontarin G, D'Aronco G, Stevanoni M, Palumbo E, Cagnin S, Bertoldi L, Feltrin E, Valle G, Russo A, Bianchi V, Rampazzo C. SAMHD1‐deficient fibroblasts from Aicardi‐Goutières Syndrome patients can escape senescence and accumulate mutations. FASEB J 2019; 34:631-647. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902508r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Coletta
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Paola Ferraro
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisa Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Stefano Cagnin
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center University of Padova Padova Italy
- CIR‐Myo Myology Center University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Erika Feltrin
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Vera Bianchi
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
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DGCR8/ZFAT-AS1 Promotes CDX2 Transcription in a PRC2 Complex-Dependent Manner to Facilitate the Malignant Biological Behavior of Glioma Cells. Mol Ther 2019; 28:613-630. [PMID: 31813799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have found that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated and play an important regulatory role in the development of tumors. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, our findings from experiments, and the evidence of previous studies, we screened DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8), ZFAT antisense RNA 1 (ZFAT-AS1), and caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) as research candidates. In the present study, DGCR8 and CDX2 were highly expressed and ZFAT-AS1 was markedly downregulated in glioma tissues and cells. DGCR8 or CDX2 knockdown or ZFAT-AS1 overexpression suppressed glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and facilitated apoptosis. DGCR8 might decrease ZFAT-AS1 expression by attenuating its stability in a manner of inducing its cleavage. Importantly, ZFAT-AS1 could inhibit CDX2 transcription by mediating the methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) modification induced by PRC2 in the CDX2 promoter region. In addition, CDX2 transcriptionally activated DGCR8 expression by binding to its promoter regions, forming a positive feedback loop of DGCR8/ZFAT-AS1/CDX2. In conclusion, DGCR8/ZFAT-AS1 promotes CDX2 transcription in a PRC2 complex-dependent manner to facilitate the malignant biological behavior of glioma cells.
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31
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Goodnight AV, Kremsky I, Khampang S, Jung YH, Billingsley JM, Bosinger SE, Corces VG, Chan AWS. Chromatin accessibility and transcription dynamics during in vitro astrocyte differentiation of Huntington's Disease Monkey pluripotent stem cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 31722751 PMCID: PMC6852955 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's Disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion, resulting in a mutant huntingtin protein. While it is now clear that astrocytes are affected by HD and significantly contribute to neuronal dysfunction and pathogenesis, the alterations in the transcriptional and epigenetic profiles in HD astrocytes have yet to be characterized. Here, we examine global transcription and chromatin accessibility dynamics during in vitro astrocyte differentiation in a transgenic non-human primate model of HD. RESULTS We found global changes in accessibility and transcription across different stages of HD pluripotent stem cell differentiation, with distinct trends first observed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), once cells have committed to a neural lineage. Transcription of p53 signaling and cell cycle pathway genes was highly impacted during differentiation, with depletion in HD NPCs and upregulation in HD astrocytes. E2F target genes also displayed this inverse expression pattern, and strong associations between E2F target gene expression and accessibility at nearby putative enhancers were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that chromatin accessibility and transcription are altered throughout in vitro HD astrocyte differentiation and provide evidence that E2F dysregulation contributes to aberrant cell-cycle re-entry and apoptosis throughout the progression from NPCs to astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Goodnight
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Isaac Kremsky
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sujittra Khampang
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yoon Hee Jung
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor G Corces
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Screening of tumor-associated antigens based on Oncomine database and evaluation of diagnostic value of autoantibodies in lung cancer. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108262. [PMID: 31629809 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to discover novel tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to improve the diagnosis of lung cancer (LC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Oncomine database was used to discover potential TAAs from LC tissues, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of autoantibodies against TAAs in two independent sets (identification set, n = 368; validation set, n = 1011). RESULTS Analyses of sera from identification set showed that the sensitivity of autoantibodies against five TAAs (HMGB3, ZWINT, GREM1, NUSAP1 and MMP12) reached 57.1%, 42.4%, 38.0%, 36.4% and 20.7%, with area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.85, 0.75, 0.71, 0.73 and 0.70, respectively. It also validated the diagnostic performances of these autoantibodies with AUC of 0.72, 0.65, 0.61, 0.64 and 0.64, respectively. Autoantibody against HMGB3 exhibited significantly increased frequency in early LC (53.3%) compared to advanced LC (29.3%) (P < .05). The positive rates of autoantibody against HMGB3 and NUSAP1 in serum of LC patients without distant metastasis were significantly higher than that of distant metastatic LC (P < .05). When each of the three protein biomarkers (CEA, CA125 and CYFRA21-1) was combined with anti-HMGB3 autoantibody, the sensitivity of early LC increased to 72.7%, 63.3% and 75.9% from 36.4%, 13.3% and 27.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION Autoantibodies against 5 TAAs (HMGB3, ZWINT, GREM1, NUSAP1 and MMP12) might have favorable diagnostic values in LC detection, and autoantibody against HMGB3 has the potential to serve as a serological biomarker in early-stage LC. The combination of protein biomarkers and anti-HMGB3 might contribute to detection of early-stage LC.
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p53 prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity independently of its prototypical tumor suppressor activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19626-19634. [PMID: 31488712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904979116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that causes dose-dependent cardiotoxicity in a subset of treated patients, but the genetic determinants of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Here, we report that a noncanonical tumor suppressor activity of p53 prevents cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model induced by doxorubicin administered in divided low doses as in the clinics. While relatively preserved in wild-type (p53 +/+ ) state, mice deficient in p53 (p53 -/- ) developed left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after doxorubicin treatment. This functional decline in p53 -/- mice was associated with decreases in cardiac oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial genomic DNA (mtDNA) homeostasis. Notably, mice with homozygous knockin of the p53 R172H (p53 172H/H ) mutation, which like p53 -/- state lacks the prototypical tumor suppressor activities of p53 such as apoptosis but retains its mitochondrial biogenesis capacity, showed preservation of LV function and mitochondria after doxorubicin treatment. In contrast to p53-null state, wild-type and mutant p53 displayed distinct mechanisms of transactivating mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase 2 (p53R2), which are involved in mtDNA transcription and maintenance. Importantly, supplementing mice with a precursor of NAD+ prevented the mtDNA depletion and cardiac dysfunction. These findings suggest that loss of mtDNA contributes to cardiomyopathy pathogenesis induced by doxorubicin administered on a schedule simulating that in the clinics. Given a similar mtDNA protection role of p53 in doxorubicin-treated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, the mitochondrial markers associated with cardiomyopathy development observed in blood and skeletal muscle cells may have prognostic utility.
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Chen G, Luo Y, Warncke K, Sun Y, Yu DS, Fu H, Behera M, Ramalingam SS, Doetsch PW, Duong DM, Lammers M, Curran WJ, Deng X. Acetylation regulates ribonucleotide reductase activity and cancer cell growth. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3213. [PMID: 31324785 PMCID: PMC6642173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates (dNDPs) to provide dNTP precursors for DNA synthesis. Here, we report that acetylation and deacetylation of the RRM2 subunit of RNR acts as a molecular switch that impacts RNR activity, dNTP synthesis, and DNA replication fork progression. Acetylation of RRM2 at K95 abrogates RNR activity by disrupting its homodimer assembly. RRM2 is directly acetylated by KAT7, and deacetylated by Sirt2, respectively. Sirt2, which level peak in S phase, sustains RNR activity at or above a threshold level required for dNTPs synthesis. We also find that radiation or camptothecin-induced DNA damage promotes RRM2 deacetylation by enhancing Sirt2-RRM2 interaction. Acetylation of RRM2 at K95 results in the reduction of the dNTP pool, DNA replication fork stalling, and the suppression of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. This study therefore identifies acetylation as a regulatory mechanism governing RNR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Youwei Sun
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Madhusmita Behera
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Lammers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Walter J Curran
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Fakouri NB, Hansen TL, Desler C, Anugula S, Rasmussen LJ. From Powerhouse to Perpetrator-Mitochondria in Health and Disease. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020035. [PMID: 31083572 PMCID: PMC6627154 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the interaction between metabolic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and genomic instability. Unrepaired DNA damage in the nucleus resulting from excess accumulation of DNA damages and stalled replication can initiate cellular signaling responses that negatively affect metabolism and mitochondrial function. On the other hand, mitochondrial pathologies can also lead to stress in the nucleus, and cause sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. These are examples of how hallmarks of cancer and aging are connected and influenced by each other to protect humans from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima B Fakouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Thomas Lau Hansen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sharath Anugula
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Desler C, Lillenes MS, Tønjum T, Rasmussen LJ. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5578-5587. [PMID: 28618998 PMCID: PMC6446443 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170616110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current molecular understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has still not resulted in successful interventions. Mitochondrial dysfunction of the AD brain is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. One mitochondrial function often affected in AD is oxidative phosphorylation responsible for ATP production, but also for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. This paper reviews the role of mitochondrial produced ROS and pyrimidines in the aetiology of AD and their proposed role in oxidative degeneration of macromolecules, synthesis of essential phospholipids and maintenance of mitochondrial viability in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meryl S Lillenes
- Healthy Brain Aging Centre (HBAC), Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Healthy Brain Aging Centre (HBAC), Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Blázquez-Bermejo C, Carreño-Gago L, Molina-Granada D, Aguirre J, Ramón J, Torres-Torronteras J, Cabrera-Pérez R, Martín MÁ, Domínguez-González C, de la Cruz X, Lombès A, García-Arumí E, Martí R, Cámara Y. Increased dNTP pools rescue mtDNA depletion in human POLG-deficient fibroblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:7168-7179. [PMID: 30848931 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801591r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase γ catalytic subunit (POLG) gene encodes the enzyme responsible for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. Mutations affecting POLG are the most prevalent cause of mitochondrial disease because of defective mtDNA replication and lead to a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes characterized by mtDNA deletions or depletion. Enhancing mitochondrial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) synthesis effectively rescues mtDNA depletion in different models of defective mtDNA maintenance due to dNTP insufficiency. In this study, we studied mtDNA copy number recovery rates following ethidium bromide-forced depletion in quiescent fibroblasts from patients harboring mutations in different domains of POLG. Whereas control cells spontaneously recovered initial mtDNA levels, POLG-deficient cells experienced a more severe depletion and could not repopulate mtDNA. However, activation of deoxyribonucleoside (dN) salvage by supplementation with dNs plus erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (inhibitor of deoxyadenosine degradation) led to increased mitochondrial dNTP pools and promoted mtDNA repopulation in all tested POLG-mutant cells independently of their specific genetic defect. The treatment did not compromise POLG fidelity because no increase in multiple deletions or point mutations was detected. Our study suggests that physiologic dNTP concentration limits the mtDNA replication rate. We thus propose that increasing mitochondrial dNTP availability could be of therapeutic interest for POLG deficiency and other conditions in which mtDNA maintenance is challenged.-Blázquez-Bermejo, C., Carreño-Gago, L., Molina-Granada, D., Aguirre, J., Ramón, J., Torres-Torronteras, J., Cabrera-Pérez, R., Martín, M. Á., Domínguez-González, C., de la Cruz, X., Lombès, A., García-Arumí, E., Martí, R., Cámara, Y. Increased dNTP pools rescue mtDNA depletion in human POLG-deficient fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Blázquez-Bermejo
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Carreño-Gago
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josu Aguirre
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabrera-Pérez
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Neuromuscular, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier de la Cruz
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Anne Lombès
- Institut Cochin, INSERM Unité 1016-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104-Service de Biochimie Métabolique et Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Chromosomique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Towards a therapy for mitochondrial disease: an update. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1247-1261. [PMID: 30301846 PMCID: PMC6195631 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical work aimed at developing new therapies for mitochondrial diseases has recently given new hopes and opened unexpected perspectives for the patients affected by these pathologies. In contrast, only minor progresses have been achieved so far in the translation into the clinics. Many challenges are still ahead, including the need for a better characterization of the pharmacological effects of the different approaches and the design of appropriate clinical trials with robust outcome measures for this extremely heterogeneous, rare, and complex group of disorders. In this review, we will discuss the most important achievements and the major challenges in this very dynamic research field.
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39
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Tramentozzi E, Ferraro P, Hossain M, Stillman B, Bianchi V, Pontarin G. The dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity of SAMHD1 persists during S-phase when the enzyme is phosphorylated at T592. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1102-1114. [PMID: 30039733 PMCID: PMC6110608 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1480216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is the major catabolic enzyme regulating the intracellular concentrations of DNA precursors (dNTPs). The S-phase kinase CDK2-cyclinA phosphorylates SAMHD1 at Thr-592. How this modification affects SAMHD1 function is highly debated. We investigated the role of endogenous SAMHD1 phosphorylation during the cell cycle. Thr-592 phosphorylation occurs first at the G1/S border and is removed during mitotic exit parallel with Thr-phosphorylations of most CDK1 targets. Differential sensitivity to the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid suggested different involvement of the PP1 and PP2 families dependent upon the time of the cell cycle. SAMHD1 turn-over indicates that Thr-592 phosphorylation does not cause rapid protein degradation. Furthermore, SAMHD1 influenced the size of the four dNTP pools independently of its phosphorylation. Our findings reveal that SAMHD1 is active during the entire cell cycle and performs an important regulatory role during S-phase by contributing with ribonucleotide reductase to maintain dNTP pool balance for proper DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Ferraro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Manzar Hossain
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Stillman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Vera Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pontarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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40
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Ng N, Purshouse K, Foskolou IP, Olcina MM, Hammond EM. Challenges to DNA replication in hypoxic conditions. FEBS J 2018; 285:1563-1571. [PMID: 29288533 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The term hypoxia refers to any condition where insufficient oxygen is available and therefore encompasses a range of actual oxygen concentrations. The regions of tumours adjacent to necrotic areas are at almost anoxic levels and are known to be extremely therapy resistant (radiobiological hypoxia). The biological response to radiobiological hypoxia includes the rapid accumulation of replication stress and subsequent DNA damage response, including both ATR- and ATM-mediated signalling, despite the absence of detectable DNA damage. The causes and consequences of hypoxia-induced replication stress will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ng
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Karin Purshouse
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Iosifina P Foskolou
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Monica M Olcina
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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41
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Mauney CH, Hollis T. SAMHD1: Recurring roles in cell cycle, viral restriction, cancer, and innate immunity. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:96-110. [PMID: 29583030 PMCID: PMC6117824 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1454912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase that plays an important role in the homeostatic balance of cellular dNTPs. Its emerging role as an effector of innate immunity is affirmed by mutations in the SAMHD1 gene that cause the severe autoimmune disease, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) and that are linked to cancer. Additionally, SAMHD1 functions as a restriction factor for retroviruses, such as HIV. Here, we review the current biochemical and biological properties of the enzyme including its structure, activity, and regulation by post-translational modifications in the context of its cellular function. We outline open questions regarding the biology of SAMHD1 whose answers will be important for understanding its function as a regulator of cell cycle progression, genomic integrity, and in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Mauney
- a Department of Biochemistry , Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
| | - Thomas Hollis
- a Department of Biochemistry , Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
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42
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Buj R, Aird KM. Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate Metabolism in Cancer and Metabolic Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:177. [PMID: 29720963 PMCID: PMC5915462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool is critical for the proper replication and repair of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Temporal, spatial, and ratio imbalances of the four dNTPs have been shown to have a mutagenic and cytotoxic effect. It is, therefore, essential for cell homeostasis to maintain the balance between the processes of dNTP biosynthesis and degradation. Multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as c-Myc, p53, and mTORC1 feed into dNTP metabolism, and there is a clear role for dNTP imbalances in cancer initiation and progression. Additionally, multiple chemotherapeutics target these pathways to inhibit nucleotide synthesis. Less is understood about the role for dNTP levels in metabolic disorders and syndromes and whether alterations in dNTP levels change cancer incidence in these patients. For instance, while deficiencies in some metabolic pathways known to play a role in nucleotide synthesis are pro-tumorigenic (e.g., p53 mutations), others confer an advantage against the onset of cancer (G6PD). More recent evidence indicates that there are changes in nucleotide metabolism in diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance; however, whether these changes play a mechanistic role is unclear. In this review, we will address the complex network of metabolic pathways, whereby cells can fuel dNTP biosynthesis and catabolism in cancer, and we will discuss the potential role for this pathway in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Fang Z, Lin A, Chen J, Zhang X, Liu H, Li H, Hu Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Qiu L, Mei L, Shao J, Chen X. CREB1 directly activates the transcription of ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 and promotes the aggressiveness of human colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78055-78068. [PMID: 27801665 PMCID: PMC5363643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the small subunit of Ribonucleotide reductase (RR), RRM2 displays a very important role in various critical cellular processes such as cell proliferation, DNA repair, and senescence, etc. Importantly, RRM2 functions like a tumor driver in most types of cancer but little is known about the regulatory mechanism of RRM2 in cancer development. In this study, we found that the cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) acted as a transcription factor of RRM2 gene in human colorectal cancer (CRC). CREB1 directly bound to the promoter of RRM2 gene and induced its transcriptional activation. Knockdown of CREB1 decreased the expression of RRM2 at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, knockdown of RRM2 attenuated CREB1-induced aggressive phenotypes of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of the data from TCGA database and clinical CRC specimens with immunohistochemical staining also demonstrated a strong correlation between the co-expression of CREB1 and RRM2. Decreased disease survivals were observed in CRC patients with high expression levels of CREB1 or RRM2. Our results indicate CREB1 as a critical transcription factor of RRM2 which promotes tumor aggressiveness, and imply a significant correlation between CREB1 and RRM2 in CRC specimens. These may provide the possibility that CREB1 and RRM2 could be used as biomarkers or targets for CRC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Fang
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Aifen Lin
- Human Tissue Bank, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China
| | - Jiaoe Chen
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhejiang Normal University - Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Hongzhang Li
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Human Tissue Bank, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Human Tissue Bank, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China
| | - Lanlan Qiu
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Lingming Mei
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, Zhejiang, 317100, China
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Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by Endonuclease G deficiency requires reactive oxygen radicals accumulation and is inhibitable by the micropeptide humanin. Redox Biol 2018; 16:146-156. [PMID: 29502044 PMCID: PMC5952880 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The endonuclease G gene (Endog), which codes for a mitochondrial nuclease, was identified as a determinant of cardiac hypertrophy. How ENDOG controls cardiomyocyte growth is still unknown. Thus, we aimed at finding the link between ENDOG activity and cardiomyocyte growth. Endog deficiency induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and abnormal growth in neonatal rodent cardiomyocytes, altering the AKT-GSK3β and Class-II histone deacethylases (HDAC) signal transduction pathways. These effects were blocked by ROS scavengers. Lack of ENDOG reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication independently of ROS accumulation. Because mtDNA encodes several subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, whose activity is an important source of cellular ROS, we investigated whether Endog deficiency compromised the expression and activity of the respiratory chain complexes but found no changes in these parameters nor in ATP content. MtDNA also codes for humanin, a micropeptide with possible metabolic functions. Nanomolar concentrations of synthetic humanin restored normal ROS levels and cell size in Endog-deficient cardiomyocytes. These results support the involvement of redox signaling in the control of cardiomyocyte growth by ENDOG and suggest a pathway relating mtDNA content to the regulation of cell growth probably involving humanin, which prevents reactive oxygen radicals accumulation and hypertrophy induced by Endog deficiency. Endog deficiency induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and superoxide accumulation. Hypertrophy induced by Endog deficiency requires ROS accumulation. ENDOG is involved in mtDNA replication independently of ROS accumulation. Electron Transport Chain activity is not affected by Endog deficiency. Humanin restricts ROS accumulation and blocks cardiomyocyte growth.
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Azimi A, Majidinia M, Shafiei-Irannejad V, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Ahmadi Y, Karimian A, Mir SM, Karami H, Yousefi B. Suppression of p53R2 gene expression with specific siRNA sensitizes HepG2 cells to doxorubicin. Gene 2018; 642:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial diseases caused by instability of mitochondrial DNA. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:43-57. [PMID: 29344903 PMCID: PMC5799321 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are defined by a respiratory chain dysfunction and in most of the cases manifest as multisystem disorders with predominant expression in muscles and nerves and may be caused by mutations in mitochondrial (mtDNA) or nuclear (nDNA) genomes. Most of the proteins involved in respiratory chain function are nuclear encoded, although 13 subunits of respiratory chain complexes (together with 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs necessary for their translation) encoded by mtDNA are essential for cell function. nDNA encodes not only respiratory chain subunits but also all the proteins responsible for mtDNA maintenance, especially those involved in replication, as well as other proteins necessary for the transcription and copy number control of this multicopy genome. Mutations in these genes can cause secondary instability of the mitochondrial genome in the form of depletion (decreased number of mtDNA molecules in the cell), vast multiple deletions or accumulation of point mutations which in turn leads to mitochondrial diseases inherited in a Mendelian fashion. The list of genes involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance is long, and still incomplete.
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Chen J, Li S, Xiao Y, Zou X, Zhang X, Zhu M, Cai M, Xie D. p53R2 as a novel prognostic biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:846. [PMID: 29237424 PMCID: PMC5729457 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53R2 is a target of p53 gene, which is essential for DNA repair, mitochondrial DNA synthesis, protection against oxidative stress, chromosomal instability, chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study is aimed to investigate the expression of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) subunit p53R2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its significance in the prognosis. METHODS The expression levels of p53R2 in 201 patients with NPC were examined by immunohistochemical assay. The correlations of p53R2 expression and clinicopathological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient were analysed by chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox multivariate regression model were used to analyze the prognostic significance of the patients with NPC. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results showed that p53R2 was positively expressed in 92.5% (186/201) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the high expression rate was 38.3% (77/201). Further analysis observed that the negative correlation between expression of p53R2 and pT status had statistical significance (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis found that the mean survival time of patients with high expression of p53R2 was 143.32 months, while the patients with low expression level of p53R2 was 121.63 months (P < 0.05). Cox regression analysis suggested that p53R2 protein expression could be used as an independent prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study drew a conclusion that p53R2 could be used as a prognostic biomarker indicative of the favorable outcome for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Shuman Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Xiao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Mingshu Zhu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Muyan Cai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
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Narayanaswamy PB, Baral TK, Haller H, Dumler I, Acharya K, Kiyan Y. Transcriptomic pathway analysis of urokinase receptor silenced breast cancer cells: a microarray study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101572-101590. [PMID: 29254187 PMCID: PMC5731897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR) has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The multi-functionality of PLAUR is due to its capacity to interact with many co-receptors to regulate extracellular proteolysis and intracellular signaling. Recent reports are identifying novel functions of PLAUR which were not evident in the past; however, the molecular mechanisms of PLAUR signaling are not completely understood. Here, we have compared the transcriptomes of silencing control (sicon) and PLAUR silenced (PLAURsi) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells on treatment with radiation. We isolated RNA from the cells, synthesized cDNA and measured the gene expression changes by microarray. We identified 24 downregulated and 53 upregulated genes, which were significantly (P-value < 0.005) affected by PLAUR silencing. Our analysis revealed 415 canonical pathways and 743 causal disease networks affected on silencing PLAUR. Transcriptomic changes and predicted pathways supported and consolidated some of the earlier understanding in the context of PLAUR signaling; including our recent observations in DNA damage and repair process. In addition, we have identified several novel pathways where PLAUR is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan K Baral
- Shodhaka Life Sciences Private Limited, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inna Dumler
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kshitish Acharya
- Shodhaka Life Sciences Private Limited, Bengaluru, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yulia Kiyan
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Irwin CR, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Targeting Nucleotide Biosynthesis: A Strategy for Improving the Oncolytic Potential of DNA Viruses. Front Oncol 2017; 7:229. [PMID: 29018771 PMCID: PMC5622948 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of tumors depends upon elevated levels of dNTPs, and while dNTP concentrations are tightly regulated in normal cells, this control is often lost in transformed cells. This feature of cancer cells has been used to advantage to develop oncolytic DNA viruses. DNA viruses employ many different mechanisms to increase dNTP levels in infected cells, because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. By disrupting the virus-encoded gene(s) that normally promote dNTP biosynthesis, one can assemble oncolytic versions of these agents that replicate selectively in cancer cells. This review covers the pathways involved in dNTP production, how they are dysregulated in cancer cells, and the various approaches that have been used to exploit this biology to improve the tumor specificity of oncolytic viruses. In particular, we compare and contrast the ways that the different types of oncolytic virus candidates can directly modulate these processes. We limit our review to the large DNA viruses that naturally encode homologs of the cellular enzymes that catalyze dNTP biogenesis. Lastly, we consider how this knowledge might guide future development of oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Irwin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5-aza-2',2'-Difluoro Deoxycytidine (NUC013): A Novel Nucleoside DNA Methyl Transferase Inhibitor and Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030065. [PMID: 28726739 PMCID: PMC5620609 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes can be silenced genetically as well as epigenetically. One approach to reversing epigenetic suppression of tumor suppressor genes is to inhibit DNA methyl transferase. 5-aza-2′,2′-diflurorodeoxycytidine (NUC013) is a novel DNA methyl transferase and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that is a more potent inhibitor of growth than decitabine in the NCI 60 cancer cell line panel. NUC013 is more active than decitabine against p53-null/mutant cancer cell lines (p = 0.027) but is even more so against p53 wild-type (WT) cell lines (p = 0.0025). The maximum tolerated dose in mice of NUC013 is greater than 120 mg/kg administered intravenously for three consecutive days a week for three weeks. With this regimen and a dose of 20 mg/kg in a human leukemia HL-60 (p53-null) NCr-nu/nu mouse xenograft model (n = 10/group), NUC013 demonstrated a survival benefit (saline median survival (MS) = 26.5 days, NUC013 MS = 32 days and hazard ratio (HR) = 0.26 (p = 0.032)). In a colon cancer LoVo (TP53 WT) xenograft, mice treated with decitabine at 5 mg/kg had worse survival than saline controls (decitabine MS = 31 days, saline MS > 60 days and HR = 26.89 (p < 0.0001)). At a dose of 20 mg/kg NUC013, mean tumor volume in the LoVo xenografts was lower than controls by 50.9% and at 40 mg/kg by 53.7% (both p < 0.0001).
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