1
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Takeuchi K, Tomioka K. OpsinLW2 serves as a circadian photoreceptor in the entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythm of a firebrat. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 155:104636. [PMID: 38609008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photic entrainment is an essential function of the circadian clock, which enables organisms to set the appropriate timing of daily behavioral and physiological events. Recent studies have shown that the mechanisms of the circadian clock and photic entrainment vary among insect species. This study aimed to elucidate the circadian photoreceptors necessary for photic entrainment in firebrats Thermobia domestica, one of the most primitive apterygote insects. A homology search of publicly available RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data from T. domestica exhibited a cryptochrome 2 (cry2) gene and three opsin genes, opsin long wavelength 1 (opLW1), opLW2, and opUV, as candidate circadian photoreceptors. We examined the possible involvement of these genes in photic entrainment of firebrat locomotor rhythms. Firebrats had the highest entrainability to the light-dark cycle of green light. Treatment with dsRNA of the candidate genes strongly downregulated the respective targeted genes, and in the case of opsin genes, other untargeted genes were occasionally downregulated to various degrees. Under constant light, most control firebrats became arrhythmic, whereas a fraction of those treated with double RNAi of the two opLWs remained rhythmic. Behavioral experiments revealed that the transient cycles necessary for re-entrainment to shifted light cycles were lengthened when opLW2 expression was reduced. These results suggest that opLW2 is involved in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythm in firebrats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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2
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Yoshimoto T, Nishi M, Okikawa S, Yoshikawa K, Tokunaga T, Nakao T, Takasu C, Kashihara H, Wada Y, Noma T, Shimada M. Blue light irradiation inhibits the M2 polarization of the cancer-associated macrophages in colon cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:664. [PMID: 38822331 PMCID: PMC11140893 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that blue light-emitting diode (LED) light has anti-tumor effects, suggesting the possibility of using visible light in cancer therapy. However, the effects of blue light irradiation on cells in the tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are unknown. Here, THP-1 cells were cultured in the conditioned medium (CM) of HCT-116 cells to prepare TAMs. TAMs were divided into LED-irradiated and control groups. Then, the effects of blue LED irradiation on TAM activation were examined. Expression levels of M2 macrophage markers CD163 and CD206 expression were significantly decreased in LED-irradiated TAMs compared with the control group. While control TAM-CM could induce HCT-116 cell migration, these effects were not observed in cells cultured in TAM-CM with LED irradiation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion was significantly suppressed in LED-exposed TAMs. PD-L1 expression was upregulated in HCT-116 cells cultured with TAM-CM but attenuated in cells cultured with LED-irradiated TAM-CM. In an in vivo model, protein expression levels of F4/80 and CD163, which are TAM markers, were reduced in the LED-exposed group. These results indicate that blue LED light may have an inhibitory effect on TAMs, as well as anti-tumor effects on colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Noma
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
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3
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Wietek J, Nozownik A, Pulin M, Saraf-Sinik I, Matosevich N, Gowrishankar R, Gat A, Malan D, Brown BJ, Dine J, Imambocus BN, Levy R, Sauter K, Litvin A, Regev N, Subramaniam S, Abrera K, Summarli D, Goren EM, Mizrachi G, Bitton E, Benjamin A, Copits BA, Sasse P, Rost BR, Schmitz D, Bruchas MR, Soba P, Oren-Suissa M, Nir Y, Wiegert JS, Yizhar O. A bistable inhibitory optoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits. Nat Methods 2024:10.1038/s41592-024-02285-8. [PMID: 38811857 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Information is transmitted between brain regions through the release of neurotransmitters from long-range projecting axons. Understanding how the activity of such long-range connections contributes to behavior requires efficient methods for reversibly manipulating their function. Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, acting through endogenous G-protein-coupled receptor pathways, can be used to modulate synaptic transmission, but existing tools are limited in sensitivity, spatiotemporal precision or spectral multiplexing capabilities. Here we systematically evaluated multiple bistable opsins for optogenetic applications and found that the Platynereis dumerilii ciliary opsin (PdCO) is an efficient, versatile, light-activated bistable G-protein-coupled receptor that can suppress synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons with high temporal precision in vivo. PdCO has useful biophysical properties that enable spectral multiplexing with other optogenetic actuators and reporters. We demonstrate that PdCO can be used to conduct reversible loss-of-function experiments in long-range projections of behaving animals, thereby enabling detailed synapse-specific functional circuit mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wietek
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Adrianna Nozownik
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Pulin
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Inbar Saraf-Sinik
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Matosevich
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asaf Gat
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institut für Physiologie I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bobbie J Brown
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julien Dine
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; CNS Diseases, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Rivka Levy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Anna Litvin
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Regev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suraj Subramaniam
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Khalid Abrera
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dustin Summarli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Madeline Goren
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gili Mizrachi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Bitton
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Benjamin
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institut für Physiologie I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Rost
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Simon Wiegert
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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Zhang Z, Shi C, Han J, Ge X, Li N, Liu Y, Huang J, Chen S. Nonvisual system-mediated body color change in fish reveals nonvisual function of Opsin 3 in skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 252:112861. [PMID: 38335869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Body-color changes in many poikilothermic animals can occur quickly. This color change is generally initiated by visual system, followed by neuromuscular or neuroendocrine control. We have previously showed that the ventral skin color of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) presents golden yellow in dark environment and quickly changes to silvery white in light environment. In the present study, we found that the light-induced whitening of ventral skin color was independent of visual input. Using light-emitting diode sources of different wavelength with same luminance (150 lx) but different absolute irradiance (0.039-0.333 mW/cm2), we further found that the blue light (λmax = 480 nm, 0.107 mW/cm2) is more effectively in induction of whitening of ventral skin color in compare with other light sources. Interestingly, the result of RT-PCR showed opsin 3 transcripts expressed in xanthophores. Recombinant protein of Opsin 3 with 11-cis retinal formed functional blue-sensitive pigment, with an absorption maximum at 468 nm. The HEK293T cells transfected with Opsin 3 showed a blue light-evoked Ca2+ response. Knock-down of Opsin 3 expression blocked the light-induced xanthosomes aggregation in vitro. Moreover, the light-induced xanthosomes aggregation was mediated via Ca2+-PKC and Ca2+-CaMKII pathways, and relied on microtubules and dynein. Decrease of cAMP levels was a prerequisite for xanthosomes aggregation. Our results provide a unique organism model exhibiting light-induced quick body color change, which was independent of visual input but rather rely on non-visual function of Opsin 3 within xanthophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenchen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Key laboratory of fish applied biology and aquaculture in North China, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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5
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Sato K, Ohuchi H. Molecular Property, Manipulation, and Potential Use of Opn5 and Its Homologs. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168319. [PMID: 37865286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal opsin is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and binds retinal as a chromophore to form a photopigment. The Opsin 5 (Opn5) group within the animal opsin family comprises a diverse array of related proteins, such as Opn5m, a protein conserved across all vertebrate lineages including mammals, and other members like Opn5L1 and Opn5L2 found in non-mammalian vertebrate genomes, and Opn6 found in non-therian vertebrate genomes, along with Opn5 homologs present in invertebrates. Although these proteins collectively constitute a single clade within the molecular phylogenetic tree of animal opsins, they exhibit markedly distinct molecular characteristics in areas such as retinal binding properties, photoreaction, and G-protein coupling specificity. Based on their molecular features, they are believed to play a significant role in physiological functions. However, our understanding of their precise physiological functions and molecular characteristics is still developing and only partially realized. Furthermore, their unique molecular characteristics of Opn5-related proteins suggest a high potential for their use as optogenetic tools through more specialized manipulations. This review intends to encapsulate our current understanding of Opn5, discuss potential manipulations of its molecular attributes, and delve into its prospective utility in the burgeoning field of animal opsin optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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6
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Souto-Neto JA, David DD, Zanetti G, Sua-Cespedes C, Freret-Meurer NV, Moraes MN, de Assis LVM, Castrucci AMDL. Light-specific wavelengths differentially affect the exploration rate, opercular beat, skin color change, opsin transcripts, and the oxi-redox system of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111551. [PMID: 37972916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Light is a strong stimulus for the sensory and endocrine systems. The opsins constitute a large family of proteins that can respond to specific light wavelengths. Hippocampus reidi is a near-threatened seahorse that has a diverse color pattern and sexual dimorphism. Over the years, H. reidi's unique characteristics, coupled with its high demand and over-exploitation for the aquarium trade, have raised concerns about its conservation, primarily due to their significant impact on wild populations. Here, we characterized chromatophore types in juvenile and adult H. reidi in captivity, and the effects of specific light wavelengths with the same irradiance (1.20 mW/cm2) on color change, growth, and survival rate. The xanthophores and melanophores were the major components of H. reidi pigmentation with differences in density and distribution between life stages and sexes. In the eye and skin of juveniles, the yellow (585 nm) wavelength induced a substantial increase in melanin levels compared to the individuals kept under white light (WL), blue (442 nm), or red (650 nm) wavelengths. In addition, blue and yellow wavelengths led to a higher juvenile mortality rate in comparison to the other treatments. Adult seahorses showed a rhythmic color change over 24 h, the highest reflectance values were obtained in the light phase, representing a daytime skin lightening for individuals under WL, blue and yellow wavelength, with changes in the acrophase. The yellow wavelength was more effective on juvenile seahorse pigmentation, while the blue wavelength exerted a stronger effect on the regulation of adult physiological color change. Dramatic changes in the opsin mRNA levels were life stage-dependent, which may infer ontogenetic opsin functions throughout seahorses' development. Exposure to specific wavelengths differentially affected the opsins mRNA levels in the skin and eyes of juveniles. In the juveniles, skin transcripts of visual (rh1, rh2, and lws) and non-visual opsins (opn3 and opn4x) were higher in individuals under yellow light. While in the juvenile's eyes, only rh1 and rh2 had increased transcripts influenced by yellow light; the lws and opn3 mRNA levels were higher in juveniles' eyes under WL. Prolonged exposure to yellow wavelength stimulates a robust increase in the antioxidant enzymes sod1 and sod2 mRNA levels. Our findings indicate that changes in the visible light spectrum alter physiological processes at different stages of life in H. reidi and may serve as the basis for a broader discussion about the implications of artificial light for aquatic species in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Araújo Souto-Neto
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Micropollutants, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Dantas David
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Zanetti
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristhian Sua-Cespedes
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Nathália Moraes
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.
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7
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Bárez-López S, Bishop P, Searby D, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Male rat hypothalamic extraretinal photoreceptor Opsin3 is sensitive to osmotic stimuli and light. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13363. [PMID: 38192267 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The light-sensitive protein Opsin 3 (Opn3) is present throughout the mammalian brain; however, the role of Opn3 in this organ remains unknown. Since Opn3 encoded mRNA is modulated in the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to osmotic stimuli, we have explored by in situ hybridization the expression of Opn3 in these nuclei. We have demonstrated that Opn3 is present in the male rat magnocellular neurones expressing either the arginine vasopressin or oxytocin neuropeptides and that Opn3 increases in both neuronal types in response to osmotic stimuli, suggesting that Opn3 functions in both cell types and that it might be involved in regulating water balance. Using rat hypothalamic organotypic cultures, we have demonstrated that the hypothalamus is sensitive to light and that the observed light sensitivity is mediated, at least in part, by Opn3. The data suggests that hypothalamic Opn3 can mediate a light-sensitive role to regulate circadian homeostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Bishop
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel Searby
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Geng Y, Zou H, Guo Y, Huang M, Wu Y, Hou L. Chronic exposure to cortisone induces thyroid endocrine disruption and retinal dysfunction in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167022. [PMID: 37709101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cortisone has a large content in rivers because of its wide range of medical applications and elimination by organisms that naturally secrete it. As a steroid hormone, cortisone is recognized as a novel endocrine disruptor. Although ecotoxicological effects of the reproductive endocrine system have mainly been reported recently, thyroid endocrine in fish remains relatively less understood. Here, adult female zebrafish were exposed to cortisone at 0.0 (control), 3.2, 38.7, and 326.9 ng/L for 60 days. Evidence in this study came from fish behavior, hormone levels, gene expression, histological and morphological examinations. The results showed that THs (thyroid hormone) level disruption and pathohistological changes occurred in the thyroid gland, which may account for the gene expression changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland axis. Specifically, more conversion of T4 (thyroxine) to T3 (triiodothyronine) led to an increased TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) level in plasma. Severe thyroid tissue damage mainly occurred in the zebrafish exposed to 326.9 ng/L of cortisone. Meanwhile, consistent with the THs trend, the fish locomotion activity displayed more anxiety and excitement, the partial blockage of GABA (γ - aminobutyric acid) synthetic pathway genes might be the explanation of the underlying mechanism. Cortisone affected the gene expressions in the visual cycle and the circadian rhythm network also suggested interactions between thyroid endocrine disruption, retinal dysfunction, and abnormal behaviors of zebrafish. In summary, these findings suggest chronic exposure to cortisone induced various adverse effects in adult female zebrafish, which may help us better understand the risk of cortisone to fish in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hong Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanfang Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Manlin Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yashi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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9
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Matsuo R, Koyanagi M, Sugihara T, Shirata T, Nagata T, Inoue K, Matsuo Y, Terakita A. Functional characterization of four opsins and two G alpha subtypes co-expressed in the molluscan rhabdomeric photoreceptor. BMC Biol 2023; 21:291. [PMID: 38110917 PMCID: PMC10729476 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomeric photoreceptors of eyes in the terrestrial slug Limax are the typical invertebrate-type but unique in that three visual opsins (Gq-coupled rhodopsin, xenopsin, Opn5A) and one retinochrome, all belonging to different groups, are co-expressed. However, molecular properties including spectral sensitivity and G protein selectivity of any of them are not determined, which prevents us from understanding an advantage of multiplicity of opsin properties in a single rhabdomeric photoreceptor. To gain insight into the functional role of the co-expression of multiple opsin species in a photoreceptor, we investigated the molecular properties of the visual opsins in the present study. RESULTS First, we found that the fourth member of visual opsins, Opn5B, is also co-expressed in the rhabdomere of the photoreceptor together with previously identified three opsins. The photoreceptors were also demonstrated to express Gq and Go alpha subunits. We then determined the spectral sensitivity of the four visual opsins using biochemical and spectroscopic methods. Gq-coupled rhodopsin and xenopsin exhibit maximum sensitivity at ~ 456 and 475 nm, respectively, and Opn5A and Opn5B exhibit maximum sensitivity at ~ 500 and 470 nm, respectively, with significant UV sensitivity. Notably, in vitro experiments revealed that Go alpha was activated by all four visual opsins, in contrast to the specific activation of Gq alpha by Gq-coupled rhodopsin, suggesting that the eye photoreceptor of Limax uses complex G protein signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The eye photoreceptor in Limax expresses as many as four different visual opsin species belonging to three distinct classes. The combination of opsins with different spectral sensitivities and G protein selectivities may underlie physiological properties of the ocular photoreception, such as a shift in spectral sensitivity between dark- and light-adapted states. This may be allowed by adjustment of the relative contribution of the four opsins without neural networks, enabling a simple strategy for fine-tuning of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan.
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- The OMU Advanced Research Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Taishi Shirata
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsuo
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
- The OMU Advanced Research Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
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10
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Marcus DJ, Bruchas MR. Optical Approaches for Investigating Neuromodulation and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1119-1139. [PMID: 37429736 PMCID: PMC10595021 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that roughly 40% of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacological therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there remains a gap in our understanding of the physiologic and functional role of these receptors at the systems level. Although heterologous expression systems and in vitro assays have revealed a tremendous amount about GPCR signaling cascades, how these cascades interact across cell types, tissues, and organ systems remains obscure. Classic behavioral pharmacology experiments lack both the temporal and spatial resolution to resolve these long-standing issues. Over the past half century, there has been a concerted effort toward the development of optical tools for understanding GPCR signaling. From initial ligand uncaging approaches to more recent development of optogenetic techniques, these strategies have allowed researchers to probe longstanding questions in GPCR pharmacology both in vivo and in vitro. These tools have been employed across biologic systems and have allowed for interrogation of everything from specific intramolecular events to pharmacology at the systems level in a spatiotemporally specific manner. In this review, we present a historical perspective on the motivation behind and development of a variety of optical toolkits that have been generated to probe GPCR signaling. Here we highlight how these tools have been used in vivo to uncover the functional role of distinct populations of GPCRs and their signaling cascades at a systems level. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most targeted classes of proteins for pharmaceutical intervention, yet we still have a limited understanding of how their unique signaling cascades effect physiology and behavior at the systems level. In this review, we discuss a vast array of optical techniques that have been devised to probe GPCR signaling both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marcus
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion (D.J.M., M.R.B.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.J.M., M.R.B.), Department of Pharmacology (M.R.B.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.R.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion (D.J.M., M.R.B.), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.J.M., M.R.B.), Department of Pharmacology (M.R.B.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.R.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Andrabi M, Upton BA, Lang RA, Vemaraju S. An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:245-267. [PMID: 37196422 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-094018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or decode light information for adaptive advantage. In animals, the main light sensors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function is best described for the visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins for extraocular light sensing for seasonal behavior and camouflage. While it has long been believed that mammals do not have an extraocular light sensing capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) and neuropsin (OPN5) are both known to mediate extraocular light sensing in mice. Examples of this mediation include photoentrainment of circadian clocks in skin (by OPN5) and acute light-dependent regulation of metabolic pathways (by OPN3 and OPN5). This review summarizes current findings in the expanding field of extraocular photoreception and their relevance for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutahar Andrabi
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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12
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Hagio H, Koyama W, Hosaka S, Song AD, Narantsatsral J, Matsuda K, Sugihara T, Shimizu T, Koyanagi M, Terakita A, Hibi M. Optogenetic manipulation of Gq- and Gi/o-coupled receptor signaling in neurons and heart muscle cells. eLife 2023; 12:e83974. [PMID: 37589544 PMCID: PMC10435233 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit signals into cells depending on the G protein type. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we assessed the effectiveness of animal G-protein-coupled bistable rhodopsins that can be controlled into active and inactive states by light application using zebrafish. We expressed Gq- and Gi/o-coupled bistable rhodopsins in hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons, which are involved in locomotion, or in cardiomyocytes. Light stimulation of the reticulospinal V2a neurons expressing Gq-coupled spider Rh1 resulted in an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ level and evoked swimming behavior. Light stimulation of cardiomyocytes expressing the Gi/o-coupled mosquito Opn3, pufferfish TMT opsin, or lamprey parapinopsin induced cardiac arrest, and the effect was suppressed by treatment with pertussis toxin or barium, suggesting that Gi/o-dependent regulation of inward-rectifier K+ channels controls cardiac function. These data indicate that these rhodopsins are useful for optogenetic control of GPCR-mediated signaling in zebrafish neurons and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Hagio
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Wataru Koyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Shiori Hosaka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | - Koji Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Akihisa Terakita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
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13
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Wietek J, Nozownik A, Pulin M, Saraf-Sinik I, Matosevich N, Malan D, Brown BJ, Dine J, Levy R, Litvin A, Regev N, Subramaniam S, Bitton E, Benjamin A, Copits BA, Sasse P, Rost BR, Schmitz D, Soba P, Nir Y, Wiegert JS, Yizhar O. A bistable inhibitory OptoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547328. [PMID: 37425961 PMCID: PMC10327178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Information is transmitted between brain regions through the release of neurotransmitters from long-range projecting axons. Understanding how the activity of such long-range connections contributes to behavior requires efficient methods for reversibly manipulating their function. Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, acting through endogenous G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) pathways, can be used to modulate synaptic transmission, but existing tools are limited in sensitivity, spatiotemporal precision, or spectral multiplexing capabilities. Here we systematically evaluated multiple bistable opsins for optogenetic applications and found that the Platynereis dumerilii ciliary opsin (PdCO) is an efficient, versatile, light-activated bistable GPCR that can suppress synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons with high temporal precision in-vivo. PdCO has superior biophysical properties that enable spectral multiplexing with other optogenetic actuators and reporters. We demonstrate that PdCO can be used to conduct reversible loss-of-function experiments in long-range projections of behaving animals, thereby enabling detailed synapse-specific functional circuit mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wietek
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adrianna Nozownik
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Present address: Paris Brain Institute, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Pulin
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Present address: Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Inbar Saraf-Sinik
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Matosevich
- Sagol school of neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institut für Physiologie I, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bobbie J. Brown
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julien Dine
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; CNS Diseases, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rivka Levy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Litvin
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Regev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suraj Subramaniam
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Bitton
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Benjamin
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bryan A. Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institut für Physiologie I, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin R. Rost
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Soba
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol school of neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Present address: MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Tsukamoto H, Kubo Y. A self-inactivating invertebrate opsin optically drives biased signaling toward Gβγ-dependent ion channel modulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301269120. [PMID: 37186850 PMCID: PMC10214182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301269120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal opsins, light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, have been used for optogenetic tools to control G protein-dependent signaling pathways. Upon G protein activation, the Gα and Gβγ subunits drive different intracellular signaling pathways, leading to complex cellular responses. For some purposes, Gα- and Gβγ-dependent signaling needs to be separately modulated, but these responses are simultaneously evoked due to the 1:1 stoichiometry of Gα and Gβγ Nevertheless, we show temporal activation of G protein using a self-inactivating invertebrate opsin, Platynereis c-opsin1, drives biased signaling for Gβγ-dependent GIRK channel activation in a light-dependent manner by utilizing the kinetic difference between Gβγ-dependent and Gα-dependent responses. The opsin-induced transient Gi/o activation preferentially causes activation of the kinetically fast Gβγ-dependent GIRK channels rather than slower Gi/oα-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Although similar Gβγ-biased signaling properties were observed in a self-inactivating vertebrate visual pigment, Platynereis c-opsin1 requires fewer retinal molecules to evoke cellular responses. Furthermore, the Gβγ-biased signaling properties of Platynereis c-opsin1 are enhanced by genetically fusing with RGS8 protein, which accelerates G protein inactivation. The self-inactivating invertebrate opsin and its RGS8-fusion protein can function as optical control tools biased for Gβγ-dependent ion channel modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Tsukamoto
- Department of Biology, Kobe University, Kobe657-8501, Japan
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kubo
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama240-0193, Japan
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15
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Linne C, Mon KY, D’Souza S, Jeong H, Jiang X, Brown DM, Zhang K, Vemaraju S, Tsubota K, Kurihara T, Pardue MT, Lang RA. Encephalopsin (OPN3) is required for normal refractive development and the GO/GROW response to induced myopia. Mol Vis 2023; 29:39-57. [PMID: 37287644 PMCID: PMC10243678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive error and is increasing in prevalence. While significant efforts have been made to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to myopia, these variants are believed to account for only a small portion of the myopia prevalence, leading to a feedback theory of emmetropization, which depends on the active perception of environmental visual cues. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in studying myopia in the context of light perception, beginning with the opsin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Refractive phenotypes have been characterized in every opsin signaling pathway studied, leaving only Opsin 3 (OPN3), the most widely expressed and blue-light sensing noncanonical opsin, to be investigated for function in the eye and refraction. Methods Opn3 expression was assessed in various ocular tissues using an Opn3eGFP reporter. Weekly refractive development in Opn3 retinal and germline mutants from 3 to 9 weeks of age was measured using an infrared photorefractor and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Susceptibility to lens-induced myopia was then assessed using skull-mounted goggles with a -30 diopter experimental and a 0 diopter control lens. Mouse eye biometry was similarly tracked from 3 to 6 weeks. A myopia gene expression signature was assessed 24 h after lens induction for germline mutants to further assess myopia-induced changes. Results Opn3 was found to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells and a limited number of choroidal cells. Based on an assessment of Opn3 mutants, the OPN3 germline, but not retina conditional Opn3 knockout, exhibits a refractive myopia phenotype, which manifests in decreased lens thickness, shallower aqueous compartment depth, and shorter axial length, atypical of traditional axial myopias. Despite the short axial length, Opn3 null eyes demonstrate normal axial elongation in response to myopia induction and mild changes in choroidal thinning and myopic shift, suggesting that susceptibility to lens-induced myopia is largely unchanged. Additionally, the Opn3 null retinal gene expression signature in response to induced myopia after 24 h is distinct, with opposing Ctgf, Cx43, and Egr1 polarity compared to controls. Conclusions The data suggest that an OPN3 expression domain outside the retina can control lens shape and thus the refractive performance of the eye. Prior to this study, the role of Opn3 in the eye had not been investigated. This work adds OPN3 to the list of opsin family GPCRs that are implicated in emmetropization and myopia. Further, the work to exclude retinal OPN3 as the contributing domain in this refractive phenotype is unique and suggests a distinct mechanism when compared to other opsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Linne
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Khine Yin Mon
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shane D’Souza
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dillon M. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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16
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Karthikeyan R, Davies WI, Gunhaga L. Non-image-forming functional roles of OPN3, OPN4 and OPN5 photopigments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
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17
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Imai H, Kandori H. Functional diversity and evolution in animal rhodopsins: Report for the session 11. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 20:e201019. [PMID: 38362322 PMCID: PMC10865885 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v20.s019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Imai
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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18
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Lan Y, Zeng W, Wang Y, Dong X, Shen X, Gu Y, Zhang W, Lu H. Opsin 3 mediates UVA-induced keratinocyte supranuclear melanin cap formation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:238. [PMID: 36869204 PMCID: PMC9984416 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage is a major risk factor for skin cancer development. UV-induced redistribution of melanin near keratinocyte nuclei leads to the formation of a supranuclear cap, which acts as a natural sunscreen and protects DNA by absorbing and scattering UV radiation. However, the mechanism underlying the intracellular movement of melanin in nuclear capping is poorly understood. In this study, we found that OPN3 is an important photoreceptor in human epidermal keratinocytes and is critical for UVA-mediated supranuclear cap formation. OPN3 mediates supranuclear cap formation via the calcium-dependent G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and ultimately upregulates Dync1i1 and DCTN1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes via activating calcium/CaMKII, CREB, and Akt signal transduction. Together, these results clarify the role of OPN3 in regulating melanin cap formation in human epidermal keratinocytes, greatly expanding our understanding of the phototransduction mechanisms involved in physiological function in skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xian Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangguang Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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19
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Kojima K, Sudo Y. Convergent evolution of animal and microbial rhodopsins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5367-5381. [PMID: 36793294 PMCID: PMC9923458 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins, a family of photoreceptive membrane proteins, contain retinal as a chromophore and were firstly identified as reddish pigments from frog retina in 1876. Since then, rhodopsin-like proteins have been identified mainly from animal eyes. In 1971, a rhodopsin-like pigment was discovered from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum and named bacteriorhodopsin. While it was believed that rhodopsin- and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins were expressed only in animal eyes and archaea, respectively, before the 1990s, a variety of rhodopsin-like proteins (called animal rhodopsins or opsins) and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins (called microbial rhodopsins) have been progressively identified from various tissues of animals and microorganisms, respectively. Here, we comprehensively introduce the research conducted on animal and microbial rhodopsins. Recent analysis has revealed that the two rhodopsin families have common molecular properties, such as the protein structure (i.e., 7-transmembrane structure), retinal structure (i.e., binding ability to cis- and trans-retinal), color sensitivity (i.e., UV- and visible-light sensitivities), and photoreaction (i.e., triggering structural changes by light and heat), more than what was expected at the early stages of rhodopsin research. Contrastingly, their molecular functions are distinctively different (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors and photoisomerases for animal rhodopsins and ion transporters and phototaxis sensors for microbial rhodopsins). Therefore, based on their similarities and dissimilarities, we propose that animal and microbial rhodopsins have convergently evolved from their distinctive origins as multi-colored retinal-binding membrane proteins whose activities are regulated by light and heat but independently evolved for different molecular and physiological functions in the cognate organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
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20
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Vöcking O, Macias-Muñoz A, Jaeger SJ, Oakley TH. Deep Diversity: Extensive Variation in the Components of Complex Visual Systems across Animals. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243966. [PMID: 36552730 PMCID: PMC9776813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the evolution of complex (multi-part) systems is a fundamental topic in biology. One unanswered question is to what the extent do similar or different genes and regulatory interactions underlie similar complex systems across species? Animal eyes and phototransduction (light detection) are outstanding systems to investigate this question because some of the genetics underlying these traits are well characterized in model organisms. However, comparative studies using non-model organisms are also necessary to understand the diversity and evolution of these traits. Here, we compare the characteristics of photoreceptor cells, opsins, and phototransduction cascades in diverse taxa, with a particular focus on cnidarians. In contrast to the common theme of deep homology, whereby similar traits develop mainly using homologous genes, comparisons of visual systems, especially in non-model organisms, are beginning to highlight a "deep diversity" of underlying components, illustrating how variation can underlie similar complex systems across taxa. Although using candidate genes from model organisms across diversity was a good starting point to understand the evolution of complex systems, unbiased genome-wide comparisons and subsequent functional validation will be necessary to uncover unique genes that comprise the complex systems of non-model groups to better understand biodiversity and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vöcking
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stuart J. Jaeger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Todd H. Oakley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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High-performance optical control of GPCR signaling by bistable animal opsins MosOpn3 and LamPP in a molecular property-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204341119. [PMID: 36417444 PMCID: PMC9889881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204341119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical control of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is a highly valuable approach for comprehensive understanding of GPCR-based physiologies and controlling them precisely. However, optogenetics for GPCR signaling is still developing and requires effective and versatile tools with performance evaluation from their molecular properties. Here, we systematically investigated performance of two bistable opsins that activate Gi/Go-type G protein (mosquito Opn3 (MosOpn3) and lamprey parapinopsin (LamPP)) in optical control in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans. Transgenic worms expressing MosOpn3, which binds 13-cis retinal to form photopigments, in nociceptor neurons showed light-induced avoidance responses in the presence of all-trans retinal, a retinal isomer ubiquitously present in every tissue, like microbial rhodopsins and unlike canonical vertebrate opsins. Remarkably, transgenic worms expressing MosOpn3 were ~7,000 times more sensitive to light than transgenic worms expressing ChR2 in this light-induced behavior, demonstrating the advantage of MosOpn3 as a light switch. LamPP is a UV-sensitive bistable opsin having complete photoregenerative ability by green light. Accordingly, transgenic worms expressing LamPP in cholinergic motor neurons stopped moving upon violet light illumination and restored coordinate movement upon green light illumination, demonstrating color-dependent control of behavior using LamPP. Furthermore, we applied molecular engineering to produce MosOpn3-based tools enabling light-dependent upregulation of cAMP or Ca2+ levels and LamPP-based tool enabling clamping cAMP levels color dependently and context independently, extending their usability. These findings define the capacity of two bistable opsins with similar retinal requirement as ChR2, providing numerous strategies for optical control of various GPCR-based physiologies as well as GPCR signaling itself.
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22
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Palecanda S, Iwanicki T, Steck M, Porter ML. Crustacean conundrums: a review of opsin diversity and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210289. [PMID: 36058240 PMCID: PMC9441232 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of crustacean vision is lacking compared to the more well-studied vertebrates and insects. While crustacean visual systems are typically conserved morphologically, the molecular components (i.e. opsins) remain understudied. This review aims to characterize opsin diversity across crustacean lineages for an integrated view of visual system evolution. Using publicly available data from 95 species, we identified opsin sequences and classified them by clade. Our analysis produced 485 putative visual opsins and 141 non-visual opsins. The visual opsins were separated into six clades: long wavelength sensitive (LWS), middle wavelength sensitive (MWS) 1 and 2, short wavelength or ultraviolet sensitive (SWS/UVS) and a clade of thecostracan opsins, with multiple LWS and MWS opsin copies observed. The SWS/UVS opsins were relatively conserved in most species. The crustacean classes Cephalocarida, Remipedia and Hexanauplia exhibited reduced visual opsin diversity compared to others, with the malacostracan decapods having the highest opsin diversity. Non-visual opsins were identified from all investigated classes except Cephalocarida. Additionally, a novel clade of non-visual crustacean-specific, R-type opsins (Rc) was discovered. This review aims to provide a framework for future research on crustacean vision, with an emphasis on the need for more work in spectral characterization and molecular analysis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Palecanda
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Thomas Iwanicki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mireille Steck
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Megan L. Porter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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23
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Koyanagi M, Honda H, Yokono H, Sato R, Nagata T, Terakita A. Expression of a homologue of a vertebrate non-visual opsin Opn3 in the insect photoreceptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210274. [PMID: 36058246 PMCID: PMC9441228 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect vision starts with light absorption by visual pigments based on opsins that drive Gq-type G protein-mediated phototransduction. Since Drosophila, the most studied insect in vision research, has only Gq-coupled opsins, the Gq-mediated phototransduction has been solely focused on insect vision for decades. However, genome projects on mosquitos uncovered non-canonical insect opsin genes, members of the Opn3 or c-opsin group composed of vertebrate and invertebrate non-visual opsins. Here, we report that a homologue of Opn3, MosOpn3 (Asop12) is expressed in eyes of a mosquito Anopheles stephensi. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that MosOpn3 is expressed in dorsal and ventral ommatidia, in which only R7 photoreceptor cells express MosOpn3. We also found that Asop9, a Gq-coupled visual opsin, exhibited co-localization with MosOpn3. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that Asop9 forms a blue-sensitive opsin-based pigment. Thus, the Gi/Go-coupled opsin MosOpn3, which forms a green-sensitive pigment, is co-localized with Asop9, a Gq-coupled opsin that forms a blue-sensitive visual pigment. Since these two opsin-based pigments trigger different phototransduction cascades, the R7 photoreceptors could generate complex photoresponses to blue to green light. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Honda
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yokono
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryu Sato
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms. Although their application in neuroscience has traditionally focused on the control of spiking activity at the somatodendritic level, the scope of optogenetic modulators for direct manipulation of presynaptic functions is growing. Presynaptically localized opsins combined with light stimulation at the terminals allow light-mediated neurotransmitter release, presynaptic inhibition, induction of synaptic plasticity and specific manipulation of individual components of the presynaptic machinery. Here, we describe presynaptic applications of optogenetic tools in the context of the unique cell biology of axonal terminals, discuss their potential shortcomings and outline future directions for this rapidly developing research area.
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25
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Dong X, Zeng W, Zhang W, Lan Y, Wang Y, Feng J, Gu L, Lu H. Opsin 3 Regulates Melanogenesis in Human Congenital Melanocytic Nevus Cells via Functional Interaction with BRAFV600E. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3020-3029.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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26
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Yoshimoto T, Shimada M, Tokunaga T, Nakao T, Nishi M, Takasu C, Kashihara H, Wada Y, Okikawa S, Yoshikawa K. Blue light irradiation inhibits the growth of colon cancer and activation of cancer‑associated fibroblasts. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:104. [PMID: 35417035 PMCID: PMC9019302 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation with a specific wavelength of light using light‑emitting diodes (LEDs) has various effects on cells and organisms. Recently, the antitumor effects of visible blue light on tumor cells were reported; however, the mechanism and effects on the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. Human colon cancer cells (HCT‑116) were injected into the rectal wall of nude mice. Tumors were irradiated with a 465‑nm LED light at 30 mW/cm2 for 30 min. Tumor volumes and the expression levels of opsin 3 (Opn3), autophagy‑related factors, cancer‑associated fibroblast (CAF) markers, and programmed cell death 1‑ligand (PD‑L1) were measured. Additionally, human intestinal fibroblasts were cultured in HCT116‑conditioned medium (CM) to prepare CAFs. CAFs were divided into an LED group and a control group, and the effect of the LED light on CAF activation in colon cancer cells was examined. Irradiation with blue LED light suppressed tumor growth; Opn3 expression was localized to the cell membrane in the LED group. Irradiated tumors exhibited increased autophagy‑related gene expression. Furthermore, in the LED group, TGF‑β and α‑SMA expression levels in the fibroblasts were decreased. Regarding CAFs, α‑SMA and IL‑6 expression levels were decreased in the LED group. HCT‑116 cells cultured in CAF‑CM with LED irradiation showed no enhanced migration or invasion. In the HCT‑116 cells cultured in CM of CAFs irradiated with LED, the relative increase in PD‑L1 expression was lower than that noted in the CAF‑CM without LED irradiation. Blue LED light may have a direct antitumor effect on colon cancer and also an inhibitory effect on CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
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27
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McDowell RJ, Rodgers J, Milosavljevic N, Lucas RJ. Divergent G-protein selectivity across melanopsins from mice and humans. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274359. [PMID: 35274137 PMCID: PMC8977054 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin is an opsin photopigment and light-activated G-protein-coupled receptor; it is expressed in photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) and can be employed as an optogenetic tool. Mammalian melanopsins can signal via Gq/11 and Gi/o/t heterotrimeric G proteins, but aspects of the mRGC light response appear incompatible with either mode of signalling. We use live-cell reporter assays in HEK293T cells to show that melanopsins from mice and humans can also signal via Gs. We subsequently show that this mode of signalling is substantially divergent between species. The two established structural isoforms of mouse melanopsin (which differ in the length of their C-terminal tail) both signalled strongly through all three G-protein classes (Gq/11, Gi/o and Gs), whereas human melanopsin showed weaker signalling through Gs. Our data identify Gs as a new mode of signalling for mammalian melanopsins and reveal diversity in G-protein selectivity across mammalian melanopsins. Summary: The photopigment melanopsin (OPN4), which provides inner retinal photoreception in mammals, shows light-dependent activation of Gs G protein that is more pronounced for mouse than human photopigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J McDowell
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jessica Rodgers
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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28
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Abstract
Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina in 1876, but a different type of rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, was reported to be present in the cell membrane of an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation of pigmented tissue and cell bodies, recent progress in genomic and metagenomic analyses has revealed that there are more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins and 9000 animal rhodopsins with large diversity and tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the diversity of functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms and optogenetic applications of these two rhodopsin families, and will also highlight the third distinctive rhodopsin family, heliorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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29
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Kojima K. [Biophysical and Biochemical Research of Animal Rhodopsins]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1155-1160. [PMID: 34602512 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opsins (also called animal rhodopsins) are universal photoreceptive proteins that provide the molecular basis of visual and nonvisual photoreception in animals, including humans. Opsins consist of seven helical α-transmembrane domains and use retinal, a derivative of vitamin A, as a chromophore. In many opsins, light absorption triggers photo-isomerization from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, resulting in activation via dynamic structural changes in the protein moiety. Activated opsins stimulate cognate trimeric G proteins to induce signal transduction cascades in cells. Recently, molecular and physiological analyses of diverse opsins have progressively advanced. This review introduces the molecular basis and physiological functions of opsins. Based on the functions of opsins, I will discuss the potential of opsins as target molecules to treat and prevent visual and nonvisual diseases such as sleep disorder and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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30
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Opsins outside the eye and the skin: a more complex scenario than originally thought for a classical light sensor. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:519-538. [PMID: 34236517 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of melanopsin as a retinal non-visual photopigment, opsins have been described in several organs and cells. This distribution is strikingly different from the classical localization of photopigments in light-exposed tissues such as the eyes and the skin. More than 10 years ago, a new paradigm in the field was created as opsins were shown, to detect not only light, but also thermal energy in Drosophila. In agreement with these findings, thermal detection by opsins was also reported in mammalian cells. Considering the presence of opsins in tissues not reached by light, an intriguing question has emerged: What is the role of a classical light-sensor, and more recently appreciated thermo-sensor, in these tissues? To tackle this question, we address in this review the most recent studies in the field, with emphasis in mammals. We provide the present view about the role of opsins in peripheral tissues, aiming to integrate the current knowledge of the presence and function of opsins in organs that are not directly affected by light.
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31
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TGF-β2 upregulates tyrosinase activity via Opsin3 in human skin melanocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2679-2689. [PMID: 34029574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Opsin3 (OPN3) is a potential key regulator of human melanocyte melanogenesis. How OPN3-mediated regulation of melanocyte melanogenesis is triggered is largely unclear. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) can inhibit the growth of human melanocytes and reduce melanin synthesis in melanocytes. However, whether TGF-β2 can modulate pigmentation in normal human primary melanocytes via OPN3 is entirely unknown. Here, we constructed a co-culture model with human epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes. Higher OPN3, tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 expression and higher tyrosinase activity were detected in co-cultured cells than in mono-cultured cells. Moreover, elevated levels of TGF-β2 were detected in the culture supernatant of melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes. OPN3 inhibition in melanocytes decreased TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2 expression and downregulated tyrosinase activity. Our findings indicate that TGF-β2 upregulates TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression in human melanocytes via OPN3 and downstream calcium-dependent G protein-coupled signalling pathways to induce melanogenesis. Interestingly, treatment with the TGF-β2 receptor inhibitor LY2109761 (10 μM) did not inhibit TGF-β2-induced melanocyte melanogenesis via OPN3. Collectively, our data suggest that TGF-β2 upregulates tyrosinase activity via OPN3 through a TGF-β2R-independent and calcium-dependent G protein-coupled signalling pathway.
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32
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Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin. Neuron 2021; 109:1621-1635.e8. [PMID: 33979634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Information is carried between brain regions through neurotransmitter release from axonal presynaptic terminals. Understanding the functional roles of defined neuronal projection pathways requires temporally precise manipulation of their activity. However, existing inhibitory optogenetic tools have low efficacy and off-target effects when applied to presynaptic terminals, while chemogenetic tools are difficult to control in space and time. Here, we show that a targeting-enhanced mosquito homolog of the vertebrate encephalopsin (eOPN3) can effectively suppress synaptic transmission through the Gi/o signaling pathway. Brief illumination of presynaptic terminals expressing eOPN3 triggers a lasting suppression of synaptic output that recovers spontaneously within minutes in vitro and in vivo. In freely moving mice, eOPN3-mediated suppression of dopaminergic nigrostriatal afferents induces a reversible ipsiversive rotational bias. We conclude that eOPN3 can be used to selectively suppress neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals with high spatiotemporal precision, opening new avenues for functional interrogation of long-range neuronal circuits in vivo.
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33
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Koyanagi M, Saito T, Wada S, Nagata T, Kawano-Yamashita E, Terakita A. Optogenetic Potentials of Diverse Animal Opsins: Parapinopsin, Peropsin, LWS Bistable Opsin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:141-151. [PMID: 33398811 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal opsin-based pigments are light-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which drive signal transduction cascades via G-proteins. Thousands of animal opsins have been identified, and molecular phylogenetic and biochemical analyses have revealed the unexpected diversity in selectivity of G-protein activation and photochemical property. Here we discuss the optogenetic potentials of diverse animal opsins, particularly recently well-characterized three non-canonical opsins, parapinopsin, peropsin, and LWS bistable opsin. Unlike canonical opsins such as vertebrate visual opsins that have been conventionally used for optogenetic applications, these opsins are bistable; opsin-based pigments do not release the chromophore retinal after light absorption, and the stable photoproducts revert to their original dark states upon subsequent light absorption. Parapinopsins have a "complete photoregeneration ability," which allows a clear color-dependent regulation of signal transductions. On the other hand, peropsins serve as a "dark-active and light-inactivated" GPCR to regulate signal transductions in the opposite way compared with usual opsins. In addition, an LWS bistable opsin from a butterfly was revealed to be the longest wavelength-sensitive animal opsin with its absorption maximum at ~570 nm. The property-dependent optical regulations of signal transductions were demonstrated in mammalian cultured cells, showing potentials of new optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoka Saito
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Wada
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Kawano-Yamashita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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Wu AD, Dan W, Zhang Y, Vemaraju S, Upton BA, Lang RA, Buhr ED, Berkowitz DE, Gallos G, Emala CW, Yim PD. Opsin 3-G αs Promotes Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation Modulated by G Protein Receptor Kinase 2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:59-68. [PMID: 33058732 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0392oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we characterized blue light-mediated relaxation (photorelaxation) of airway smooth muscle (ASM) and implicated the involvement of opsin 3 (OPN3), an atypical opsin. In the present study, we characterized the cellular signaling mechanisms of photorelaxation. We confirmed the functional role of OPN3 in blue light photorelaxation using trachea from OPN3 null mice (maximal relaxation 52 ± 13% compared with wild-type mice 90 ± 4.3%, P < 0.05). We then demonstrated colocalization of OPN3 and Gαs using co-IP and proximity ligation assays in primary human ASM cells, which was further supported by an increase in cAMP in mouse trachea treated with blue light compared with dark controls (23 ± 3.6 vs. 14 ± 2.6 pmol cAMP/ring, P < 0.05). Downstream PKA (protein kinase A) involvement was shown by inhibiting photorelaxation using Rp-cAMPS (P < 0.0001). Moreover, we observed converging mechanisms of desensitization by chronic β2-agonist exposure in mouse trachea and correlated this finding with colocalization of OPN3 and GRK2 (G protein receptor kinase) in primary human ASM cells. Finally, an overexpression model of OPN1LW (a red light photoreceptor in the same opsin family) in human ASM cells showed an increase in intracellular cAMP levels following red light exposure compared with nontransfected cells (48 ± 13 vs. 13 ± 2.1 pmol cAMP/mg protein, P < 0.01), suggesting a conserved photorelaxation mechanism for wavelengths of light that are more tissue penetrant. Together, these results demonstrate that blue light photorelaxation in ASM is mediated by the OPN3 receptor interacting with Gαs, which increases cAMP levels, activating PKA and modulated by GRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - William Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute.,Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, and
| | - Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute.,Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, and.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program.,Medical Scientist Training Program, and
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute.,Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, and.,Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ethan D Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - George Gallos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter D Yim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Dan W, Park GH, Vemaraju S, Wu AD, Perez K, Rao M, Berkowitz DE, Lang RA, Yim PD. Light-Mediated Inhibition of Colonic Smooth Muscle Constriction and Colonic Motility via Opsin 3. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744294. [PMID: 34975518 PMCID: PMC8716924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsin photoreceptors outside of the central nervous system have been shown to mediate smooth muscle photorelaxation in several organs. We hypothesized that opsin receptor activation in the colon would have a similar effect and influence colonic motility. We detected Opsin 3 (OPN3) protein expression in the colonic wall and demonstrated that OPN3 was present in enteric neurons in the muscularis propria of the murine colon. Precontracted murine colon segments demonstrated blue light (BL) -mediated relaxation ex vivo. This photorelaxation was wavelength specific and was increased with the administration of the chromophore 9-cis retinal and a G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor. Light-mediated relaxation of the colon was not inhibited by L-NAME or tetrodotoxin (TTX). Furthermore, BL exposure in the presence of 9-cis retinal decreased the frequency of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMC) in spontaneously contracting mouse colons ex vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time a receptor-mediated photorelaxation of colonic smooth muscle and implicate opsins as possible new targets in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ga Hyun Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Amy D Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peter D Yim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Optogenetic Modulation of Ion Channels by Photoreceptive Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:73-88. [PMID: 33398808 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In these 15 years, researches to control cellular responses by light have flourished dramatically to establish "optogenetics" as a research field. In particular, light-dependent excitation/inhibition of neural cells using channelrhodopsins or other microbial rhodopsins is the most powerful and the most widely used optogenetic technique. New channelrhodopsin-based optogenetic tools having favorable characteristics have been identified from a wide variety of organisms or created through mutagenesis. Despite the great efforts, some neuronal activities are still hard to be manipulated by the channelrhodopsin-based tools, indicating that complementary approaches are needed to make optogenetics more comprehensive. One of the feasible and complementary approaches is optical control of ion channels using photoreceptive proteins other than channelrhodopsins. In particular, animal opsins can modulate various ion channels via light-dependent G protein activation. In this chapter, we summarize how such alternative optogenetic tools work and they will be improved.
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Kandori H. History and Perspectives of Ion-Transporting Rhodopsins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:3-19. [PMID: 33398804 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first light-sensing proteins used in optogenetics were rhodopsins. The word "rhodopsin" originates from the Greek words "rhodo" and "opsis," indicating rose and sight, respectively. Although the classical meaning of rhodopsin is the red-colored pigment in our eyes, the modern meaning of rhodopsin encompasses photoactive proteins containing a retinal chromophore in animals and microbes. Animal and microbial rhodopsins possess 11-cis and all-trans retinal, respectively, to capture light in seven transmembrane α-helices, and photoisomerizations into all-trans and 13-cis forms, respectively, initiate each function. We are able to find ion-transporting proteins in microbial rhodopsins, such as light-gated channels and light-driven pumps, which are the main tools in optogenetics. In this chapter, historical aspects and molecular properties of rhodopsins are introduced. In the first part, "what is rhodopsin?", general introduction of rhodopsin is presented. Then, molecular mechanism of bacteriorodopsin, a light-driven proton pump and the best-studied microbial rhodopsin, is described. In the section of channelrhodopsin, the light-gated ion channel, molecular properties, and several variants are introduced. As the history has proven, understanding the molecular mechanism of microbial rhodopsins is a prerequisite for useful functional design of optogenetics tools in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry & OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.
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Smith MA, Waugh DA, McBurney DL, George JC, Suydam RS, Thewissen JGM, Crish SD. A comparative analysis of cone photoreceptor morphology in bowhead and beluga whales. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2376-2390. [PMID: 33377221 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cetacean visual system is a product of selection pressures favoring underwater vision, yet relatively little is known about it across taxa. Previous studies report several mutations in the opsin genetic sequence in cetaceans, suggesting the evolutionary complete or partial loss of retinal cone photoreceptor function in mysticete and odontocete lineages, respectively. Despite this, limited anatomical evidence suggests cone structures are partially maintained but with absent outer and inner segments in the bowhead retina. The functional consequence and anatomical distributions associated with these unique cone morphologies remain unclear. The current study further investigates the morphology and distribution of cone photoreceptors in the bowhead whale and beluga retina and evaluates the potential functional capacity of these cells' alternative to photoreception. Refined histological and advanced microscopic techniques revealed two additional cone morphologies in the bowhead and beluga retina that have not been previously described. Two proteins involved in magnetosensation were present in these cone structures suggesting the possibility for an alternative functional role in responding to changes in geomagnetic fields. These findings highlight a revised understanding of the unique evolution of cone and gross retinal anatomy in cetaceans, and provide prefatory evidence of potential functional reassignment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA.,Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - David A Waugh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Denise L McBurney
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John C George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik, Alaska, USA
| | - Robert S Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik, Alaska, USA
| | - Johannes G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:59-83. [PMID: 33231827 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a number of novel non-visual opsin photopigments belonging to the family of G protein- coupled receptors, likely involved in a number of non-image-forming processes, have been identified and characterized in cells of the inner retina of vertebrates. It is now known that the vertebrate retina is composed of visual photoreceptor cones and rods responsible for diurnal/color and nocturnal/black and white vision, and cells like the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and photosensitive horizontal cells in the inner retina, both detecting blue light and expressing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4). Remarkably, these non-visual photopigments can continue to operate even in the absence of vision under retinal degeneration. Moreover, inner retinal neurons and Müller glial cells have been shown to express other photopigments such as the photoisomerase retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR), encephalopsin (Opn3), and neuropsin (Opn5), all able to detect blue/violet light and implicated in chromophore recycling, retinal clock synchronization, neuron-to-glia communication, and other activities. The discovery of these new photopigments in the inner retina of vertebrates is strong evidence of novel light-regulated activities. This review focuses on the features, localization, photocascade, and putative functions of these novel non-visual opsins in an attempt to shed light on their role in the inner retina of vertebrates and in the physiology of the whole organism.
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Buscone S, Mardaryev AN, Westgate GE, Uzunbajakava NE, Botchkareva NV. Cryptochrome 1 is modulated by blue light in human keratinocytes and exerts positive impact on human hair growth. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:271-277. [PMID: 33141439 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivation of cryptochrome-family proteins by blue light is a well-established reaction regulating physiology of plants, fungi, bacteria, insects and birds, while impact of blue light on cryptochrome synthesis and/or activity in human non-visual cells remains unknown. Here, we show that 453 nm blue light induces cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) accumulation in human keratinocytes and the hair follicle. CRY1 is prominently expressed in the human anagen hair follicle, including epithelial stem cells. Specific silencing of CRY1 promotes catagen, while stimulation of CRY1 by KL001 prolongs anagen ex vivo by altering the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and proliferation. Together, our study identifies a role for CRY1 in sustaining human hair growth. Previously, we demonstrated positive effects of 453 nm blue light on hair growth ex vivo. Taken all together, our study suggests that CRY1 might mediate blue light-dependent positive effects on hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Buscone
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei N Mardaryev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Gillian E Westgate
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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41
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Yamaguchi K, Koyanagi M, Kuraku S. Visual and nonvisual opsin genes of sharks and other nonosteichthyan vertebrates: Genomic exploration of underwater photoreception. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:968-976. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) Kobe Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) Kobe Japan
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Comparative eye and liver differentially expressed genes reveal monochromatic vision and cancer resistance in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Genomics 2020; 112:4817-4826. [PMID: 32890699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus is an oceanic pelagic shark found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. However, the understanding of its biology at molecular level is still incipient. We sequenced the messenger RNA isolated from eye and liver tissues. De novo transcriptome yielded a total of 705,940 transcripts. A total of 3774 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), with 1612 in the eye and 2162 in the liver. Most DEGs in the eye were related to structural and signaling functions, including nonocular and ocular opsin genes, whereas nine out of ten most overexpressed genes in the liver were related to tumor suppression, wound healing, and human diseases. Furthermore, DEGs findings provide insights on the monochromatic shark vision and a repertory of cancer-related genes, which may be insightful to elucidate shark resistance to cancer. Therefore, our results provide valuable sequence resources for future functional and population studies.
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Olinski LE, Tsuda AC, Kauer JA, Oancea E. Endogenous Opsin 3 (OPN3) Protein Expression in the Adult Brain Using a Novel OPN3-mCherry Knock-In Mouse Model. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0107-20.2020. [PMID: 32737180 PMCID: PMC7477952 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0107-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The opsins have been studied extensively for their functions in visual phototransduction; however, the mechanisms underlying extraocular opsin signaling remain poorly understood. The first mammalian extraocular opsin to be discovered, opsin 3 (OPN3), was found in the brain more than two decades ago, yet its function remains unknown. A significant hindrance to studying OPN3 has been a lack of specific antibodies against mammalian OPN3, resulting in an incomplete understanding of its expression in the brain. Although Opn3 promoter-driven reporter mice have been generated to examine general OPN3 localization, they lack the regulated expression of the endogenous protein and the ability to study its subcellular localization. To circumvent these issues, we have created a knock-in OPN3-mCherry mouse model in which the fusion protein OPN3-mCherry is expressed under the endogenous Opn3 promoter. Viable and fertile homozygotes for the OPN3-mCherry allele were used to create an extensive map of OPN3-mCherry expression across the adult mouse brain. OPN3-mCherry was readily visualized in distinct layers of the cerebral cortex (CTX), the hippocampal formation (HCF), distinct nuclei of the thalamus, as well as many other regions in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Our mouse model offers a new platform to investigate the function of OPN3 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Olinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Ayumi C Tsuda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Julie A Kauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Duchatelet L, Delroisse J, Mallefet J. Bioluminescence in lanternsharks: Insight from hormone receptor localization. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113488. [PMID: 32272132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of the study of their bioluminescence, the deep-sea lanternshark Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri (Chondrichthyes, Etmopteridae) received growing interest over the past ten years. These mesopelagic sharks produce light thanks to a finely tuned hormonal control involving melatonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Receptors of these hormones, respectively the melatonin receptors and the melanocortin receptors, are all members of the G-protein coupled receptor family i.e. coupled with specific G proteins involved in the preliminary steps of their transduction pathways. The present study highlights the specific localization of the hormonal receptors, as well as of their associated G-proteins within the light organs, the so-called photophores, in E. spinax and E. molleri through immunohistofluorescence technic. Our results allow gaining insight into the molecular actors and mechanisms involved in the control of the light emission in Etmopterid sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- University of Mons - UMONS, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Avenue du Champs de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium
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From extraocular photoreception to pigment movement regulation: a new control mechanism of the lanternshark luminescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10195. [PMID: 32576969 PMCID: PMC7311519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The velvet belly lanternshark, Etmopterus spinax, uses counterillumination to disappear in the surrounding blue light of its marine environment. This shark displays hormonally controlled bioluminescence in which melatonin (MT) and prolactin (PRL) trigger light emission, while α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) play an inhibitory role. The extraocular encephalopsin (Es-Opn3) was also hypothesized to act as a luminescence regulator. The majority of these compounds (MT, α-MSH, ACTH, opsin) are members of the rapid physiological colour change that regulates the pigment motion within chromatophores in metazoans. Interestingly, the lanternshark photophore comprises a specific iris-like structure (ILS), partially composed of melanophore-like cells, serving as a photophore shutter. Here, we investigated the role of (i) Es-Opn3 and (ii) actors involved in both MT and α-MSH/ACTH pathways on the shark bioluminescence and ILS cell pigment motions. Our results reveal the implication of Es-Opn3, MT, inositol triphosphate (IP3), intracellular calcium, calcium-dependent calmodulin and dynein in the ILS cell pigment aggregation. Conversely, our results highlighted the implication of the α-MSH/ACTH pathway, involving kinesin, in the dispersion of the ILS cell pigment. The lanternshark luminescence then appears to be controlled by the balanced bidirectional motion of ILS cell pigments within the photophore. This suggests a functional link between photoreception and photoemission in the photogenic tissue of lanternsharks and gives precious insights into the bioluminescence control of these organisms.
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Hara T, Hiratsuka T, Etoh T, Itai Y, Kono Y, Shiroshita H, Shiraishi N, Inomata M. Intraperitoneal Phototherapy Suppresses Inflammatory Reactions in a Surgical Model of Peritonitis. J Surg Res 2020; 252:231-239. [PMID: 32299011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard treatment for diffuse peritonitis due to colorectal perforation may be insufficient to suppress inflammatory reaction in sepsis. Thus, developing new treatments is important. This study aimed to examine whether intraperitoneal irradiation by artificial sunlight suppresses inflammatory reaction in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis model after surgical treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were divided into naive, nontreatment (NT), and phototherapy (PT) groups. In the latter two groups, LPS was intraperitoneally administered to induce peritonitis and removed by intraperitoneal lavage after laparotomy. The PT group was irradiated with artificial sunlight intraperitoneally. We evaluated the local and systemic inflammatory reactions. Murine macrophages were irradiated with artificial sunlight after stimulation by LPS, and cell viability and expression of tumor necrotizing factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. RESULTS As a local inflammatory reaction, the whole cell count, the expression of interleukin-6 and TNF-α in the intra-abdominal fluid, and the peritoneal thickness were significantly lower in the PT group than in the NT group. As a systematic inflammatory reaction, the expression of serum TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β were significantly lower in the PT group than in the NT group. Irradiation by artificial sunlight suppressed the expression of TNF-α in murine macrophages without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal irradiation by artificial sunlight could suppress local and systemic inflammatory reactions in the LPS-induced peritonitis murine model. These effects may be associated with macrophage immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Etoh
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Itai
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Yohei Kono
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Shiroshita
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Norio Shiraishi
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery for Community Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
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Cell-autonomous light sensitivity via Opsin3 regulates fuel utilization in brown adipocytes. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000630. [PMID: 32040503 PMCID: PMC7034924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opsin3 (Opn3) is a transmembrane heptahelical G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) with the potential to produce a nonvisual photoreceptive effect. Interestingly, anatomical profiling of GPCRs reveals that Opn3 mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue. The photosensitive functions of Opn3 in mammals are poorly understood, and whether Opn3 has a role in fat is entirely unknown. In this study, we found that Opn3-knockout (Opn3-KO) mice were prone to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. At the cellular level, Opn3-KO brown adipocytes cultured in darkness had decreased glucose uptake and lower nutrient-induced mitochondrial respiration than wild-type (WT) cells. Light exposure promoted mitochondrial activity and glucose uptake in WT adipocytes but not in Opn3-KO cells. Brown adipocytes carrying a defective mutation in Opn3’s putative G protein–binding domain also exhibited a reduction in glucose uptake and mitochondrial respiration in darkness. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified several novel light-sensitive and Opn3-dependent molecular signatures in brown adipocytes. Importantly, direct exposure of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to light in living mice significantly enhanced thermogenic capacity of BAT, and this effect was diminished in Opn3-KO animals. These results uncover a previously unrecognized cell-autonomous, light-sensing mechanism in brown adipocytes via Opn3-GPCR signaling that can regulate fuel metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. Our work also provides a molecular basis for developing light-based treatments for obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis and serves as a metabolic sink for glucose and fatty acid. This study demonstrates a novel light-sensing mechanism in mice via the photoreceptor Opsin3 that regulates fuel utilization and mitochondrial activity of brown adipocytes.
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Nayak G, Zhang KX, Vemaraju S, Odaka Y, Buhr ED, Holt-Jones A, Kernodle S, Smith AN, Upton BA, D'Souza S, Zhan JJ, Diaz N, Nguyen MT, Mukherjee R, Gordon SA, Wu G, Schmidt R, Mei X, Petts NT, Batie M, Rao S, Hogenesch JB, Nakamura T, Sweeney A, Seeley RJ, Van Gelder RN, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Lang RA. Adaptive Thermogenesis in Mice Is Enhanced by Opsin 3-Dependent Adipocyte Light Sensing. Cell Rep 2020; 30:672-686.e8. [PMID: 31968245 PMCID: PMC7341981 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all life forms can detect and decode light information for adaptive advantage. Examples include the visual system, in which photoreceptor signals are processed into virtual images, and the circadian system, in which light entrains a physiological clock. Here we describe a light response pathway in mice that employs encephalopsin (OPN3, a 480 nm, blue-light-responsive opsin) to regulate the function of adipocytes. Germline null and adipocyte-specific conditional null mice show a light- and Opn3-dependent deficit in thermogenesis and become hypothermic upon cold exposure. We show that stimulating mouse adipocytes with blue light enhances the lipolysis response and, in particular, phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase. This response is Opn3 dependent. These data establish a key mechanism in which light-dependent, local regulation of the lipolysis response in white adipocytes regulates energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Nayak
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin X Zhang
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Odaka
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ethan D Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Amanda Holt-Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stace Kernodle
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - April N Smith
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shane D'Souza
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jesse J Zhan
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicolás Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Minh-Thanh Nguyen
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shannon A Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xue Mei
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nathan T Petts
- Division of Clinical Engineering, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew Batie
- Division of Clinical Engineering, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sujata Rao
- The Cleveland Clinic, Ophthalmic Research, 9500 Euclid Avenue, OH 44195, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Alison Sweeney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Wang Y, Lan Y, Lu H. Opsin3 Downregulation Induces Apoptosis of Human Epidermal Melanocytes via Mitochondrial Pathway. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:83-93. [PMID: 31730232 PMCID: PMC7004086 DOI: 10.1111/php.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are core switches connecting excellular survival or death signals with cellular signaling pathways in a context‐dependent manner. Opsin 3 (OPN3) belongs to the GPCR superfamily. However, whether OPN3 can control the survival or death of human melanocytes is not known. Here, we try to investigate the inherent function of OPN3 on the survival of melanocytes. Our results demonstrate that OPN3 knockdown by RNAi‐OPN3 in human epidermal melanocytes leads to cell apoptosis. The downregulation of OPN3 markedly reduces intracellular calcium levels and decreases phosphorylation of BAD. Attenuated BAD phosphorylation and elevated BAD protein level alter mitochondria membrane permeability, which trigger activation of BAX and inhibition of BCL‐2 and raf‐1. Activated BAX results in the release of cytochrome c and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytochrome c complexes associate with caspase 9, forming a postmitochondrial apoptosome that activate effector caspases including caspase 3 and caspase 7. The release of apoptotic molecules eventually promotes the occurrence of apoptosis. In conclusion, we hereby are the first to prove that OPN3 is a key signal responsible for cell survival through a calcium‐dependent G protein‐coupled signaling and mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yinghua Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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50
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Roy D, Levi K, Kiss V, Nevo R, Eisenbach M. Rhodopsin and melanopsin coexist in mammalian sperm cells and activate different signaling pathways for thermotaxis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:112. [PMID: 31924821 PMCID: PMC6954197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, various opsin types, known to be involved in vision, were demonstrated to be present in human and mouse sperm cells and to be involved there in thermosensing for thermotaxis. In vision, each opsin type is restricted to specific cells. The situation in this respect in sperm cells is not known. It is also not known whether or not both signaling pathways, found to function in sperm thermotaxis, are each activated by specific opsins, as in vision. Here we addressed these questions. Choosing rhodopsin and melanopsin as test cases and employing immunocytochemical analysis with antibodies against these opsins, we found that the majority of sperm cells were stained by both antibodies, indicating that most of the cells contained both opsins. By employing mutant mouse sperm cells that do not express melanopsin combined with specific signaling inhibitors, we furthermore demonstrated that rhodopsin and melanopsin each activates a different pathway. Thus, in mammalian sperm thermotaxis, as in vision, rhodopsin and melanopsin each triggers a different signaling pathway but, unlike in vision, both opsin types coexist in the same sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarun Roy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kohava Levi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladimir Kiss
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Eisenbach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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