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Baek S, Kim H, Hwang H, Kaba AM, Kim H, Chung M, Kim J, Kim D. A Laser-Micromachined PCB Electrolytic Micropump Using an Oil-Based Electrolyte Separation Barrier. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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2
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Uvarov IV, Svetovoy VB. Nanoreactors in action for a durable microactuator using spontaneous combustion of gases in nanobubbles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20895. [PMID: 36463383 PMCID: PMC9719487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies report enhancement of chemical reactions on water microdroplets or inside nanobubbles in water. This finding promises exciting applications, although the mechanism of the reaction acceleration is still not clear. Specifically, the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen and oxygen in nanobubbles opens the way to fabricate truly microscopic engines. An example is an electrochemical membrane actuator with all three dimensions in the micrometer range. The actuator is driven by short voltage pulses of alternating polarity, which generate only nanobubbles. The device operation is, however, restricted by a fast degradation of the electrodes related to a high current density. Here it is demonstrated that the actuator with ruthenium electrodes does not show signs of degradation in the long-term operation. It is the only material able to withstand the extreme conditions of the alternating polarity electrolysis. This property is due to combination of a high mechanical hardness and metallic conductivity of ruthenium oxide. The actuator combines two features considered impossible: on-water catalysis and combustion in a microscopic volume. It provides an exceptional opportunity to drive autonomous microdevices especially for medical or biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V Uvarov
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology, Yaroslavl Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya 21, Yaroslavl, 150007, Russia
| | - Vitaly B Svetovoy
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31 bld. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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3
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Modeling programmable drug delivery in bioelectronics with electrochemical actuation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026405118. [PMID: 33836613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026405118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems featuring electrochemical actuation represent an emerging class of biomedical technology with programmable volume/flowrate capabilities for localized delivery. Recent work establishes applications in neuroscience experiments involving small animals in the context of pharmacological response. However, for programmable delivery, the available flowrate control and delivery time models fail to consider key variables of the drug delivery system--microfluidic resistance and membrane stiffness. Here we establish an analytical model that accounts for the missing variables and provides a scalable understanding of each variable influence in the physics of delivery process (i.e., maximum flowrate, delivery time). This analytical model accounts for the key parameters--initial environmental pressure, initial volume, microfluidic resistance, flexible membrane, current, and temperature--to control the delivery and bypasses numerical simulations allowing faster system optimization for different in vivo experiments. We show that the delivery process is controlled by three nondimensional parameters, and the volume/flowrate results from the proposed analytical model agree with the numerical results and experiments. These results have relevance to the many emerging applications of programmable delivery in clinical studies within the neuroscience and broader biomedical communities.
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4
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Zhang Y, Castro DC, Han Y, Wu Y, Guo H, Weng Z, Xue Y, Ausra J, Wang X, Li R, Wu G, Vázquez-Guardado A, Xie Y, Xie Z, Ostojich D, Peng D, Sun R, Wang B, Yu Y, Leshock JP, Qu S, Su CJ, Shen W, Hang T, Banks A, Huang Y, Radulovic J, Gutruf P, Bruchas MR, Rogers JA. Battery-free, lightweight, injectable microsystem for in vivo wireless pharmacology and optogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21427-21437. [PMID: 31601737 PMCID: PMC6815115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909850116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacology and optogenetics are widely used in neuroscience research to study the central and peripheral nervous systems. While both approaches allow for sophisticated studies of neural circuitry, continued advances are, in part, hampered by technology limitations associated with requirements for physical tethers that connect external equipment to rigid probes inserted into delicate regions of the brain. The results can lead to tissue damage and alterations in behavioral tasks and natural movements, with additional difficulties in use for studies that involve social interactions and/or motions in complex 3-dimensional environments. These disadvantages are particularly pronounced in research that demands combined optogenetic and pharmacological functions in a single experiment. Here, we present a lightweight, wireless, battery-free injectable microsystem that combines soft microfluidic and microscale inorganic light-emitting diode probes for programmable pharmacology and optogenetics, designed to offer the features of drug refillability and adjustable flow rates, together with programmable control over the temporal profiles. The technology has potential for large-scale manufacturing and broad distribution to the neuroscience community, with capabilities in targeting specific neuronal populations in freely moving animals. In addition, the same platform can easily be adapted for a wide range of other types of passive or active electronic functions, including electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Daniel C Castro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Jokubas Ausra
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
- International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | - Yiwen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Diana Ostojich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Dongsheng Peng
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Rujie Sun
- Bristol Composites Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | - John P Leshock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Subing Qu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Chun-Ju Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Tao Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony Banks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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5
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Zhang Y, Mickle AD, Gutruf P, McIlvried LA, Guo H, Wu Y, Golden JP, Xue Y, Grajales-Reyes JG, Wang X, Krishnan S, Xie Y, Peng D, Su CJ, Zhang F, Reeder JT, Vogt SK, Huang Y, Rogers JA, Gereau RW. Battery-free, fully implantable optofluidic cuff system for wireless optogenetic and pharmacological neuromodulation of peripheral nerves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw5296. [PMID: 31281895 PMCID: PMC6611690 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the peripheral nervous system rely on controlled manipulation of neuronal function with pharmacologic and/or optogenetic techniques. Traditional hardware for these purposes can cause notable damage to fragile nerve tissues, create irritation at the biotic/abiotic interface, and alter the natural behaviors of animals. Here, we present a wireless, battery-free device that integrates a microscale inorganic light-emitting diode and an ultralow-power microfluidic system with an electrochemical pumping mechanism in a soft platform that can be mounted onto target peripheral nerves for programmed delivery of light and/or pharmacological agents in freely moving animals. Biocompliant designs lead to minimal effects on overall nerve health and function, even with chronic use in vivo. The small size and light weight construction allow for deployment as fully implantable devices in mice. These features create opportunities for studies of the peripheral nervous system outside of the scope of those possible with existing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Aaron D. Mickle
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Bioscience Research Laboratories, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lisa A. McIlvried
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Judith P. Golden
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jose G. Grajales-Reyes
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Siddharth Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yiwen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dongsheng Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chun-Ju Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fengyi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Reeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sherri K. Vogt
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.A.R.); (R.W.G.)
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8054, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.A.R.); (R.W.G.)
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6
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Overcoming the Fundamental Limit: Combustion of a Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixture in Micro- and Nano-Bubbles. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Sheybani R, Meng E. Acceleration Techniques for Recombination of Gases in Electrolysis Microactuators with Nafion®-Coated Electrocatalyst. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2015; 221:914-922. [PMID: 26251561 PMCID: PMC4522938 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recombination of electrolysis gases (oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of oxygen) is an important factor in operation efficiency of devices employing electrolysis such as actuators and also unitized regenerative fuel cells. Several methods of improving recombination speed and repeatability were developed for application to electrolysis microactuators with Nafion®-coated catalytic electrodes. Decreasing the electrolysis chamber volume increased the speed, consistency, and repeatability of the gas recombination rate. To further improve recombination performance, methods to increase the catalyst surface area, hydrophobicity, and availability were developed and evaluated. Of these, including in the electrolyte pyrolyzed-Nafion®-coated Pt segments contained in the actuator chamber accelerated recombination by increasing the catalyst surface area and decreasing the gas transport diffusion path. This approach also reduced variability in recombination encountered under varying actuator orientation (resulting in differing catalyst/gas bubble proximity) and increased the rate of recombination by 2.3 times across all actuator orientations. Repeatability of complete recombination for different generated gas volumes was studied through cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sheybani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
| | - Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE-602, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0241, USA
- Corresponding Author: Ellis Meng, Phone: (213) 740-6952, Fax: (213) 821-3897,
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8
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Goffredo R, Accoto D, Santonico M, Pennazza G, Guglielmelli E. A smart pill for drug delivery with sensing capabilities. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:1361-1364. [PMID: 26736521 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a novel system for local drug delivery is described. The actuation principle of the micropump used for drug delivery relies on the electrolysis of a water-based solution, which is separated from a drug reservoir by an elastic membrane. The electrolytically produced gases pressurize the electrolytic solution reservoir, causing the deflection of the elastic membrane. Such deflection, in turn, forces the drug out of its reservoir through a nozzle. The proposed system is integrated in a swallowable capsule, equipped with an impedance sensor useful to acquire information on the physiological conditions of the tissue. Such information can be used to control pump activation.
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9
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Synthetically chemical-electrical mechanism for controlling large scale reversible deformation of liquid metal objects. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7116. [PMID: 25408295 PMCID: PMC4236740 DOI: 10.1038/srep07116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible deformation of a machine holds enormous promise across many scientific areas ranging from mechanical engineering to applied physics. So far, such capabilities are still hard to achieve through conventional rigid materials or depending mainly on elastomeric materials, which however own rather limited performances and require complicated manipulations. Here, we show a basic strategy which is fundamentally different from the existing ones to realize large scale reversible deformation through controlling the working materials via the synthetically chemical-electrical mechanism (SCHEME). Such activity incorporates an object of liquid metal gallium whose surface area could spread up to five times of its original size and vice versa under low energy consumption. Particularly, the alterable surface tension based on combination of chemical dissolution and electrochemical oxidation is ascribed to the reversible shape transformation, which works much more flexible than many former deformation principles through converting electrical energy into mechanical movement. A series of very unusual phenomena regarding the reversible configurational shifts are disclosed with dominant factors clarified. This study opens a generalized way to combine the liquid metal serving as shape-variable element with the SCHEME to compose functional soft machines, which implies huge potential for developing future smart robots to fulfill various complicated tasks.
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10
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Chen A, Wang R, Bever CRS, Xing S, Hammock BD, Pan T. Smartphone-interfaced lab-on-a-chip devices for field-deployable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064101. [PMID: 25553178 PMCID: PMC4241779 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technologies on mobile-based diagnosis and bioanalytical detection have enabled powerful laboratory assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be conducted in field-use lab-on-a-chip devices. In this paper, we present a low-cost universal serial bus (USB)-interfaced mobile platform to perform microfluidic ELISA operations in detecting the presence and concentrations of BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether), an environmental contaminant found in our food supply with adverse health impact. Our point-of-care diagnostic device utilizes flexible interdigitated carbon black electrodes to convert electric current into a microfluidic pump via gas bubble expansion during electrolytic reaction. The micropump receives power from a mobile phone and transports BDE-47 analytes through the microfluidic device conducting competitive ELISA. Using variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (commonly referred to as single domain antibodies or Nanobodies), the proposed device is sensitive for a BDE-47 concentration range of 10(-3)-10(4 ) μg/l, with a comparable performance to that uses a standard competitive ELISA protocol. It is anticipated that the potential impact in mobile detection of health and environmental contaminants will prove beneficial to our community and low-resource environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Royal Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Candace R S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Siyuan Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, USA
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11
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New type of microengine using internal combustion of hydrogen and oxygen. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4296. [PMID: 24599052 PMCID: PMC3944672 DOI: 10.1038/srep04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsystems become part of everyday life but their application is restricted by lack of strong and fast motors (actuators) converting energy into motion. For example, widespread internal combustion engines cannot be scaled down because combustion reactions are quenched in a small space. Here we present an actuator with the dimensions 100 × 100 × 5 μm3 that is using internal combustion of hydrogen and oxygen as part of its working cycle. Water electrolysis driven by short voltage pulses creates an extra pressure of 0.5–4 bar for a time of 100–400 μs in a chamber closed by a flexible membrane. When the pulses are switched off this pressure is released even faster allowing production of mechanical work in short cycles. We provide arguments that this unexpectedly fast pressure decrease is due to spontaneous combustion of the gases in the chamber. This actuator is the first step to truly microscopic combustion engines.
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12
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Abstract
Small-scale pumps will be the heartbeat of many future micro/nanoscale platforms. However, the integration of small-scale pumps is presently hampered by limited flow rate with respect to the input power, and their rather complicated fabrication processes. These issues arise as many conventional pumping effects require intricate moving elements. Here, we demonstrate a system that we call the liquid metal enabled pump, for driving a range of liquids without mechanical moving parts, upon the application of modest electric field. This pump incorporates a droplet of liquid metal, which induces liquid flow at high flow rates, yet with exceptionally low power consumption by electrowetting/deelectrowetting at the metal surface. We present theory explaining this pumping mechanism and show that the operation is fundamentally different from other existing pumps. The presented liquid metal enabled pump is both efficient and simple, and thus has the potential to fundamentally advance the field of microfluidics.
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13
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Sheybani R, Gensler H, Meng E. A MEMS electrochemical bellows actuator for fluid metering applications. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:37-48. [PMID: 22833156 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a high efficiency wireless MEMS electrochemical bellows actuator capable of rapid and repeatable delivery of boluses for fluid metering and drug delivery applications. Nafion®-coated Pt electrodes were combined with Parylene bellows filled with DI water to form the electrolysis-based actuator. The performance of actuators with several bellows configurations was compared for a range of applied currents (1-10 mA). Up to 75 boluses were delivered with an average pumping flow rate of 114.40 ± 1.63 μL/min. Recombination of gases into water, an important factor in repeatable and reliable actuation, was studied for uncoated and Nafion®-coated actuators. Real-time pressure measurements were conducted and the effects of temperature, physiological back pressure, and drug viscosity on delivery performance were investigated. Lastly, we present wireless powering of the actuator using a class D inductive powering system that allowed for repeatable delivery with less than 2 % variation in flow rate values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sheybani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
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14
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Svetovoy VB, Sanders RGP, Elwenspoek MC. Transient nanobubbles in short-time electrolysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:184002. [PMID: 23598648 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/18/184002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Water electrolysis in a microsystem is observed and analyzed on a short-time scale of ∼10 μs. The very unusual properties of the process are stressed. An extremely high current density is observed because the process is not limited by the diffusion of electroactive species. The high current is accompanied by a high relative supersaturation, S > 1000, that results in homogeneous nucleation of bubbles. On the short-time scale only nanobubbles can be formed. These nanobubbles densely cover the electrodes and aggregate at a later time to microbubbles. The effect is significantly intensified with a small increase of temperature. Application of alternating polarity voltage pulses produces bubbles containing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Spontaneous reaction between gases is observed for stoichiometric bubbles with sizes smaller than ∼150 nm. Such bubbles disintegrate violently affecting the surfaces of the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly B Svetovoy
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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15
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Meng E, Hoang T. MEMS-enabled implantable drug infusion pumps for laboratory animal research, preclinical, and clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1628-38. [PMID: 22926321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in implantable drug delivery devices is needed for novel pharmaceutical compounds such as certain biologics, gene therapy, and other small molecules that are not suitable for administration by oral, topical, or intravenous routes. This invasive dosing scheme seeks to directly bypass physiological barriers presented by the human body, release the appropriate drug amount at the site of treatment, and maintain the drug bioavailability for the required duration of administration to achieve drug efficacy. Advances in microtechnologies have led to novel MEMS-enabled implantable drug infusion pumps with unique performance and feature sets. In vivo demonstration of micropumps for laboratory animal research and preclinical studies include acute rapid radiolabeling, short-term delivery of nanomedicine for cancer treatment, and chronic ocular drug dosing. Investigation of MEMS actuators, valves, and other microstructures for on-demand dosing control may enable next generation implantable pumps with high performance within a miniaturized form factor for clinical applications.
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16
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Svetovoy VB, Sanders RGP, Lammerink TSJ, Elwenspoek MC. Combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixture in electrochemically generated nanobubbles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:035302. [PMID: 22060445 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.035302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ignition of exothermic chemical reactions in small volumes is considered as difficult or impossible due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. Here observation of the spontaneous reaction is reported between hydrogen and oxygen in bubbles whose diameter is smaller than a threshold value around 150 nm. The effect is attributed to high Laplace pressure and to fast dynamics in nanobubbles and is the first indication on combustion in the nanoscale. In this study the bubbles were produced by water electrolysis using successive generation of H(2) and O(2) above the same electrode with short voltage pulses in the microsecond range. The process was observed in a microsystem at current densities >1000 A/cm(2) and relative supersaturations >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly B Svetovoy
- MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, PO 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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17
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Li PY, Sheybani R, Gutierrez CA, Kuo JTW, Meng E. A Parylene Bellows Electrochemical Actuator. JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS : A JOINT IEEE AND ASME PUBLICATION ON MICROSTRUCTURES, MICROACTUATORS, MICROSENSORS, AND MICROSYSTEMS 2010; 19:215-228. [PMID: 21318081 PMCID: PMC3035913 DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2009.2032670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present the first electrochemical actuator with Parylene bellows for large-deflection operation. The bellows diaphragm was fabricated using a polyethylene-glycol-based sacrificial molding technique followed by coating in Parylene C. Bellows were mechanically characterized and integrated with a pair of interdigitated electrodes to form an electrochemical actuator that is suitable for low-power pumping of fluids. Pump performance (gas generation rate and pump efficiency) was optimized through a careful examination of geometrical factors. Overall, a maximum pump efficiency of 90% was achieved in the case of electroplated electrodes, and a deflection of over 1.5 mm was demonstrated. Real-time wireless operation was achieved. The complete fabrication process and the materials used in this actuator are bio-compatible, which makes it suitable for biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ying Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ( )
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18
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Guo D, Ding H, Wei H, He Q, Yu M, Dai Z. Hybrids perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and silicon oxide membrane for application in ion-exchange polymer-metal composite actuators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11431-009-0280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Blanco-Gomez G, Glidle A, Flendrig LM, Cooper JM. Integration of low-power microfluidic pumps with biosensors within a laboratory-on-a-chip device. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1365-70. [PMID: 19143543 DOI: 10.1021/ac802006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of a controllable microfluidic valve coupled with an electrochemical pump, which has been designed to deliver reagents to an integrated microfluidic biosensing system. Fluid, retained within an insertion reservoir using a stop valve, was pumped using electrochemical actuation, providing a low power, low voltage integrated Laboratory-on-a-Chip for reproducible, small volume fluidic manipulation. The properties of the valve were characterized using both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, enabling the calculation of the magnitude of the forces involved (which were subsequently verified through experimental measurement). Electrochemical generation of oxygen and hydrogen acted as an on-demand pressure system to force fluid over the stop valve barrier. The process of filling-up the biosensing chamber was characterized in terms of the time to fill, the energy used, and the peak power consumed. The potential of the device was illustrated using a glucose biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Blanco-Gomez
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
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20
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Meng E, Gutierrez C. Parylene-based encapsulated fluid MEMS sensors. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:1039-1041. [PMID: 19964947 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5334826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new class of transducers based on a Parylene C encapsulated fluid element are introduced. These versatile units have thus far been explored as impedance-based contact sensors and electrolysis-based actuators for fine positioning of neural recording electrodes. These sensors may be fabricated on thin, flexible substrates which permits application on non-planar or three dimensional surfaces. Another interesting modality is the coupling of individual mechanically-responsive, impedance-based sensing elements distributed over a surface but interconnected through microfluidic channel networks in a manner that emulates mechanotransduction in natural biological systems. These fluidic elements offer interesting new possibilities in neural prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA.
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21
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Meng E, Li PY, Lo R, Sheybani R, Gutierrez C. Implantable MEMS drug delivery pumps for small animal research. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:6696-6698. [PMID: 19964178 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced devices capable of selective delivery of compounds to targeted tissues are lacking, especially in small animal research. Biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) are uniquely suited to this application through the combination of scalability and precise control of fluid handling. Polymer-based drug delivery components and pumps for acute and chronic delivery in small animals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Meng
- Departments of Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA. ellis.meng@ usc.edu
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22
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Fuentes HV, Woolley AT. Electrically actuated, pressure-driven liquid chromatography separations in microfabricated devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1524-31. [PMID: 17960281 PMCID: PMC3269122 DOI: 10.1039/b708865e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrolysis-based micropumps integrated with microfluidic channels in micromachined glass substrates are presented. Photolithography combined with wet chemical etching and thermal bonding enabled the fabrication of multi-layer devices containing electrically actuated micropumps interfaced with sample and mobile phase reservoirs. A stationary phase was deposited on the microchannel walls by coating with 10% (w/w) chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane in toluene. Pressure-balanced injection was implemented by controlling the electrolysis time and voltage applied in the two independent micropumps. Current fluctuations in the micropumps due to the stochastic formation of bubbles on the electrode surfaces were determined to be the main cause of variation between separations. On-chip electrochemical pumping enabled the loading of pL samples with no dead volume between injection and separation. A mobile phase composed of 70% acetonitrile and 30% 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.45) was used for the chromatographic separation of three fluorescently labeled amino acids in <40 s with an efficiency of >3000 theoretical plates in a 2.5 cm-long channel. Our results demonstrate the potential of electrochemical micropumps integrated with microchannels to perform rapid chromatographic separations in a microfabricated platform. Importantly, these devices represent a significant step toward the development of miniaturized and fully integrated liquid chromatography systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Corresponding author. Phone: (801) 422-1701, Fax: (801) 422-0153,
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23
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Andersen RA, Burdick JW, Musallam S, Scherberger H, Pesaran B, Meeker D, Corneil BD, Fineman I, Nenadic Z, Branchaud E, Cham JG, Greger B, Tai YC, Mojarradi MM. Recording advances for neural prosthetics. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2004:5352-5. [PMID: 17271551 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge for neural prosthetics research is to record from populations of neurons over long periods of time, ideally for the lifetime of the patient. Two new advances toward this goal are described, the use of local field potentials (LFPs) and autonomously positioned recording electrodes. LFPs are the composite extracellular potential field from several hundreds of neurons around the electrode tip. LFP recordings can be maintained for longer periods of time than single cell recordings. We find that similar information can be decoded from LFP and spike recordings, with better performance for state decodes with LFPs and, depending on the area, equivalent or slightly less than equivalent performance for signaling the direction of planned movements. Movable electrodes in microdrives can be adjusted in the tissue to optimize recordings, but their movements must be automated to be a practical benefit to patients. We have developed automation algorithms and a meso-scale autonomous electrode testbed, and demonstrated that this system can autonomously isolate and maintain the recorded signal quality of single cells in the cortex of awake, behaving monkeys. These two advances show promise for developing very long term recording for neural prosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Andersen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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24
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Pang C, Tai YC, Burdick JW, Andersen RA. Electrolysis-based diaphragm actuators. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:S64-S68. [PMID: 21727355 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/4/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new electrolysis-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) diaphragm actuator. Electrolysis is a technique for converting electrical energy to pneumatic energy. Theoretically electrolysis can achieve a strain of 136 000% and is capable of generating a pressure above 200 MPa. Electrolysis actuators require modest electrical power and produce minimal heat. Due to the large volume expansion obtained via electrolysis, small actuators can create a large force. Up to 100 µm of movement was achieved by a 3 mm diaphragm. The actuator operates at room temperature and has a latching and reversing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pang
- Caltech Micromachining Lab, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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25
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Xie J, Miao Y, Shih J, He Q, Liu J, Tai YC, Lee TD. An electrochemical pumping system for on-chip gradient generation. Anal Chem 2005; 76:3756-63. [PMID: 15228351 DOI: 10.1021/ac035188u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within the context of microfluidic systems, it has been difficult to devise pumping systems that can deliver adequate flow rates at high pressure for applications such as HPLC. An on-chip electrochemical pumping system based on electrolysis that offers certain advantages over designs that utilize electroosmotic driven flow has been fabricated and tested. The pump was fabricated on both silicon and glass substrates using photolithography. The electrolysis electrodes were formed from either platinum or gold, and SU8, an epoxy-based photoresist, was used to form the pump chambers. A glass cover plate and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) gasket were used to seal the chambers. Filling of the chambers was accomplished by using a syringe to inject liquid via filling ports, which were later sealed using a glass cover plate. The current supplied to the electrodes controlled the rate of gas formation and, thus, the resulting fluid flow rate. At low backpressures, flow rates >1 microL/min have been demonstrated using <1 mW of power. Pumping at backpressures as high as 200 psi have been demonstrated, with 20 nL/min having been observed using <4 mW. By integrating two electrochemical pumps with a polymer electrospray nozzle, we have confirmed the successful generation of a solvent gradient via a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- MC 136-93, Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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26
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Abstract
Research on neural prosthetics has focused largely on using activity related to hand trajectories recorded from motor cortical areas. An interesting question revolves around what other signals might be read out from the brain and used for neural prosthetic applications. Recent studies indicate that goals and expected value are among the high-level cognitive signals that can be used and will potentially enhance the ability of paralyzed patients to communicate with the outside world. Other new findings show that local field potentials provide an excellent source of information about the cognitive state of the subject and are much easier to record and maintain than spike activity. Finally, new movable probe technologies will enable recording electrodes to seek out automatically the best signals for decoding cognitive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Andersen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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