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Voss OH, Moin I, Gaytan H, Ullah S, Sadik M, Azad AF, Rahman MS. Pathogenic rickettsiae utilize the phosphatidylserine binding receptor CD300f on macrophages for host invasion and pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593542. [PMID: 38766217 PMCID: PMC11100818 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Some arthropod-borne obligate intracellular rickettsiae are among the most virulent human pathogens. Upon entry, Rickettsia species modulate immune (e.g., macrophages; MΦ) and non-immune cell (e.g., endothelial cells) responses to create a habitable environment for host colonization. In particular, MΦ play a crucial role in either terminating an infection at an early stage or succumbing to bacterial replication and colonization. However, our understanding on how Rickettsia species modulate crucial cellular processes within MΦ, including phagocytosis, and host cell defenses, to establish an intracytosolic replication niche, remain poorly defined. In this study, we describe a previously unappreciated mechanism, in which pathogenic rickettsiae infection is mediated by the phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding receptor, CD300f. We found that CD300f -/- mice but not wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were protected against R. typhi - or R. rickettsii [ Shelia Smith ]-induced fatal rickettsiosis. Adoptative transfer studies further revealed that CD300f-expressing bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMΦ) are important mediators to control rickettsiosis in WT mice. Mechanistical analysis, using WT or CD300f -/- BMDMΦ, showed that CD300f facilitates the engulfment of both pathogenic R. typhi and R. rickettsii species, likely via a PS-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, CD300f was involved in the intracytosolic replication of both pathogenic rickettsiae by differentially modulating the anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-10 and anti-rickettsial IL-1α and IL-1β cytokine responses. Collectively, our findings describe a previously unappreciated role for the efferocytic receptor, CD300f, to facilitate engulfment and the intracellular survival of pathogenic rickettsiae within the host. Significance Statement Vector-borne diseases, which are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, like ticks and fleas, present a perilous threat to public health. In fact, tick- and flea-borne rickettsial diseases are on the rise globally and our current inadequate understanding on how Rickettsia interacts with their mammalian host has significantly impaired the development of effective interventions against pathogenic rickettsial infections. Here, we identified the phosphatidylserine (PS)-receptor, CD300f, as an important mediator of pathogenic rickettsiae infection in vivo and in vitro . Specifically, we showed that CD300f-expressing macrophages facilitate rickettsial infection by differentially modulating anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-10 and anti-rickettsial IL-1α and IL-1β cytokine responses. In sum, our data described CD300f as an important regulator of rickettsial infection and may present a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Li Z, Liu Q, Cai Y, Ye N, He Z, Yao Y, Ding Y, Wang P, Qi C, Zheng L, Wang L, Zhou J, Zhang QQ. EPAC inhibitor suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167114. [PMID: 38447883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1), a major isoform of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, is highly expressed in vascular endothelia cells and regulates angiogenesis in the retina. High intratumor microvascular densities (MVD) resulting from angiogenesis is responsible for breast cancer development. Downregulation of EPAC1 in tumor cell reduces triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-induced angiogenesis. However, whether Epac1 expressed in vascular endothelial cells contributes to angiogenesis and tumor development of TNBC remains elusive. MAIN METHODS We employed NY0123, a previously identified potent EPAC inhibitor, to explore the anti-angiogenic biological role of EPAC1 in vitro and in vivo through vascular endothelial cells, rat aortic ring, Matrigel plug, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac membrane (YSM) assays, as well as the in vivo xenograft tumor models of TNBC in both chick embryo and mice. KEY FINDINGS Inhibiting EPAC1 in vascular endothelial cells by NY0123 significantly suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth of TNBC. In addition, NY0123 possesses a better inhibitory efficacy than ESI-09, a reported specific EPAC inhibitor tool compound. Importantly, inhibiting EPAC1 in vascular endothelia cells regulates the typical angiogenic signaling network, which is associated with not only vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling, but also PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK and Notch pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that EPAC1 may serve as an effective anti-angiogenic therapeutic target of TNBC, and EPAC inhibitor NY0123 has the therapeutic potential to be developed for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuhao Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zinan He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuying Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Cuiling Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Bei J, Qiu Y, Cockrell D, Chang Q, Husseinzadeh S, Zhou C, Fang X, Bao X, Jin Y, Gaitas A, Khanipov K, Saito TB, Gong B. Identification of common sequence motifs shared exclusively among selectively packed exosomal pathogenic microRNAs during rickettsial infections. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1937-1948. [PMID: 37334929 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that microRNA (miR)23a and miR30b are selectively sorted into exosomes derived from rickettsia-infected endothelial cells (R-ECExos). Yet, the mechanism remains unknown. Cases of spotted fever rickettsioses have been increasing, and infections with these bacteria cause life-threatening diseases by targeting brain and lung tissues. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to further dissect the molecular mechanism underlying R-ECExos-induced barrier dysfunction of normal recipient microvascular endothelial cells (MECs), depending on their exosomal RNA cargos. Infected ticks transmit the rickettsiae to human hosts following a bite and injections of the bacteria into the skin. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment with R-ECExos, which were derived from spotted fever group R parkeri infected human dermal MECs, induced disruptions of the paracellular adherens junctional protein VE-cadherin, and breached the paracellular barrier function in recipient pulmonary MECs (PMECs) in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. We did not detect different levels of miRs in parent dermal MECs following rickettsial infections. However, we demonstrated that the microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 cluster and miR30b are selectively enriched in R-ECExos. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that common sequence motifs are shared exclusively among the exosomal, selectively-enriched miR23a cluster and miR30b at different levels. Taken together, these data warrant further functional identification and characterization of a monopartition, bipartition, or tripartition among ACA, UCA, and CAG motifs that guide recognition of microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 and miR30b, and subsequently results in their selective enrichments in R-ECExos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Diane Cockrell
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID-NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sorosh Husseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatric, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID-NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Londoño AF, Scorpio DG, Dumler JS. Innate immunity in rickettsial infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187267. [PMID: 37228668 PMCID: PMC10203653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are a diverse group of alpha-proteobacteria within the order Rickettsiales, which possesses two families with human pathogens, Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. These obligate intracellular bacteria are most frequently transmitted by arthropod vectors, a first step in the pathogens' avoidance of host cell defenses. Considerable study of the immune responses to infection and those that result in protective immunity have been conducted. Less study has focused on the initial events and mechanism by which these bacteria avoid the innate immune responses of the hosts to survive within and propagate from host cells. By evaluating the major mechanisms of evading innate immunity, a range of similarities among these bacteria become apparent, including mechanisms to escape initial destruction in phagolysosomes of professional phagocytes, those that dampen the responses of innate immune cells or subvert signaling and recognition pathways related to apoptosis, autophagy, proinflammatory responses, and mechanisms by which these microbes attach to and enter cells or those molecules that trigger the host responses. To illustrate these principles, this review will focus on two common rickettsial agents that occur globally, Rickettsia species and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Londoño
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Advancement in Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana G. Scorpio
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - J. Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Slika H, Mansour H, Nasser SA, Shaito A, Kobeissy F, Orekhov AN, Pintus G, Eid AH. Epac as a tractable therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175645. [PMID: 36894048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In 1957, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was identified as the first secondary messenger, and the first signaling cascade discovered was the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Since then, cAMP has received increasing attention given its multitude of actions. Not long ago, a new cAMP effector named exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) emerged as a critical mediator of cAMP's actions. Epac mediates a plethora of pathophysiologic processes and contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lung fibrosis, neurological disorders, and others. These findings strongly underscore the potential of Epac as a tractable therapeutic target. In this context, Epac modulators seem to possess unique characteristics and advantages and hold the promise of providing more efficacious treatments for a wide array of diseases. This paper provides an in-depth dissection and analysis of Epac structure, distribution, subcellular compartmentalization, and signaling mechanisms. We elaborate on how these characteristics can be utilized to design specific, efficient, and safe Epac agonists and antagonists that can be incorporated into future pharmacotherapeutics. In addition, we provide a detailed portfolio for specific Epac modulators highlighting their discovery, advantages, potential concerns, and utilization in the context of clinical disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Hadi Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | | | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, Moscow, 121609, Russia.
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box 2713, Qatar.
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6
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Bei J, Qiu Y, Cockrell D, Chang Q, Husseinzadeh S, Zhou C, Gaitas A, Fang X, Jin Y, Khanipov K, Saito TB, Gong B. Identification of common sequence motifs shared exclusively among selectively packed exosomal pathogenic microRNAs during rickettsial infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.522907. [PMID: 36712112 PMCID: PMC9881928 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.522907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that microRNA (miR)23a and miR30b are selectively sorted into rickettsia-infected, endothelial cell-derived exosomes ( R -ECExos). Yet, the mechanism remains unknown. The number of cases of spotted fever rickettsioses has been increasing in recent years, and infections with these bacteria cause life-threatening diseases by targeting brain and lung tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to continue to dissect the molecular mechanism underlying R -ECExos-induced barrier dysfunction of normal recipient microvascular endothelial cells (MECs), depending on their exosomal RNA cargos. Rickettsiae are transmitted to human hosts by the bite of an infected tick into the skin. In the present study we demonstrate that treatment with R -ECExos, which were derived from spotted fever group R parkeri infected human dermal MECs, induced disruptions of the paracellular adherens junctional protein VE-cadherin and breached the paracellular barrier function in recipient pulmonary MECs (PMECs) in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. Similarly, we did not detect different levels of miRs in parent dermal MECs following rickettsial infections. However, we demonstrated that the microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 cluster and miR30b are selectively enriched in R -ECExos. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that common sequence motifs are shared exclusively among the exosomal, selectively-enriched miR23a cluster and miR30b at different levels. Taken together, these data warrant further functional identification and characterization of a single, bipartition, or tripartition among ACA, UCA, and CAG motifs that guide recognition of microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 and miR30b, and subsequently results in their selective enrichments in R -ECExos.
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7
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Yang W, Robichaux WG, Mei FC, Lin W, Li L, Pan S, White MA, Chen Y, Cheng X. Epac1 activation by cAMP regulates cellular SUMOylation and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2960. [PMID: 35442725 PMCID: PMC9020664 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when cells are under stress. However, precisely how SUMOylation is regulated, and a molecular mechanism linking cellular stress to SUMOylation, remains elusive. Here, we report that cAMP, a major stress-response second messenger, acts through Epac1 as a regulator of cellular SUMOylation. The Epac1-associated proteome is highly enriched with components of the SUMOylation pathway. Activation of Epac1 by intracellular cAMP triggers phase separation and the formation of nuclear condensates containing Epac1 and general components of the SUMOylation machinery to promote cellular SUMOylation. Furthermore, genetic knockout of Epac1 obliterates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced cellular SUMOylation in macrophages, leading to suppression of foam cell formation. These results provide a direct nexus connecting two major cellular stress responses to define a molecular mechanism in which cAMP regulates the dynamics of cellular condensates to modulate protein SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G. Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fang C. Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Li
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheng Pan
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A. White
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Xiao J, Zhang B, Su Z, Liu Y, Shelite TR, Chang Q, Qiu Y, Bei J, Wang P, Bukreyev A, Soong L, Jin Y, Ksiazek T, Gaitas A, Rossi SL, Zhou J, Laposata M, Saito TB, Gong B. Intracellular receptor EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K-/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101315. [PMID: 34678311 PMCID: PMC8526113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infections with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Clot formation is promoted via cAMP-mediated secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which fine-tunes the process of hemostasis. The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptor that plays a regulatory role in suppressing inflammation. To assess whether EPAC could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1-null mouse model and revealed increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene. Pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 in vitro mimicked the EPAC1-/- phenotype. In addition, EPAC1 regulated tumor necrosis factor-α-triggered vWF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a manner dependent upon inflammatory effector molecules PI3K and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, EPAC1 activation reduced inflammation-triggered vWF release, both in vivo and in vitro. Our data delineate a novel regulatory role for EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on the potential development of new strategies to control thrombosis during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Laposata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Ni Z, Cheng X. Origin and Isoform Specific Functions of Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP: A Phylogenetic Analysis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102750. [PMID: 34685730 PMCID: PMC8534922 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC1 and EPAC2) are one of the several families of cellular effectors of the prototypical second messenger cAMP. To understand the origin and molecular evolution of EPAC proteins, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of EPAC1 and EPAC2. Our study demonstrates that unlike its cousin PKA, EPAC proteins are only present in multicellular Metazoa. Within the EPAC family, EPAC1 is only associated with chordates, while EPAC2 spans the entire animal kingdom. Despite a much more contemporary origin, EPAC1 proteins show much more sequence diversity among species, suggesting that EPAC1 has undergone more selection and evolved faster than EPAC2. Phylogenetic analyses of the individual cAMP binding domain (CBD) and guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) domain of EPACs, two most conserved regions between the two isoforms, further reveal that EPAC1 and EPAC2 are closely clustered together within both the larger cyclic nucleotide receptor and RAPGEF families. These results support the notion that EPAC1 and EPAC2 share a common ancestor resulting from a fusion between the CBD of PKA and the GEF from RAPGEF1. On the other hand, the two terminal extremities and the RAS-association (RA) domains show the most sequence diversity between the two isoforms. Sequence diversities within these regions contribute significantly to the isoform-specific functions of EPACs. Importantly, unique isoform-specific sequence motifs within the RA domain have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofu Ni
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-500-7487
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Host EPAC1 Modulates Rickettsial Adhesion to Vascular Endothelial Cells via Regulation of ANXA2 Y23 Phosphorylation. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101307. [PMID: 34684255 PMCID: PMC8537355 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Intracellular cAMP receptor exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) regulate obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium rickettsial adherence to and invasion into vascular endothelial cells (ECs). However, underlying precise mechanism(s) remain unclear. The aim of the study is to dissect the functional role of the EPAC1-ANXA2 signaling pathway during initial adhesion of rickettsiae to EC surfaces. Methods: In the present study, an established system that is anatomically based and quantifies bacterial adhesion to ECs in vivo was combined with novel fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) to dissect the functional role of the EPAC1-ANXA2 signaling pathway in rickettsiae–EC adhesion. Results: The deletion of the EPAC1 gene impedes rickettsial binding to endothelium in vivo. Rickettsial OmpB shows a host EPAC1-dependent binding strength on the surface of a living brain microvascular EC (BMEC). Furthermore, ectopic expression of phosphodefective and phosphomimic mutants replacing tyrosine (Y) 23 of ANXA2 in ANXA2-knock out BMECs results in different binding force to reOmpB in response to the activation of EPAC1. Conclusions: EPAC1 modulates rickettsial adhesion, in association with Y23 phosphorylation of the binding receptor ANXA2. Underlying mechanism(s) should be further explored to delineate the accurate role of cAMP-EPAC system during rickettsial infection.
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Abstract
Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFRs) are devastating human infections. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are the primary targets of rickettsial infection. Edema resulting from EC barrier dysfunction occurs in the brain and lungs in most cases of lethal SFR, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the study was to explore the potential role of Rickettsia-infected, EC-derived exosomes (Exos) during infection. Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), we purified Exos from conditioned, filtered, bacterium-free media collected from Rickettsia parkeri-infected human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) (R-ECExos) and plasma of Rickettsia australis- or R. parkeri-infected mice (R-plsExos). We observed that rickettsial infection increased the release of heterogeneous plsExos, but endothelial exosomal size, morphology, and production were not significantly altered following infection. Compared to normal plsExos and ECExos, both R-plsExos and R-ECExos induced dysfunction of recipient normal brain microvascular ECs (BMECs). The effect of R-plsExos on mouse recipient BMEC barrier function is dose dependent. The effect of R-ECExos on human recipient BMEC barrier function is dependent on the exosomal RNA cargo. Next-generation sequencing analysis and stem-loop quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) validation revealed that rickettsial infection triggered the selective enrichment of endothelial exosomal mir-23a and mir-30b, which potentially target the endothelial barrier. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the functional role of extracellular vesicles following infection by obligately intracellular bacteria.
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Liu Y, Garron TM, Chang Q, Su Z, Zhou C, Qiu Y, Gong EC, Zheng J, Yin YW, Ksiazek T, Brasel T, Jin Y, Boor P, Comer JE, Gong B. Cell-Type Apoptosis in Lung during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050509. [PMID: 33922476 PMCID: PMC8145065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in postmortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and in lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with a novel non-cyclic nucleotide small molecule EPAC1-specific activator reduced apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Tania M. Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Eric C. Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Y. Whitney Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Paul Boor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.G.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (C.Z.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.G.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (J.E.C.); (B.G.); Tel.: +1-409-772-2813 (P.B.); +1-409-266-6915 (J.E.C.); +1-409-266-6682 (B.G.)
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Salje J. Cells within cells: Rickettsiales and the obligate intracellular bacterial lifestyle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:375-390. [PMID: 33564174 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rickettsiales are a group of obligate intracellular vector-borne Gram-negative bacteria that include many organisms of clinical and agricultural importance, including Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Wolbachia, Rickettsia spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi. This Review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the biology of these bacteria and their interactions with host cells, with a focus on pathogenic species or those that are otherwise important for human health. This includes a description of rickettsial genomics, bacterial cell biology, the intracellular lifestyles of Rickettsiales and the mechanisms by which they induce and evade the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Salje
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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14
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Liu Y, Garron TM, Chang Q, Su Z, Zhou C, Gong EC, Zheng J, Yin Y, Ksiazek T, Brasel T, Jin Y, Boor P, Comer JE, Gong B. Cell-type apoptosis in lung during SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33398280 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.23.424254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection because fatal COVID-19 cases are commonly linked to respiratory failure due to ARDS. The pathologic alteration known as diffuse alveolar damage in endothelial and epithelial cells is a critical feature of acute lung injury in ARDS. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in post-mortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence (IF) assays and western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells, but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with an EPAC1-specific activator ameliorated apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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15
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Maeda Y, Kikuchi R, Kawagoe J, Tsuji T, Koyama N, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Anti-cancer strategy targeting the energy metabolism of tumor cells surviving a low-nutrient acidic microenvironment. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101093. [PMID: 33007425 PMCID: PMC7578269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor cells experience hypoxia, acidosis, and hypoglycemia. Metabolic adaptation to glucose shortage is essential to maintain tumor cells' survival because of their high glucose requirement. This study evaluated the hypothesis that acidosis might promote tumor survival during glucose shortage and if so, explored a novel drug targeting metabolic vulnerability to glucose shortage. METHODS Cell survival and bioenergetics metabolism were assessed in lung cancer cell lines. Our in-house small-molecule compounds were screened to identify those that kill cancer cells under low-glucose conditions. Cytotoxicity against non-cancerous cells was also assessed. Tumor growth was evaluated in vivo using a mouse engraft model. RESULTS Acidosis limited the cellular consumption of glucose and ATP, causing tumor cells to enter a metabolically dormant but energetically economic state, which promoted tumor cell survival during glucose deficiency. We identified ESI-09, a previously known exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EAPC) inhibitor, as an anti-cancer compound that inhibited cancer cells under low-glucose conditions even when associated with acidosis. Bioenergetic studies showed that independent of EPAC inhibition, ESI-09 was a safer mitochondrial uncoupler than a classical uncoupler and created a futile cycle of mitochondrial respiration, leading to decreased ATP production, increased ATP dissipation, and fuel scavenging. Accordingly, ESI-09 exhibited more cytotoxic effects under low-glucose conditions than under normal glucose conditions. ESI-09 was also more effective than actively proliferating cells on quiescent glucose-restricted cells. Cisplatin showed opposite effects. ESI-09 inhibited tumor growth in lung cancer engraft mice. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the acidosis-induced promotion of tumor survival during glucose shortage and demonstrates that ESI-09 is a novel potent anti-cancer mitochondrial uncoupler that targets a metabolic vulnerability to glucose shortage even when associated with acidosis. The higher cytotoxicity under lower-than-normal glucose conditions suggests that ESI-09 is safer than conventional chemotherapy, can target the metabolic vulnerability of tumor cells to low-glucose stress, and is applicable to many cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Maeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan
| | - Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kawagoe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Medicine, Otsuki Municipal Hospital, 1255 Hanasaki, Otsuki-chou, Otsuki-shi, Yamanashi, 401-0015, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koyama
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan.
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16
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Formoso K, Lezoualc'h F, Mialet-Perez J. Role of EPAC1 Signalosomes in Cell Fate: Friends or Foes? Cells 2020; 9:E1954. [PMID: 32854274 PMCID: PMC7563956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The compartmentation of signaling processes is accomplished by the assembly of protein complexes called signalosomes. These signaling platforms colocalize enzymes, substrates, and anchoring proteins into specific subcellular compartments. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) is an effector of the second messenger, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) that is associated with multiple roles in several pathologies including cardiac diseases. Both EPAC1 intracellular localization and molecular partners are key players in the regulation of cell fate, which may have important therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on EPAC1 structure, regulation, and pharmacology. We describe the importance of EPAC1 subcellular distribution in its biological action, paying special attention to its nuclear localization and mechanism of action leading to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, we discuss the role of mitochondrial EPAC1 in the regulation of cell death. Depending on the cell type and stress condition, we present evidence that supports either a protective or detrimental role of EPAC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Formoso
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
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17
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Narra HP, Sahni A, Walker DH, Sahni SK. Recent research milestones in the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses and opportunities ahead. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:753-765. [PMID: 32691620 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by pathogenic Rickettsia species continue to scourge human health across the globe. From the point of entry at the site of transmission by arthropod vectors, hematogenous dissemination of rickettsiae occurs to diverse host tissues leading to 'rickettsial vasculitis' as the salient feature of pathogenesis. This perspective article accentuates recent breakthrough developments in the context of host-pathogen-vector interactions during rickettsial infections. The subtopics include potential exploitation of circulating macrophages for spread, identification of new entry mechanisms and regulators of actin-based motility, appreciation of metabolites acquired from and effectors delivered into the host, importance of the toxin-antitoxin module in host-cell interactions, effects of the vector microbiome on rickettsial transmission, and niche-specific riboregulation and adaptation. Further research on these aspects will advance our understanding of the biology of rickettsiae as intracellular pathogens and should enable design and development of new approaches to counter rickettsioses in humans and other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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18
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Zhang C, Yan Y, He H, Wang L, Zhang N, Zhang J, Huang H, Wu N, Ren H, Qian M, Liu M, Du B. IFN-stimulated P2Y13 protects mice from viral infection by suppressing the cAMP/EPAC1 signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:395-407. [PMID: 30137373 PMCID: PMC7107496 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most important sensors of extracellular danger signals, purinergic receptors have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in host defense against infection. However, the function of P2 receptors in viral infection has been little explored. Here we demonstrated that P2Y13 and its ligand ADP play an important role in protecting hosts from viral infections. First, we demonstrate that P2Y13, as a typical interferon-stimulated gene, is induced together with extracellular ADP during viral infection. Most importantly, extracellular ADP restricts the replication of different kinds of viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, herpes simplex virus 1, and murine leukemia virus. This kind of protection is dependent on P2Y13 but not P2Y1 or P2Y12, which are also considered as receptors for ADP. Furthermore, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and EPAC1 are downregulated by extracellular ADP through the P2Y13-coupled Gi alpha subunit. Accordingly, inhibition or deletion of EPAC1 significantly eliminates ADP/P2Y13-mediated antiviral activities. Taken together, our results show that P2Y13 and ADP play pivotal roles in the clearance of invaded virus and have the potential as antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwang He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Laudette M, Coluccia A, Sainte-Marie Y, Solari A, Fazal L, Sicard P, Silvestri R, Mialet-Perez J, Pons S, Ghaleh B, Blondeau JP, Lezoualc'h F. Identification of a pharmacological inhibitor of Epac1 that protects the heart against acute and chronic models of cardiac stress. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1766-1777. [PMID: 30873562 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies reported that cAMP-binding protein Epac1-deficient mice were protected against various forms of cardiac stress, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of Epac1 could be beneficial for the treatment of cardiac diseases. To test this assumption, we characterized an Epac1-selective inhibitory compound and investigated its potential cardioprotective properties. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the Epac1-BRET (bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) for searching for non-cyclic nucleotide Epac1 modulators. A thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative, designated as AM-001 was identified as a non-competitive inhibitor of Epac1. AM-001 has no antagonist effect on Epac2 or protein kinase A activity. This small molecule prevents the activation of the Epac1 downstream effector Rap1 in cultured cells, in response to the Epac1 preferential agonist, 8-CPT-AM. In addition, we found that AM-001 inhibited Epac1-dependent deleterious effects such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and death. Importantly, AM-001-mediated inhibition of Epac1 reduces infarct size after mouse myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Finally, AM-001 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis, and improves cardiac function during chronic β-adrenergic receptor activation with isoprenaline (ISO) in mice. At the molecular level, ISO increased Epac1-G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) interaction and induced GRK5 nuclear import and histone deacetylase type 5 (HDAC5) nuclear export to promote the activity of the prohypertrophic transcription factor, myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). Inversely, AM-001 prevented the non-canonical action of GRK5 on HDAC5 cytoplasmic shuttle to down-regulate MEF2 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSION Our study represents a 'proof-of-concept' for the therapeutic effectiveness of inhibiting Epac1 activity in cardiac disease using small-molecule pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Laudette
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - Yannis Sainte-Marie
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Solari
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Loubina Fazal
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, IPAM, Montpellier, France
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bijan Ghaleh
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Paul Blondeau
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 avenue Jean Pouhlès, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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20
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Su Z, Chang Q, Drelich A, Shelite T, Judy B, Liu Y, Xiao J, Zhou C, He X, Jin Y, Saito T, Tang S, Soong L, Wakamiya M, Fang X, Bukreyev A, Ksiazek T, Russell WK, Gong B. Annexin A2 depletion exacerbates the intracerebral microhemorrhage induced by acute rickettsia and Ebola virus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007960. [PMID: 32687500 PMCID: PMC7392349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) are small foci of hemorrhages in the cerebrum. Acute infections induced by some intracellular pathogens, including rickettsia, can result in CMHs. Annexin a2 (ANXA2) has been documented to play a functional role during intracellular bacterial adhesion. Here we report that ANXA2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to CMHs in response to rickettsia and Ebola virus infections, suggesting an essential role of ANXA2 in protecting vascular integrity during these intracellular pathogen infections. Proteomic analysis via mass spectrometry of whole brain lysates and brain-derived endosomes from ANXA2-KO and wild-type (WT) mice post-infection with R. australis revealed that a variety of significant proteins were differentially expressed, and the follow-up function enrichment analysis had identified several relevant cell-cell junction functions. Immunohistology study confirmed that both infected WT and infected ANXA2-KO mice were subjected to adherens junctional protein (VE-cadherin) damages. However, key blood-brain barrier (BBB) components, tight junctional proteins ZO-1 and occludin, were disorganized in the brains from R. australis-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not those of infected WT mice. Similar ANXA2-KO dependent CMHs and fragments of ZO-1 and occludin were also observed in Ebola virus-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not found in infected WT mice. Overall, our study revealed a novel role of ANXA2 in the formation of CMHs during R. australis and Ebola virus infections; and the underlying mechanism is relevant to the role of ANXA2-regulated tight junctions and its role in stabilizing the BBB in these deadly infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Changchen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tais Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaojun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wang P, Luchowska-Stańska U, van Basten B, Chen H, Liu Z, Wiejak J, Whelan P, Morgan D, Lochhead E, Barker G, Rehmann H, Yarwood SJ, Zhou J. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Noncyclic Nucleotide Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) Regulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5159-5184. [PMID: 32340447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) play a central role in various biological functions, and activation of the EPAC1 protein has shown potential benefits for the treatment of various human diseases. Herein, we report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a series of noncyclic nucleotide EPAC1 activators. Several potent EPAC1 binders were identified including 25g, 25q, 25n, 25u, 25e, and 25f, which promote EPAC1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity in vitro. These agonists can also activate EPAC1 protein in cells, where they exhibit excellent selectivity toward EPAC over protein kinase A and G protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, 25e, 25f, 25n, and 25u exhibited improved selectivity toward activation of EPAC1 over EPAC2 in cells. Of these, 25u was found to robustly inhibit IL-6-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and subsequent induction of the pro-inflammatory vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) cell-adhesion protein. These novel EPAC1 activators may therefore act as useful pharmacological tools for elucidation of EPAC function and promising drug leads for the treatment of relevant human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Urszula Luchowska-Stańska
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Boy van Basten
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jolanta Wiejak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Padraic Whelan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - David Morgan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Emma Lochhead
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Holger Rehmann
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Centre of Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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22
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Shao H, Mohamed H, Boulton S, Huang J, Wang P, Chen H, Zhou J, Luchowska-Stańska U, Jentsch NG, Armstrong AL, Magolan J, Yarwood S, Melacini G. Mechanism of Action of an EPAC1-Selective Competitive Partial Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4762-4775. [PMID: 32297742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a promising drug target for a wide disease range, from neurodegeneration and infections to cancer and cardiovascular conditions. A novel partial agonist of the EPAC isoform 1 (EPAC1), I942, was recently discovered, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we utilize NMR spectroscopy to map the I942-EPAC1 interactions at atomic resolution and propose a mechanism for I942 partial agonism. We found that I942 interacts with the phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and base binding region (BBR) of EPAC1, similar to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). These results not only reveal the molecular basis for the I942 vs cAMP mimicry and competition, but also suggest that the partial agonism of I942 arises from its ability to stabilize an inhibition-incompetent activation intermediate distinct from both active and inactive EPAC1 states. The mechanism of action of I942 may facilitate drug design for EPAC-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Urszula Luchowska-Stańska
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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23
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Gray JL, von Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting the Small GTPase Superfamily through Their Regulatory Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6342-6366. [PMID: 30869179 PMCID: PMC7204875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily of small GTPases are guanine-nucleotide-dependent switches essential for numerous cellular processes. Mutations or dysregulation of these proteins are associated with many diseases, but unsuccessful attempts to target the small GTPases directly have resulted in them being classed as "undruggable". The GTP-dependent signaling of these proteins is controlled by their regulators; guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and in the Rho and Rab subfamilies, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review covers the recent small molecule and biologics strategies to target the small GTPases through their regulators. It seeks to critically re-evaluate recent chemical biology practice, such as the presence of PAINs motifs and the cell-based readout using compounds that are weakly potent or of unknown specificity. It highlights the vast scope of potential approaches for targeting the small GTPases in the future through their regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006South Africa
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
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24
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Trent B, Liang Y, Xing Y, Esqueda M, Wei Y, Cho NH, Kim HI, Kim YS, Shelite TR, Cai J, Sun J, Bouyer DH, Liu J, Soong L. Polarized lung inflammation and Tie2/angiopoietin-mediated endothelial dysfunction during severe Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007675. [PMID: 32119672 PMCID: PMC7067486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi infection can cause acute lung injury and high mortality in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested a hypothesis that dysregulated pulmonary inflammation and Tie2-mediated endothelial malfunction contribute to lung damage. Using a murine model of lethal O. tsutsugamushi infection, we demonstrated pathological characteristics of vascular activation and tissue damage: 1) a significant increase of ICAM-1 and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) proteins in inflamed tissues and lung-derived endothelial cells (EC), 2) a progressive loss of endothelial quiescent and junction proteins (Ang1, VE-cadherin/CD144, occuludin), and 3) a profound impairment of Tie2 receptor at the transcriptional and functional levels. In vitro infection of primary human EC cultures and serum Ang2 proteins in scrub typhus patients support our animal studies, implying endothelial dysfunction in severe scrub typhus. Flow cytometric analyses of lung-recovered cells further revealed that pulmonary macrophages (MΦ) were polarized toward an M1-like phenotype (CD80+CD64+CD11b+Ly6G-) during the onset of disease and prior to host death, which correlated with the significant loss of CD31+CD45- ECs and M2-like (CD206+CD64+CD11b+Ly6G-) cells. In vitro studies indicated extensive bacterial replication in M2-type, but not M1-type, MΦs, implying the protective and pathogenic roles of M1-skewed responses. This is the first detailed investigation of lung cellular immune responses during acute O. tsutsugamushi infection. It uncovers specific biomarkers for vascular dysfunction and M1-skewed inflammatory responses, highlighting future therapeutic research for the control of this neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Trent
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marisol Esqueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas R. Shelite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald H. Bouyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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25
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Silva I, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Moreira S, Costa AF, Silva D, Vieira C, Silva-Ramos M, Correia-de-Sá P. β 3 Adrenoceptor-induced cholinergic inhibition in human and rat urinary bladders involves the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 1 favoring adenosine release. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1589-1608. [PMID: 31721163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism by which β3 receptor agonists (e.g. mirabegron) control bladder overactivity may involve adenosine release from human and rat detrusor smooth muscle. Retrograde activation of adenosine A1 receptors reduces ACh release from cholinergic bladder nerves. β3 -Adrenoceptors usually couple to adenylyl cyclase. Here we investigated, which of the cAMP targets, protein kinase A or the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) could be involved in this cholinergic inhibition of the bladder. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH [3 H]ACh and adenosine release from urothelium-denuded detrusor strips of cadaveric human organ donors and rats were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry and HPLC, respectively. In vivo cystometry was also performed in urethane-anaesthetized rats. KEY RESULTS The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitor, ESI-09, prevented mirabegron- and isoprenaline-induced adenosine release from human and rat detrusor strips respectively. ESI-09, but not the PKA inhibitor, H-89, attenuated inhibition of [3 H]ACh release from stimulated (10 Hz) detrusor strips caused by activating β3 -adrenoceptors, AC (forskolin) and EPAC1 (8-CTP-2Me-cAMP). Isoprenaline-induced inhibition of [3 H]ACh release was also prevented by inhibitors of PKC (chelerythrine and Go6976) and of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1; dipyridamole and NBTI), but not by PLC inhibition with U73122. Pretreatment with ESI-09, but not with H-89, prevented the reduction of the voiding frequency caused by isoprenaline and forskolin in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Data suggest that β3 -adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of cholinergic neurotransmission in human and rat urinary bladders involves activation of an EPAC1/PKC pathway downstream cAMP production resulting in adenosine outflow via ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva-Ramos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Urologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Gray JL, Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting der kleinen GTPasen über ihre regulatorischen Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Frank Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Johannesburg Auckland Park 2006 Südafrika
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
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27
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Liu H, Mei FC, Yang W, Wang H, Wong E, Cai J, Toth E, Luo P, Li YM, Zhang W, Cheng X. Epac1 inhibition ameliorates pathological angiogenesis through coordinated activation of Notch and suppression of VEGF signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3566. [PMID: 31911948 PMCID: PMC6938696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the roles of Epac1 in pathological angiogenesis and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of vasoproliferative diseases. Genetic deletion of Epac1 ameliorated pathological angiogenesis in mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and carotid artery ligation. Moreover, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Epac1 suppressed microvessel sprouting from ex vivo aortic ring explants. Mechanistic studies revealed that Epac1 acted as a previously unidentified inhibitor of the γ-secretase/Notch signaling pathway via interacting with γ-secretase and regulating its intracellular trafficking while enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor signaling to promote pathological angiogenesis. Pharmacological administration of an Epac-specific inhibitor suppressed OIR-induced neovascularization in wild-type mice, recapitulating the phenotype of genetic Epac1 knockout. Our results demonstrate that Epac1 signaling is critical for the progression of pathological angiogenesis but not for physiological angiogenesis and that the newly developed Epac-specific inhibitors are effective in combating proliferative retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fang C. Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emma Toth
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pei Luo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Liu Y, Xiao J, Zhang B, Shelite TR, Su Z, Chang Q, Judy B, Li X, Drelich A, Bei J, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Jin Y, Rossi SL, Tang SJ, Wakamiya M, Saito T, Ksiazek T, Kaphalia B, Gong B. Increased talin-vinculin spatial proximities in livers in response to spotted fever group rickettsial and Ebola virus infections. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1030-1041. [PMID: 32238906 PMCID: PMC7111589 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Talin and vinculin, both actin-cytoskeleton-related proteins, have been documented to participate in establishing bacterial infections, respectively, as the adapter protein to mediate cytoskeleton-driven dynamics of the plasma membrane. However, little is known regarding the potential role of the talin-vinculin complex during spotted fever group rickettsial and Ebola virus infections, two dreadful infectious diseases in humans. Many functional properties of proteins are determined by their participation in protein-protein complexes, in a temporal and/or spatial manner. To resolve the limitation of application in using mouse primary antibodies on archival, multiple formalin-fixed mouse tissue samples, which were collected from experiments requiring high biocontainment, we developed a practical strategic proximity ligation assay (PLA) capable of employing one primary antibody raised in mouse to probe talin-vinculin spatial proximal complex in mouse tissue. We observed an increase of talin-vinculin spatial proximities in the livers of spotted fever Rickettsia australis or Ebola virus-infected mice when compared with mock mice. Furthermore, using EPAC1-knockout mice, we found that deletion of EPAC1 could suppress the formation of spatial proximal complex of talin-vinculin in rickettsial infections. In addition, we observed increased colocalization between spatial proximity of talin-vinculin and filamentous actin-specific phalloidin staining in single survival mouse from an ordinarily lethal dose of rickettsial or Ebola virus infection. These findings may help to delineate a fresh insight into the mechanisms underlying liver specific pathogenesis during infection with spotted fever rickettsia or Ebola virus in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Liu
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Thomas R. Shelite
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zhengchen Su
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Qing Chang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Barbara Judy
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Xiang Li
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jiani Bei
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA ,0000 0004 0532 1428grid.265231.1Present Address: Life Science Department, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA ,0000 0004 0369 1599grid.411525.6Present Address: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Zheng
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Yang Jin
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA USA
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tais Saito
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Bhupendra Kaphalia
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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White MA, Tsalkova T, Mei FC, Cheng X. Conformational States of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC1) Revealed by Ensemble Modeling and Integrative Structural Biology. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010035. [PMID: 31877746 PMCID: PMC7016869 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC1 and EPAC2) are important allosteric regulators of cAMP-mediated signal transduction pathways. To understand the molecular mechanism of EPAC activation, we performed detailed Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analysis of EPAC1 in its apo (inactive), cAMP-bound, and effector (Rap1b)-bound states. Our study demonstrates that we can model the solution structures of EPAC1 in each state using ensemble analysis and homology models derived from the crystal structures of EPAC2. The N-terminal domain of EPAC1, which is not conserved between EPAC1 and EPAC2, appears folded and interacts specifically with another component of EPAC1 in each state. The apo-EPAC1 state is a dynamic mixture of a compact (Rg = 32.9 Å, 86%) and a more extended (Rg = 38.5 Å, 13%) conformation. The cAMP-bound form of EPAC1 in the absence of Rap1 forms a dimer in solution; but its molecular structure is still compatible with the active EPAC1 conformation of the ternary complex model with cAMP and Rap1. Herein, we show that SAXS can elucidate the conformational states of EPAC1 activation as it proceeds from the compact, inactive apo conformation through a previously unknown intermediate-state, to the extended cAMP-bound form, and then binds to its effector (Rap1b) in a ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Andrew White
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.W.); (X.C.); Tel.: +409-747-4747 (M.A.W.); +713-500-7487 (X.C.)
| | - Tamara Tsalkova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Fang C. Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.W.); (X.C.); Tel.: +409-747-4747 (M.A.W.); +713-500-7487 (X.C.)
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Ahmed A, Boulton S, Shao H, Akimoto M, Natarajan A, Cheng X, Melacini G. Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111462. [PMID: 31752286 PMCID: PMC6912387 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The universal second messenger cAMP regulates diverse intracellular processes by interacting with ubiquitously expressed proteins, such as Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is implicated in multiple pathologies, thus several EPAC-specific inhibitors have been identified in recent years. However, the mechanisms and molecular interactions underlying the EPAC inhibition elicited by such compounds are still poorly understood. Additionally, being hydrophobic low molecular weight species, EPAC-specific inhibitors are prone to forming colloidal aggregates, which result in non-specific aggregation-based inhibition (ABI) in aqueous systems. Here, we review from a biophysical perspective the molecular basis of the specific and non-specific interactions of two EPAC antagonists—CE3F4R, a non-competitive inhibitor, and ESI-09, a competitive inhibitor of EPAC. Additionally, we discuss the value of common ABI attenuators (e.g., TX and HSA) to reduce false positives at the expense of introducing false negatives when screening aggregation-prone compounds. We hope this review provides the EPAC community effective criteria to evaluate similar compounds, aiding in the optimization of existing drug leads, and informing the development of the next generation of EPAC-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveena Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Hongzhao Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (H.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (H.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.A.); (S.B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (H.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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A new role for host annexin A2 in establishing bacterial adhesion to vascular endothelial cells: lines of evidence from atomic force microscopy and an in vivo study. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1650-1660. [PMID: 31253864 PMCID: PMC6913097 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding bacterial adhesion is challenging and critical to our understanding of the initial stages of the pathogenesis of endovascular bacterial infections. The vascular endothelial cell (EC) is the main target of Rickettsia, an obligately intracellular bacterium that causes serious systemic disease in humans and animals. But the mechanism(s) underlying bacterial adherence to ECs under shear stress from flowing blood prior to activation are unknown for any bacteria. Although host surface annexin a2 (ANXA2) has been identified to participate in efficient bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, direct evidence is lacking in the field of bacterial infections of ECs. In the present study, we employ a novel, anatomically based, in vivo quantitative bacterial-adhesion-to-vascular-EC system, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), to examine the role of endothelial luminal surface ANXA2 during rickettsial adherence to ECs. We also examined whether ANXA2 antibody affected binding of Staphylococcus aureus to ECs. We found that deletion of ANXA2 impeded rickettsial attachment to the ECs in vitro and blocked rickettsial adherence to the blood vessel luminal surface in vivo. The AFM studies established that EC surface ANXA2 acts as an adherence receptor for rickettsiae, and that rickettsial adhesin OmpB is the associated bacterial ligand. Furthermore, pretreatment of ECs with anti-ANXA2 antibody reduced EC surface-associated S. aureus. We conclude that the endothelial surface ANXA2 plays an important role in initiating pathogen-host interactions, ultimately leading to bacterial anchoring on the vascular luminal surface.
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He X, Drelich A, Yu S, Chang Q, Gong D, Zhou Y, Qu Y, Yuan Y, Su Z, Qiu Y, Tang SJ, Gaitas A, Ksiazek T, Xu Z, Zhou J, Feng Z, Wakamiya M, Lu F, Gong B. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP plays a critical role in regulation of vascular fibrinolysis. Life Sci 2019; 221:1-12. [PMID: 30738042 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis at the surface of vascular endothelial cells (SVEC) plays a key role in maintaining vascular hemostasis, in which the cAMP pathway participates. After externalization to the SVEC, annexin A2 (ANXA2) serves as a platform for conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Here we describe a regulatory role of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) in ANXA2 externalization and vascular fibrinolysis. Knockout of EPAC1 in mice results in a decreased ANXA2 expression on the SVEC associated with increased fibrin deposition and fibrinolytic dysfunction. Reduced levels of EPAC1 are also found in endocardial tissues beneath atrial mural thrombi in patients. Notably, administration of recombinant ANXA2 ameliorates fibrinolytic dysfunction in the EPAC1-null mice. Mechanistically, EPAC1 regulates the SVEC plasminogen conversion depended on ANXA2. EPAC1 promotes tyrosine-23 phosphorylation of ANXA2, a prerequisite for its recruitment to the SVEC. Our data thus reveal a novel regulatory role for EPAC1 in vascular fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shangyi Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Dejun Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Qu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zhiyun Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Fanglin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP and Their Roles in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01200-18. [PMID: 30185593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory infection in young children and high-risk adults. However, a specific treatment for this viral infection is not currently available. In this study, we discovered that an exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) can serve as a potential therapeutic target for RSV. In both lower and upper epithelial cells, treatment with EPAC inhibitor (ESI-09), but not protein kinase A inhibitor (H89), significantly inhibits RSV replication and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction. In addition, RSV-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the NF-κB and IRF families are also suppressed by ESI-09. Through isoform-specific gene knockdown, we found that EPAC2, but not EPAC1, plays a dominant role in controlling RSV replication and virus-induced host responses. Experiments using both EPAC2 knockout and EPAC2-specific inhibitor support such roles of EPAC2. Therefore, EPAC2 is a promising therapeutic target to regulate RSV replication and associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE RSV is a serious public health problem, as it is associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbations. Currently no effective treatment or vaccine is available, and many molecular mechanisms regarding RSV-induced lung disease are still significantly unknown. This project aims to elucidate an important and novel function of a protein, called EPAC2, in RSV replication and innate inflammatory responses. Our results should provide an important insight into the development of new pharmacologic strategies against RSV infection, thereby reducing RSV-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Drelich A, Judy B, He X, Chang Q, Yu S, Li X, Lu F, Wakamiya M, Popov V, Zhou J, Ksiazek T, Gong B. Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP Modulates Ebola Virus Uptake into Vascular Endothelial Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100563. [PMID: 30332733 PMCID: PMC6213290 DOI: 10.3390/v10100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Filoviridae, including Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Given their high lethality, a comprehensive understanding of filoviral pathogenesis is urgently needed. In the present studies, we revealed that the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) gene deletion protects vasculature in ex vivo explants from EBOV infection. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 using EPAC-specific inhibitors (ESIs) mimicked the EPAC1 knockout phenotype in the ex vivo model. ESI treatment dramatically decreased EBOV infectivity in both ex vivo vasculature and in vitro vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, postexposure protection of ECs against EBOV infection was conferred using ESIs. Protective efficacy of ESIs in ECs was observed also in MARV infection. Additional studies using a vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype that expresses EBOV glycoprotein (EGP-VSV) confirmed that ESIs reduced infection in ECs. Ultrastructural studies suggested that ESIs blocked EGP-VSV internalization via inhibition of macropinocytosis. The inactivation of EPAC1 affects the early stage of viral entry after viral binding to the cell surface, but before early endosome formation, in a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner. Our study delineated a new critical role of EPAC1 during EBOV uptake into ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Barbara Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Shangyi Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Fanglin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Wang XF, Song SD, Li YJ, Hu ZQ, Zhang ZW, Yan CG, Li ZG, Tang HF. Protective Effect of Quercetin in LPS-Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury Mediated by cAMP-Epac Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 41:1093-1103. [PMID: 29569077 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) as an abundant flavonol element possesses potent antioxidative properties and has protective effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI), but the specific mechanism is still unclear, so we investigated the effect of Que from in vivo and in vitro studies and the related mechanism of cAMP-PKA/Epac pathway. The results in mice suggested that Que can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokine, block neutrophil recruitment, and decrease the albumin leakage in dose-dependent manners. At the same time, Que can increase the cAMP content of lung tissue, and Epac content, except PKA. The results in epithelial cell (MLE-12) suggested that Que also can inhibit the inflammatory mediators keratinocyte-derived chemokines release after LPS stimulation; Epac inhibitor ESI-09 functionally antagonizes the inhibitory effect of Que; meanwhile, PKA inhibitor H89 functionally enhances the inhibitory effect of Que. Overexpression of Epac1 in MLE-12 suggested that Epac1 enhance the effect of Que. All those results suggested that the protective effect of quercetin in ALI is involved in cAMP-Epac pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Shun-de Song
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zheng Qiang Hu
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Zhang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun-Guang Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Gang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hui-Fang Tang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Sahni A, Fang R, Sahni SK, Walker DH. Pathogenesis of Rickettsial Diseases: Pathogenic and Immune Mechanisms of an Endotheliotropic Infection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:127-152. [PMID: 30148688 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obligately intracytosolic rickettsiae that cycle between arthropod and vertebrate hosts cause human diseases with a spectrum of severity, primarily by targeting microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes have important roles in the intracellular killing of rickettsiae upon activation by the effector molecules of innate and adaptive immunity. In overwhelming infection, immunosuppressive effects contribute to the severity of illness. Rickettsia-host cell interactions involve host cell receptors for rickettsial ligands that mediate cell adhesion and, in some instances, trigger induced phagocytosis. Rickettsiae interact with host cell actin to effect both cellular entry and intracellular actin-based mobility. The interaction of rickettsiae with the host cell also involves rickettsial evasion of host defense mechanisms and exploitation of the intracellular environment. Signal transduction events exemplify these effects. An intriguing frontier is the array of rickettsial noncoding RNA molecules and their potential effects on the pathogenesis and transmission of rickettsial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sahni
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA; , , ,
| | - Rong Fang
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA; , , ,
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA; , , ,
| | - David H Walker
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA; , , ,
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37
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Boulton S, Selvaratnam R, Blondeau JP, Lezoualc'h F, Melacini G. Mechanism of Selective Enzyme Inhibition through Uncompetitive Regulation of an Allosteric Agonist. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9624-9637. [PMID: 30016089 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Classical uncompetitive inhibitors are potent pharmacological modulators of enzyme function. Since they selectively target enzyme-substrate complexes (E:S), their inhibitory potency is amplified by increasing substrate concentrations. Recently, an unconventional uncompetitive inhibitor, called CE3F4R, was discovered for the exchange protein activated by cAMP isoform 1 (EPAC1). Unlike conventional uncompetitive inhibitors, CE3F4R is uncompetitive with respect to an allosteric effector, cAMP, as opposed to the substrate (i.e., CE3F4R targets the E:cAMP rather than the E:S complex). However, the mechanism of CE3F4R as an uncompetitive inhibitor is currently unknown. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of CE3F4R's action using NMR spectroscopy. Due to limited solubility and line broadening, which pose major challenges for traditional structural determination approaches, we resorted to a combination of protein- and ligand-based NMR experiments to comparatively analyze EPAC mutations, inhibitor analogs, and cyclic nucleotide derivatives that trap EPAC at different stages of activation. We discovered that CE3F4R binds within the EPAC cAMP-binding domain (CBD) at a subdomain interface distinct from the cAMP binding site, acting as a wedge that stabilizes a cAMP-bound mixed-intermediate. The mixed-intermediate includes attributes of both the apo/inactive and cAMP-bound/active states. In particular, the intermediate targeted by CE3F4R traps a CBD's hinge helix in its inactive conformation, locking EPAC into a closed domain topology that restricts substrate access to the catalytic domain. The proposed mechanism of action also explains the isoform selectivity of CE3F4R in terms of a single EPAC1 versus EPAC2 amino acid difference that destabilizes the active conformation of the hinge helix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Paul Blondeau
- Université Paris-Sud , Faculté de Pharmacie , 92296 Cedex Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , 31432 Cedex 04 Toulouse , France
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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39
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Chen H, Wang P, Mei FC, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Structure-activity relationships of 2-substituted phenyl-N-phenyl-2-oxoacetohydrazonoyl cyanides as novel antagonists of exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5163-5166. [PMID: 29100797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators that play important roles in cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammations, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. EPAC specific modulators are urgently needed to explore EPAC's physiological function, mechanism of action and therapeutic applications. On the basis of a previously identified EPAC specific inhibitor hit ESI-09, herein we have designed and synthesized a novel series of 2-substituted phenyl-N-phenyl-2-oxoacetohydrazonoyl cyanides as potent EPAC inhibitors. Compound 31 (ZL0524) has been discovered as the most potent EPAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 3.6 µM and 1.2 µM against EPAC1 and EPAC2, respectively. Molecular docking of 31 onto an active EPAC2 structure predicts that 31 occupies the hydrophobic pocket in cAMP binding domain (CBD) and also opens up new space leading to the solvent region. These findings provide inspirations for discovering next generation of EPAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Abstract
Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells first must adopt a pro-migratory phenotype and move through the surrounding stroma towards a blood or lymphatic vessel. Currently, there are very limited possibilities to target these processes therapeutically. The family of Rho GTPases is an ubiquitously expressed division of GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular signaling. The best characterized members of the Rho family GTPases are RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Abnormalities in Rho GTPase function have major consequences for cancer progression. Rho GTPase activation is driven by cell surface receptors that activate GTP exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on Rho GTPase function in the regulation of metastasis. We will focus on key discoveries in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), cell-cell junctions, formation of membrane protrusions, plasticity of cell migration and adaptation to a hypoxic environment. In addition, we will emphasize on crosstalk between Rho GTPase family members and other important oncogenic pathways, such as cyclic AMP-mediated signaling, canonical Wnt/β-catenin, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and provide an overview of the advancements and challenges in developing pharmacological tools to target Rho GTPase and the aforementioned crosstalk in the context of cancer therapeutics.
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Sahni A, Patel J, Narra HP, Schroeder CLC, Walker DH, Sahni SK. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 mediates internalization of pathogenic spotted fever rickettsiae into host endothelium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183181. [PMID: 28806774 PMCID: PMC5555671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial infections continue to cause serious morbidity and mortality in severe human cases around the world. Host cell adhesion and invasion is an essential requisite for intracellular growth, replication, and subsequent dissemination of pathogenic rickettsiae. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans [HSPGs] facilitate the interactions between fibroblast growth factor(s) and their tyrosine kinase receptors resulting in receptor dimerization/activation and have been implicated in bacterial adhesion to target host cells. In the present study, we have investigated the contributions of fibroblast growth factor receptors [FGFRs] in rickettsial entry into the host cells. Inhibition of HSPGs by heparinase and FGFRs by AZD4547 (a selective small-molecule inhibitor) results in significant reduction in rickettsial internalization into cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), which represent the primary targets of pathogenic rickettsiae during human infections. Administration of AZD4547 during R. conorii infection in a murine model of endothelial-target spotted fever rickettsiosis also diminishes pulmonary rickettsial burden in comparison to mock-treated controls. Silencing of FGFR1 expression using a small interfering RNA also leads to similar inhibition of R. rickettsii invasion into ECs. Consistent with these findings, R. rickettsii infection of ECs also results in phosphorylation of tyrosine 653/654, suggesting activation of FGFR1. Using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation [iTRAQ]-based proteomics approach, we further demonstrate association of β-peptide of rickettsial outer membrane protein OmpA with FGFR1. Mechanistically, FGFR1 binds to caveolin-1 and mediates bacterial entry via caveolin-1 dependent endocytosis. Together, these results identify host cell FGFR1 and rickettsial OmpA as another novel receptor-ligand pair contributing to the internalization of pathogenic rickettsiae into host endothelial cells and the potential application of FGFR-inhibitor drugs as adjunct therapeutics against spotted fever rickettsioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (SKS)
| | - Jignesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hema P. Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Casey L. C. Schroeder
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev K. Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (SKS)
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Zhu Y, Mei F, Luo P, Cheng X. A cell-based, quantitative and isoform-specific assay for exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6200. [PMID: 28740152 PMCID: PMC5524698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive functional studies of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) family of signaling molecules have demonstrated that EPAC proteins play a fundamental role in several physiological and pathophysiological responses, therefore are attractive drug targets. In this report, the development of a cell-based, medium to high throughput screening assay that is capable of monitoring EPAC-mediated activation of cellular Rap1 in an isoform-specific manner is described. This assay adapts a conventional ELISA format with immobilized RalGDS-RBD as a bait to selectively capture GTP-bound active Rap1. As a result, it fills an urgent need for a cell-based EPAC assay that can be conveniently performed using microtiter plates for the discovery and/or validation of isoform-specific EPAC agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Luo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Wang X, Luo C, Cheng X, Lu M. Lithium and an EPAC-specific inhibitor ESI-09 synergistically suppress pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and survival. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:573-580. [PMID: 28475672 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that while lithium suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells, the inhibition of exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (EPAC)1 blocks pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, we further investigated the combinatory effects of lithium and EPAC-specific inhibitor (ESI)-09, an EPAC-specific inhibitor, on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and viability, and explored whether lithium synergistically cooperates with EPAC inhibition in suppressing pancreatic cancer cell tumorigenicity. The cell viability of pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 was measured after 48 h of incubation with different dose combination of lithium and ESI-09. Flow cytometric analysis was carried out to further verify the impact of lithium and ESI-09 upon PANC-1 cell proliferation and apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism that the effects generated by lithium and ESI-09 on PANC-1 cells, the intracellular cAMP level was measured by an ELISA-based cAMP immunoassay. Our data showed that lithium and ESI-09 synergistically inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth and survival. Furthermore, our results revealed a novel mechanism in which the synergism between lithium and ESI-09 is not mediated by the inhibitory effect of lithium toward GSK3β, but by lithium's ability to suppress cAMP/protein kinase A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Wang P, Liu Z, Chen H, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs): Emerging therapeutic targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1633-1639. [PMID: 28283242 PMCID: PMC5397994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators. The discovery of EPAC proteins has significantly facilitated understanding on cAMP-dependent signaling pathway and efforts along this line open new avenues for developing novel therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. Over the past decade, important progress has been made in the identification of EPAC agonists, antagonists and their biological and pharmacological applications. In this review, we briefly summarize recently reported novel functions of EPACs and the discovery of their small molecule modulators. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Ye N, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Mei FC, Chen H, Wang P, Cheng X, Zhou J. Identification of novel 2-(benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-N-phenylacetohydrazonoyl cyanide analoguesas potent EPAC antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:62-71. [PMID: 28399451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel EPAC antagonists are designed, synthesized and evaluated in an effort to develop diversified analogues based on the scaffold of the previously identified high-throughput (HTS) hit 1 (ESI-09). Further SAR studies reveal that the isoxazole ring A of 1 can tolerate chemical modifications with either introduction of flexible electron-donating substitutions or structurally restrictedly fusing with a phenyl ring, leading to identification of several more potent and diversified EPAC antagonists (e.g., 10 (NY0617), 14 (NY0460), 26 (NY0725), 32 (NY0561), and 33 (NY0562)) with low micromolar inhibitory activities. Molecular docking studies on compounds 10 and 33 indicate that these two series of compounds bind at a similar site with substantially different interactions with the EPAC proteins. The findings may serve as good starting points for the development of more potent EPAC antagonists as valuable pharmacological probes or potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Kopperud RK, Rygh CB, Karlsen TV, Krakstad C, Kleppe R, Hoivik EA, Bakke M, Tenstad O, Selheim F, Lidén Å, Madsen L, Pavlin T, Taxt T, Kristiansen K, Curry FRE, Reed RK, Døskeland SO. Increased microvascular permeability in mice lacking Epac1 (Rapgef3). Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:441-452. [PMID: 27096875 PMCID: PMC5073050 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim Maintenance of the blood and extracellular volume requires tight control of endothelial macromolecule permeability, which is regulated by cAMP signalling. This study probes the role of the cAMP mediators rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 and 4 (Epac1 and Epac2) for in vivo control of microvascular macromolecule permeability under basal conditions. Methods Epac1−/− and Epac2−/− C57BL/6J mice were produced and compared with wild‐type mice for transvascular flux of radio‐labelled albumin in skin, adipose tissue, intestine, heart and skeletal muscle. The transvascular leakage was also studied by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) using the MRI contrast agent Gadomer‐17 as probe. Results Epac1−/− mice had constitutively increased transvascular macromolecule transport, indicating Epac1‐dependent restriction of baseline permeability. In addition, Epac1−/− mice showed little or no enhancement of vascular permeability in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), whether probed with labelled albumin or Gadomer‐17. Epac2−/− and wild‐type mice had similar basal and ANP‐stimulated clearances. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that Epac1−/− microvascular interendothelial junctions had constitutively less junctional complex. Conclusion Epac1 exerts a tonic inhibition of in vivo basal microvascular permeability. The loss of this tonic action increases baseline permeability, presumably by reducing the interendothelial permeability resistance. Part of the action of ANP to increase permeability in wild‐type microvessels may involve inhibition of the basal Epac1‐dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Kopperud
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Brekke Rygh
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. V. Karlsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Krakstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - R. Kleppe
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - E. A. Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - M. Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - O. Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Å. Lidén
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - L. Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Pavlin
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Taxt
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - K. Kristiansen
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F.-R. E. Curry
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology; School of Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. K. Reed
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - S. O. Døskeland
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Inhibition of Epac1 suppresses mitochondrial fission and reduces neointima formation induced by vascular injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36552. [PMID: 27830723 PMCID: PMC5103196 DOI: 10.1038/srep36552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation in response to injury plays an important role in the development of vascular proliferative diseases, including restenosis and atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to ascertain the physiological functions of exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP isoform 1 (Epac1) in VSMC and to evaluate the potential of Epac1 as therapeutic targets for neointima formation during vascular remodeling. In a mouse carotid artery ligation model, genetic knockdown of the Epac1 gene led to a significant reduction in neointima obstruction in response to vascular injury. Pharmacologic inhibition of Epac1 with an Epac specific inhibitor, ESI-09, phenocopied the effects of Epac1 null by suppressing neointima formation and proliferative VSMC accumulation in neointima area. Mechanistically, Epac1 deficient VSMCs exhibited lower level of PI3K/AKT signaling and dampened response to PDGF-induced mitochondrial fission and reactive oxygen species levels. Our studies indicate that Epac1 plays important roles in promoting VSMC proliferation and phenotypic switch in response to vascular injury, therefore, representing a therapeutic target for vascular proliferative diseases.
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Tao Y, Li L, Jiang B, Feng Z, Yang L, Tang J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Tan Q, Feng H, Chen Z, Zhu G. Cannabinoid receptor-2 stimulation suppresses neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization through the cAMP/PKA pathway in an experimental GMH rat model. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:118-129. [PMID: 27261088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory responses are involved in secondary brain injury during germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). The process of microglial polarization to the pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes is considered to occur in a major immunomodulatory manner during brain inflammation. We previously found that cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2R) stimulation attenuated microglial accumulation and brain injury following experimental GMH. However, whether CB2R has effects on microglial polarization after GMH remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of CB2R stimulation on neuroinflammation after experimental GMH and the potential mechanisms that mediate M1/M2 microglial phenotype regulation. The results indicated that during the GMH acute phase, microglia primarily polarized to the M1 phenotype and induced an overwhelming release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, JWH133, a selective CB2R agonist, significantly prevented the pro-inflammatory cytokine release while promoting an M1 to M2 phenotype transformation in microglia, resulting in an increased anti-inflammatory cytokine release. Moreover, in thrombin-induced rat primary microglial cells, JWH133 reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and M1 phenotype by enhancing the acquisition of the M2 phenotype. Additionally, JWH133 facilitated synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and its downstream effectors, phosphorylated cAMP-dependent protein kinase (p-PKA) and exchange protein activated by cyclic-AMP 1 (Epac1). The promoting effects of JWH133 on M2 polarization were attenuated with a specific PKA inhibitor but not with an Epac inhibitor, indicating that the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway was involved in the JWH133 effects. This is the first study to propose that promotion of microglial M2 polarization through the cAMP/PKA pathway participates in the CB2R-mediated anti-inflammatory effects after GMH induction. The results will help to further understand the mechanisms that underlie neuroprotection by CB2R in GMH and promote clinical translational research for CB2R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Exchange factors directly activated by cAMP mediate melanocortin 4 receptor-induced gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32776. [PMID: 27612207 PMCID: PMC5017209 DOI: 10.1038/srep32776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gs protein-coupled receptors regulate many vital body functions by activation of cAMP response elements (CRE) via cAMP-dependent kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the CRE binding protein (CREB). Melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) are prototypical Gs-coupled receptors that orchestrate the hypothalamic control of food-intake and metabolism. Remarkably, the significance of PKA for MC4R-induced CRE-dependent transcription in hypothalamic cells has not been rigorously interrogated yet. In two hypothalamic cell lines, we observed that blocking PKA activity had only weak or no effects on reporter gene expression. In contrast, inhibitors of exchange factors directly activated by cAMP-1/2 (EPAC-1/2) mitigated MC4R-induced CRE reporter activation and mRNA induction of the CREB-dependent genes c-fos and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Furthermore, we provide first evidence that extracellular-regulated kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2) activated by EPACs and not PKA are the elusive CREB kinases responsible for MC4R-induced CREB/CRE activation in hypothalamic cells. Overall, these data emphasize the pivotal role of EPACs rather than PKA in hypothalamic gene expression elicited by a prototypical Gs-coupled receptor.
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50
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Lezoualc'h F, Fazal L, Laudette M, Conte C. Cyclic AMP Sensor EPAC Proteins and Their Role in Cardiovascular Function and Disease. Circ Res 2016; 118:881-97. [PMID: 26941424 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is a universal second messenger that plays central roles in cardiovascular regulation influencing gene expression, cell morphology, and function. A crucial step toward a better understanding of cAMP signaling came 18 years ago with the discovery of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). The 2 EPAC isoforms, EPAC1 and EPAC2, are guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for the Ras-like GTPases, Rap1 and Rap2, which they activate independently of the classical effector of cAMP, protein kinase A. With the development of EPAC pharmacological modulators, many reports in the literature have demonstrated the critical role of EPAC in the regulation of various cAMP-dependent cardiovascular functions, such as calcium handling and vascular tone. EPAC proteins are coupled to a multitude of effectors into distinct subcellular compartments because of their multidomain architecture. These novel cAMP sensors are not only at the crossroads of different physiological processes but also may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of several cardiovascular disorders, including cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lezoualc'h
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.).
| | - Loubina Fazal
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Marion Laudette
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Caroline Conte
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
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