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Xu K, Cai Z, Luo H, Lu Y, Ding C, Yang G, Wang L, Kuang C, Liu J, Yang H. Toward Integrated Multifunctional Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Skin-Like Flexible Sensor Systems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26435-26476. [PMID: 39288275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The burgeoning demands for health care and human-machine interfaces call for the next generation of multifunctional integrated sensor systems with facile fabrication processes and reliable performances. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) with highly tunable physical and chemical characteristics plays vital roles in developing versatile skin-like flexible or stretchable sensor systems. This Progress Report presents an in-depth overview of the latest advances in LIG-based techniques in the applications of flexible sensors. First, the merits of the LIG technique are highlighted especially as the building blocks for flexible sensors, followed by the description of various fabrication methods of LIG and its variants. Then, the focus is moved to diverse LIG-based flexible sensors, including physical sensors, chemical sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Mechanisms and advantages of LIG in these scenarios are described in detail. Furthermore, various representative paradigms of integrated LIG-based sensor systems are presented to show the capabilities of LIG technique for multipurpose applications. The signal cross-talk issues are discussed with possible strategies. The LIG technology with versatile functionalities coupled with other fabrication strategies will enable high-performance integrated sensor systems for next-generation skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zimo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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2
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Li Y, Guo Z, Zhao X, Liu S, Chen Z, Dong WF, Wang S, Sun YL, Wu X. An all-optical multidirectional mechano-sensor inspired by biologically mechano-sensitive hair sensilla. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2906. [PMID: 38575578 PMCID: PMC10994919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechano-sensitive hair-like sensilla (MSHS) have an ingenious and compact three-dimensional structure and have evolved widely in living organisms to perceive multidirectional mechanical signals. Nearly all MSHS are iontronic or electronic, including their biomimetic counterparts. Here, an all-optical mechano-sensor mimicking MSHS is prototyped and integrated based on a thin-walled glass microbubble as a flexible whispering-gallery-mode resonator. The minimalist integrated device has a good directionality of 32.31 dB in the radial plane of the micro-hair and can detect multidirectional displacements and forces as small as 70 nm and 0.9 μN, respectively. The device can also detect displacements and forces in the axial direction of the micro-hair as small as 2.29 nm and 3.65 μN, respectively, and perceive different vibrations. This mechano-sensor works well as a real-time, directional mechano-sensory whisker in a quadruped cat-type robot, showing its potential for innovative mechano-transduction, artificial perception, and robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wen-Fei Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun-Lu Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Jiang C, Xu H, Yang L, Liu J, Li Y, Takei K, Xu W. Neuromorphic antennal sensory system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2109. [PMID: 38453967 PMCID: PMC10920631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect antennae facilitate the nuanced detection of vibrations and deflections, and the non-contact perception of magnetic or chemical stimuli, capabilities not found in mammalian skin. Here, we report a neuromorphic antennal sensory system that emulates the structural, functional, and neuronal characteristics of ant antennae. Our system comprises electronic antennae sensor with three-dimensional flexible structures that detects tactile and magnetic stimuli. The integration of artificial synaptic devices adsorbed with solution-processable MoS2 nanoflakes enables synaptic processing of sensory information. By emulating the architecture of receptor-neuron pathway, our system realizes hardware-level, spatiotemporal perception of tactile contact, surface pattern, and magnetic field (detection limits: 1.3 mN, 50 μm, 9.4 mT). Vibrotactile-perception tasks involving profile and texture classifications were accomplished with high accuracy (> 90%), surpassing human performance in "blind" tactile explorations. Magneto-perception tasks including magnetic navigation and touchless interaction were successfully completed. Our work represents a milestone for neuromorphic sensory systems and biomimetic perceptual intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Jiang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honghuan Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Das TK, Jesionek M, Çelik Y, Poater A. Catalytic polymer nanocomposites for environmental remediation of wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165772. [PMID: 37517738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of harmful chemicals and species from water, soil, and air is a major challenge in environmental remediation, and a wide range of materials have been studied in this regard. To identify the optimal material for particular applications, research is still ongoing. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), which combine the benefits of nanoparticles with polymers, an alternative to conventional materials, may open up new possibilities to overcome this difficulty. They have remarkable mechanical capabilities and compatibility due to their polymer matrix with a very high surface area to volume ratio brought about by their special physical and chemical properties, and the extremely reactive surfaces of the nanofillers. Composites also provide a viable answer to the separation and reuse problems that hinder nanoparticles in routine use. Understanding these PNCs materials in depth and using them in practical environmental applications is still in the early stages of development. The review article demonstrates a crisp introduction to the PNCs with their advantageous properties as a catalyst in environmental remediation. It also provides a comprehensive explanation of the design procedure and synthesis methods for fabricating PNCs and examines in depth the design methods, principles, and design techniques that guide proper design. Current developments in the use of polymer nanocomposites for the pollutant treatment using three commonly used catalytic processes (catalytic and redox degradation, electrocatalytic degradation, and biocatalytic degradation) are demonstrated in detail. Additionally, significant advances in research on the aforementioned catalytic process and the mechanism by which contaminants are degraded are also amply illustrated. Finally, there is a summary of the research challenges and future prospects of catalytic PNCs in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Kanti Das
- Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marcin Jesionek
- Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasemin Çelik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Albert Poater
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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5
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Lu M, Deng J, Mao X, Brandt L. Dynamic Buckling of a Filament Impacted by a Falling Droplet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:184002. [PMID: 37977627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.184002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the buckling dynamics of an elastic filament impacted axially by a falling liquid droplet, and identify the buckling modes through a combination of experimental and theoretical analyses. A phase diagram is constructed on a plane defined by two primary parameters: the falling height and the filament length. Two transition boundaries are observed, with one marking the occurrence of dynamic buckling and the other separating the buckling regime into two distinct modes. Notably, the hydrodynamic viscous force of the liquid dominates during the impact, with the dynamic buckling instability predicted by a single elastoviscous number. The critical load is twice the critical static load, which is, however, lower for the deformable droplet utilized in our study, as compared to a solid object. An additional time-dependent simulation on a longer filament exhibits a higher buckling mode, succeeded by a more distinct coarsening process than our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerui Mao
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Luca Brandt
- FLOW, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Zhang C, Wu M, Li M, Che L, Tan Z, Guo D, Kang Z, Cao S, Zhang S, Sui Y, Sun J, Wang L, Liu J. A nanonewton-scale biomimetic mechanosensor. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:87. [PMID: 37440869 PMCID: PMC10333214 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic mechanosensors have profound implications for various areas, including health care, prosthetics, human‒machine interfaces, and robotics. As one of the most important parameters, the sensitivity of mechanosensors is intrinsically determined by the detection resolution to mechanical force. In this manuscript, we expand the force detection resolution of current biomimetic mechanosensors from the micronewton to nanonewton scale. We develop a nanocrack-based electronic whisker-type mechanosensor that has a detection resolution of 72.2 nN. We achieve the perception of subtle mechanical stimuli, such as tiny objects and airflow, and the recognition of surface morphology down to a 30 nm height, which is the finest resolution ever reported in biomimetic mechanosensors. More importantly, we explore the use of this mechanosensor in wearable devices for sensing gravity field orientation with respect to the body, which has not been previously achieved by these types of sensors. We develop a wearable smart system for sensing the body's posture and movements, which can be used for remote monitoring of falls in elderly people. In summary, the proposed device offers great advantages for not only improving sensing ability but also expanding functions and thus can be used in many fields not currently served by mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Lixuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhiguang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Di Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shuye Cao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Yu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Jining Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Liding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Junshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning China
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7
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García Díez A, Pereira N, Tubio CR, Vilas-Vilela JL, Costa CM, Lanceros-Mendez S. Magnetic Polymer Actuators with Self-Sensing Resistive Bending Response Based on Ternary Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:3426-3435. [PMID: 37396056 PMCID: PMC10308843 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional polymer-based composite has been designed based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as polymer matrix and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as fillers, allowing to combine magnetic and electrical responses. The composites were prepared by solvent casting with a fixed 20 wt % concentration of CFO and varying the MWCNTs content between 0 and 3 wt %, allowing to tailor the electrical behavior. The morphology, polymer phase, and thermal and magnetic properties are nearly independent of the MWCNT filler content within the polymer matrix. On the other hand, the mechanical and electrical properties strongly depend on the MWCNT content and a maximum d.c. electrical conductivity value of 4 × 10-4 S·cm-1 has been obtained for the 20 wt %CFO-3 wt %MWCNT/PVDF sample, which is accompanied by an 11.1 emu·g-1 magnetization. The suitability of this composite for magnetic actuators with self-sensing strain characteristics is demonstrated with excellent response and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander García Díez
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nelson Pereira
- Centre
of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics
for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carmen R. Tubio
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Costa
- Centre
of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics
for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centre
of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics
for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Zhou W, Xiao P, Zhang C, Yang Q, Chen T. Dynamic competitive strains enabled self-supporting Janus nanostructured films for high-performance airflow perception. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1264-1273. [PMID: 36786523 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, piezoresistive airflow sensing systems have shown extensive potential applications in aerospace, weather forecasting, mineral enterprises, and wearable electronics. However, the achievement of both an ultralow detection limit and broad monitoring range still remains challenging. Here, we propose a self-supported Janus film based on a graphene/carbon sphere-elastomer hybrid, which allows us to sensitively and efficiently perceive tiny and strong airflows via responding with opposite current variations enabled by the dynamic competition of transverse and longitudinal strains. The achieved film enables an ultralow detection limit of ∼0.0087 m s-1, a wide detection range of 0.0087-23 m s-1, favorable response speed as fast as ∼0.1 s, and signal stability for 1150 cycles. Furthermore, an artificial smart spiderweb array system is delicately designed to efficiently distinguish the position and intensity of the applied airflow for efficient non-contact manipulation, enabling significant potential in the development of advanced soft electronics and smart biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Zhao C, Fang Y, Chen H, Zhang S, Wan Y, Riaz MS, Zhang Z, Dong W, Diao L, Ren D, Huang F. Ultrathin Mo 2S 3 Nanowire Network for High-Sensitivity Breathable Piezoresistive Electronic Skins. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4862-4870. [PMID: 36825732 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezosensing electronic skins (e-skins) have attracted considerable interest owing to their applications in real-time human-health monitoring, human-machine interactions, and soft bionic robot perception. However, the fabrication of piezosensing e-skins with high sensitivity, biological affinity, and good permeability at the same time is challenging. Herein, we designed and synthesized Mo2S3 nanowires by inserting ∞1[Mo2+S] chains between MoS2 interlayers. The resulting Mo2S3 nanowires feature high conductivity (4.9 × 104 S m-1) and a high aspect ratio (∼200). An ultrathin (∼500 nm) Mo2S3 nanowire network was fabricated using a simple liquid/liquid interface self-assembly method, showing high piezoresistive sensitivity (5.65 kPa-1), a considerably low pressure detection limit (0.08 Pa), and gratifying air permeability. Moreover, this nanowire network can be directly attached to human skin for real-time human pulse detection, finger movement monitoring, and sign language recognition, exhibiting excellent potential for health monitoring and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Sohail Riaz
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wujie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic ofChina
| | - Dayong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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10
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Tauber F, Desmulliez M, Piccin O, Stokes AA. Perspective for soft robotics: the field's past and future. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:035001. [PMID: 36764003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acbb48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since its beginnings in the 1960s, soft robotics has been a steadily growing field that has enjoyed recent growth with the advent of rapid prototyping and the provision of new flexible materials. These two innovations have enabled the development of fully flexible and untethered soft robotic systems. The integration of novel sensors enabled by new manufacturing processes and materials shows promise for enabling the production of soft systems with 'embodied intelligence'. Here, four experts present their perspectives for the future of the field of soft robotics based on these past innovations. Their focus is on finding answers to the questions of: how to manufacture soft robots, and on how soft robots can sense, move, and think. We highlight industrial production techniques, which are unused to date for manufacturing soft robots. They discuss how novel tactile sensors for soft robots could be created to enable better interaction of the soft robot with the environment. In conclusion this article highlights how embodied intelligence in soft robots could be used to make soft robots think and to make systems that can compute, autonomously, from sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Tauber
- Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Desmulliez
- Research Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems (ISSS), School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Piccin
- ICube-INSA Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adam A Stokes
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Deng Z, Guo L, Chen X, Wu W. Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052479. [PMID: 36904682 PMCID: PMC10007426 DOI: 10.3390/s23052479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and system integration, and the number of high-performance wearable systems has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, there are still many challenges in these fields, such as balancing the trade-off between flexibility/stretchability, sensing performance, and the robustness of systems. For this reason, more evolution is required to promote the development of wearable health-monitoring systems. In this regard, this review summarizes some representative achievements and recent progress of wearable systems for health monitoring. Meanwhile, a strategy overview is presented about selecting materials, integrating systems, and monitoring biosignals. The next generation of wearable systems for accurate, portable, continuous, and long-term health monitoring will offer more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Deng
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Huayang, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| | - Ximeng Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
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12
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Li Z, Cheng L, Liu Z. Intentional Blocking Based Photoelectric Soft Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Stability. Soft Robot 2023; 10:205-216. [PMID: 35605098 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft pressure sensors have recently attracted considerable attention because of their applications in human-machine interface, soft robotics, and prosthetics. However, there remain some challenges in achieving satisfactory performance (e.g., high sensitivity, wide sensing range, high stability) for soft pressure sensors. This article reports an intentional blocking based photoelectric pressure sensor. Two different blocking methods are investigated: the single-row-pyramid blocking and the double-row-pyramid blocking. The sensor has a simple structure, which is made of a light-emitting diode, photosensitive element, and silicone sensor shell. Experiments demonstrate that the sensor has a high sensitivity (the maximum sensitivity is 48.07 kPa-1, and the minimum measurement pressure is 0.8 Pa), large pressure-sensing range (the sensing range is up to 120 kPa), superior stability (a drift about 0.4% over 12,130 repetitive cycles at 0-80 kPa), low drift (< ±0.2% in different 3-day testing), negligible hysteresis, and high signal-to-noise ratio (over 55 dB). By mounting the pressure sensor at the end of a robotic arm, the robot can detect subtle collisions (such as touching a balloon through a pinpoint). In addition, this article fabricates a tactile glove based on the proposed pressure sensor and shows the application of this glove for music playing and object weighing. This study provides a new structure for photoelectric sensors to increase sensitivity and also provides a more convenient way to fabricate photoelectric pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Lodh T, Le HP. An Ultra High Gain Converter for Driving HASEL Actuator Used in Soft Mobile Robots. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010053. [PMID: 36810384 PMCID: PMC9944876 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robots have the potential to fundamentally change interactions between robots and the surrounding environment, and between robots and animals, and robots and humans in ways that today's hard robots are incapable of doing. However, to realize this potential, soft robot actuators require extremely high voltage supplies of more than 4 kV. The electronics that can satisfy this need currently are either too large and bulky or unable to achieve the high power efficiency required for mobile systems. To meet this challenge, this paper conceptualizes, analyzes, designs, and validates a hardware prototype of an ultra-high gain (UHG) converter that can support extremely large conversion ratios up to ∼1000× to provide up to 5 kV output voltage from an input voltage of ∼5-10 V. This converter is demonstrated to be able to drive HASEL (Hydraulically Amplified Self-Healing Electrostatic) actuators, a promising candidate to realize future soft mobile robotic fishes, from an input voltage range of a 1-cell battery pack. The circuit topology employs a unique hybrid combination of a high-gain switched magnetic element (HGSME) and a diode and capacitor-based voltage multiplier rectifier (DCVMR) to enable compact magnetic elements, efficient soft-charging in all flying capacitors, and adjustable output voltage capability with simple duty-cycle modulation. Achieving an efficiency of 78.2% at 15 W output power, while providing 3.85 kV output from 8.5 V input, the proposed UGH converter proves to be a promising candidate for future untethered soft robots.
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14
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Yan J, Wang Q, Yang J, Rutter P, Xing M, Li B. Chemical Synthesis of Innovative Silver Nanohybrids with Synergistically Improved Antimicrobial Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2295-2305. [PMID: 37163141 PMCID: PMC10164387 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The wide use of antibiotics has created challenges related to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which have been increasingly found in recent decades. Antibiotic resistance has led to limited choices of antibiotics. Multiple old antimicrobial agents have high antimicrobial properties toward bacteria, but they unfortunately also possess high toxicity toward humans. For instance, silver (Ag) compounds were frequently used to treat tetanus and rheumatism in the 19th century and to treat colds and gonorrhea in the early 20th century. However, the high toxicity of Ag has limited its clinical use. Purpose We aimed to reformulate Ag to reduce its toxicity toward human cells like osteoblasts and to optimize its antimicrobial properties. Results Ag, an old antimicrobial agent, was reformulated by hybriding nanomaterials of different dimensions, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of controllable sizes (95-200 nm) and varying shapes (cube, snowflake, and sphere) were synthesized on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The obtained AgNP-CNT nanohybrids presented significantly higher killing efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) compared to AgNPs at the same molar concentration and showed synergism in killing S. aureus at 0.2 and 0.4 mM. AgNPs presented significant osteoblast toxicity; in contrast, AgNP-CNT nanohybrids demonstrated significantly enhanced osteoblast viability at 0.04-0.8 mM. The killing of S. aureus by AgNP-CNT nanohybrids was fast, occurring within 15 min. Conclusion Ag was successfully reformulated and Ag nanohybrids with various AgNP shapes on CNTs were synthesized. The nanohybrids presented significantly enhanced antimicrobial properties and significantly higher osteoblast cell viability compared to AgNPs, showing promise as an innovative antimicrobial nanomaterial for a broad range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Spine Center, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlin Yang
- Spine Center, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Paige Rutter
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Bingyun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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15
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Sivan Pillai A, Chandran A, Kuzhichalil Peethambharan S. Silver Nanoparticle-Decorated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Ink for Advanced Wearable Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46775-46788. [PMID: 36196480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles of average size 12-13 nm were successfully decorated on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a scalable wet chemical method without altering the structure of the MWCNTs. Employing this Ag@MWCNT, a multifunctional room-temperature curable conductive ink was developed, with PEDOT:PSS as the conductive binder. Screen printing of the ink could yield conductive planar traces with a 9.5 μm thickness and a conductivity of 28.99 S/cm, minimal surface roughness, and good adhesion on Mylar and Kapton. The versatility of the ink for developing functional elements for printed electronics was demonstrated by fabricating prototypes of a wearable strain sensor, a smart glove, a wearable heater, and a wearable breath sensor. The printed strain sensor exhibited a massive sensing range for wearable applications, including an impressive 1332% normalized resistance change under a maximum stretchability of 23% with superior cyclic stability up to 10 000 cycles. The sensor also exhibited an impeccable gauge factor of 142 for a 5% strain (59 for 23%). Furthermore, the sensor was integrated into a smart glove that could flawlessly replicate a human finger's gestures with a minimal response time of 225-370 ms. Piezoresistive vibration sensors were also fabricated by printing the ink on Mylar, which was employed to fabricate a smart mask and a smart wearable patch to monitor variations in human respiratory and pulmonary cycles. Finally, an energy-efficient flexible heater was fabricated using the developed ink. The heater could generate a uniform temperature distribution of 130 °C at the expense of only 393 mW/cm2 and require a minimum response time of 20 s. Thus, the unique formulation of Ag@MWCNT ink proved suitable for versatile devices for future wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Sivan Pillai
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh201 002, India
| | - Achu Chandran
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh201 002, India
| | - Surendran Kuzhichalil Peethambharan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh201 002, India
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16
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Tian XH, Zhou TY, Meng Y, Zhao YM, Shi C, Hou PX, Zhang LL, Liu C, Cheng HM. A Flexible NO 2 Gas Sensor Based on Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films Doped with a High Level of Nitrogen. Molecules 2022; 27:6523. [PMID: 36235060 PMCID: PMC9573668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered a promising candidate for the detection of toxic gases because of their high specific surface area and excellent electrical and mechanical properties. However, the detecting performance of CNT-based detectors needs to be improved because covalently bonded CNTs are usually chemically inert. We prepared a nitrogen-doped single-wall CNT (SWCNT) film by means of gas-phase fluorination followed by thermal annealing in NH3. The doped nitrogen content could be changed in the range of 2.9-9.9 at%. The N-doped SWCNT films were directly used to construct flexible and transparent gas sensors, which can work at a low voltage of 0.01 V. It was found that their NO2 detection performance was closely related to their nitrogen content. With an optimum nitrogen content of 9.8 at%, a flexible sensor had a detection limit of 500 ppb at room temperature with good cycling ability and stability during bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tian
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Ya Zhou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Recent Developments and Implementations of Conductive Polymer-Based Flexible Devices in Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183730. [PMID: 36145876 PMCID: PMC9504310 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensing devices have attracted significant attention for various applications, such as medical devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. Numerous materials have been used to fabricate flexible sensing devices and improve their sensing performance in terms of their electrical and mechanical properties. Among the studied materials, conductive polymers are promising candidates for next-generation flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronic devices because of their outstanding characteristics, such as flexibility, light weight, and non-toxicity. Understanding the interesting properties of conductive polymers and the solution-based deposition processes and patterning technologies used for conductive polymer device fabrication is necessary to develop appropriate and highly effective flexible sensors. The present review provides scientific evidence for promising strategies for fabricating conductive polymer-based flexible sensors. Specifically, the outstanding nature of the structures, conductivity, and synthesis methods of some of the main conductive polymers are discussed. Furthermore, conventional and innovative technologies for preparing conductive polymer thin films in flexible sensors are identified and evaluated, as are the potential applications of these sensors in environmental and human health monitoring.
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18
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Wang K, Gong S, Zhang Y, Yap LW, Cheng W. Mosquito-inspired design of resistive antennae for ultrasensitive acoustic detection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10108-10117. [PMID: 35792598 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito antennae are unique one-dimensional (1D) soft auditory systems, enabling highly sensitive and specific detection of the surrounding acoustic signals for routine movement and communications. Here we report on a mosquito-inspired design of a free-standing 1D acoustic sensor, comprising repeating soft joints (cracked Pt film) and rigid segments (non-cracked Pt film). The soft cracked Pt joints serve as highly sensitive resistive sensors to vibrational strains while the rigid segments are insensitive to acoustic pressures. By adjusting the joint positions and densities, we can fine-tune the sensor's acoustic sensing performance. We further designed unevenly spaced soft joints to mimic male and female mosquito antennae, and found that the artificial female antennae can achieve a wide sensing range (∼80 to ∼2000 Hz), ultrahigh sensitivity (19.17 Pa-1), low detection limit (58.4 dB), and fast response (1.14 ms). Finally, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept of an artificial mosquito that can respond to specific frequencies related to real-world events in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Lim Wei Yap
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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19
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Glick R, Muthuramalingam M, Brücker C. Sea lions could use multilateration localization for object tracking as tested with bio-inspired whisker arrays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11764. [PMID: 35817795 PMCID: PMC9273624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioural research on live sea lions has shown that they are able to detect the direction of oncoming vortices, even when impacting contralaterally. These experiments showed that the whisker system and the animal’s neural processing is seemingly able to detect the Direction of Arrival (DoA) from just one side of the heads vibrissal pads. Therefore, temporal differences between whisker stimulation is a likely method for determining the angle. Herein, a theoretical model is presented based on multilateration, and tested by experimental studies on a 2D array of bio-inspired whiskers with regular spacing, and a 3D array of bio-inspired whiskers on a model head of a sea lion, as used in our previous studies. The results show that arrays of whiskers can in principle work as antennae to determine the DoA. This detection of the DoA is achieved by cross-correlation of triplets of whiskers, and Time Difference Of Arrival based multilateration, a method similar to signal processing in modern communication systems and other source localization applications. The results on the 2D array are conclusive and clearly support the hypothesis, while increased uncertainties were found for the 3D array, which could be explained by structural shortcomings of the experimental model. Possible ways to improve the signal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Glick
- School of Mathematics Computer Science and Engineering, City University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | | | - Christoph Brücker
- School of Mathematics Computer Science and Engineering, City University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
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20
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Sayegh MA, Daraghma H, Mekid S, Bashmal S. Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2705. [PMID: 35408319 PMCID: PMC9003453 DOI: 10.3390/s22072705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals' whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques' designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors' sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ammar Sayegh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Hammam Daraghma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Samir Mekid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Bashmal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.-A.S.); (H.D.); (S.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Qi X, Lim S. A Screen-Printed Metal Hybrid Composite for Wireless Wind Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:972. [PMID: 35335785 PMCID: PMC8951960 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wind sensing has become a key component in various fields with the growing trend of assessing air conditions for energy conversion. In this study, we demonstrated a wireless screen-printable flexible strain sensor system based on Ag/MWCNT composite for wind sensing. To achieve high printability with the metal hybrid composite for the fabrication of a screen-printed flexible sensor, we systematically investigated the rheological properties, resulting in the high shear thinning and thixotropic behavior of the composite. After confirming the suitability for screen printing, we investigated the performance of the printed strain sensor, obtaining a gauge factor (G.F.) of 2.08 with 90% sensitivity and high durability after 6000 bending cycles. In addition, the sensor showed 98% temperature sensitivity during a wind sensing test due to the intrinsic properties of the metal hybrid composite. In an application based on an IoT system, we verified that the response of the wireless sensor corresponded with that of a wired sensor, indicating the expansion of low-cost, mass-produced screen-printed wind sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
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22
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Zhao C, Zhang S, Xie T, Zeng L. A novel whisker sensor with variable detection range for object positioning. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:035007. [PMID: 35365026 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The design of a whisker sensor, inspired by mammalian whisker characteristics, is presented in this paper. It uses a novel spring structure to transfer the deformation generated by the whisker tip when it touches an object at the base, which drives the permanent magnet installed at the base to change its position. It achieves precise positioning of the object by using the magnetic induction intensity data output from the Hall sensor MLX90393. Based on the results of the finite element model analysis, the detection range of the whisker sensor can be expanded by replacing the artificial whisker material and selecting a permanent magnet of a suitable size. Calibration experiments and positioning tests were conducted on the sensor. The experimental results showed that the detection radius of the sensor was 24, 30, 33, and 39 mm for the carbon fiber, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic (ABS), and nylon whiskers, respectively, when they were matched with a NdFeB annular permanent magnet with an aperture of 3 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The sensor is small and simple to manufacture with good sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability. The maximum positioning errors of the X and Y positions in the detection plane of the sensor were within ±1.3 mm, and the positioning was accurate. The sensor can be used to identify the shape of an object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglin Zhao
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shouming Zhang
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Faculty of Civil Aviation and Aeronautics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lu Zeng
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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23
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Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051661. [PMID: 35268894 PMCID: PMC8911295 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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Song L, Chen J, Xu BB, Huang Y. Flexible Plasmonic Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring: Progress and Prospects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18822-18847. [PMID: 34841852 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The noble metal nanoparticle has been widely utilized as a plasmonic unit to enhance biosensors, by leveraging its electric and/or optical properties. Integrated with the "flexible" feature, it further enables opportunities in developing healthcare products in a conformal and adaptive fashion, such as wrist pulse tracers, body temperature trackers, blood glucose monitors, etc. In this work, we present a holistic review of the recent advance of flexible plasmonic biosensors for the healthcare sector. The technical spectrum broadly covers the design and selection of a flexible substrate, the process to integrate flexible and plasmonic units, the exploration of different types of flexible plasmonic biosensors to monitor human temperature, blood glucose, ions, gas, and motion indicators, as well as their applications for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and colorimetric detections. Their fundamental working principles and structural innovations are scoped and summarized. The challenges and prospects are articulated regarding the critical importance for continued progress of flexible plasmonic biosensors to improve living quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chines Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Recent Development of Flexible Tactile Sensors and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010050. [PMID: 35009588 PMCID: PMC8747637 DOI: 10.3390/s22010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society in recent decades, the wearable sensor has attracted attention for motion-based health care and artificial applications. However, there are still many limitations to applying them in real life, particularly the inconvenience that comes from their large size and non-flexible systems. To solve these problems, flexible small-sized sensors that use body motion as a stimulus are studied to directly collect more accurate and diverse signals. In particular, tactile sensors are applied directly on the skin and provide input signals of motion change for the flexible reading device. This review provides information about different types of tactile sensors and their working mechanisms that are piezoresistive, piezocapacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric. Moreover, this review presents not only the applications of the tactile sensor in motion sensing and health care monitoring, but also their contributions in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years. Other applications, such as human behavior studies, are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Seop Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5814; Fax: +82-31-750-5389
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Wei Y, Zhou H, Deng H, Ji W, Tian K, Ma Z, Zhang K, Fu Q. "Toolbox" for the Processing of Functional Polymer Composites. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 34918192 PMCID: PMC8677876 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The processing methods of functional polymer composites (FPCs) are systematically summarized in “Toolbox”. The relationship of processing method-structure-property is discussed and the selection and combination of tools in processing among different FPCs are analyzed. A promising prospect is provided regarding the design principle for high performance FPCs for further investigation. ABSTRACT Functional polymer composites (FPCs) have attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to their great potential in delivering a wide range of functionalities. These functionalities are largely determined by functional fillers and their network morphology in polymer matrix. In recent years, a large number of studies on morphology control and interfacial modification have been reported, where numerous preparation methods and exciting performance of FPCs have been reported. Despite the fact that these FPCs have many similarities because they are all consisting of functional inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, review on the overall progress of FPCs is still missing, and especially the overall processing strategy for these composites is urgently needed. Herein, a “Toolbox” for the processing of FPCs is proposed to summarize and analyze the overall processing strategies and corresponding morphology evolution for FPCs. From this perspective, the morphological control methods already utilized for various FPCs are systematically reviewed, so that guidelines or even predictions on the processing strategies of various FPCs as well as multi-functional polymer composites could be given. This review should be able to provide interesting insights for the field of FPCs and boost future intelligent design of various FPCs. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuyu Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyi Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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Wenguang S, Gang W, Feiyang Y, Siqi W, Qiao Z, Kuang W, Pan F, Yu J, Li W. A biomimetic fish finlet with a liquid metal soft sensor for proprioception and underwater sensing. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:065007. [PMID: 34450601 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Finlets have a unique overhanging structure at the back, similar to a flag. They are located between the dorsal/anal fin and the caudal fin on the sides of the body. Until now, the sensing ability of finlets has not been well understood. In this paper, we design and manufacture a biomimetic soft robotic finlet (48.5 mm long, 30 mm high) with mechanosensation based on printed stretchable liquid metal sensors. The robotic finlet's posterior fin ray can achieve side-to-side movement orthogonal to the anterior fin ray. A flow sensor encapsulating a liquid metal sensor network enables the biomimetic finlets to sense the direction and flow intensity. The stretchable liquid metal sensors mounted on micro-actuators are utilized to perceive the swing motion of the fin ray. We found that the finlet prototype can sense the flapping amplitudes and frequency of the fin ray. The membrane between the two orthogonal fin rays can amplify the sensor output. Our results indicate that the overhanging structure endows the biomimetic finlet with the ability to sense external stimuli from stream-wise, lateral and vertical directions. We further demonstrate, through digital particle image velocimetry experiments, that the finlet can detect a Kármán vortex street. This study lays the foundations for exploring the environmental perception of biological fish fins and provides a new approach for the perception of complex flow environments by future underwater robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Wenguang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Gang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feiyang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Siqi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Qiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Kuang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Yu
- The State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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Lei D, Zhang H, Liu N, Zhang Q, Su T, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang Z, Su J, Gao Y. Tensible and flexible high-sensitive spandex fiber strain sensor enhanced by carbon nanotubes/Ag nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505509. [PMID: 34547730 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac28d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the wearable strain sensors have received extensive research interest in recent years, it remains a huge challenge conforming the requirements in both of ultrahigh stretchability and high strain coefficient (gauge factor). Herein, a stretchable and flexible spandex fiber strain sensor coupled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that assembled through an efficient and large-scale layer-by layer self-assembly is presented. To ensure CNTs and Ag NPs can attach well to the spandex fiber without falling off, achieving high sensitivity under large tensile, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene sulfonic acid are introduced to improve the adhesion via the molecular entanglement and other interactions between them. Consequently, the strain sensor exhibits remarkable performance, such as an ultrahigh gauge factor of 58.5 in the low-strain range from 0% to 20%, a wide strain range (0%-200%), a fast response time of 42 ms and good working stability (>5000 stretching-releasing cycles). Subsequently, detailed mechanism of the sensor and its use in full range of human motion monitoring are further studied. It is worth noting that with the distinctive mechanism and structure, the special spandex fiber sensor is able to monitor minimum strain as low as 0.053%, showing tremendous prospect for the field of smart fabrics and wearable health care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lei
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuoyi Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoxin Wang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Boublil BL, Diebold CA, Moss CF. Mechanosensory Hairs and Hair-like Structures in the Animal Kingdom: Specializations and Shared Functions Serve to Inspire Technology Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6375. [PMID: 34640694 PMCID: PMC8512044 DOI: 10.3390/s21196375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological mechanosensation has been a source of inspiration for advancements in artificial sensory systems. Animals rely on sensory feedback to guide and adapt their behaviors and are equipped with a wide variety of sensors that carry stimulus information from the environment. Hair and hair-like sensors have evolved to support survival behaviors in different ecological niches. Here, we review the diversity of biological hair and hair-like sensors across the animal kingdom and their roles in behaviors, such as locomotion, exploration, navigation, and feeding, which point to shared functional properties of hair and hair-like structures among invertebrates and vertebrates. By reviewing research on the role of biological hair and hair-like sensors in diverse species, we aim to highlight biological sensors that could inspire the engineering community and contribute to the advancement of mechanosensing in artificial systems, such as robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cynthia F. Moss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (B.L.B.); (C.A.D.)
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Bunea AC, Dediu V, Laszlo EA, Pistriţu F, Carp M, Iliescu FS, Ionescu ON, Iliescu C. E-Skin: The Dawn of a New Era of On-Body Monitoring Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1091. [PMID: 34577734 PMCID: PMC8470991 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Real-time "on-body" monitoring of human physiological signals through wearable systems developed on flexible substrates (e-skin) is the next target in human health control and prevention, while an alternative to bulky diagnostic devices routinely used in clinics. The present work summarizes the recent trends in the development of e-skin systems. Firstly, we revised the material development for e-skin systems. Secondly, aspects related to fabrication techniques were presented. Next, the main applications of e-skin systems in monitoring, such as temperature, pulse, and other bio-electric signals related to health status, were analyzed. Finally, aspects regarding the power supply and signal processing were discussed. The special features of e-skin as identified contribute clearly to the developing potential as in situ diagnostic tool for further implementation in clinical practice at patient personal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Cristina Bunea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Violeta Dediu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Edwin Alexandru Laszlo
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florian Pistriţu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Mihaela Carp
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florina Silvia Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Octavian Narcis Ionescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Li J, Xin M, Ma Z, Shi Y, Pan L. Nanomaterials and their applications on bio-inspired wearable electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472002. [PMID: 33592596 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe6c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics featuring conformal attachment, sensitive perception and intellectual signal processing have made significant progress in recent years. However, when compared with living organisms, artificial sensory devices showed undeniable bulky shape, poor adaptability, and large energy consumption. To make up for the deficiencies, biological examples provide inspirations of novel designs and practical applications. In the field of biomimetics, nanomaterials from nanoparticles to layered two-dimensional materials are actively involved due to their outstanding physicochemical properties and nanoscale configurability. This review focuses on nanomaterials related to wearable electronics through bioinspired approaches on three different levels, interfacial packaging, sensory structure, and signal processing, which comprehensively guided recent progress of wearable devices in leveraging both nanomaterial superiorities and biorealistic functionalities. In addition, opinions on potential development trend are proposed aiming at implementing bioinspired electronics in multifunctional portable sensors, health monitoring, and intelligent prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Reda A, El-Safty SA, Selim MM, Shenashen MA. Optical glucose biosensor built-in disposable strips and wearable electronic devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 185:113237. [PMID: 33932881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
On-demand screening, real-time monitoring and rapid diagnosis of ubiquitous diseases, such as diabetes, at early stages are indispensable in personalised treatment. Emerging impacts of nano/microscale materials on optical and portable biosensor strips and devices have become increasingly important in the remarkable development of sensitive visualisation (i.e. visible inspection by the human eye) assays, low-cost analyses and personalised home testing of patients with diabetes. With the increasing public attention regarding the self-monitoring of diabetes, the development of visual readout, easy-to-use and wearable biosensors has gained considerable interest. Our comprehensive review bridges the practical assessment gap between optical bio-visualisation assays, disposable test strips, sensor array designs and full integration into flexible skin-based or contact lens devices with the on-site wireless signal transmission of glucose detection in physiological fluids. To date, the fully modulated integration of nano/microscale optical biosensors into wearable electronic devices, such as smartphones, is critical to prolong periods of indoor and outdoor clinical diagnostics. Focus should be given to the improvements of invasive, wireless and portable sensing technologies to improve the applicability and reliability of screen display, continuous monitoring, dynamic data visualisation, online acquisition and self and in-home healthcare management of patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Reda
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Sherif A El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
| | - Mahmoud M Selim
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
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33
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Kent TA, Kim S, Kornilowicz G, Yuan W, Hartmann MJZ, Bergbreiter S. WhiskSight: A Reconfigurable, Vision-Based, Optical Whisker Sensing Array for Simultaneous Contact, Airflow, and Inertia Stimulus Detection. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3062816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Deng J, Mao X, Brandt L. Symmetry Breaking of Tail-Clamped Filaments in Stokes Flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:124501. [PMID: 33834789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking (SB) of fluid-structure interaction problems plays an important role in our understanding of animals' locomotive and sensing behaviors. In this Letter, we study the SB of flexible filaments clamped at one end and placed in a spanwise periodic array in Stokes flow. The equilibrium state of the filament along the streamwise direction loses stability and experiences two-dimensional and then three-dimensional SBs as the spanwise distance increases, or as the filament rigidity reduces. For slightly deformed filaments, the viscous and pressure forces are commensurate, while for extremely deformed filaments the viscous force becomes dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerui Mao
- Faculty of Engineering, the University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Brandt
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre and Linné FLOW Centre, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Jiang Y, Li J, Wang Z, Qin Y, Guo G, Zheng Z, Bian Y. Design and fabrication of an E-whisker using a PVDF ring. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:036007. [PMID: 33530062 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abe27a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian whiskers can perceive obstacles and airflows. In this study, an electronic whisker (E-whisker) sensor was designed and fabricated by setting a PVDF ring with symmetrical electrodes on the root of a fiber beam. Vibration displacements with different waveforms were applied at the free end of the E-whisker beam to study the relationship between the vibration displacements and the output signals. The E-whisker protrusion sensing ability was investigated by driving it to sweep through the surface of a base platform. A static E-whisker beam and a swinging E-whisker were then separately placed in a wind tunnel to detect the airflow perception of the sensor. The experimental results suggested that the E-whisker could sense the frequencies and amplitudes of displacements at its free end, the height and width of a platform or the heights of other irregular protrusions; the static E-whisker could sense the magnitude or direction of an impact airflow, while the swinging E-whisker could sense the magnitude of a constant airflow. Thus, this kind of E-whisker could perceive the environment and airflow through touch sensation and could be used as a physical model to study the principles and abilities of animal whiskers to perceive obstacles and airflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Jiang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialing Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Qin
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Guo
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaixiang Zheng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Bian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
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Electronic properties of OH–CNT–Ag composite: a combined first-principles and experimental study. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xian H, Li L, Wen P, Bai H, Wang W, Liu Y. Development of stretchable metallic glass electrodes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1800-1806. [PMID: 33433555 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes are essential components for wearable electronics. However, the stretchability of the electrodes is often achieved with the sacrifice of electronic conductivity along with huge variation in resistance. In this work, stretchable metallic glass electrodes (MG-electrodes) that have both high electronic conductivity and excellent electronic stability are developed. The stretchability of the MG-electrode is significantly improved by shrinking MG films deposited on substrates with pre-strain. We demonstrate two types of MG-electrodes. One is a transparent MG-electrode for uniaxial stretching, and the other with better conductivity is for biaxial stretching. Compared with previous electrodes, the MG-electrodes exhibit a combination of high conductivity and negligible resistivity change (<5%), making them promising candidates for interconnections. Along with the excellent corrosion resistance of metallic glasses, the electrodes may be used in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Xian
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Lu Y, He Y, Qiao J, Niu X, Li X, Liu H, Liu L. Highly Sensitive Interlocked Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Ultrathin Ordered Nanocone Array Films and Their Sensitivity Simulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55169-55180. [PMID: 33251803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a continuously adjustable micro-nanostructure of sensing materials is crucial and still a challenge for the flexible pressure sensor. We proposed a new method to prepare ultrathin ordered nanocone array films by designing tunable tapered anodized aluminum oxide templates and to prepare highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors by the interlocking nanocone arrays. Meanwhile, the theoretical prediction model of the sensitivity of interlocked nanocone arrays is proposed, and its result shows that the resistance change rate is positively correlated with the height of interlocked nanocone arrays and the contact area between interlocked nanocones. According to the finite element simulation and experimental results, the interlocked ordered nanocone array pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 268.36 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-200 Pa, an ultralow detection limit of 0.98 Pa, a fast response/recovery time of 48/56 ms, a low hysteresis of ±3.156%, stability under 5000 cycles of loading, and continuity and repeatability under different loads and loading speeds. Furthermore, the pressure sensor can accurately monitor weak wind velocities, wrist torsion and bending movement, and book opening and closing angles. The sensor has broad application prospects in wearable medical monitoring, electronic skin, and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Lu
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yin He
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jutao Qiao
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xin Niu
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaojiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Akhtar I, Chang SH. Highly aligned carbon nanotubes and their sensor applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21447-21458. [PMID: 33084708 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics comprising carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes and polymer composites are used in diverse applications, including health monitoring. Devices prepared using such electronics need to exhibit acceptable sensitivity at high strains, with the advantage of negligible hysteresis. Herein, we report a simple, physically robust method to fabricate a highly sensitive and stretchable sensor that enables the detection of pressure, strain, and human activity with facial expressions based on the highly aligned carbon nanotubes embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The aligned CNT network in PDMS modulates the electron conduction path in a unidirectional manner and provides multimodal mechanical sensing ability with a wide sensing range and high sensitivity. The highly aligned CNT sensor demonstrates high-pressure sensitivity (1.29 kPa-1), excellent stability and repeatability (over 10 000 cycles) with negligible hysteresis, and a good strain sensitivity over a wide range (up to 65%) with a good linear response. We confirmed the applicability of the sensor to detect small signals, such as heartbeat and pulse rate, expressions, and voice recognition, and that it could distinguish between various human motions with a very short recovery time of approximately 50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtisal Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Wang P, Hu M, Wang H, Chen Z, Feng Y, Wang J, Ling W, Huang Y. The Evolution of Flexible Electronics: From Nature, Beyond Nature, and To Nature. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001116. [PMID: 33101851 PMCID: PMC7578875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flourishing development of multifunctional flexible electronics cannot leave the beneficial role of nature, which provides continuous inspiration in their material, structural, and functional designs. During the evolution of flexible electronics, some originated from nature, some were even beyond nature, and others were implantable or biodegradable eventually to nature. Therefore, the relationship between flexible electronics and nature is undoubtedly vital since harmony between nature and technology evolution would promote the sustainable development. Herein, materials selection and functionality design for flexible electronics that are mostly inspired from nature are first introduced with certain functionality even beyond nature. Then, frontier advances on flexible electronics including the main individual components (i.e., energy (the power source) and the sensor (the electric load)) are presented from nature, beyond nature, and to nature with the aim of enlightening the harmonious relationship between the modern electronics technology and nature. Finally, critical issues in next-generation flexible electronics are discussed to provide possible solutions and new insights in prospective exploration directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yuping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Wei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
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41
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Chalklen T, Jing Q, Kar-Narayan S. Biosensors Based on Mechanical and Electrical Detection Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5605. [PMID: 33007906 PMCID: PMC7584018 DOI: 10.3390/s20195605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful analytical tools for biology and biomedicine, with applications ranging from drug discovery to medical diagnostics, food safety, and agricultural and environmental monitoring. Typically, biological recognition receptors, such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, are immobilized on a surface, and used to interact with one or more specific analytes to produce a physical or chemical change, which can be captured and converted to an optical or electrical signal by a transducer. However, many existing biosensing methods rely on chemical, electrochemical and optical methods of identification and detection of specific targets, and are often: complex, expensive, time consuming, suffer from a lack of portability, or may require centralised testing by qualified personnel. Given the general dependence of most optical and electrochemical techniques on labelling molecules, this review will instead focus on mechanical and electrical detection techniques that can provide information on a broad range of species without the requirement of labelling. These techniques are often able to provide data in real time, with good temporal sensitivity. This review will cover the advances in the development of mechanical and electrical biosensors, highlighting the challenges and opportunities therein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingshen Jing
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK;
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK;
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42
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Pei Z, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Dong X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Sang S. A high gauge-factor wearable strain sensor array via 3D printed mold fabrication and size optimization of silver-coated carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:305501. [PMID: 32235078 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D print technology provided an opportunity to achieve fast and accurate fabrication of wearable sensor arrays. In this paper, high-sensitivity flexible and stretchable silver-coated carbon nanotube (Ag@CNT) wearable strain sensor arrays are fabricated using 3D printing technology and composite nanomaterial synthesis. Ag@CNTs with uniform and compact particles were synthesized with different sizes of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a reduction method. Strain sensor arrays were fabricated accurately and efficiently with the aid of 3D printed molds. Sensors with different Ag@CNTs were then compared comprehensively, and it was found that the Ag@CNT (short) sensor, which had a gauge factor (GF) of 62.8 in the 0% to 14.44% stretch range and a GF of 831.3 in the 14.44% to 21.11% stretch range, can significantly enhance the detection of small movements. These wearable strain sensor arrays were utilized in the application of traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnosis and gesture recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pei
- MicroNano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China. These authors contributed equally to this work
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43
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Moutoulas E, Tsoukalas D. Thin Film Protected Flexible Nanoparticle Strain Sensors: Experiments and Modeling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20092584. [PMID: 32370042 PMCID: PMC7248731 DOI: 10.3390/s20092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the working performance of Platinum (Pt), solvent-free nanoparticle (NP)-based strain sensors made on a flexible substrate has been studied. First, a new model has been developed in order to explain sensor behaviour under strain in a more effective manner than what has been previously reported. The proposed model also highlights the difference between sensors based on solvent-free and solvent-based NPs. As a second step, the ability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) developed Al2O3 (alumina) thin films to act as protective coatings against humidity while in adverse conditions (i.e., variations in relative humidity and repeated mechanical stress) has been evaluated. Two different alumina thicknesses (5 and 11 nm) have been tested and their effect on protection against humidity is studied by monitoring sensor resistance. Even in the case of adverse working conditions and for increased mechanical strain (up to 1.2%), it is found that an alumina layer of 11 nm provides sufficient sensor protection, while the proposed model remains valid. This certifies the appropriateness of the proposed strain-sensing technology for demanding applications, such as e-skin and pressure or flow sensing, as well as the possibility of developing a comprehensive computational tool for NP-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Moutoulas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers Zepler, Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton Highfield Campus, University Road, Building 53 (Mountbatten), Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
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Bio-inspired Flexible Lateral Line Sensor Based on P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO Nanofiber Mat for Hydrodynamic Perception. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19245384. [PMID: 31817605 PMCID: PMC6960935 DOI: 10.3390/s19245384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fish and some amphibians can perform a variety of behaviors in confined and harsh environments by employing an extraordinary mechanosensory organ, the lateral line system (LLS). Inspired by the form-function of the LLS, a hydrodynamic artificial velocity sensor (HAVS) was presented in this paper. The sensors featured a polarized poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]/barium titanate (BTO) electrospinning nanofiber mat as the sensing layer, a polyimide (PI) film with arrays of circular cavities as the substrate, and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) pillar as the cilium. The P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO electrospinning nanofiber mat demonstrated enhanced crystallinity and piezoelectricity compared with the pure P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber mat. A dipole source was employed to characterize the sensing performance of the fabricated HAVS. The HAVS achieved a velocity detection limit of 0.23 mm/s, superior to the conventional nanofiber mat-based flow sensor. In addition, directivity was feasible for the HAVS, which was in accordance with the simulation results. The proposed bio-inspired flexible lateral line sensor with hydrodynamic perception ability shows promising applications in underwater robotics for real-time flow analysis.
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45
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Wu Z, Ai J, Ma Z, Zhang X, Du Z, Liu Z, Chen D, Su B. Flexible Out-of-Plane Wind Sensors with a Self-Powered Feature Inspired by Fine Hairs of the Spider. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44865-44873. [PMID: 31686494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The quest for out-of-plane and self-powered wind sensors has motivated the field of outdoor sports, exploration, space perception, and positioning. Fine hairs of spiders act as hundreds of individual wind sensors, allowing them to feel the nearby wind change caused by the predators or the prey. Inspired by this natural teacher, here, we demonstrate the fabrication of bioinspired self-powered out-of-plane wind sensors based on flexible magnetoelectric material systems. The shape of flexible sensors, by patterning silver nanoparticles on a thin polyethylene terephthalate film through a screen printing technique, mimics fine hairs of the spiders, allowing for out-of-plane tactile perceptual monitoring caused by the wind. Owing to the employment of flexible magnetoelectric materials, the sensors can distinguish forward/backward winds and are totally self-powered. The working mechanism for sensors has been explained by the Maxwell numerical simulation, allowing for further improvement of their performance by tuning diverse factors. Furthermore, the wind sensor can detect the wind with a velocity down to 1.2 m/s and distinguish multidegree wind by their arrays. It is expected that, in the near future, our design can provide new findings for out-of-plane wind sensors with superior self-powered properties toward new flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , China
| | - Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
- ARC Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Zhuolin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , P. R. China
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Won SM, Wang H, Kim BH, Lee K, Jang H, Kwon K, Han M, Crawford KE, Li H, Lee Y, Yuan X, Kim SB, Oh YS, Jang WJ, Lee JY, Han S, Kim J, Wang X, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Multimodal Sensing with a Three-Dimensional Piezoresistive Structure. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10972-10979. [PMID: 31124670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sensors that reproduce the complex characteristics of cutaneous receptors in the skin have important potential in the context of artificial systems for controlled interactions with the physical environment. Multimodal responses with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range are essential for many such applications. This report introduces a simple, three-dimensional type of microelectromechanical sensor that incorporates monocrystalline silicon nanomembranes as piezoresistive elements in a configuration that enables separate, simultaneous measurements of multiple mechanical stimuli, such as normal force, shear force, and bending, along with temperature. The technology provides high sensitivity measurements with millisecond response times, as supported by quantitative simulations. The fabrication and assembly processes allow scalable production of interconnected arrays of such devices with capabilities in spatiotemporal mapping. Integration with wireless data recording and transmission electronics allows operation with standard consumer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Smart Wearable Engineering, Information Communication Materials, and Convergence Technology , Soongsil University , 369 Sangdo-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaitlyn E Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seungyong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Ajou University , Suwon 16499 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul 01897 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65201 , United States
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology and Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | | | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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47
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Fatigue of metals at nanoscale: Metal thin films and conductive interconnects for flexible device application. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Miao W, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Ma C, Li S, Tang J, Liu H, Liu Z, Wang D, Camburn MA, Fang JC, Hao R, Fang X, Zheng S, Hu N, Wang X. Micro-/nano-voids guided two-stage film cracking on bioinspired assemblies for high-performance electronics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3862. [PMID: 31455776 PMCID: PMC6711965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Current metal film-based electronics, while sensitive to external stretching, typically fail via uncontrolled cracking under a relatively small strain (~30%), which restricts their practical applications. To address this, here we report a design approach inspired by the stereocilia bundles of a cochlea that uses a hierarchical assembly of interfacial nanowires to retard penetrating cracking. This structured surface outperforms its flat counterparts in stretchability (130% versus 30% tolerable strain) and maintains high sensitivity (minimum detection of 0.005% strain) in response to external stimuli such as sounds and mechanical forces. The enlarged stretchability is attributed to the two-stage cracking process induced by the synergy of micro-voids and nano-voids. In-situ observation confirms that at low strains micro-voids between nanowire clusters guide the process of crack growth, whereas at large strains new cracks are randomly initiated from nano-voids among individual nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Miao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chunping Ma
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shengzhe Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jiayue Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zemin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Michael A Camburn
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jen-Chun Fang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruiran Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Jung YH, Park B, Kim JU, Kim TI. Bioinspired Electronics for Artificial Sensory Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803637. [PMID: 30345558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans have a myriad of sensory receptors in different sense organs that form the five traditionally recognized senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. These receptors detect diverse stimuli originating from the world and turn them into brain-interpretable electrical impulses for sensory cognitive processing, enabling us to communicate and socialize. Developments in biologically inspired electronics have led to the demonstration of a wide range of electronic sensors in all five traditional categories, with the potential to impact a broad spectrum of applications. Here, recent advances in bioinspired electronics that can function as potential artificial sensory systems, including prosthesis and humanoid robots are reviewed. The mechanisms and demonstrations in mimicking biological sensory systems are individually discussed and the remaining future challenges that must be solved for their versatile use are analyzed. Recent progress in bioinspired electronic sensors shows that the five traditional senses are successfully mimicked using novel electronic components and the performance regarding sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy have improved to levels that outperform human sensory organs. Finally, neural interfacing techniques for connecting artificial sensors to the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lee GY, Kim MS, Min SH, Kim HS, Kim HJ, Keller R, Ihn JB, Ahn SH. Highly Sensitive Solvent-free Silver Nanoparticle Strain Sensors with Tunable Sensitivity Created Using an Aerodynamically Focused Nanoparticle Printer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26421-26432. [PMID: 31148453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed and presented highly sensitive solvent-free silver nanoparticle strain sensors fabricated using the aerodynamically focused nanoparticle (AFN) printer. The nanoparticles were printed in various conductive patterns. We explored how printer scan velocity affected pattern geometry and sensor sensitivity. The strain sensors were highly sensitive; the scan velocity afforded tunable sensitivity; and an analytical model predicted the behavior well under low-strain (<0.4%) conditions. We describe a prototype sensor that reliably measured composite beam tensile strain. We further enhanced the sensitivity by creating mechanical cracks, facilitating small dynamic signal measurements. The linear sensitivity of the sensor could be tuned from 18.60 to 290.62 by varying the scan velocity from 2 to 40 μm/s. The cracked sensor afforded the greatest sensitivity (1056) and captured small vibrations from a stringed instrument. We report highly sensitive and reliable measurements of dynamic behavior with simple tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Yong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Gumi , Gyeongbuk 39177 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Rusty Keller
- Boeing Research and Technology , Boeing , Seattle , Washington 98108 , United States
| | - Jeong-Beom Ihn
- Boeing Research and Technology , Boeing , Seattle , Washington 98108 , United States
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