1
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Zhang Y, Dawson R, Kong L, Tan L. Lutein supplementation for early-life health and development: current knowledge, challenges, and implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38795064 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2357275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Macular carotenoids, which consist of lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin, are dietary antioxidants and macular pigments in the eyes, protecting the macula from light-induced oxidative stress. Lutein is also the main carotenoid in the infant brain and is involved in cognitive development. While a few articles reviewed the role of lutein in early health and development, the current review is the first that focuses on the outcomes of lutein supplementation, either provided to mothers or to infants. Additionally, lutein status and metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, factors that limit the potential application of lutein as a nutritional intervention, and solutions to overcome the limitation are also discussed. In brief, the lutein intake in pregnant and lactating women in the United States may not be optimal. Furthermore, preterm and formula-fed infants are known to have compromised lutein status compared to term and breast-fed infants, respectively. While lutein supplementation via both maternal and infant consumption improves lutein status in infants, the application of lutein as a nutritional intervention may be compromised by its low bioavailability. Various encapsulation techniques have been developed to enhance the delivery of lutein in adult animals or human but should be further evaluated in neonatal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Reece Dawson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Lingyan Kong
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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2
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Liu S, Wang S, Zhao L, Li T, Zhang Y, Wang H, Bao Z, Hu X. Functional Analysis of β-Carotene Oxygenase 2 ( BCO2) Gene in Yesso Scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3947. [PMID: 38612756 PMCID: PMC11012205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential nutrients for humans and animals, and carotenoid coloration represents an important meat quality parameter for many farmed animals. Increasingly, studies have demonstrated that vertebrate carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are essential enzymes in carotenoid metabolism and are therefore potential candidate genes for improving carotenoid deposition. However, our understanding of carotenoid bioavailability and CCOs functions in invertebrates, particularly marine species, is currently quite limited. We previously identified that a CCO homolog, PyBCO-like 1, was the causal gene for carotenoid coloration in the 'Haida golden scallop', a variety of Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) characterized by carotenoid enrichment. Here, we found that another CCO-encoding gene named PyBCO2 (β-carotene oxygenase 2) was widely expressed in P. yessoensis organs/tissues, with the highest expression in striated muscle. Inhibiting BCO2 expression in P. yessoensis through RNA interference led to increased carotenoid (pectenolone and pectenoxanthin) deposition in the striated muscle, and the color of the striated muscle changed from white to light orange. Our results indicate that PyBCO2 might be a candidate gene used for improving carotenoid content in normal Yesso scallops, and also in 'Haida golden scallops'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuyue Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tingting Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huizhen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Kong L, Lawrence JC, Tan L. Utilization of Biopolymer-Based Lutein Emulsion as an Effective Delivery System to Improve Lutein Bioavailability in Neonatal Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:422. [PMID: 38337704 PMCID: PMC10857328 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborns' eyes and brains are prone to oxidative stress. Lutein has antioxidant properties and is the main component of macular pigment essential for protecting the retina, but has low bioavailability, thereby limiting its potential as a nutritional supplement. Oil-in-water emulsions have been used as lutein delivery systems. In particular, octenylsuccinated (OS) starch is a biopolymer-derived emulsifier safe to use in infant foods, while exhibiting superior emulsifying capacity. This study determined the effects of an OS starch-stabilized lutein emulsion on lutein bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats. In an acute study, 10-day-old pups received a single oral dose of free lutein or lutein emulsion, with subsequent blood sampling over 24 h to analyze pharmacokinetics. The lutein emulsion group had a 2.12- and 1.91-fold higher maximum serum lutein concentration and area under the curve, respectively, compared to the free lutein group. In two daily dosing studies, oral lutein was given from postnatal day 5 to 18. Blood and tissue lutein concentrations were measured. The results indicated that the daily intake of lutein emulsion led to a higher lutein concentration in circulation and key tissues compared to free lutein. The OS starch-stabilized emulsion could be an effective and safe lutein delivery system for newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (Y.Z.); (L.K.); (J.C.L.)
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4
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Terao J. Revisiting carotenoids as dietary antioxidants for human health and disease prevention. Food Funct 2023; 14:7799-7824. [PMID: 37593767 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02330c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans are unique indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators, so the human body accumulates a wide range of dietary carotenoids of different types and to varying concentrations. Carotenoids were once recognized as physiological antioxidants because of their ability to quench singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). In the 1990s, large-scale intervention studies failed to demonstrate that supplementary β-carotene intake reduces the incidence of lung cancer, although its antioxidant activity was supposed to contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress-induced carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of carotenoids has attracted renewed attention as the pathophysiological role of 1O2 has emerged, and as the ability of dietary carotenoids to induce antioxidant enzymes has been revealed. This review focuses on six major carotenoids from fruit and vegetables and revisits their physiological functions as biological antioxidants from the standpoint of health promotion and disease prevention. β-Carotene 9',10'-oxygenase-derived oxidative metabolites trigger increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Lutein and zeaxanthin selectively accumulate in human macular cells to protect against light-induced macular impairment by acting as antioxidants. Lycopene accumulates exclusively and to high concentrations in the testis, where its antioxidant activity may help to eliminate oxidative damage. Dietary carotenoids appear to exert their antioxidant activity in photo-irradiated skin after their persistent deposition in the skin. An acceptable level of dietary carotenoids for disease prevention should be established because they can have deleterious effects as prooxidants if they accumulate to excess levels. Finally, it is expected that the reason why humans are indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators will be understood soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Terao
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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5
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Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Zivkovic AM, Yiu G, Hackman RM. Potential roles of dietary zeaxanthin and lutein in macular health and function. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:670-683. [PMID: 36094616 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are three xanthophyll carotenoid pigments that selectively concentrate in the center of the retina. Humans cannot synthesize lutein and zeaxanthin, so these compounds must be obtained from the diet or supplements, with meso-zeaxanthin being converted from lutein in the macula. Xanthophylls are major components of macular pigments that protect the retina through the provision of oxidant defense and filtering of blue light. The accumulation of these three xanthophylls in the central macula can be quantified with non-invasive methods, such as macular pigment optical density (MPOD). MPOD serves as a useful tool for assessing risk for, and progression of, age-related macular degeneration, the third leading cause of blindness worldwide. Dietary surveys suggest that the dietary intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin are decreasing. In addition to low dietary intake, pregnancy and lactation may compromise the lutein and zeaxanthin status of both the mother and infant. Lutein is found in modest amounts in some orange- and yellow-colored vegetables, yellow corn products, and in egg yolks, but rich sources of zeaxanthin are not commonly consumed. Goji berries contain the highest known levels of zeaxanthin of any food, and regular intake of these bright red berries may help protect against the development of age-related macular degeneration through an increase in MPOD. The purpose of this review is to summarize the protective function of macular xanthophylls in the eye, speculate on the compounds' role in maternal and infant health, suggest the establishment of recommended dietary values for lutein and zeaxanthin, and introduce goji berries as a rich food source of zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- are with the Department of Nutrition, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roberta R Holt
- are with the Department of Nutrition, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carl L Keen
- are with the Department of Nutrition, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
- is with the Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Lawrence S Morse
- are with the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- re with the Department of Nutrition, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- are with the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert M Hackman
- are with the Department of Nutrition, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
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6
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Zhang Y, Tan L. Maternal High-Fat Diet Consumption in Sprague Dawley Rats Compromised the Availability and Altered the Tissue Distribution of Lutein in Neonatal Offspring. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040544. [PMID: 37110202 PMCID: PMC10140825 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein, the most abundant carotenoid in the infant eye and brain, is critical for their visual and cognitive development. Due to its lipophilic nature, a high adiposity may affect the tissue distribution of lutein. The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of a maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption on the status of lutein in the neonatal offspring. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6) were fed a normal fat diet (NFD) or a HFD for 8 weeks before mating, and they were switched to an NFD or an HFD containing the same concentration of lutein ester during gestation and lactation. Rat pups (n = 7/group/time) were euthanized on postnatal day 2 (P2), P6, P11, and P20 for measuring tissue lutein concentrations. No significant difference in maternal lutein intake was found between the two groups. At both P6 and P11, a significantly lower lutein concentration was noted in the milk samples separated from the stomach of HFD pups than the concentration in the samples from the NFD pups; the HFD group showed a significantly lower lutein concentration in the liver. At P11, the HFD pups exhibited a significantly lower lutein concentration in the eye, brain, and brown adipose tissue accompanied with a significantly higher lutein concentration and mass in the visceral white adipose tissue. The study was the first to provide evidence that maternal HFD consumption resulted in a compromised availability and altered distribution of lutein in the neonatal offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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7
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Li B, George EW, Vachali P, Chang FY, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Giauque NA, Wan Z, Frederick JM, Bernstein PS. Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. Exp Eye Res 2023; 229:109429. [PMID: 36863431 PMCID: PMC10076185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are taken up from the bloodstream into the human retina through a selective process, for which the HDL cholesterol receptor scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) in the cells of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is thought to be a key mediator. However, the mechanism of SR-BI-mediated selective uptake of macular carotenoids is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate possible mechanisms using biological assays and cultured HEK293 cells, a cell line without endogenous SR-BI expression. Binding affinities between SR-BI and various carotenoids were measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which shows that SR-BI cannot bind lutein or zeaxanthin specifically. Overexpression of SR-BI in HEK293 cells results in more lutein and zeaxanthin taken up than β-carotene, and this effect can be eliminated by an SR-BI mutant (C384Y) whose cholesterol uptake tunnel is blocked. Next, we determined the effects of HDL and hepatic lipase (LIPC), SR-BI's partners in HDL cholesterol transport, on SR-BI-mediated carotenoid uptake. HDL addition dramatically reduced lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in HEK293 cells expressing SR-BI, but the cellular lutein and zeaxanthin are higher than β-carotene. LIPC addition increases the uptake of all three carotenoids in HDL-treated cells, and promotes the transport of lutein and zeaxanthin better than β-carotene. Our results suggest that SR-BI and its HDL cholesterol partner HDL and LIPC may be involved in the selective uptake of macular carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Evan W George
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Preejith Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Fu-Yen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Nathan A Giauque
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Zihe Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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8
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Bandara S, von Lintig J. Aster la vista: Unraveling the biochemical basis of carotenoid homeostasis in the human retina. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200133. [PMID: 36127289 PMCID: PMC10044510 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids play pivotal roles in vision as light filters and precursor of chromophore. Many vertebrates also display the colorful pigments as ornaments in bare skin parts and feathers. Proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of these lipids have been identified including class B scavenger receptors and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Recent research implicates members of the Aster protein family, also known as GRAM domain-containing (GRAMD), in carotenoid metabolism. These multi-domain proteins facilitate the intracellular movement of carotenoids from their site of cellular uptake by scavenger receptors to the site of their metabolic processing by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. We provide a model how the coordinated interplay of these proteins and their differential expression establishes carotenoid distribution patterns and function in tissues, with particular emphasis on the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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9
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Guo Z, Liu Y, Luo Y. Mechanisms of carotenoid intestinal absorption and the regulation of dietary lipids: lipid transporter-mediated transintestinal epithelial pathways. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1791-1816. [PMID: 36069234 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids are key ingredients during cooking, processing, and seasoning of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, playing vitals in affecting the absorption and utilization of carotenoids for achieving their health benefits. Besides, dietary lipids have also been extensively studied to construct various delivery systems for carotenoids, such as micro/nanoparticles, micro/nanoemulsions, and liposomes. Currently, the efficacies of these techniques on improving carotenoid bioavailability are often evaluated using the micellization rate or "bioaccessibility" based on in vitro models. However, recent studies have found that dietary lipids may also affect the carotenoid uptake via intestinal epithelial cells and the efflux of intracellular chyle particles via lipid transporters. An increasing number of studies reveal the varied impact of different dietary lipids on the absorption of different carotenoids and some lipids may even have an inhibitory effect. Consequently, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the addition of dietary lipids and the intestinal absorption of carotenoid to fully understand the role of lipids during this process. This paper first introduces the intestinal absorption mechanism of carotenoids, including the effect of bile salts and lipases on mixed micelles, the types and regulation of lipid transporters, intracellular metabolizing enzymes, and the efflux process of chyle particles. Then, the regulatory mechanism of dietary lipids during intestinal carotenoid absorption is further discussed. Finally, the importance of selecting the dietary lipids for the absorption and utilization of different carotenoids and the design of an efficient delivery carrier are emphasized. This review provides suggestions for precise dietary carotenoid supplementation and offere an important reference for constructing efficient transport carriers for liposoluble nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Guo
- College of Marine Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- College of Marine Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Bernstein PS. Nourishing Better Vision: The ARVO 2021 Mildred Weisenfeld Award Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 35285848 PMCID: PMC8934560 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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11
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Li B, Vachali P, Chang FY, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Shi L, Rognon GT, Frederick JM, Bernstein PS. HDL is the primary transporter for carotenoids from liver to retinal pigment epithelium in transgenic ApoA-I -/-/Bco2 -/- mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 716:109111. [PMID: 34942193 PMCID: PMC8792244 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with antioxidant carotenoids is a therapeutic strategy to protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the transport mechanism of carotenoids from the liver to the retina is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate if HDL serves as the primary transporter for the macular carotenoids. ApoA-I, the key apolipoprotein of HDL, was genetically deleted from BCO2 knockout (Bco2-/-) mice, a macular pigment mouse model capable of accumulating carotenoids in the retina. We then conducted a feeding experiment with a mixed carotenoid chow (lutein:zeaxanthin:β-carotene = 1:1:1) for one month. HPLC data demonstrated that the total carotenoids were increased in the livers but decreased in the serum, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroids, and retinas of ApoA-I-/-/Bco2-/- mice compared to Bco2-/- mice. In detail, ApoA-I deficiency caused a significant increase of β-carotene but not lutein and zeaxanthin in the liver, decreased all three carotenoids in the serum, blocked the majority of zeaxanthin and β-carotene transport to the RPE/choroid, and dramatically reduced β-carotene and zeaxanthin but not lutein in the retina. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) data showed that the binding affinity between ApoA-I and β-carotene ≫ zeaxanthin > lutein. Our results show that carotenoids are transported from the liver to the eye mainly by HDL, and ApoA-I may be involved in the selective delivery of macular carotenoids to the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Preejith Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Fu-Yen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Linjia Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Gregory T Rognon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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12
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Li B, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Bernstein PS. Extraction, detection, and imaging of the macular carotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:185-213. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Carotenoids constitute an essential dietary component of animals and other non-carotenogenic species which use these pigments in both their modified and unmodified forms. Animals utilize uncleaved carotenoids to mitigate light damage and oxidative stress and to signal fitness and health. Carotenoids also serve as precursors of apocarotenoids including retinol, and its retinoid metabolites, which carry out essential functions in animals by forming the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinaldehyde. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid, can also act as ligands of nuclear hormone receptors. The fact that enzymes and biochemical pathways responsible for the metabolism of carotenoids in animals bear resemblance to the ones in plants and other carotenogenic species suggests an evolutionary relationship. We will explore some of the modes of transmission of carotenoid genes from carotenogenic species to metazoans. This apparent relationship has been successfully exploited in the past to identify and characterize new carotenoid and retinoid modifying enzymes. We will review approaches used to identify putative animal carotenoid enzymes, and we will describe methods used to functionally validate and analyze the biochemistry of carotenoid modifying enzymes encoded by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moise
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Nishida Y, Nawaz A, Hecht K, Tobe K. Astaxanthin as a Novel Mitochondrial Regulator: A New Aspect of Carotenoids, beyond Antioxidants. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010107. [PMID: 35010981 PMCID: PMC8746862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family that is found abundantly in marine organisms, and has been gaining attention in recent years due to its varied biological/physiological activities. It has been reported that astaxanthin functions both as a pigment, and as an antioxidant with superior free radical quenching capacity. We recently reported that astaxanthin modulated mitochondrial functions by a novel mechanism independent of its antioxidant function. In this paper, we review astaxanthin’s well-known antioxidant activity, and expand on astaxanthin’s lesser-known molecular targets, and its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Allah Nawaz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.N.); (K.T.)
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15
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Arunkumar R, Gorusupudi A, Li B, Blount JD, Nwagbo U, Kim HJ, Sparrow JR, Bernstein PS. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce A2E and iso-A2E levels and improve visual performance in Abca4 -/-/Bco2 -/- double knockout mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108680. [PMID: 34161819 PMCID: PMC8595537 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of bisretinoids such as A2E and its isomer iso-A2E is thought to mediate blue light-induced oxidative damage associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). We hypothesize that increasing dietary intake of the macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin in individuals at risk of AMD and STGD1 can inhibit the formation of bisretinoids A2E and iso-A2E, which can potentially ameliorate macular degenerative diseases. To study the beneficial effect of macular carotenoids in a retinal degenerative diseases model, we used ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 4 (Abca4-/-)/β,β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase 2 (Bco2-/-) double knockout (KO) mice that accumulate elevated levels of A2E and iso-A2E in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and macular carotenoids in the retina. Abca4-/-/Bco2-/- and Abca4-/- mice were fed a lutein-supplemented chow, zeaxanthin-supplemented chow or placebo chow (~2.6 mg of carotenoid/mouse/day) for three months. Visual function and electroretinography (ERG) were measured after one month and three months of carotenoid supplementation. The lutein and zeaxanthin supplemented Abca4-/-/Bco2-/- mice had significantly lower levels of RPE/choroid A2E and iso-A2E compared to control mice fed with placebo chow and improved visual performance. Carotenoid supplementation in Abca4-/- mice minimally raised retinal carotenoid levels and did not show much difference in bisretinoid levels or visual function compared to the control diet group. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between carotenoid levels in the retina and A2E and iso-A2E levels in the RPE/choroid. Supplementation with retinal carotenoids, especially zeaxanthin, effectively inhibits bisretinoid formation in a mouse model of STGD1 genetically enhanced to accumulate carotenoids in the retina. These results provide further impetus to pursue oral carotenoids as therapeutic interventions for STGD1 and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J David Blount
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Uzoamaka Nwagbo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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16
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Lem DW, Gierhart DL, Davey PG. A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. Nutrients 2021; 13:2441. [PMID: 34371951 PMCID: PMC8308772 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, which was primarily regarded as a microvascular disease, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. With obesity at epidemic proportions, diabetes-related ocular problems are exponentially increasing in the developed world. Oxidative stress due to hyperglycemic states and its associated inflammation is one of the pathological mechanisms which leads to depletion of endogenous antioxidants in retina in a diabetic patient. This contributes to a cascade of events that finally leads to retinal neurodegeneration and irreversible vision loss. The xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are known to promote retinal health, improve visual function in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration that has oxidative damage central in its etiopathogenesis. Thus, it can be hypothesized that dietary supplements with xanthophylls that are potent antioxidants may regenerate the compromised antioxidant capacity as a consequence of the diabetic state, therefore ultimately promoting retinal health and visual improvement. We performed a comprehensive literature review of the National Library of Medicine and Web of Science databases, resulting in 341 publications meeting search criteria, of which, 18 were found eligible for inclusion in this review. Lutein and zeaxanthin demonstrated significant protection against capillary cell degeneration and hyperglycemia-induced changes in retinal vasculature. Observational studies indicate that depletion of xanthophyll carotenoids in the macula may represent a novel feature of DR, specifically in patients with type 2 or poorly managed type 1 diabetes. Meanwhile, early interventional trials with dietary carotenoid supplementation show promise in improving their levels in serum and macular pigments concomitant with benefits in visual performance. These findings provide a strong molecular basis and a line of evidence that suggests carotenoid vitamin therapy may offer enhanced neuroprotective effects with therapeutic potential to function as an adjunct nutraceutical strategy for management of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake W. Lem
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | | | - Pinakin Gunvant Davey
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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17
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Różanowska MB, Czuba-Pelech B, Landrum JT, Różanowski B. Comparison of Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrolutein with Lutein and Zeaxanthin, and their Effects on Cultured Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050753. [PMID: 34068492 PMCID: PMC8151661 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrolutein accumulates in substantial concentrations in the retina. The aim of this study was to compare antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein with other retinal carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin, and their effects on ARPE-19 cells. The time-resolved detection of characteristic singlet oxygen phosphorescence was used to compare the singlet oxygen quenching rate constants of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The effects of these carotenoids on photosensitized oxidation were tested in liposomes, where photo-oxidation was induced by light in the presence of photosensitizers, and monitored by oximetry. To compare the uptake of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, ARPE-19 cells were incubated with carotenoids for up to 19 days, and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrophotometry in cell extracts. To investigate the effects of carotenoids on photocytotoxicity, cells were exposed to light in the presence of rose bengal or all-trans-retinal. The results demonstrate that the rate constants for singlet oxygen quenching are 0.77 × 1010, 0.55 × 1010, and 1.23 × 1010 M-1s-1 for dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, respectively. Overall, dehydrolutein is similar to lutein or zeaxanthin in the protection of lipids against photosensitized oxidation. ARPE-19 cells accumulate substantial amounts of both zeaxanthin and lutein, but no detectable amounts of dehydrolutein. Cells pre-incubated with carotenoids are equally susceptible to photosensitized damage as cells without carotenoids. Carotenoids provided to cells together with the extracellular photosensitizers offer partial protection against photodamage. In conclusion, the antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein are similar to lutein and zeaxanthin. The mechanism responsible for its lack of accumulation in ARPE-19 cells deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-292-087-5057
| | - Barbara Czuba-Pelech
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - John T. Landrum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
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18
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of CvLCYE, a key enzyme in lutein synthesis pathway in Chlorella vulgaris. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Metabolism of Carotenoids in Mammals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33783731 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Pathways for xanthophyll metabolism have been proposed on the basis of several oxidation products of dietary xanthophylls detected in the tissues of fish, birds, and human subjects. No enzyme reaction had been characterized as responsible for the pathways until a mouse liver homogenate was found to oxidize the 3-hydroxy β-end of xanthophylls to a 3-oxo ε-end in the presence of a cofactor, NAD+. This oxidation consists of dehydrogenation to an unstable intermediate having a 3-oxo β-end group and the subsequent migration of a double bond. β,ε-Caroten-3'-one, a metabolite of β-cryptoxanthin, was found in human plasma, indicating that the same oxidative activity as that found in the mouse liver works in human tissues.The oxidative cleavage of carotenoids is mediated by two dioxygenases: a central cleavage enzyme and an asymmetric cleavage enzyme. In mice, the latter enzyme was suggested to eliminate carotenoids in tissues, while in humans, this enzyme is inactivated, resulting in carotenoid accumulation. In this chapter, carotenoid metabolism in mammals is described in terms of the oxidation of functional groups and cleavage of the carbon skeleton.
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20
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Uppal S, Dergunov SA, Zhang W, Gentleman S, Redmond TM, Pinkhassik E, Poliakov E. Xanthophylls Modulate Palmitoylation of Mammalian β-Carotene Oxygenase 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030413. [PMID: 33803144 PMCID: PMC8000801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of work has documented the antioxidant role of xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) in human health and specifically how they provide photoprotection in human vision. More recently, evidence is emerging for the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant response by lutein/lutein cleavage products, similar to the role of β-carotene cleavage products in the modulation of retinoic acid receptors. Supplementation with xanthophylls also provides additional benefits for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and attenuation of Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Mammalian β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) asymmetrically cleaves xanthophylls as well as β-carotene in vitro. We recently demonstrated that mouse BCO2 (mBCO2) is a functionally palmitoylated enzyme and that it loses palmitoylation when cells are treated with β-carotene. The mouse enzyme is the easiest model to study mammalian BCO2 because it has only one isoform, unlike human BCO2 with several major isoforms with various properties. Here, we used the same acyl-RAC methodology and confocal microscopy to elucidate palmitoylation and localization status of mBCO2 in the presence of xanthophylls. We created large unilamellar vesicle-based nanocarriers for the successful delivery of xanthophylls into cells. We demonstrate here that, upon treatment with low micromolar concentration of lutein (0.15 µM), mBCO2 is depalmitoylated and shows partial nuclear localization (38.00 ± 0.04%), while treatment with zeaxanthin (0.45 µM) and violaxanthin (0.6 µM) induces depalmitoylation and protein translocation from mitochondria to a lesser degree (20.00 ± 0.01% and 35.00 ± 0.02%, respectively). Such a difference in the behavior of mBCO2 toward various xanthophylls and its translocation into the nucleus in the presence of various xanthophylls suggests a possible mechanism for transport of lutein/lutein cleavage products to the nucleus to affect transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Uppal
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Susan Gentleman
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
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21
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Wu L, Lu P, Guo X, Song K, Lyu Y, Bothwell J, Wu J, Hawkins O, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Chowanadisai W, Hartson SD, Ritchey JW, Wang W, Medeiros DM, Li S, Lin D. β-carotene oxygenase 2 deficiency-triggered mitochondrial oxidative stress promotes low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:271-284. [PMID: 33453359 PMCID: PMC7946548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is a critical pathological factor contributing to the development of metabolic disorders. β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) was initially identified as an enzyme catalyzing carotenoids in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mutations in BCO2 are associated with inflammation and metabolic disorders in humans, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we used loss-of-function approaches in mice and cell culture models to investigate the role of BCO2 in inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. We demonstrated decreases in BCO2 mRNA and protein levels and suppression of mitochondrial respiratory complex I proteins and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase levels in the liver of type 2 diabetic human subjects. Deficiency of BCO2 caused disruption of assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes, such as supercomplex III2+IV in mice, and overproduction of superoxide radicals in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Further, deficiency of BCO2 increased protein carbonylation and populations of natural killer cells and M1 macrophages, and decreased populations of T cells, including CD4+ and/or CD8+ in the bone marrow and white adipose tissues. Elevation of plasma inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue hypertrophy and inflammation were also characterized in BCO2 deficient mice. Moreover, BCO2 deficient mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia. Double knockout of BCO2 and leptin receptor genes caused a significantly greater elevation of the fasting blood glucose level in mice at 4 weeks of age, compared to the age- and sex-matched leptin receptor knockout. Finally, administration of Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondrial specific antioxidant attenuated systemic low-grade inflammation induced by BCO2 deficiency. Collectively, these findings suggest that BCO2 is essential for mitochondrial respiration and metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Loss or decreased expression of BCO2 leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and the subsequent development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Peiran Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yi Lyu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - James Bothwell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Olivia Hawkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Steve D Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Denis M Medeiros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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22
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Bernstein PS, Arunkumar R. The emerging roles of the macular pigment carotenoids throughout the lifespan and in prenatal supplementation. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100038. [PMID: 32709621 PMCID: PMC7933486 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) in 2013, the macular pigment carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) have become well known to both the eye care community and the public. It is a fascinating aspect of evolution that primates have repurposed photoprotective pigments and binding proteins from plants and insects to protect and enhance visual acuity. Moreover, utilization of these plant-derived nutrients has been widely embraced for preventing vision loss from age-related macular degeneration. More recently, there has been growing awareness that these nutrients can also play a role in improving visual performance in adults. On the other hand, the potential benefits of L and Z supplementation at very young ages have been underappreciated. In this review, we examine the biochemical mechanisms and supportive data for L and Z supplementation throughout the lifespan, with particular emphasis on prenatal supplementation. We propose that prenatal nutritional recommendations may aim at improving maternal and infant carotenoid status. Prenatal supplementation with L and Z might enhance infant visual development and performance and may even prevent retinopathy of prematurity, possibilities that should be examined in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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23
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Filippov MA, Tatarnikova OG, Pozdnyakova NV, Vorobyov VV. Inflammation/bioenergetics-associated neurodegenerative pathologies and concomitant diseases: a role of mitochondria targeted catalase and xanthophylls. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:223-233. [PMID: 32859768 PMCID: PMC7896239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various inflammatory stimuli are able to modify or even "re-program" the mitochondrial metabolism that results in generation of reactive oxygen species. In noncommunicable chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathologies, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, these modifications become systemic and are characterized by chronic inflammation and, in particular, "neuroinflammation" in the central nervous system. The processes associated with chronic inflammation are frequently grouped into "vicious circles" which are able to stimulate each other constantly amplifying the pathological events. These circles are evidently observed in Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and, possibly, other associated pathologies. Furthermore, chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues is frequently concomitant to Alzheimer's disease. This is supposedly associated with some common genetic polymorphisms, for example, Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele carriers with Alzheimer's disease can also develop atherosclerosis. Notably, in the transgenic mice expressing the recombinant mitochondria targeted catalase, that removes hydrogen peroxide from mitochondria, demonstrates the significant pathology amelioration and health improvements. In addition, the beneficial effects of some natural products from the xanthophyll family, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, which are able to target the reactive oxygen species at cellular or mitochondrial membranes, have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies. We propose that the normalization of mitochondrial functions could play a key role in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and other noncommunicable diseases associated with chronic inflammation in ageing. Furthermore, some prospective drugs based on mitochondria targeted catalase or xanthophylls could be used as an effective treatment of these pathologies, especially at early stages of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasily V. Vorobyov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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24
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Single-cell RNA sequencing in vision research: Insights into human retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100934. [PMID: 33383180 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression provides valuable insight into cell function. As such, vision researchers have frequently employed gene expression studies to better understand retinal physiology and disease. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing, expression experiments provide an unparalleled resolution of information. Instead of studying aggregated gene expression across all cells in a heterogenous tissue, single-cell technology maps RNA to an individual cell, which facilitates grouping of retinal and choroidal cell types for further study. Single-cell RNA sequencing has been quickly adopted by both basic and translational vision researchers, and single-cell level gene expression has been studied in the visual systems of animal models, retinal organoids, and primary human retina, RPE, and choroid. These experiments have generated detailed atlases of gene expression and identified new retinal cell types. Likewise, single-cell RNA sequencing investigations have characterized how gene expression changes in the setting of many retinal diseases, including how choroidal endothelial cells are altered in age-related macular degeneration. In addition, this technology has allowed vision researchers to discover drivers of retinal development and model rare retinal diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will overview the growing number of single-cell RNA sequencing studies in the field of vision research. We will summarize experimental considerations for designing single-cell RNA sequencing experiments and highlight important advancements in retinal, RPE, choroidal, and retinal organoid biology driven by this technology. Finally, we generalize these findings to genes involved in retinal degeneration and outline the future of single-cell expression experiments in studying retinal disease.
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25
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Inverse correlation between fatty acid transport protein 4 and vision in Leber congenital amaurosis associated with RPE65 mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32114-32123. [PMID: 33257550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4), a transmembrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a recently identified negative regulator of the ER-associated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)65 isomerase necessary for recycling 11-cis-retinal, the light-sensitive chromophore of both rod and cone opsin visual pigments. The role of FATP4 in the disease progression of retinal dystrophies associated with RPE65 mutations is completely unknown. Here we show that FATP4-deficiency in the RPE results in 2.8-fold and 1.7-fold increase of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinals, respectively, improving dark-adaptation rates as well as survival and function of rods in the Rpe65 R91W knockin (KI) mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Degradation of S-opsin in the proteasomes, but not in the lysosomes, was remarkably reduced in the KI mouse retinas lacking FATP4. FATP4-deficiency also significantly rescued S-opsin trafficking and M-opsin solubility in the KI retinas. The number of S-cones in the inferior retinas of 4- or 6-mo-old KI;Fatp4 -/- mice was 7.6- or 13.5-fold greater than those in age-matched KI mice. Degeneration rates of S- and M-cones are negatively correlated with expression levels of FATP4 in the RPE of the KI, KI;Fatp4 +/- , and KI;Fatp4 -/- mice. Moreover, the visual function of S- and M-cones is markedly preserved in the KI;Fatp4 -/- mice, displaying an inverse correlation with the FATP4 expression levels in the RPE of the three mutant lines. These findings establish FATP4 as a promising therapeutic target to improve the visual cycle, as well as survival and function of cones and rods in patients with RPE65 mutations.
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Lee J, Ramkumar S. Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158580. [PMID: 31794861 PMCID: PMC7987234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids exert a rich variety of physiological functions in mammals and are beneficial for human health. These lipids are acquired from the diet and metabolized to apocarotenoids, including retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites). The small intestine is a major site for their absorption and bioconversion. From here, carotenoids and their metabolites are distributed within the body in triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins to support retinoid signaling in peripheral tissues and photoreceptor function in the eyes. In recent years, much progress has been made in identifying carotenoid metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and binding proteins. A diet-responsive regulatory network controls the activity of these components and adapts carotenoid absorption and bioconversion to the bodily requirements of these lipids. Genetic variability in the genes encoding these components alters carotenoid homeostasis and is associated with pathologies. We here summarize the advanced state of knowledge about intestinal carotenoid metabolism and its impact on carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis of other organ systems, including the eyes, liver, and immune system. The implication of the findings for science-based intake recommendations for these essential dietary lipids is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
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Poliakov E, Uppal S, Rogozin IB, Gentleman S, Redmond TM. Evolutionary aspects and enzymology of metazoan carotenoid cleavage oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158665. [PMID: 32061750 PMCID: PMC7423639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoids are terpenoid fat-soluble pigments produced by plants, algae, and several bacteria and fungi. They are ubiquitous components of animal diets. Carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) superfamily members are involved in carotenoid metabolism and are present in all kingdoms of life. Throughout the animal kingdom, carotenoid oxygenases are widely distributed and they are completely absent only in two unicellular organisms, Monosiga and Leishmania. Mammals have three paralogs 15,15'-β-carotene oxygenase (BCO1), 9',10'-β-carotene oxygenase (BCO2) and RPE65. The first two enzymes are classical carotenoid oxygenases: they cleave carbon‑carbon double bonds and incorporate two atoms of oxygen in the substrate at the site of cleavage. The third, RPE65, is an unusual family member, it is the retinoid isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle that converts all-trans-retinyl ester into 11-cis-retinol. Here we discuss evolutionary aspects of the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase superfamily and their enzymology to deduce what insight we can obtain from their evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sheetal Uppal
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Susan Gentleman
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Harrison EH, Kopec RE. Enzymology of vertebrate carotenoid oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158653. [PMID: 32035229 PMCID: PMC10655466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammals and higher vertebrates including humans have only three members of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family of enzymes. This review focuses on the two that function as carotenoid oxygenases. β-Carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the central 15,15' carbon-carbon double of β-carotene bond by addition of molecular oxygen. The product of the reaction is retinaldehyde (retinal or β-apo-15-carotenal). Thus, BCO1 is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A. It also cleaves the 15,15' bond of β-apocarotenals to yield retinal and of lycopene to yield apo-15-lycopenal. β-Carotene 9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the cleavage of the 9,10 and 9',10' double bonds of a wider variety of carotenoids, including both provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids, as well as the xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin. Indeed, the enzyme shows a marked preference for utilization of these xanthophylls and other substrates with hydroxylated terminal rings. Studies of the phenotypes of BCO1 null, BCO2 null, and BCO1/2 double knockout mice and of humans with polymorphisms in the enzymes, has clarified the role of these enzymes in whole body carotenoid and vitamin A homeostasis. These studies also demonstrate the relationship between enzyme expression and whole body lipid and energy metabolism and oxidative stress. In addition, relationships between BCO1 and BCO2 and the development or risk of metabolic diseases, eye diseases and cancer have been observed. While the precise roles of the enzymes in the pathophysiology of most of these diseases is not presently clear, these gaps in knowledge provide fertile ground for rigorous future investigations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids: Recent Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio State Biochemistry Program, USA.
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, Ohio State University, USA
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Thomas LD, Bandara S, Parmar VM, Srinivasagan R, Khadka N, Golczak M, Kiser PD, von Lintig J. The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15553-15565. [PMID: 32873706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) converts carotenoids into more polar metabolites. Studies in mammals, fish, and birds revealed that BCO2 controls carotenoid homeostasis and is involved in the pathway for vitamin A production. However, it is controversial whether BCO2 function is conserved in humans, because of a 4-amino acid long insertion caused by a splice acceptor site polymorphism. We here show that human BCO2 splice variants, BCO2a and BCO2b, are expressed as pre-proteins with mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The MTS of BCO2a directed a green fluorescent reporter protein to the mitochondria when expressed in ARPE-19 cells. Removal of the MTS increased solubility of BCO2a when expressed in Escherichia coli and rendered the recombinant protein enzymatically active. The expression of the enzymatically active recombinant human BCO2a was further improved by codon optimization and its fusion with maltose-binding protein. Introduction of the 4-amino acid insertion into mouse Bco2 did not impede the chimeric enzyme's catalytic proficiency. We further showed that the chimeric BCO2 displayed broad substrate specificity and converted carotenoids into two ionones and a central C14-apocarotendial by oxidative cleavage reactions at C9,C10 and C9',C10'. Thus, our study demonstrates that human BCO2 is a catalytically competent enzyme. Consequently, information on BCO2 becomes broadly applicable in human biology with important implications for the physiology of the eyes and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vipulkumar M Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramkumar Srinivasagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nimesh Khadka
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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30
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Wu L, Lyu Y, Srinivasagan R, Wu J, Ojo B, Tang M, El-Rassi GD, Metzinger K, Smith BJ, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Chowanadisai W, Shen X, He H, Conway T, von Lintig J, Lin D. Astaxanthin-Shifted Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammation and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:2687-2698. [PMID: 32810865 PMCID: PMC8023541 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a red lipophilic carotenoid that is often undetectable in human plasma due to the limited supply in typical Western diets. Despite its presence at lower than detectable concentrations, previous clinical feeding studies have reported that astaxanthin exhibits potent antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE We examined astaxanthin accumulation and its effects on gut microbiota, inflammation, and whole-body metabolic homeostasis in wild-type C57BL/6 J (WT) and β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) knockout (KO) mice. METHODS Six-wk-old male and female BCO2 KO and WT mice were provided with either nonpurified AIN93M (e.g., control diet) or the control diet supplemented with 0.04% astaxanthin (wt/wt) ad libitum for 8 wk. Whole-body energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Feces were collected from individual mice for short-chain fatty acid assessment. Hepatic astaxanthin concentrations and liver metabolic markers, cecal gut microbiota profiling, inflammation markers in colonic lamina propria, and plasma samples were assessed. Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis. RESULTS BCO2 KO but not WT mice fed astaxanthin had ∼10-fold more of this compound in liver than controls (P < 0.05). In terms of the microbiota composition, deletion of BCO2 was associated with a significantly increased abundance of Mucispirillum schaedleri in mice regardless of gender. In addition to more liver astaxanthin in male KO compared with WT mice fed astaxanthin, the abundance of gut Akkermansia muciniphila was 385% greater, plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 was 27% greater, plasma glucagon and IL-1β were 53% and 30% lower, respectively, and colon NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation was 23% lower (all P < 0.05) in male KO mice than the WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Astaxanthin affects the gut microbiota composition in both genders, but the association with reductions in local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and improvement of metabolic homeostasis only occurs in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yi Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Ramkumar Srinivasagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jinlong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Babajide Ojo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Minghua Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Katherine Metzinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Hui He
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tyrrell Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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31
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Carotenoid metabolism in mitochondrial function. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that are found in most eukaryotic organisms. It is broadly accepted that mitochondria originally evolved from prokaryotic bacteria, e.g. proteobacteria. The mitochondrion has its independent genome that encodes 37 genes, including 13 genes for oxidative phosphorylation. Accumulative evidence demonstrates that mitochondria are not only the powerhouse of the cells by supplying adenosine triphosphate, but also exert roles as signalling organelles in the cell fate and function. Numerous factors can affect mitochondria structurally and functionally. Carotenoids are a large group of fat-soluble pigments commonly found in our diets. Recently, much attention has been paid in carotenoids as dietary bioactives in mitochondrial structure and function in human health and disease, though the mechanistic research is limited. Here, we update the recent progress in mitochondrial functioning as signalling organelles in human health and disease, summarize the potential roles of carotenoids in regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis, biogenesis, and mitophagy, and discuss the possible approaches for future research in carotenoid regulation of mitochondrial function.
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32
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Huang CP, Lin YW, Huang YC, Tsai FJ. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Novel Target for Neuroprotective Nutraceuticals in Ocular Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071950. [PMID: 32629966 PMCID: PMC7400242 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eyes require a rich oxygen and nutrient supply; hence, the high-energy demand of the visual system makes it sensitive to oxidative stress. Excessive free radicals result in mitochondrial dysfunction and lead to retinal neurodegeneration, as an early stage of retinal metabolic disorders. Retinal cells are vulnerable because of their coordinated interaction and intricate neural networks. Nutraceuticals are believed to target multiple pathways and have shown neuroprotective benefits by scavenging free radicals and promoting mitochondrial gene expression. Furthermore, encouraging results demonstrate that nutraceuticals improve the organization of retinal cells and visual functions. This review discusses the mitochondrial impairments of retinal cells and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals. However, some unsolved problems still exist between laboratory study and clinical therapy. Poor bioavailability and bioaccessibility strongly limit their development. A new delivery system and improved formulation may offer promise for health care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (F.-J.T.)
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33
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Twomey E, Johnson JD, Castroviejo-Fisher S, Van Bocxlaer I. A ketocarotenoid-based colour polymorphism in the Sira poison frog Ranitomeya sirensis indicates novel gene interactions underlying aposematic signal variation. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2004-2015. [PMID: 32402099 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of red ketocarotenoids is an important component of coloration in many organisms, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In some organisms, ketocarotenoids are sequestered from the diet and can accumulate when enzymes responsible for carotenoid breakdown are disrupted. In other organisms, ketocarotenoids are formed endogenously from dietary precursors via oxidation reactions carried out by carotenoid ketolase enzymes. Here, we study the genetic basis of carotenoid coloration in an amphibian. We demonstrate that a red/yellow polymorphism in the dendrobatid poison frog Ranitomeya sirensis is due to the presence/absence of ketocarotenoids. Using whole-transcriptome sequencing of skins and livers, we found that a transcript encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A80) is expressed 3.4-fold higher in livers of red frogs versus yellow. As CYP3A enzymes are known carotenoid ketolases in other organisms, our results point to CYP3A80 as a strong candidate for a carotenoid ketolase in amphibians. Furthermore, in red frogs, the transcript encoding the carotenoid cleavage enzyme BCO2 is expressed at a low level or as a splice variant lacking key catalytic amino acids. This suggests that BCO2 function may be disrupted in red frogs, providing a mechanism whereby the accumulation of ketocarotenoids and their dietary precursors may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Twomey
- Laboratorio de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Amphibian Evolution Laboratory, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher
- Laboratorio de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ines Van Bocxlaer
- Amphibian Evolution Laboratory, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Lutein Supplementation for Eye Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061721. [PMID: 32526861 PMCID: PMC7352796 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is one of the few xanthophyll carotenoids that is found in high concentration in the macula of human retina. As de novo synthesis of lutein within the human body is impossible, lutein can only be obtained from diet. It is a natural substance abundant in egg yolk and dark green leafy vegetables. Many basic and clinical studies have reported lutein's anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in the eye, suggesting its beneficial effects on protection and alleviation of ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, myopia, and cataract. Most importantly, lutein is categorized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS), posing minimal side-effects upon long term consumption. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and properties of lutein as well as its application and safety as a nutritional supplement. Finally, the effects of lutein consumption on the aforementioned eye diseases will be reviewed.
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Imaging lutein and zeaxanthin in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12352-12358. [PMID: 32409609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922793117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids that are highly concentrated in the human macula, where they protect the eye from oxidative damage and improve visual performance. Distinguishing lutein from zeaxanthin in images of the human retina in vivo or in donor eye tissues has been challenging because no available technology has been able to reliably differentiate between these two carotenoids, which differ only in the position of one C = C bond. Here, we report the differential distributions of lutein and zeaxanthin in human donor retinas mapped with confocal resonance Raman microscopy. Zeaxanthin is highly concentrated in the fovea, extending from the inner to the outer limiting membranes, with especially high concentrations in the outer plexiform layer, while lutein is much more diffuse at relatively lower concentration. Our results imply that zeaxanthin may play a more important role than lutein in human macular health and disease.
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36
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Babino D. Molecular components affecting ocular carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100864. [PMID: 32339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of vision employs opsins and geometric isomerization of their covalently bound retinylidine chromophores. In different animal classes, these light receptors associate with distinct G proteins that either hyperpolarize or depolarize photoreceptor membranes. Vertebrates also use the acidic form of chromophore, retinoic acid, as the ligand of nuclear hormone receptors that orchestrate eye development. To establish and sustain these processes, animals must acquire carotenoids from the diet, transport them, and metabolize them to chromophore and retinoic acid. The understanding of carotenoid metabolism, however, lagged behind our knowledge about the biology of their receptor molecules. In the past decades, much progress has been made in identifying the genes encoding proteins that mediate the transport and enzymatic transformations of carotenoids and their retinoid metabolites. Comparative analysis in different animal classes revealed how evolutionary tinkering with a limited number of genes evolved different biochemical strategies to supply photoreceptors with chromophore. Mutations in these genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various ocular pathologies. This review summarizes this advancement and introduces the involved proteins, including the homeostatic regulation of their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Darwin Babino
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bonet ML, Ribot J, Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products in adipose tissue biology and obesity: Pre-clinical and human studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158676. [PMID: 32120014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiobesity activities of carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products (CCPs) have been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, and mechanisms behind have begun to be unveiled, thus suggesting these compounds may help obesity prevention and management. The antiobesity action of carotenoids and CCPs can be traced to effects in multiple tissues, notably the adipose tissues. Key aspects of the biology of adipose tissues appear to be affected by carotenoid and CCPs, including adipogenesis, metabolic capacities for energy storage, release and inefficient oxidation, secretory function, and modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Here, we review the connections of carotenoids and CCPs with adipose tissue biology and obesity as revealed by cell and animal intervention studies, studies addressing the role of endogenous retinoid metabolism, and human epidemiological and intervention studies. We also consider human genetic variability influencing carotenoid and vitamin A metabolism, particularly in adipose tissues, as a potentially relevant aspect towards personalization of dietary recommendations to prevent or manage obesity and optimize metabolic health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | | | - Francisca Serra
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
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38
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Arunkumar R, Gorusupudi A, Bernstein PS. The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158617. [PMID: 31931175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the more than 750 carotenoids identified in nature, only lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macula lutea region of the human retina. These retinal carotenoids are collectively referred to as the macular pigment (MP) and are obtained only through dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Lutein- and zeaxanthin-specific binding proteins (StARD3 and GSTP1, respectively) mediate the highly selective uptake of MP into the retina. Meso-zeaxanthin is rarely present in the diet, and its unique presence in the human eye results from metabolic conversion from dietary lutein by the RPE65 enzyme. The MP carotenoids filter high-intensity, short-wavelength visible light and are powerful antioxidants in a region vulnerable to light-induced oxidative stress. This review focuses on MP chemistry, absorption, metabolism, transport, and distribution with special emphasis on animal models used for MP study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze double bond processing of carotenoids and their apocarotenoid metabolites. Mammalian genomes encode three members of this protein family, namely BCO1, BCO2, and RPE65. Mutations and genetic polymorphism in the corresponding genes are associated with inherited blinding diseases, vitamin A deficiency, and high carotenoid plasma levels. Here we describe a method for the heterologous expression of mammalian BCO1 and BCO2 in E. coli and the biochemical characterization of these recombinant enzymes. Dissecting the enzymatic properties of CCDs will advance our knowledge of the biochemical processes that are govern by these disease-associated enzymes and may assist the design of interventions directed against these disease states.
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40
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Daruwalla A, Kiser PD. Structural and mechanistic aspects of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158590. [PMID: 31874225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) comprise a superfamily of mononuclear non-heme iron proteins that catalyze the oxygenolytic fission of alkene bonds in carotenoids to generate apocarotenoid products. Some of these enzymes exhibit additional activities such as carbon skeleton rearrangement and trans-cis isomerization. The group also includes a subfamily of enzymes that split the interphenyl alkene bond in molecules such as resveratrol and lignostilbene. CCDs are involved in numerous biological processes ranging from production of light-sensing chromophores to degradation of lignin derivatives in pulping waste sludge. These enzymes exhibit unique features that distinguish them from other families of non-heme iron enzymes. The distinctive properties and biological importance of CCDs have stimulated interest in their modes of catalysis. Recent structural, spectroscopic, and computational studies have helped clarify mechanistic aspects of CCD catalysis. Here, we review these findings emphasizing common and unique properties of CCDs that enable their variable substrate specificity and regioselectivity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Daruwalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America; Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States of America.
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41
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Lehnert SJ, Christensen KA, Vandersteen WE, Sakhrani D, Pitcher TE, Heath JW, Koop BF, Heath DD, Devlin RH. Carotenoid pigmentation in salmon: variation in expression at BCO2-l locus controls a key fitness trait affecting red coloration. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191588. [PMID: 31615356 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are primarily responsible for the characteristic red flesh coloration of salmon. Flesh coloration is an economically and evolutionarily significant trait that varies inter- and intra-specifically, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is unknown. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) represents an ideal system to study carotenoid variation as, unlike other salmonids, they exhibit extreme differences in carotenoid utilization due to genetic polymorphisms. Here, we crossed populations of Chinook salmon with fixed differences in flesh coloration (red versus white) for a genome-wide association study to identify loci associated with pigmentation. Here, the beta-carotene oxygenase 2-like (BCO2-l) gene was significantly associated with flesh colour, with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism explaining 66% of the variation in colour. BCO2 gene disruption is linked to carotenoid accumulation in other taxa, therefore we hypothesize that an ancestral mutation partially disrupting BCO2-l activity (i.e. hypomorphic mutation) allowed the deposition and accumulation of carotenoids within Salmonidae. Indeed, we found elevated transcript levels of BCO2-l in white Chinook salmon relative to red. The long-standing mystery of why salmon are red, while no other fishes are, is thus probably explained by a hypomorphic mutation in the proto-salmonid at the time of divergence of red-fleshed salmonid genera (approx. 30 Ma).
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lehnert
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - K A Christensen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - W E Vandersteen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Sakhrani
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T E Pitcher
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - J W Heath
- Yellow Island Aquaculture Ltd., Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B F Koop
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - R H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Abstract
Retinal carotenoids are dietary nutrients that uniquely protect the eye from light damage and various retinal pathologies. Their antioxidative properties protect the eye from many retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. As many retinal diseases are accompanied by low carotenoid levels, accurate noninvasive assessment of carotenoid status can help ophthalmologists identify the patients most likely to benefit from carotenoid supplementation. This review focuses on the different methods available to assess carotenoid status and highlights disease-related changes and potential nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
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Brejcha J, Bataller JV, Bosáková Z, Geryk J, Havlíková M, Kleisner K, Maršík P, Font E. Body coloration and mechanisms of colour production in Archelosauria: the case of deirocheline turtles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190319. [PMID: 31417734 PMCID: PMC6689573 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal body coloration is a complex trait resulting from the interplay of multiple mechanisms. While many studies address the functions of animal coloration, the mechanisms of colour production still remain unknown in most taxa. Here we compare reflectance spectra, cellular, ultra- and nano-structure of colour-producing elements, and pigment types in two freshwater turtles with contrasting courtship behaviour, Trachemys scripta and Pseudemys concinna. The two species differ in the distribution of pigment cell-types and in pigment diversity. We found xanthophores, melanocytes, abundant iridophores and dermal collagen fibres in stripes of both species. The yellow chin and forelimb stripes of both P. concinna and T. scripta contain xanthophores and iridophores, but the post-orbital regions of the two species differ in cell-type distribution. The yellow post-orbital region of P. concinna contains both xanthophores and iridophores, while T. scripta has only xanthophores in the yellow-red postorbital/zygomatic regions. Moreover, in both species, the xanthophores colouring the yellow-red skin contain carotenoids, pterins and riboflavin, but T. scripta has a higher diversity of pigments than P. concinna. Trachemys s. elegans is sexually dichromatic. Differences in the distribution of pigment cell types across body regions in the two species may be related to visual signalling but do not match predictions based on courtship position. Our results demonstrate that archelosaurs share some colour production mechanisms with amphibians and lepidosaurs (i.e. vertical layering/stacking of different pigment cell types and interplay of carotenoids and pterins), but also employ novel mechanisms (i.e. nano-organization of dermal collagen) shared with mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Brejcha
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, Prague 1, 110 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - José Vicente Bataller
- Centro de Conservación de Especies Dulceacuícolas de la Comunidad Valenciana. VAERSA-Generalitat Valenciana, El Palmar, València, 46012, Spain
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Geryk
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maršík
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Enrique Font
- Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
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44
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Voigt AP, Whitmore SS, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Riker MJ, Wiley LA, Tucker BA, Stone EM, Mullins RF, Scheetz TE. Molecular characterization of foveal versus peripheral human retina by single-cell RNA sequencing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:234-242. [PMID: 31075224 PMCID: PMC6596422 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human retina is a complex tissue responsible for detecting photons of light and converting information from these photons into the neurochemical signals interpreted as vision. Such visual signaling not only requires sophisticated interactions between multiple classes of neurons, but also spatially-dependent molecular specialization of individual cell types. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on neural retina isolated from both the fovea and peripheral retina in three human donors. We recovered a total of 8,217 cells, with 3,578 cells originating from the fovea and 4,639 cells originating from the periphery. Expression profiles for all major retinal cell types were compiled, and differential expression analysis was performed between cells of foveal versus peripheral origin. Globally, mRNA for the serum iron binding protein transferrin (TF), which has been associated with age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis, was enriched in peripheral samples. Cone photoreceptor cells were of particular interest and formed two predominant clusters based on gene expression. One cone cluster had 96% of cells originating from foveal samples, while the second cone cluster consisted exclusively of peripherally isolated cells. A total of 148 genes were differentially expressed between cones from the fovea versus periphery. Interestingly, peripheral cones were enriched for the gene encoding Beta-Carotene Oxygenase 2 (BCO2). A relative deficiency of this enzyme may account for the accumulation of carotenoids responsible for yellow pigment deposition within the macula. Overall, this data set provides rich expression profiles of the major human retinal cell types and highlights transcriptomic features that distinguish foveal and peripheral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Voigt
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - S S Whitmore
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - M J Flamme-Wiese
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - M J Riker
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - L A Wiley
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - B A Tucker
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - E M Stone
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - R F Mullins
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - T E Scheetz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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45
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Coronel J, Pinos I, Amengual J. β-carotene in Obesity Research: Technical Considerations and Current Status of the Field. Nutrients 2019; 11:E842. [PMID: 31013923 PMCID: PMC6521044 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity has become a rising health problem as the accessibility to high calorie, low nutritional value food has increased. Research shows that some bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, such as carotenoids, could contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Some of these carotenoids are responsible for vitamin A production, a hormone-like vitamin with pleiotropic effects in mammals. Among these effects, vitamin A is a potent regulator of adipose tissue development, and is therefore important for obesity. This review focuses on the role of the provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene in human health, emphasizing the mechanisms by which this compound and its derivatives regulate adipocyte biology. It also discusses the physiological relevance of carotenoid accumulation, the implication of the carotenoid-cleaving enzymes, and the technical difficulties and considerations researchers must take when working with these bioactive molecules. Thanks to the broad spectrum of functions carotenoids have in modern nutrition and health, it is necessary to understand their benefits regarding to metabolic diseases such as obesity in order to evaluate their applicability to the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Coronel
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ivan Pinos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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46
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Curcio CA. Soft Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Biology and Targeting Via the Oil Spill Strategies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:AMD160-AMD181. [PMID: 30357336 PMCID: PMC6733535 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AMD is a major cause of legal blindness in older adults approachable through multidisciplinary research involving human tissues and patients. AMD is a vascular-metabolic-inflammatory disease, in which two sets of extracellular deposits, soft drusen/basal linear deposit (BLinD) and subretinal drusenoid deposit (SDD), confer risk for end-stages of atrophy and neovascularization. Understanding how deposits form can lead to insights for new preventions and therapy. The topographic correspondence of BLinD and SDD with cones and rods, respectively, suggest newly realized exchange pathways among outer retinal cells and across Bruch's membrane and the subretinal space, in service of highly evolved, eye-specific physiology. This review focuses on soft drusen/BLinD, summarizing evidence that a major ultrastructural component is large apolipoprotein B,E-containing, cholesterol-rich lipoproteins secreted by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that offload unneeded lipids of dietary and outer segment origin to create an atherosclerosis-like progression in the subRPE-basal lamina space. Clinical observations and an RPE cell culture system combine to suggest that soft drusen/BLinD form when secretions of functional RPE back up in the subRPE-basal lamina space by impaired egress across aged Bruch's membrane-choriocapillary endothelium. The soft drusen lifecycle includes growth, anterior migration of RPE atop drusen, then collapse, and atrophy. Proof-of-concept studies in humans and animal models suggest that targeting the “Oil Spill in Bruch's membrane” offers promise of treating a process in early AMD that underlies progression to both end-stages. A companion article addresses the antecedents of soft drusen within the biology of the macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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47
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Curcio CA. Antecedents of Soft Drusen, the Specific Deposits of Age-Related Macular Degeneration, in the Biology of Human Macula. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:AMD182-AMD194. [PMID: 30357337 PMCID: PMC6733529 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AMD pathobiology was irreversibly changed by the recent discovery of extracellular cholesterol-containing deposits in the subretinal space, between the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), called subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs). SDDs strikingly mirror the topography of rod photoreceptors in human macula, raising the question of whether an equivalent process results in a deposition related to foveal cones. Herein we propose that AMD's pathognomonic lesion-soft drusen and basal linear deposit (BLinD, same material, diffusely distributed)-is the leading candidate. Epidemiologic, clinical, and histologic data suggest that these deposits are most abundant in the central macula, under the fovea. Strong evidence presented in a companion article supports the idea that the dominant ultrastructural component is large apolipoprotein B,E-containing lipoproteins, constitutively secreted by RPE. Lipoprotein fatty acids are dominated by linoleate (implicating diet) rather than docosahexaenoate (implicating photoreceptors); we seek within the retina cellular relationships and dietary drivers to explain soft druse topography. The delivery of xanthophyll pigments to highly evolved and numerous Müller cells in the human fovea, through RPE, is one strong candidate, because Müller cells are the main reservoir of these pigments, which replenish from diet. We propose that the evolution of neuroglial relations and xanthophyll delivery that underlie exquisite human foveal vision came with a price, that is, soft drusen and sequela, long after our reproductive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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48
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von Lintig J, Eggersdorfer M, Wyss A. News and views about carotenoids: Red-hot and true. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 657:74-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Gao G, Xu M, Bai C, Yang Y, Li G, Xu J, Wei Z, Min J, Su G, Zhou X, Guo J, Hao Y, Zhang G, Yang X, Xu X, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM, Zhang C, Yin J, Zuo Y. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of Chrysolophus provide insights into the evolution of complex plumage coloration. Gigascience 2018; 7:5091803. [PMID: 30192940 PMCID: PMC6204425 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the most recognizable characteristics in birds, plumage color has a high impact on understanding the evolution and mechanisms of coloration. Feather and skin are ideal tissues to explore the genomics and complexity of color patterns in vertebrates. Two species of the genus Chrysolophus, golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), exhibit brilliant colors in their plumage, but with extreme phenotypic differences, making these two species great models to investigate plumage coloration mechanisms in birds. Results We sequenced and assembled a genome of golden pheasant with high coverage and annotated 15,552 protein-coding genes. The genome of Lady Amherst's pheasant is sequenced with low coverage. Based on the feather pigment identification, a series of genomic and transcriptomic comparisons were conducted to investigate the complex features of plumage coloration. By identifying the lineage-specific sequence variations in Chrysolophus and golden pheasant against different backgrounds, we found that four melanogenesis biosynthesis genes and some lipid-related genes might be candidate genomic factors for the evolution of melanin and carotenoid pigmentation, respectively. In addition, a study among 47 birds showed some candidate genes related to carotenoid coloration in a broad range of birds. The transcriptome data further reveal important regulators of the two colorations, particularly one splicing transcript of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene for pheomelanin synthesis. Conclusions Analysis of the golden pheasant and its sister pheasant genomes, as well as comparison with other avian genomes, are helpful to reveal the underlying regulation of their plumage coloration. The present study provides important genomic information and insights for further studies of avian plumage evolution and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Gao
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Meng Xu
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yulan Yang
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China
| | - Junyang Xu
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jiumeng Min
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Guanghua Su
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xianqiang Zhou
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jun Guo
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No.306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018
| | - Yu Hao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No.306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018
| | - Guiping Zhang
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xukui Yang
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Universit of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR315B, Los Angeles, CA90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Universit of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR315B, Los Angeles, CA90033, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- BGI Genomics, Co., Ltd. Buiding No.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jun Yin
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No.306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018
| | - Yongchun Zuo
- The State key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, No.235, University West Road, Saihan District,Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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Biswal MR, Justis BD, Han P, Li H, Gierhart D, Dorey CK, Lewin AS. Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203816. [PMID: 30265681 PMCID: PMC6161850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The dry form of AMD (geographic atrophy) is characterized by loss of RPE, photoreceptors, and macular pigments. The cumulative effects of oxidative stress impact mitochondrial function in RPE. In Sod2flox/floxVMD2-cre mice, the RPE specific deletion of Sod2, the gene for mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), leads to elevated oxidative stress in retina and RPE, and causes changes in the RPE and underlying Bruch's membrane that share some features of AMD. This study tested the hypothesis that zeaxanthin supplementation would reduce oxidative stress and preserve RPE structure and function in these mice. Zeaxanthin in retina/RPE/choroid and liver was quantified by LC/MS, retinal function and structure were evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and antioxidant gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. After one month of supplementation, zeaxanthin levels were 5-fold higher in the retina/RPE/choroid and 12-fold higher in liver than in unsupplemented control mice. After four months of supplementation, amplitudes of the ERG a-wave (function of rod photoreceptors) and b-wave (function of the inner retina) were not different in supplemented and control mice. In contrast, the c-wave amplitude (a measure of RPE function) was 28% higher in supplemented mice than in control mice. Higher RPE/choroid expression of antioxidant genes (Cat, Gstm1, Hmox1, Nqo1) and scaffolding protein Sqstm1 were found in supplemented mice than in unsupplemented controls. Reduced nitrotyrosine content in the RPE/choroid was demonstrated by ELISA. Preliminary assessment of retinal ultrastructure indicated that supplementation supported better preservation of RPE structure with more compact basal infoldings and intact mitochondria. We conclude that daily zeaxanthin supplementation protected RPE cells from mitochondrial oxidative stress associated with deficiency in the MnSOD and thereby improved RPE function early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R. Biswal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Center for Vision Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradley D. Justis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Pingyang Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Cheryl K. Dorey
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alfred S. Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Center for Vision Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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