1
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Marchese M, Bernardi S, Ogi A, Licitra R, Silvi G, Mero S, Galatolo D, Gammaldi N, Doccini S, Ratto GM, Rapposelli S, Neuhauss SCF, Zang J, Rocchiccioli S, Michelucci E, Ceccherini E, Santorelli FM. Targeting autophagy impairment improves the phenotype of a novel CLN8 zebrafish model. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 197:106536. [PMID: 38763444 PMCID: PMC11163972 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
CLN8 is an endoplasmic reticulum cargo receptor and a regulator of lysosome biogenesis whose loss of function leads to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. CLN8 has been linked to autophagy and lipid metabolism, but much remains to be learned, and there are no therapies acting on the molecular signatures in this disorder. The present study aims to characterize the molecular pathways involved in CLN8 disease and, by pinpointing altered ones, to identify potential therapies. To bridge the gap between cell and mammalian models, we generated a new zebrafish model of CLN8 deficiency, which recapitulates the pathological features of the disease. We observed, for the first time, that CLN8 dysfunction impairs autophagy. Using autophagy modulators, we showed that trehalose and SG2 are able to attenuate the pathological phenotype in mutant larvae, confirming autophagy impairment as a secondary event in disease progression. Overall, our successful modeling of CLN8 defects in zebrafish highlights this novel in vivo model's strong potential as an instrument for exploring the role of CLN8 dysfunction in cellular pathways, with a view to identifying small molecules to treat this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marchese
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Asahi Ogi
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Licitra
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Silvi
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Mero
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Galatolo
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Gammaldi
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- University of Zurich, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jingjing Zang
- University of Zurich, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elena Michelucci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Yaya-Candela AP, Ravagnani FG, Dietrich N, Sousa R, Baptista MS. Specific photodamage on HT-29 cancer cells leads to endolysosomal failure and autophagy blockage by cathepsin depletion. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 255:112919. [PMID: 38677261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Endolysosomes perform a wide range of cellular functions, including nutrient sensing, macromolecule digestion and recycling, as well as plasma membrane repair. Because of their high activity in cancerous cells, endolysosomes are attractive targets for the development of novel cancer treatments. Light-activated compounds termed photosensitizers (PS) can catalyze the oxidation of specific biomolecules and intracellular organelles. To selectively damage endosomes and lysosomes, HT-29 colorectal cancer cells were incubated with nanomolar concentrations of meso-tetraphenylporphine disulfonate (TPPS2a), an amphiphilic PS taken up via endocytosis and activated by green light (522 nm, 2.1 J.cm-1). Several cellular responses were characterized by a combination of immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays. We showed that TPPS2a photosensitization blocked autophagic flux without extensive endolysosomal membrane rupture. Nevertheless, there was a severe functional failure of endolysosomes due to a decrease in CTSD (cathepsin D, 55%) and CTSB (cathepsin B, 52%) maturation. PSAP (prosaposin) processing (into saposins) was also considerably impaired, a fact that could be detrimental to glycosphingolipid homeostasis. Therefore, photosensitization of HT-29 cells previously incubated with a low concentration of TPPS2a promotes endolysosomal dysfunction, an effect that can be used to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasha Dietrich
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Chadwick SR, Barreda D, Wu JZ, Ye G, Yusuf B, Ren D, Freeman SA. Two-pore channels regulate endomembrane tension to enable remodeling and resolution of phagolysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309465121. [PMID: 38354262 PMCID: PMC10895354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309465121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes promptly resolve ingested targets to replenish lysosomes and maintain their responsiveness. The resolution process requires that degradative hydrolases, solute transporters, and proteins involved in lipid traffic are delivered and made active in phagolysosomes. It also involves extensive membrane remodeling. We report that cation channels that localize to phagolysosomes were essential for resolution. Specifically, the conductance of Na+ by two-pore channels (TPCs) and the presence of a Na+ gradient between the phagolysosome lumen and the cytosol were critical for the controlled release of membrane tension that permits deformation of the limiting phagolysosome membrane. In turn, membrane deformation was a necessary step to efficiently transport the cholesterol extracted from cellular targets, permeabilizing them to hydrolases. These results place TPCs as regulators of endomembrane remodeling events that precede target degradation in cases when the target is bound by a cholesterol-containing membrane. The findings may help to explain lipid metabolism dysfunction and autophagic flux impairment reported in TPC KO mice and establish stepwise regulation to the resolution process that begins with lysis of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dante Barreda
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jing Ze Wu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gang Ye
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bushra Yusuf
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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4
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Teo QW, Wong HH, Heunis T, Stancheva V, Hachim A, Lv H, Siu L, Ho J, Lan Y, Mok CKP, Ulferts R, Sanyal S. Usp25-Erlin1/2 activity limits cholesterol flux to restrict virus infection. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2495-2509.e6. [PMID: 37683630 PMCID: PMC10914638 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming lipid metabolic pathways is a critical feature of activating immune responses to infection. However, how these reconfigurations occur is poorly understood. Our previous screen to identify cellular deubiquitylases (DUBs) activated during influenza virus infection revealed Usp25 as a prominent hit. Here, we show that Usp25-deleted human lung epithelial A549 cells display a >10-fold increase in pathogenic influenza virus production, which was rescued upon reconstitution with the wild type but not the catalytically deficient (C178S) variant. Proteomic analysis of Usp25 interactors revealed a strong association with Erlin1/2, which we confirmed as its substrate. Newly synthesized Erlin1/2 were degraded in Usp25-/- or Usp25C178S cells, activating Srebp2, with increased cholesterol flux and attenuated TLR3-dependent responses. Our study therefore defines the function of a deubiquitylase that serves to restrict a range of viruses by reprogramming lipid biosynthetic flux to install appropriate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ho Him Wong
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Viktoriya Stancheva
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lewis Siu
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Ho
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Lan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Yang C, Tian F, Hu M, Kang C, Ping M, Liu Y, Hu M, Xu H, Yu Y, Gao Z, Li P. Characterization of the role of TMEM175 in an in vitro lysosomal H + fluxes model. FEBS J 2023; 290:4641-4659. [PMID: 37165739 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome acidification is a dynamic equilibrium of H+ influx and efflux across the membrane, which is crucial for cell physiology. The vacuolar H+ ATPase (V-ATPase) is responsible for the H+ influx or refilling of lysosomes. TMEM175 was identified as a novel H+ permeable channel on lysosomal membranes, and it plays a critical role in lysosome acidification. However, how TMEM175 participates in lysosomal acidification remains unknown. Here, we present evidence that TMEM175 regulates lysosomal H+ influx and efflux in enlarged lysosomes isolated from COS1 treated with vacuolin-1. By utilizing the whole-endolysosome patch-clamp recording technique, a series of integrated lysosomal H+ influx and efflux signals in a ten-of-second time scale under the physiological pH gradient (luminal pH 4.60, and cytosolic pH 7.20) was recorded from this in vitro system. Lysosomal H+ fluxes constitute both the lysosomal H+ refilling and releasing, and they are asymmetrical processes with distinct featured kinetics for each of the H+ fluxes. Lysosomal H+ fluxes are entirely abolished when TMEM175 losses of function in the F39V mutant and is blocked by the antagonist (2-GBI). Meanwhile, lysosomal H+ fluxes are modulated by the pH-buffering capacity of the lumen and the lysosomal glycosylated membrane proteins, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). We propose that the TMEM175-mediated lysosomal H+ fluxes model would provide novel thoughts for studying the pathology of Parkinson's disease and lysosome storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Yang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuyun Tian
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Chunlan Kang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixuan Ping
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ye Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Yamada Y, Fukaura‐Nishizawa M, Nishiyama A, Ishii A, Kawata T, Shirakawa A, Tanaka M, Kondo Y, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Miwa T, Takeda H, Orita Y, Motoyama K, Higashi T, Arima H, Seki T, Kurauchi Y, Katsuki H, Higaki K, Minami K, Yoshikawa N, Ikeda R, Matsuo M, Irie T, Ishitsuka Y. Different solubilizing ability of cyclodextrin derivatives for cholesterol in Niemann-Pick disease type C treatment. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1350. [PMID: 37620691 PMCID: PMC10449817 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Cyclodextrins (CDs), the most promising therapeutic candidates for NPC, but with concerns about ototoxicity, are cyclic oligosaccharides with dual functions of unesterified cholesterol (UC) shuttle and sink that catalytically enhance the bidirectional flux and net efflux of UC, respectively, between the cell membrane and the extracellular acceptors. However, the properties of CDs that regulate these functions and how they could be used to improve treatments for NPC are unclear. METHODS We estimated CD-UC complexation for nine CD derivatives derived from native α-, β-, and γ-CD with different cavity sizes, using solubility and molecular docking analyses. The stoichiometry and complexation ability of the resulting complexes were investigated in relation to the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of each CD derivative in NPC experimental models. FINDINGS We found that shuttle and sink activities of CDs are dependent on cavity size-dependent stoichiometry and substituent-associated stability of CD-UC complexation. The ability of CD derivatives to form 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with UC were correlated with their ability to normalize intracellular cholesterol trafficking serving as shuttle and with their cytotoxicity associated with cellular UC efflux acting as sink, respectively, in NPC model cells. Notably, the ability of CD derivatives to form an inclusion complex with UC was responsible for not only efficacy but ototoxicity, while a representative derivative without this ability negligibly affected auditory function, underscoring its preventability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of strategies for optimizing the molecular structure of CDs to overcome this functional dilemma in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Yamada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Madoka Fukaura‐Nishizawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Asami Nishiyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kawata
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Aina Shirakawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Mayuko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toru Miwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of MedicineOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yorihisa Orita
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Priority Organization for Innovation and ExcellenceKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence‐Based PharmacotherapyDaiichi University of PharmacyFukuokaJapan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHimeji Dokkyo UniversityHyogoJapan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and PromotionTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Naoki Yoshikawa
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Muneaki Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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7
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Ikonen E, Olkkonen VM. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041404. [PMID: 37277190 PMCID: PMC10411867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid species of mammalian cells. Cells acquire it through synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and uptake from lipoprotein particles. Newly synthesized cholesterol is efficiently distributed from the ER to other organelles via lipid-binding/transfer proteins concentrated at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to reach the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and plasma membrane. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is exported from the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments via a combination of vesicle/tubule-mediated membrane transport and transfer through MCSs. In this review, we provide an overview of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways, including cholesterol flux from the ER to other membranes, cholesterol uptake from lipoprotein donors and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein acceptors, as well as lipoprotein cholesterol secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes, and astrocytes. We also briefly discuss human diseases caused by defects in these processes and therapeutic strategies available in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Raque M, Raev SA, Guo Y, Kick MK, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Host Cell Response to Rotavirus Infection with Emphasis on Virus-Glycan Interactions, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 15:1406. [PMID: 37515094 PMCID: PMC10385841 DOI: 10.3390/v15071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rotavirus A (RVA) is the primary cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children and young animals, mechanisms of its replication and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the neuraminidase-mediated removal of terminal sialic acids (SAs) significantly enhanced RVA-G9P[13] replication, while inhibiting RVA-G5P[7] replication. In this study, we compared the transcriptome responses of porcine ileal enteroids (PIEs) to G5P[7] vs. G9P[13] infections, with emphasis on the genes associated with immune response, cholesterol metabolism, and host cell attachment. The analysis demonstrated that G9P[13] infection led to a robust modulation of gene expression (4093 significantly modulated genes vs. 488 genes modulated by G5P[7]) and a significant modulation of glycosyltransferase-encoding genes. The two strains differentially affected signaling pathways related to immune response, with G9P[13] mostly upregulating and G5P[7] inhibiting them. Both RVAs modulated the expression of genes encoding for cholesterol transporters. G9P[13], but not G5P[7], significantly affected the ceramide synthesis pathway known to affect both cholesterol and glycan metabolism. Thus, our results highlight the unique mechanisms regulating cellular response to infection caused by emerging/re-emerging and historical RVA strains relevant to RVA-receptor interactions, metabolic pathways, and immune signaling pathways that are critical in the design of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Raque
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sergei A Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maryssa K Kick
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA
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9
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Sterling FR, D'Amico J, Brumfield AM, Huegel KL, Vaughan PS, Morris K, Schwarz S, Joyce MV, Boggess B, Champion MM, Maciuba K, Allen P, Marasco E, Koch G, Gonzalez P, Hodges S, Leahy S, Gerstbauer E, Hinchcliffe EH, Vaughan KT. StARD9 is a novel lysosomal kinesin required for membrane tubulation, cholesterol transport and Purkinje cell survival. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:292582. [PMID: 36861884 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of cholesterol is a signature feature of Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, in which excessive lipid levels induce Purkinje cell death in the cerebellum. NPC1 encodes a lysosomal cholesterol-binding protein, and mutations in NPC1 drive cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/Ls). However, the fundamental role of NPC proteins in LE/L cholesterol transport remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NPC1 mutations impair the projection of cholesterol-containing membrane tubules from the surface of LE/Ls. A proteomic survey of purified LE/Ls identified StARD9 as a novel lysosomal kinesin responsible for LE/L tubulation. StARD9 contains an N-terminal kinesin domain, a C-terminal StART domain, and a dileucine signal shared with other lysosome-associated membrane proteins. Depletion of StARD9 disrupts LE/L tubulation, paralyzes bidirectional LE/L motility and induces accumulation of cholesterol in LE/Ls. Finally, a novel StARD9 knock-out mouse recapitulates the progressive loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Together, these studies identify StARD9 as a microtubule motor protein responsible for LE/L tubulation and provide support for a novel model of LE/L cholesterol transport that becomes impaired in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity R Sterling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jon D'Amico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Kara L Huegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Patricia S Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kathryn Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shelby Schwarz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michelle V Joyce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bill Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew M Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kevin Maciuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Philip Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eric Marasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Grant Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Peter Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shannon Hodges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shannon Leahy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Erica Gerstbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Kevin T Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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10
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Odongo L, Zadrozny KK, Diehl WE, Luban J, White JM, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Tamm LK, Pornillos O. Purification and structure of luminal domain C of human Niemann-Pick C1 protein. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:45-50. [PMID: 36748341 PMCID: PMC9903137 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1) is a membrane protein that primarily resides in late endosomes and lysosomes, and plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis in the cell. The second luminal domain of NPC1 (NPC1-C) serves as the intracellular receptor for Ebola and Marburg viruses. Here, the recombinant production of nonglycosylated and glycosylated NPC1-C and a new crystal form of the nonglycosylated protein are reported. The crystals belonged to space group P21 and diffracted to 2.3 Å resolution. The structure is similar to other reported structures of NPC1-C, with differences observed in the protruding loops when compared with NPC1-C in complex with Ebola virus glycoprotein or NPC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Odongo
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kaneil K. Zadrozny
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - William E. Diehl
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Judith M. White
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lukas K. Tamm
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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11
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Chear S, Perry S, Wilson R, Bindoff A, Talbot J, Ware TL, Grubman A, Vickers JC, Pébay A, Ruddle JB, King AE, Hewitt AW, Cook AL. Lysosomal alterations and decreased electrophysiological activity in CLN3 disease patient-derived cortical neurons. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049651. [PMID: 36453132 PMCID: PMC10655821 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN3 disease is a lysosomal storage disorder associated with fatal neurodegeneration that is caused by mutations in CLN3, with most affected individuals carrying at least one allele with a 966 bp deletion. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we corrected the 966 bp deletion mutation in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of a compound heterozygous patient (CLN3 Δ 966 bp and E295K). We differentiated these isogenic iPSCs, and iPSCs from an unrelated healthy control donor, to neurons and identified disease-related changes relating to protein synthesis, trafficking and degradation, and in neuronal activity, which were not apparent in CLN3-corrected or healthy control neurons. CLN3 neurons showed numerous membrane-bound vacuoles containing diverse storage material and hyperglycosylation of the lysosomal LAMP1 protein. Proteomic analysis showed increase in lysosomal-related proteins and many ribosomal subunit proteins in CLN3 neurons, accompanied by downregulation of proteins related to axon guidance and endocytosis. CLN3 neurons also had lower electrophysical activity as recorded using microelectrode arrays. These data implicate inter-related pathways in protein homeostasis and neurite arborization as contributing to CLN3 disease, and which could be potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueanne Chear
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Sharn Perry
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Aidan Bindoff
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jana Talbot
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tyson L. Ware
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James C. Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Ruddle
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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12
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Lu A. Endolysosomal cholesterol export: More than just NPC1. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200111. [PMID: 35934896 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NPC1 plays a central role in cholesterol egress from endolysosomes, a critical step for maintaining intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite recent advances in the field, the full repertoire of molecules and pathways involved in this process remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of NPC1-independent, alternative routes. These may involve vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms, as well as release of extracellular vesicles. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that bypass NPC1 function could have important implications for the development of therapies for lysosomal storage disorders. Here we discuss how cholesterol may be exported from lysosomes in which NPC1 function is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Cawley NX, Lyons AT, Abebe D, Luke R, Yerger J, Telese R, Wassif CA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Porter FD. Complex N-Linked Glycosylation: A Potential Modifier of Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C1 Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095082. [PMID: 35563467 PMCID: PMC9103943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex asparagine-linked glycosylation plays key roles in cellular functions, including cellular signaling, protein stability, and immune response. Previously, we characterized the appearance of a complex asparagine-linked glycosylated form of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) in the cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice. This LAMP1 form was found on activated microglia, and its appearance correlated both spatially and temporally with cerebellar Purkinje neuron loss. To test the importance of complex asparagine-linked glycosylation in NPC1 pathology, we generated NPC1 knock-out mice deficient in MGAT5, a key Golgi-resident glycosyl transferase involved in complex asparagine-linked glycosylation. Our results show that Mgat5-/-:Npc1-/- mice were smaller than Mgat5+/+:Npc1-/- mice, and exhibited earlier NPC1 disease onset and reduced lifespan. Western blot and lectin binding analyses of cerebellar extracts confirmed the reduction in complex asparagine-linked glycosylation, and the absence of the hyper-glycosylated LAMP1 previously observed. Western blot analysis of cerebellar extracts demonstrated reduced calbindin staining in Mgat5-/-:Npc1-/- mice compared to Mgat5+/+:Npc1-/- mutant mice, and immunofluorescent staining of cerebellar sections indicated decreased levels of Purkinje neurons and increased astrogliosis in Mgat5-/-:Npc1-/- mice. Our results suggest that reduced asparagine-linked glycosylation increases NPC1 disease severity in mice, and leads to the hypothesis that mutations in genes involved in asparagine-linked glycosylation may contribute to disease severity progression in individuals with NPC1. To examine this with respect to MGAT5, we analyzed 111 NPC1 patients for two MGAT5 SNPs associated with multiple sclerosis; however, we did not identify an association with NPC1 phenotypic severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh X. Cawley
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Anna T. Lyons
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Research Animal Management Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Rachel Luke
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Julia Yerger
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Rebecca Telese
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.X.C.); (A.T.L.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (R.T.); (C.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +301-435-4432
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14
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Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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15
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Lu A, Hsieh F, Sharma BR, Vaughn SR, Enrich C, Pfeffer SR. CRISPR screens for lipid regulators reveal a role for ER-bound SNX13 in lysosomal cholesterol export. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212937. [PMID: 34936700 PMCID: PMC8704955 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here two genome-wide CRISPR screens performed to identify genes that, when knocked out, alter levels of lysosomal cholesterol or bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. In addition, these screens were also performed under conditions of NPC1 inhibition to identify modifiers of NPC1 function in lysosomal cholesterol export. The screens confirm tight coregulation of cholesterol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in cells and reveal an unexpected role for the ER-localized SNX13 protein as a negative regulator of lysosomal cholesterol export and contributor to ER–lysosome membrane contact sites. In the absence of NPC1 function, SNX13 knockdown redistributes lysosomal cholesterol and is accompanied by triacylglycerol-rich lipid droplet accumulation and increased lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. These experiments provide unexpected insight into the regulation of lysosomal lipids and modification of these processes by novel gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bikal R Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Sydney R Vaughn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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16
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Xie Y, Chen S, Li Q, Sheng Y, Alvarez MR, Reyes J, Xu G, Solakyildirim K, Lebrilla CB. Glycan-protein cross-linking mass spectrometry reveals sialic acid-mediated protein networks on cell surfaces. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8767-8777. [PMID: 34257876 PMCID: PMC8246274 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-linking method is developed to elucidate glycan-mediated interactions between membrane proteins through sialic acids. The method provides information on previously unknown extensive glycomic interactions on cell membranes. The vast majority of membrane proteins are glycosylated with complicated glycan structures attached to the polypeptide backbone. Glycan-protein interactions are fundamental elements in many cellular events. Although significant advances have been made to identify protein-protein interactions in living cells, only modest advances have been made on glycan-protein interactions. Mechanistic elucidation of glycan-protein interactions has thus far remained elusive. Therefore, we developed a cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) workflow to directly identify glycan-protein interactions on the cell membrane using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This method involved incorporating azido groups on cell surface glycans through biosynthetic pathways, followed by treatment of cell cultures with a synthesized reagent, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-cyclooctyne, which allowed the cross-linking of the sialic acid azides on glycans with primary amines on polypeptide backbones. The coupled peptide-glycan-peptide pairs after cross-linking were identified using the latest techniques in glycoproteomic and glycomic analyses and bioinformatics software. With this approach, information on the site of glycosylation, the glycoform, the source protein, and the target protein of the cross-linked pair were obtained. Glycoprotein-protein interactions involving unique glycoforms on the PNT2 cell surface were identified using the optimized and validated method. We built the GPX network of the PNT2 cell line and further investigated the biological roles of different glycan structures within protein complexes. Furthermore, we were able to build glycoprotein-protein complex models for previously unexplored interactions. The method will advance our future understanding of the roles of glycans in protein complexes on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA
| | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California Davis California USA
| | | | - Joeriggo Reyes
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA.,Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Erzincan Turkey
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis California USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California Davis California USA
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17
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Genome editing in lysosomal disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:289-325. [PMID: 34175045 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal disorders are a group of heterogenous diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode for lysosomal proteins. With exception of some cases, these disorders still lack both knowledge of disease pathogenesis and specific therapies. In this sense, genome editing arises as a technique that allows both the creation of specific cell lines, animal models and gene therapy protocols for these disorders. Here we explain the main applications of genome editing for lysosomal diseases, with examples based on the literature. The ability to rewrite the genome will be of extreme importance to study and potentially treat these rare disorders.
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18
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Shioi R, Karaki F, Yoshioka H, Noguchi-Yachide T, Ishikawa M, Dodo K, Hashimoto Y, Sodeoka M, Ohgane K. Image-based screen capturing misfolding status of Niemann-Pick type C1 identifies potential candidates for chaperone drugs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243746. [PMID: 33315900 PMCID: PMC7735562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by massive intracellular accumulation of cholesterol. In most cases, loss-of-function mutations in the NPC1 gene that encodes lysosomal cholesterol transporter NPC1 are responsible for the disease, and more than half of the mutations are considered to interfere with the biogenesis or folding of the protein. We previously identified a series of oxysterol derivatives and phenanthridine-6-one derivatives as pharmacological chaperones, i.e., small molecules that can rescue folding-defective phenotypes of mutated NPC1, opening up an avenue to develop chaperone therapy for Niemann-Pick disease type C. Here, we present an improved image-based screen for NPC1 chaperones and we describe its application for drug-repurposing screening. We identified some azole antifungals, including itraconazole and posaconazole, and a kinase inhibitor, lapatinib, as probable pharmacological chaperones. A photo-crosslinking study confirmed direct binding of itraconazole to a representative folding-defective mutant protein, NPC1-I1061T. Competitive photo-crosslinking experiments suggested that oxysterol-based chaperones and itraconazole share the same or adjacent binding site(s), and the sensitivity of the crosslinking to P691S mutation in the sterol-sensing domain supports the hypothesis that their binding sites are located near this domain. Although the azoles were less effective in reducing cholesterol accumulation than the oxysterol-derived chaperones or an HDAC inhibitor, LBH-589, our findings should offer new starting points for medicinal chemistry efforts to develop better pharmacological chaperones for NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Shioi
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Karaki
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yoshioka
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Noguchi-Yachide
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kosuke Dodo
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohgane
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Dubey V, Bozorg B, Wüstner D, Khandelia H. Cholesterol binding to the sterol-sensing region of Niemann Pick C1 protein confines dynamics of its N-terminal domain. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007554. [PMID: 33021976 PMCID: PMC7537887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol is a hallmark of Niemann Pick type C (NPC) disease caused by mutations primarily in the lysosomal membrane protein NPC1. NPC1 contains a transmembrane sterol-sensing domain (SSD), which is supposed to regulate protein activity upon cholesterol binding, but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Using atomistic simulations, we show that in the absence of cholesterol in the SSD, the luminal domains of NPC1 are highly dynamic, resulting in the disengagement of the NTD from the rest of the protein. The disengaged NPC1 adopts a flexed conformation that approaches the lipid bilayer, and could represent a conformational state primed to receive a sterol molecule from the soluble lysosomal cholesterol carrier NPC2. The binding of cholesterol to the SSD of NPC1 allosterically suppresses the conformational dynamics of the luminal domains resulting in an upright NTD conformation. The presence of an additional 20% cholesterol in the membrane has negligible impact on this process. The additional presence of an NTD-bound cholesterol suppresses the flexing of the NTD. We propose that cholesterol acts as an allosteric effector, and the modulation of NTD dynamics by the SSD-bound cholesterol constitutes an allosteric feedback mechanism in NPC1 that controls cholesterol abundance in the lysosomal membrane. Cholesterol is absorbed from LDL particles in esterified form, and is broken down to free cholesterol in the lysosomes of cells, from where cholesterol must be transported to other cellular compartments such as the plasma membrane. The Niemann Pick type C (NPC) diseases arise from deficient cholesterol transport and result from mutations in the cholesterol transport protein NPC1. Using computer simulations, we show that cholesterol, when bound to one part of NPC1, can control the structural transitions of an 8-nm distant, different part of NPC1 protein called the N-terminal domain (NTD). Such long-range control of protein conformations (allostery), controls a wide range of cellular functions mediated by proteins. Fundamental molecular insights into the function of the NPC1 protein can potentially lead to better pharmaceutical interventions for the NPC diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Dubey
- PhyLife Physical Life Sciences, Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- PhyLife Physical Life Sciences, Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- PhyLife Physical Life Sciences, Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- PhyLife Physical Life Sciences, Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physics Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- MEMPHYS: Center for Biomembrane Physics, Odense M, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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20
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Adenovirus Reveals New Pathway for Cholesterol Egress from the Endolysosomal System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165808. [PMID: 32823559 PMCID: PMC7460884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing invaluable insights to the host response to viral infection, adenovirus continues to be an important model system for discovering basic aspects of cell biology. This is especially true for products of early region three (E3), which have provided the foundation for understanding many new mechanisms regulating intracellular trafficking of host cell proteins involved in the host immune response. Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for proper cellular physiology, and disturbances in cholesterol balance are increasingly recognized as important factors in human disease. Despite its central role in numerous aspects of cellular functions, the mechanisms responsible for delivery of dietary cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the lipid metabolic and regulatory machinery reside, remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe a novel intracellular pathway for cholesterol trafficking that has been co-opted by an adenovirus E3 gene product. We describe what is known about the molecular regulation of this pathway, how it might benefit viral replication, and its potential involvement in normal cell physiology. Finally, we make a case that adenovirus has co-opted a cellular pathway that may be dysregulated in various human diseases.
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21
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Lei T, Zhang X, Chen P, Li Q, Du H. Proteomic profile of human dental follicle stem cells and apical papilla stem cells. J Proteomics 2020; 231:103928. [PMID: 32800794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dental stem cells have great potential in clinical practice as an adult mesenchymal stem cell, such as dental follicle and the apical papilla, have strong proliferation and differentiation characteristics. The developmental relevance and discrimination of them in the niche is not clear, which limits their application scenarios. The aim of this study was to investigate the intrinsical differences in cellular contents of DFSCs and SCAP by Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitative proteomics. Cell lysates were labeled and tracked by the combined use of TMT and LC-MS/MS. A total of 1622 proteins were detected, of which 421 were different and 12 were significantly up-regulated and 4 were significantly down-regulated. The results of proteomics support the application of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and so on. The difference is related to cell proliferation and protection of neurons from inflammation and autophagy damage. Highly expressed proteins predict the special ability of DFSCs to stably proliferate and differentiate through CD13, MARCKS, and PAST1. The strong immune stability of SCAP is supported by NPC1.This study expands our understanding on the molecular mechanisms of tooth development and regeneration, and provide basic support for dental stem cells in clinical applications such as neurological and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 112 Lab, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 112 Lab, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qihong Li
- Department of Stomatology, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Former 307th Hospital of the PLA, Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Hongwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 112 Lab, Beijing 100083, China.
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22
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Saha P, Shumate JL, Caldwell JG, Elghobashi-Meinhardt N, Lu A, Zhang L, Olsson NE, Elias JE, Pfeffer SR. Inter-domain dynamics drive cholesterol transport by NPC1 and NPC1L1 proteins. eLife 2020; 9:e57089. [PMID: 32410728 PMCID: PMC7228765 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of LDL-derived cholesterol from lysosomes into the cytoplasm requires NPC1 protein; NPC1L1 mediates uptake of dietary cholesterol. We introduced single disulfide bonds into NPC1 and NPC1L1 to explore the importance of inter-domain dynamics in cholesterol transport. Using a sensitive method to monitor lysosomal cholesterol efflux, we found that NPC1's N-terminal domain need not release from the rest of the protein for efficient cholesterol export. Either introducing single disulfide bonds to constrain lumenal/extracellular domains or shortening a cytoplasmic loop abolishes transport activity by both NPC1 and NPC1L1. The widely prescribed cholesterol uptake inhibitor, ezetimibe, blocks NPC1L1; we show that residues that lie at the interface between NPC1L1's three extracellular domains comprise the drug's binding site. These data support a model in which cholesterol passes through the cores of NPC1/NPC1L1 proteins; concerted movement of various domains is needed for transfer and ezetimibe blocks transport by binding to multiple domains simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Justin L Shumate
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Jenna G Caldwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Niclas E Olsson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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23
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The Lysosomotropic Activity of Hydrophobic Weak Base Drugs is Mediated via Their Intercalation into the Lysosomal Membrane. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051082. [PMID: 32349204 PMCID: PMC7290590 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic weak base therapeutic agents, termed lysosomotropic drugs (LDs), undergo marked sequestration and concentration within lysosomes, hence altering lysosomal functions. This lysosomal drug entrapment has been described as luminal drug compartmentalization. Consistent with our recent finding that LDs inflict a pH-dependent membrane fluidization, we herein demonstrate that LDs undergo intercalation and concentration within lysosomal membranes. The latter was revealed experimentally and computationally by (a) confocal microscopy of fluorescent compounds and drugs within lysosomal membranes, and (b) molecular dynamics modeling of the pH-dependent membrane insertion and accumulation of an assortment of LDs, including anticancer drugs. Based on the multiple functions of the lysosome as a central nutrient sensory hub and a degradation center, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the alteration of morphology and impairment of lysosomal functions as consequences of LDs’ intercalation into lysosomes. Our findings bear important implications for drug design, drug induced lysosomal damage, diseases and pertaining therapeutics.
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Hoque S, Kondo Y, Sakata N, Yamada Y, Fukaura M, Higashi T, Motoyama K, Arima H, Higaki K, Hayashi A, Komiya T, Ishitsuka Y, Irie T. Differential Effects of 2-Hydroxypropyl-Cyclodextrins on Lipid Accumulation in Npc1-Null Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030898. [PMID: 32019132 PMCID: PMC7038050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of free cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomes. The iminosugar miglustat, which inhibits hexosylceramide synthesis, is used for NPC treatment, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide derivative, is being developed to treat NPC. Moreover, therapeutic potential of 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) was shown in NPC models, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of HP-β-CD, HP-γ-CD, and their homolog 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD) on lipid accumulation in Npc1-null Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells compared with those of miglustat. HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced intracellular free cholesterol levels and normalized the lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells but not in wild-type CHO cells. In contrast, miglustat did not normalize intracellular free cholesterol accumulation or lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells. However, miglustat decreased the levels of hexosylceramide and tended to increase those of sphingomyelins in line with its action as a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor in both Npc1-null and wild-type CHO cells. Interestingly, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced sphingomyelins in Npc1-null, but not wild-type, cells. In conclusion, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD reduce the accumulation of sphingolipids, mainly sphingomyelins, and free cholesterol as well as lysosome changes in Npc1-null, but not in wild-type, CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanzana Hoque
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Nodoka Sakata
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Yusei Yamada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Madoka Fukaura
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence-based Pharmacotherapy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan;
| | - Akio Hayashi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (A.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Takaki Komiya
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (A.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (T.I.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4559 (Y.I.); +81-96-371-4552 (T.I.)
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (T.I.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4559 (Y.I.); +81-96-371-4552 (T.I.)
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25
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Cawley NX, Sojka C, Cougnoux A, Lyons AT, Nicoli E, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Abnormal LAMP1 glycosylation may play a role in Niemann-Pick disease, type C pathology. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227829. [PMID: 31999726 PMCID: PMC6992233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC) is the progressive degeneration of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum caused by the accumulation of free cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in the lysosome. Recent studies suggest that the state of glycosylation of lysosomal membrane proteins may play a role in disease progression. Our study has identified the presence of a highly glycosylated form of Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 1 (LAMP1) that correlated spatiotemporally with Purkinje neuron loss. This form of LAMP1 was predominantly localized to activated microglia; showing a ~5-fold increase in surface labeling by FACS analysis. This suggests a potential role for LAMP1 in the neuro-inflammatory process in these mice during disease progression. Analysis of other mouse models of neurodegeneration that exhibit neuro-inflammation showed little or no presence of this glycosylated form of LAMP1, suggesting this observation for LAMP1 is specific to NPC disease. Furthermore, early treatment of Npc1-/- mice with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), significantly prevented the appearance of the glycosylated LAMP1 in the cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice at 7 weeks, consistent with the prevention of neuro-inflammation in mice treated with this drug. Treatment of Npc1-/- mice with HPβCD at 7 weeks, after disease onset, did not reverse or prevent further appearance of the hyperglycosylated LAMP1, demonstrating that once this aspect of neuro-inflammation began, it continued despite the HPβCD treatment. Analysis of LAMP1 in cerebellar tissue of NPC1 patients showed a small level of hyperglycosylated LAMP1 in the tissue, however, this was not seen in the CSF of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh X. Cawley
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Sojka
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anna T. Lyons
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Elena‐Raluca Nicoli
- Department of Health and Human Services, Pediatric Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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26
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Long T, Qi X, Hassan A, Liang Q, De Brabander JK, Li X. Structural basis for itraconazole-mediated NPC1 inhibition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:152. [PMID: 31919352 PMCID: PMC6952396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a lysosomal protein of 13 transmembrane helices (TMs) and three lumenal domains, exports low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol from lysosomes. TMs 3–7 of NPC1 comprise the Sterol-Sensing Domain (SSD). Previous studies suggest that mutation of the NPC1-SSD or the addition of the anti-fungal drug itraconazole abolishes NPC1 activity in cells. However, the itraconazole binding site and the mechanism of NPC1-mediated cholesterol transport remain unknown. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of human NPC1 bound to itraconazole, which reveals how this binding site in the center of NPC1 blocks a putative lumenal tunnel linked to the SSD. Functional assays confirm that blocking this tunnel abolishes NPC1-mediated cholesterol egress. Intriguingly, the palmitate anchor of Hedgehog occupies a similar site in the homologous tunnel of Patched, suggesting a conserved mechanism for sterol transport in this family of proteins and establishing a central function of their SSDs. Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) exports low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol from lysosomes and comporses a Sterol-Sensing Domain (SSD). Here authors report a cryo-EM structure of human NPC1 bound to itraconazole which reveals how this binding site in the center of NPC1 blocks a putative lumenal tunnel linked to the SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Abdirahman Hassan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Qiren Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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27
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Wheeler S, Sillence DJ. Niemann-Pick type C disease: cellular pathology and pharmacotherapy. J Neurochem 2019; 153:674-692. [PMID: 31608980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) was first described in 1914 and affects approximately 1 in 150 000 live births. It is characterized clinically by diverse symptoms affecting liver, spleen, motor control, and brain; premature death invariably results. Its molecular origins were traced, as late as 1997, to a protein of late endosomes and lysosomes which was named NPC1. Mutation or absence of this protein leads to accumulation of cholesterol in these organelles. In this review, we focus on the intracellular events that drive the pathology of this disease. We first introduce endocytosis, a much-studied area of dysfunction in NPCD cells, and survey the various ways in which this process malfunctions. We briefly consider autophagy before attempting to map the more complex pathways by which lysosomal cholesterol storage leads to protein misregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. We then briefly introduce the metabolic pathways of sphingolipids (as these emerge as key species for treatment) and critically examine the various treatment approaches that have been attempted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wheeler
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
| | - Dan J Sillence
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
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28
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Pfeffer SR. NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1)-mediated cholesterol export from lysosomes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1706-1709. [PMID: 30710017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm118.004165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein particles are taken up by cells and delivered to the lysosome where their cholesterol esters are cleaved off by acid lipase. The released, free cholesterol is then exported from lysosomes for cellular needs or storage. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of cholesterol export from lysosomes. Cholesterol export requires NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) and NPC2, genetic mutations of which can cause Niemann-Pick type C disease, a disorder characterized by massive lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Analysis of the NPC1 and NPC2 structures and biochemical properties, together with new structures of the related Patched (PTCH) protein, provides new clues to the mechanisms by which NPC proteins may function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5307.
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29
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Patel S, Kim J, Herrera M, Mukherjee A, Kabanov AV, Sahay G. Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:90-111. [PMID: 31419450 PMCID: PMC6986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of nanoscale interactions between biomaterials and cells has limited the realization of the ultimate vision of nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics. As such, significant effort has been devoted to advancing our understanding of the biophysical interactions of the myriad nanoparticles. Endocytosis of nanomedicine has drawn tremendous interest in the last decade. Here, we highlight the ever-present barriers to efficient intracellular delivery of nanoparticles as well as the current advances and strategies deployed to breach these barriers. We also introduce new barriers that have been largely overlooked such as the glycocalyx and macromolecular crowding. Additionally, we draw attention to the potential complications arising from the disruption of the newly discovered functions of the lysosomes. Novel strategies of exploiting the inherent intracellular defects in disease states to enhance delivery and the use of exosomes for bioanalytics and drug delivery are explored. Furthermore, we discuss the advances in imaging techniques like electron microscopy, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and single particle tracking which have been instrumental in our growing understanding of intracellular pathways and nanoparticle trafficking. Finally, we advocate for the push towards more intravital analysis of nanoparticle transport phenomena using the multitude of techniques available to us. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing the cellular barriers to delivery and biological interactions of nanoparticles will guide the innovations capable of breaching these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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30
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Mechanisms of cellular cholesterol compartmentalization: recent insights. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:77-83. [PMID: 29960186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses advances in understanding how the controlled delivery of cholesterol between subcellular compartments is achieved and what novel experimental strategies are being employed to address this fundamental question. Recent work has focused on cholesterol-binding proteins that can facilitate directional cholesterol transfer between contacts of the ER and Golgi or late endosomal membranes. Increasing structural information on cholesterol-binding proteins, new modules engineered from them as well as improved imaging and gene editing techniques are providing valuable insights. There is also mounting information on how the crosstalk between cholesterol transport and nutrient signaling is orchestrated and how cellular fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis are intertwined.
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31
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The Nutrient-Sensing Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as the Hub of Cancer Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060053. [PMID: 29865240 PMCID: PMC6025041 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in glucose and glutamine utilizing pathways and in fatty acid metabolism are currently considered the most significant and prevalent metabolic changes observed in almost all types of tumors. Glucose, glutamine and fatty acids are the substrates for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). This metabolic pathway generates the “sensing molecule” UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). UDP-GlcNAc is the substrate for the enzymes involved in protein N- and O-glycosylation, two important post-translational modifications (PTMs) identified in several proteins localized in the extracellular space, on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. Since protein glycosylation controls several key aspects of cell physiology, aberrant protein glycosylation has been associated with different human diseases, including cancer. Here we review recent evidence indicating the tight association between the HBP flux and cell metabolism, with particular emphasis on the post-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms regulated by the HBP that may cause the metabolic rewiring observed in cancer. We describe the implications of both protein O- and N-glycosylation in cancer cell metabolism and bioenergetics; focusing our attention on the effect of these PTMs on nutrient transport and on the transcriptional regulation and function of cancer-specific metabolic pathways.
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Zhao K, Ridgway ND. Oxysterol-Binding Protein-Related Protein 1L Regulates Cholesterol Egress from the Endo-Lysosomal System. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1807-1818. [PMID: 28564600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein cholesterol is delivered to the limiting membrane of late endosomes/lysosomes (LELs) by Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). However, the mechanism of cholesterol transport from LELs to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is poorly characterized. We report that oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1L (ORP1L) is necessary for this stage of cholesterol export. CRISPR-mediated knockout of ORP1L in HeLa and HEK293 cells reduced esterification of cholesterol to the level in NPC1 knockout cells, and it increased the expression of sterol-regulated genes and de novo cholesterol synthesis, indicative of a block in cholesterol transport to the ER. In the absence of this transport pathway, cholesterol-enriched LELs accumulated in the Golgi/perinuclear region. Cholesterol delivery to the ER required the sterol-, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-, and vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein (VAP)-binding activities of ORP1L, as well as NPC1 expression. These results suggest that ORP1L-dependent membrane contacts between LELs and the ER coordinate cholesterol transfer with the retrograde movement of endo-lysosomal vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Quantitative Measurement of Cholesterol in Cell Populations Using Flow Cytometry and Fluorescent Perfringolysin O. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1583:85-95. [PMID: 28205169 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6875-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Methods to quantify intracellular cholesterol are valuable for the study of its trafficking and storage in normal cells and in lysosomal storage disorders. Traditionally, cholesterol has been tracked using the small molecule, filipin. Filipin can be difficult to visualize and visualization can be cytotoxic as it requires UV illumination. Here we describe a method to measure cholesterol using a fluorescently labeled, mutant form of Perfringolysin O, a soluble protein toxin that binds cholesterol specifically. This approach has been used to measure the impact of NPC1 deficiency on lysosomal cholesterol levels and monitor the rescue of cholesterol export under conditions that reduce the thickness of the lysosomal glycocalyx.
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Kosicek M, Gudelj I, Horvatic A, Jovic T, Vuckovic F, Lauc G, Hecimovic S. N-glycome of the Lysosomal Glycocalyx is Altered in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease (NPC) Model Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:631-642. [PMID: 29367433 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including the rare inherited lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (AD and PD). Although the triggers of the lysosomal impairment may involve the accumulated macromolecules or dysfunction of the lysosomal enzymes, the role of the lysosomal glycocalyx in the lysosomal (dys)function has not been studied. The goal of this work was to analyze whether there are changes in the lysosomal glycocalyx in a cellular model of a LSD Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC). Using the ferrofluid nanoparticles we isolated lysosomal organelles from NPC1-null and CHOwt cells. The magnetically isolated lysosomal fractions were enriched with the lysosomal marker protein LAMP1 and showed the key features of NPC disease: 3-fold higher cholesterol content and 4-5 fold enlarged size of the particles compared with the lysosomal fractions of wt cells. These lysosomal fractions were further processed to isolate lysosomal membrane proteins using Triton X-114 and their N-glycome was analyzed by HILIC-UPLC. N-glycans presented in each chromatographic peak were elucidated using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. We detected changes in the N-glycosylation pattern of the lysosomal glycocalyx of NPC1-null versus wt cells which involved high-mannose and sialylated N-glycans. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first to report N-glycome profiling of the lysosomal glycocalyx in NPC disease cellular model and the first to report the specific changes in the lysosomal glycocalyx in NPC1-null cells. We speculate that changes in the lysosomal glycocalyx may contribute to lysosomal (dys)function. Further glycome profiling of the lysosomal glycocalyx in other LSDs as well as the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD, is necessary to better understand the role of the lysosomal glycocalyx and to reveal its potential contribution in lysosomal dysfunction leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kosicek
- From the ‡Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- §Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatic
- ¶ERA Chair team, Internal Diseases Clinic, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Jovic
- From the ‡Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,‖University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frano Vuckovic
- §Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- §Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,‖University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- From the ‡Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia;
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35
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Gendarme M, Baumann J, Ignashkova TI, Lindemann RK, Reiling JH. Image-based drug screen identifies HDAC inhibitors as novel Golgi disruptors synergizing with JQ1. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3756-3772. [PMID: 29074567 PMCID: PMC5739293 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is increasingly recognized as a major hub for cellular signaling and is involved in numerous pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The study of Golgi stress-induced signaling pathways relies on the selectivity of the available tool compounds of which currently only a few are known. To discover novel Golgi-fragmenting agents, transcriptomic profiles of cells treated with brefeldin A, golgicide A, or monensin were generated and compared with a database of gene expression profiles from cells treated with other bioactive small molecules. In parallel, a phenotypic screen was performed for compounds that alter normal Golgi structure. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents were identified as novel Golgi disruptors. Further analysis identified HDAC1/HDAC9 as well as BRD8 and DNA-PK as important regulators of Golgi breakdown mediated by HDAC inhibition. We provide evidence that combinatorial HDACi/(+)-JQ1 treatment spurs synergistic Golgi dispersal in several cancer cell lines, pinpointing a possible link between drug-induced toxicity and Golgi morphology alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Baumann
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralph K Lindemann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck Biopharma, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan H Reiling
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Rohanizadegan M, Abdo SM, O'Donnell-Luria A, Mihalek I, Chen P, Sanders M, Leeman K, Cho M, Hung C, Bodamer O. Utility of rapid whole-exome sequencing in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C presenting with fetal hydrops and acute liver failure. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a002147. [PMID: 28802248 PMCID: PMC5701306 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid whole-exome sequencing (rWES) is used in critically ill newborn infants to inform about diagnosis, clinical management, and prognosis. Here we report a male newborn infant with hydrops, pancytopenia, and acute liver failure who was listed for liver transplantation. Given the acuity of the presentation, the procedure-related morbidity and mortality, and lack of diagnosis, we used rWES in the proband and both parents with a turnaround time of 10 business days. rWES returned one maternally inherited, likely pathogenic and one paternally inherited, likely pathogenic variant in NPC1, suggestive of a diagnosis of Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC). Interestingly, a diagnosis of NPC was entertained prior to rWES, but deemed unlikely in light of absent cholesterol storage on liver biopsy and near-normal oxysterol levels in dried blood. The diagnosis of NPC was confirmed on filipin stain in fibroblasts demonstrating defective cholesterol trafficking. NPC is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that may also affect the liver with overall poor prognosis. It was decided to take the infant off the transplant list and transfer to palliative care, where he died after 4 wk. This case highlights the utility of rWES in an acute clinical setting for several domains of precision medicine including (1) diagnosis, (2) prognosis and outcome, (3) management and therapy, and (4) utilization of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Rohanizadegan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sara M Abdo
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anne O'Donnell-Luria
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ivana Mihalek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peggy Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Marilyn Sanders
- Department of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Kristen Leeman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Megan Cho
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
| | - Christina Hung
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Subramanian K, Rauniyar N, Lavalleé-Adam M, Yates JR, Balch WE. Quantitative Analysis of the Proteome Response to the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi) Vorinostat in Niemann-Pick Type C1 disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1938-1957. [PMID: 28860124 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder principally caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. NPC disease is characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in the late endosomes (LE) and lysosomes (Ly) (LE/Ly). Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), restores cholesterol homeostasis in fibroblasts derived from NPC patients; however, the exact mechanism by which Vorinostat restores cholesterol level is not known yet. In this study, we performed comparative proteomic profiling of the response of NPC1I1061T fibroblasts to Vorinostat. After stringent statistical criteria to filter identified proteins, we observed 202 proteins that are differentially expressed in Vorinostat-treated fibroblasts. These proteins are members of diverse cellular pathways including the endomembrane dependent protein folding-stability-degradation-trafficking axis, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Our study shows that treatment of NPC1I1061T fibroblasts with Vorinostat not only enhances pathways promoting the folding, stabilization and trafficking of NPC1 (I1061T) mutant to the LE/Ly, but alters the expression of lysosomal proteins, specifically the lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) involved in the LIPA->NPC2->NPC1 based flow of cholesterol from the LE/Ly lumen to the LE/Ly membrane. We posit that the Vorinostat may modulate numerous pathways that operate in an integrated fashion through epigenetic and post-translational modifications reflecting acetylation/deacetylation balance to help manage the defective NPC1 fold, the function of the LE/Ly system and/or additional cholesterol metabolism/distribution pathways, that could globally contribute to improved mitigation of NPC1 disease in the clinic based on as yet uncharacterized principles of cellular metabolism dictating cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Subramanian
- From the ‡Department of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Navin Rauniyar
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mathieu Lavalleé-Adam
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John R Yates
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - William E Balch
- From the ‡Department of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037;
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38
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Peter F, Rost S, Rolfs A, Frech MJ. Activation of PKC triggers rescue of NPC1 patient specific iPSC derived glial cells from gliosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:145. [PMID: 28841900 PMCID: PMC5574080 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. The pathological mechanisms, underlying NPC1 are not yet completely understood. Especially the contribution of glial cells and gliosis to the progression of NPC1, are controversially discussed. As an analysis of affected cells is unfeasible in NPC1-patients, we recently developed an in vitro model system, based on cells derived from NPC1-patient specific iPSCs. Here, we asked if this model system recapitulates gliosis, observed in non-human model systems and NPC1 patient post mortem biopsies. We determined the amount of reactive astrocytes and the regulation of the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin, all indicating gliosis. Furthermore, we were interested in the assembly and phosphorylation of these intermediate filaments and finally the impact of the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which is described to ameliorate the pathogenic phenotype of NPC1-deficient fibroblasts, including hypo-phosphorylation of vimentin and cholesterol accumulation. METHODS We analysed glial cells derived from NPC1 patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells, carrying different NPC1 mutations. The amount of reactive astrocytes was determined by means of immuncytochemical stainings and FACS-analysis. Semi-quantitative western blot was used to determine the amount of phosphorylated GFAP and vimentin. Cholesterol accumulation was analysed by Filipin staining and quantified by Amplex Red Assay. U18666A was used to induce NPC1 phenotype in unaffected cells of the control cell line. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was used to activate PKC. RESULTS Immunocytochemical detection of GFAP, vimentin and Ki67 revealed that NPC1 mutant glial cells undergo gliosis. We found hypo-phosphorylation of the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin and alterations in the assembly of these intermediate filaments in NPC1 mutant cells. The application of U18666A induced not only NPC1 phenotypical accumulation of cholesterol, but characteristics of gliosis in glial cells derived from unaffected control cells. The application of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C resulted in a significantly reduced number of reactive astrocytes and further characteristics of gliosis in NPC1-deficient cells. Furthermore, it triggered a restoration of cholesterol amounts to level of control cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that glial cells derived from NPC1-patient specific iPSCs undergo gliosis. The application of U18666A induced comparable characteristics in un-affected control cells, suggesting that gliosis is triggered by hampered function of NPC1 protein. The activation of protein kinase C induced an amelioration of gliosis, as well as a reduction of cholesterol amount. These results provide further support for the line of evidence that gliosis might not be only a secondary reaction to the loss of neurons, but might be a direct consequence of a reduced PKC activity due to the phenotypical cholesterol accumulation observed in NPC1. In addition, our data support the involvement of PKCs in NPC1 disease pathogenesis and suggest that PKCs may be targeted in future efforts to develop therapeutics for NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Peter
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rost
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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39
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Mattie S, McNally EK, Karim MA, Vali H, Brett CL. How and why intralumenal membrane fragments form during vacuolar lysosome fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:309-321. [PMID: 27881666 PMCID: PMC5231899 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane fusion mediates the last step of the autophagy and endocytosis pathways and supports organelle remodeling and biogenesis. Because fusogenic proteins and lipids concentrate in a ring at the vertex between apposing organelle membranes, the encircled area of membrane can be severed and internalized within the lumen as a fragment upon lipid bilayer fusion. How or why this intralumenal fragment forms during fusion, however, is not entirely clear. To better understand this process, we studied fragment formation during homotypic vacuolar lysosome membrane fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using cell-free fusion assays and light microscopy, we find that GTPase activation and trans-SNARE complex zippering have opposing effects on fragment formation and verify that this affects the morphology of the fusion product and regulates transporter protein degradation. We show that fragment formwation is limited by stalk expansion, a key intermediate of the lipid bilayer fusion reaction. Using electron microscopy, we present images of hemifusion diaphragms that form as stalks expand and propose a model describing how the fusion machinery regulates fragment formation during lysosome fusion to control morphology and protein lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan Mattie
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Erin K McNally
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mahmoud A Karim
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Christopher L Brett
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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40
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Wang F, Qi LS. Applications of CRISPR Genome Engineering in Cell Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:875-888. [PMID: 27599850 PMCID: PMC5077632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome engineering are starting a revolution in biological research and translational applications. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) and its variants enable diverse manipulations of genome function. In this review, we describe the development of Cas9 tools for a variety of applications in cell biology research, including the study of functional genomics, the creation of transgenic animal models, and genomic imaging. Novel genome engineering methods offer a new avenue to understand the causality between the genome and phenotype, thus promising a fuller understanding of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Wang
- Sino-U.S. Center of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Luchetti G, Sircar R, Kong JH, Nachtergaele S, Sagner A, Byrne EFX, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol activates the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened to promote Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2016; 5:e20304. [PMID: 27705744 PMCID: PMC5123864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is necessary for the function of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We find that cholesterol is not just necessary but also sufficient to activate signaling by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a prominent cell-cell communication system in development. Cholesterol influences Hh signaling by directly activating Smoothened (SMO), an orphan GPCR that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane in all animals. Unlike many GPCRs, which are regulated by cholesterol through their heptahelical transmembrane domains, SMO is activated by cholesterol through its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Residues shown to mediate cholesterol binding to the CRD in a recent structural analysis also dictate SMO activation, both in response to cholesterol and to native Hh ligands. Our results show that cholesterol can initiate signaling from the cell surface by engaging the extracellular domain of a GPCR and suggest that SMO activity may be regulated by local changes in cholesterol abundance or accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Andreas Sagner
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon FX Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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42
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Li J, Pfeffer SR. Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins bind cholesterol and contribute to lysosomal cholesterol export. eLife 2016; 5:e21635. [PMID: 27664420 PMCID: PMC5068966 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
LAMP1 and LAMP2 proteins are highly abundant, ubiquitous, mammalian proteins that line the lysosome limiting membrane, and protect it from lysosomal hydrolase action. LAMP2 deficiency causes Danon's disease, an X-linked hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. LAMP2 is needed for chaperone-mediated autophagy, and its expression improves tissue function in models of aging. We show here that human LAMP1 and LAMP2 bind cholesterol in a manner that buries the cholesterol 3β-hydroxyl group; they also bind tightly to NPC1 and NPC2 proteins that export cholesterol from lysosomes. Quantitation of cellular LAMP2 and NPC1 protein levels suggest that LAMP proteins represent a significant cholesterol binding site at the lysosome limiting membrane, and may signal cholesterol availability. Functional rescue experiments show that the ability of human LAMP2 to facilitate cholesterol export from lysosomes relies on its ability to bind cholesterol directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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PEG-lipid micelles enable cholesterol efflux in Niemann-Pick Type C1 disease-based lysosomal storage disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31750. [PMID: 27572704 PMCID: PMC5004151 DOI: 10.1038/srep31750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a cholesterol scavenger, is currently undergoing Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for treatment of Niemann Pick Type C-1 (NPC1), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that stems from abnormal cholesterol accumulation in the endo/lysosomes. Unfortunately, the extremely high doses of HPβCD required to prevent progressive neurodegeneration exacerbates ototoxicity, pulmonary toxicity and autophagy-based cellular defects. We present unexpected evidence that a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid conjugate enables cholesterol clearance from endo/lysosomes of Npc1 mutant (Npc1−/−) cells. Herein, we show that distearyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG (DSPE-PEG), which forms 12-nm micelles above the critical micelle concentration, accumulates heavily inside cholesterol-rich late endosomes in Npc1−/− cells. This potentially results in cholesterol solubilization and leakage from lysosomes. High-throughput screening revealed that DSPE-PEG, in combination with HPβCD, acts synergistically to efflux cholesterol without significantly aggravating autophagy defects. These well-known excipients can be used as admixtures to treat NPC1 disorder. Increasing PEG chain lengths from 350 Da-30 kDa in DSPE-PEG micelles, or increasing DSPE-PEG content in an array of liposomes packaged with HPβCD, improved cholesterol egress, while Pluronic block copolymers capable of micelle formation showed slight effects at high concentrations. We postulate that PEG-lipid based nanocarriers can serve as bioactive drug delivery systems for effective treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
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44
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Clues to the mechanism of cholesterol transfer from the structure of NPC1 middle lumenal domain bound to NPC2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10079-84. [PMID: 27551080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611956113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Export of LDL-derived cholesterol from lysosomes requires the cooperation of the integral membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) and a soluble protein, Niemann-Pick C2 (NPC2). Mutations in the genes encoding these proteins lead to Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). NPC2 binds to NPC1's second (middle), lumenally oriented domain (MLD) and transfers cholesterol to NPC1's N-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we report the 2.4-Å resolution crystal structure of a complex of human NPC1-MLD and NPC2 bearing bound cholesterol-3-O-sulfate. NPC1-MLD uses two protruding loops to bind NPC2, analogous to its interaction with the primed Ebola virus glycoprotein. Docking of the NPC1-NPC2 complex onto the full-length NPC1 structure reveals a direct cholesterol transfer tunnel between NPC2 and NTD cholesterol binding pockets, supporting the "hydrophobic hand-off" cholesterol transfer model.
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Periwal V. A comprehensive overview of computational resources to aid in precision genome editing with engineered nucleases. Brief Bioinform 2016; 18:698-711. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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46
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Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1) is a late-endosomal membrane protein involved in trafficking of LDL-derived cholesterol, Niemann-Pick disease type C, and Ebola virus infection. NPC1 contains 13 transmembrane segments (TMs), five of which are thought to represent a "sterol-sensing domain" (SSD). Although present also in other key regulatory proteins of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, and signaling, the structure and mechanism of action of the SSD are unknown. Here we report a crystal structure of a large fragment of human NPC1 at 3.6 Å resolution, which reveals internal twofold pseudosymmetry along TM 2-13 and two structurally homologous domains that protrude 60 Å into the endosomal lumen. Strikingly, NPC1's SSD forms a cavity that is accessible from both the luminal bilayer leaflet and the endosomal lumen; computational modeling suggests that this cavity is large enough to accommodate one cholesterol molecule. We propose a model for NPC1 function in cholesterol sensing and transport.
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Structural Insights into the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1)-Mediated Cholesterol Transfer and Ebola Infection. Cell 2016; 165:1467-1478. [PMID: 27238017 PMCID: PMC7111323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is associated with mutations in NPC1 and NPC2, whose gene products are key players in the endosomal/lysosomal egress of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. NPC1 is also the intracellular receptor for Ebola virus (EBOV). Here, we present a 4.4 Å structure of full-length human NPC1 and a low-resolution reconstruction of NPC1 in complex with the cleaved glycoprotein (GPcl) of EBOV, both determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. NPC1 contains 13 transmembrane segments (TMs) and three distinct lumenal domains A (also designated NTD), C, and I. TMs 2–13 exhibit a typical resistance-nodulation-cell division fold, among which TMs 3–7 constitute the sterol-sensing domain conserved in several proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism and signaling. A trimeric EBOV-GPcl binds to one NPC1 monomer through the domain C. Our structural and biochemical characterizations provide an important framework for mechanistic understanding of NPC1-mediated intracellular cholesterol trafficking and Ebola virus infection. The cryo-EM structure of full-length human NPC1 was determined at 4.4 Å resolution Structure-guided biochemical analysis of cholesterol transfer from NPC2 to NPC1 Low-resolution cryo-EM structure of NPC1 bound to GPcl of Ebola virus was obtained A trimeric GPcl binds to one NPC1 through the crystal structure-revealed interface
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Lagace TA. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. Lipid Insights 2016; 8:65-73. [PMID: 27081313 PMCID: PMC4821435 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s31746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative feedback regulation of cholesterol metabolism in mammalian cells ensures a proper balance of cholesterol with other membrane lipids, principal among these being the major phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC). Processes such as cholesterol biosynthesis and efflux, cholesteryl ester storage in lipid droplets, and uptake of plasma lipoproteins are tuned to the cholesterol/PC ratio. Cholesterol-loaded macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions display increased PC biosynthesis that buffers against elevated cholesterol levels and may also facilitate cholesterol trafficking to enhance cholesterol sensing and efflux. These same mechanisms could play a generic role in homeostatic responses to acute changes in membrane free cholesterol levels. Here, I discuss the established and emerging roles of PC metabolism in promoting intracellular cholesterol trafficking and membrane lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lagace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Strasser R. The tonoplast--where sweetness is dispensable. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1607-1609. [PMID: 26956502 PMCID: PMC4783378 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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SUZUKI Y, OKANO A, KABAYAMA K, NISHINA A, TANIGAWA M, NISHIMURA K, KUSHI Y. Purification of Pyridylaminated Oligosaccharides Using 1,2-Dichloroethane Extraction. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:487-90. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aya OKANO
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Kazuya KABAYAMA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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