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Riva M, Ferreira S, Hayashi K, Saillour Y, Medvedeva VP, Honda T, Hayashi K, Altersitz C, Albadri S, Rosello M, Dang J, Serafini M, Causeret F, Henry OJ, Roux CJ, Bellesme C, Freri E, Josifova D, Parrini E, Guerrini R, Del Bene F, Nakajima K, Bahi-Buisson N, Pierani A. De novo monoallelic Reelin missense variants cause dominant neuronal migration disorders via a dominant-negative mechanism. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e153097. [PMID: 38980724 PMCID: PMC11324310 DOI: 10.1172/jci153097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin (RELN) is a secreted glycoprotein essential for cerebral cortex development. In humans, recessive RELN variants cause cortical and cerebellar malformations, while heterozygous variants were associated with epilepsy, autism, and mild cortical abnormalities. However, the functional effects of RELN variants remain unknown. We identified inherited and de novo RELN missense variants in heterozygous patients with neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) as diverse as pachygyria and polymicrogyria. We investigated in culture and in the developing mouse cerebral cortex how different variants impacted RELN function. Polymicrogyria-associated variants behaved as gain-of-function, showing an enhanced ability to induce neuronal aggregation, while those linked to pachygyria behaved as loss-of-function, leading to defective neuronal aggregation/migration. The pachygyria-associated de novo heterozygous RELN variants acted as dominant-negative by preventing WT RELN secretion in culture, animal models, and patients, thereby causing dominant NMDs. We demonstrated how mutant RELN proteins in vitro and in vivo predict cortical malformation phenotypes, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Riva
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoann Saillour
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Vera P. Medvedeva
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Takao Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claire Altersitz
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Shahad Albadri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rosello
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dang
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Malo Serafini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Olivia J. Henry
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles-Joris Roux
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Céline Bellesme
- Pediatric Neurology, Bicêtre University Hospital, Université Paris Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elena Freri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Pediatriche Fondazione Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Dragana Josifova
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Parrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
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2
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Yi LX, Zeng L, Wang Q, Tan EK, Zhou ZD. Reelin links Apolipoprotein E4, Tau, and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102339. [PMID: 38754634 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and is characterised by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A recent report of a patient carrying a novel gain-of-function variant of RELN (H3447R, termed RELN-COLBOS) who developed resilience against presenilin-linked autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) has generated enormous interest. The RELN-COLBOS variant enhances interactions with the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which are associated with delayed AD onset and progression. These findings were validated in a transgenic mouse model. Reelin is involved in neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neuronal plasticity. The evidence accumulated thus far has demonstrated that the Reelin pathway links apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), amyloid-β (Aβ), and tubulin-associated unit (Tau), which are key proteins that have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Reelin and key components of the Reelin pathway have been highlighted as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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3
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Calvier L, Alexander A, Marckx AT, Kounnas MZ, Durakoglugil M, Herz J. Safety of Anti-Reelin Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38607022 PMCID: PMC11011630 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays critical roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have revealed non-neuronal functions of plasma Reelin in inflammation by promoting endothelial-leukocyte adhesion through its canonical pathway in endothelial cells (via ApoER2 acting on NF-κB), as well as in vascular tone regulation and thrombosis. In this study, we have investigated the safety and efficacy of selectively depleting plasma Reelin as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We found that Reelin expression remains stable throughout adulthood and that peripheral anti-Reelin antibody treatment with CR-50 efficiently depletes plasma Reelin without affecting its levels or functionality within the CNS. Notably, this approach preserves essential neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), selective modulation of endothelial responses by anti-Reelin antibodies reduces pathological leukocyte infiltration without completely abolishing diapedesis. Finally, long-term Reelin depletion under metabolic stress induced by a Western diet did not negatively impact the heart, kidney, or liver, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the promising role of peripheral anti-Reelin therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and conditions where endothelial function is compromised, offering a novel approach that may avoid the immunosuppressive side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Austin T. Marckx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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4
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Reive BS, Lau V, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Henri-Bhargava A, Kalynchuk LE, Tremblay MÈ, Caruncho HJ. The Inflammation-Induced Dysregulation of Reelin Homeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:1099-1119. [PMID: 38995785 PMCID: PMC11380287 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for most dementia cases, but we lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the core pathology associated with the disease (e.g., amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles). Inflammation has been identified as a key contributor of AD pathology, with recent evidence pointing towards Reelin dysregulation as being associated with inflammation. Here we describe Reelin signaling and outline existing research involving Reelin signaling in AD and inflammation. Research is described pertaining to the inflammatory and immunological functions of Reelin before we propose a mechanism through which inflammation renders Reelin susceptible to dysregulation resulting in the induction and exacerbation of AD pathology. Based on this hypothesis, it is predicted that disorders of both inflammation (including peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation) and Reelin dysregulation (including disorders associated with upregulated Reelin expression and disorders of Reelin downregulation) have elevated risk of developing AD. We conclude with a description of AD risk in various disorders involving Reelin dysregulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Henri-Bhargava
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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5
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Alexander A, Herz J, Calvier L. Reelin through the years: From brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112669. [PMID: 37339050 PMCID: PMC10592530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin was originally identified as a regulator of neuronal migration and synaptic function, but its non-neuronal functions have received far less attention. Reelin participates in organ development and physiological functions in various tissues, but it is also dysregulated in some diseases. In the cardiovascular system, Reelin is abundant in the blood, where it contributes to platelet adhesion and coagulation, as well as vascular adhesion and permeability of leukocytes. It is a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factor with important implications for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Mechanistically, Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that binds to several membrane receptors, including ApoER2, VLDLR, integrins, and ephrins. Reelin signaling depends on the cell type but mostly involves phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, or JAK/STAT. This review focuses on non-neuronal functions and the therapeutic potential of Reelin, while highlighting secretion, signaling, and functional similarities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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6
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Lopera F, Marino C, Chandrahas AS, O'Hare M, Villalba-Moreno ND, Aguillon D, Baena A, Sanchez JS, Vila-Castelar C, Ramirez Gomez L, Chmielewska N, Oliveira GM, Littau JL, Hartmann K, Park K, Krasemann S, Glatzel M, Schoemaker D, Gonzalez-Buendia L, Delgado-Tirado S, Arevalo-Alquichire S, Saez-Torres KL, Amarnani D, Kim LA, Mazzarino RC, Gordon H, Bocanegra Y, Villegas A, Gai X, Bootwalla M, Ji J, Shen L, Kosik KS, Su Y, Chen Y, Schultz A, Sperling RA, Johnson K, Reiman EM, Sepulveda-Falla D, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Quiroz YT. Resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in a Reelin-COLBOS heterozygous man. Nat Med 2023; 29:1243-1252. [PMID: 37188781 PMCID: PMC10202812 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the world's second case with ascertained extreme resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Side-by-side comparisons of this male case and the previously reported female case with ADAD homozygote for the APOE3 Christchurch (APOECh) variant allowed us to discern common features. The male remained cognitively intact until 67 years of age despite carrying a PSEN1-E280A mutation. Like the APOECh carrier, he had extremely elevated amyloid plaque burden and limited entorhinal Tau tangle burden. He did not carry the APOECh variant but was heterozygous for a rare variant in RELN (H3447R, termed COLBOS after the Colombia-Boston biomarker research study), a ligand that like apolipoprotein E binds to the VLDLr and APOEr2 receptors. RELN-COLBOS is a gain-of-function variant showing stronger ability to activate its canonical protein target Dab1 and reduce human Tau phosphorylation in a knockin mouse. A genetic variant in a case protected from ADAD suggests a role for RELN signaling in resilience to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Claudia Marino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita S Chandrahas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael O'Hare
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David Aguillon
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Baena
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Justin S Sanchez
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Vila-Castelar
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liliana Ramirez Gomez
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel M Oliveira
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hartmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kyungeun Park
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schoemaker
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santiago Delgado-Tirado
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Said Arevalo-Alquichire
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kahira L Saez-Torres
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dhanesh Amarnani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall C Mazzarino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harper Gordon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yamile Bocanegra
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianling Ji
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yi Su
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona State University, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Ahrari A, Meseke M, Förster E. Tetrodotoxin prevents heat-shock induced granule cell dispersion in hippocampal slice cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:906262. [PMID: 36092698 PMCID: PMC9452958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.906262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) has been associated as a pathological feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Early-life epileptiform activity such as febrile seizures has been proposed to have a causal link to developing chronic TLE. During postnatal development, the hippocampus may be particularly vulnerable to hyperexcitability-induced insults since neuronal migration and differentiation are still ongoing in the hippocampus. Further, the extracellular matrix (ECM), here in particular the protein reelin, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of GCD. Thus, loss of reelin-expressing cells, Cajal-Retzius cells and subsets of interneurons, may be related to GCD. To study the possible role of febrile seizures, we previously induced GCD in vitro by subjecting hippocampal slice cultures to a transient heat-shock, which was not accompanied by loss of Cajal-Retzius cells. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in heat-shock induced GCD, the present study aimed to determine whether such dispersion could be prevented by blocking cellular electrical activity. Here we show that the extent of heat-shock induced GCD could be significantly reduced by treatment with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting that electrical activity is an important factor involved in heat-shock induced GCD.
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8
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Structure of Reelin repeat 8 and the adjacent C-terminal region. Biophys J 2022; 121:2526-2537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Dazzo E, Nobile C. Epilepsy-causing Reelin mutations result in impaired secretion and intracellular degradation of mutant proteins. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:665-673. [PMID: 34508592 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is a genetically heterogeneous neurologic disorder clinically characterized by focal seizures with auditory symptoms and/or aphasia. About 20% of ADLTE families segregate disease-causing heterozygous mutations in RELN, a brain-expressed gene encoding the secreted protein Reelin. Using a cell-based secretion assay, we show that pathogenic RELN mutations abolish or significantly reduce secretion of mutant proteins, and that this secretion defect results from impaired trafficking of mutant Reelin along the secretory pathway. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis of transiently transfected cells shows that Reelin mutant proteins are degraded by the autophagy system, as revealed by increased formation of autophagosomes immunoreacting with the autophagy markers p62 and LC3. In addition, LC3 immunoblotting shows a significant increase of autophagy flux due to mutant overexpression. Finally, we show that the secretion defect of mutant proteins can be partially rescued by small-molecule correctors. Altogether, these results suggest that Reelin mutant proteins are not properly secreted and that they are degraded through the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dazzo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Nobile
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Padova, Italy
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10
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Orcinha C, Kilias A, Paschen E, Follo M, Haas CA. Reelin Is Required for Maintenance of Granule Cell Lamination in the Healthy and Epileptic Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:730811. [PMID: 34483838 PMCID: PMC8414139 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.730811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is granule cell dispersion (GCD), a pathological widening of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. The loss of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, an important positional cue for neurons, correlates with GCD formation in MTLE patients and in rodent epilepsy models. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in differentiated granule cells (GCs) to monitor GCD formation dynamically by live cell video microscopy and to investigate the role of Reelin in this process. We present evidence that following treatment with the glutamate receptor agonist kainate (KA), eGFP-positive GCs migrated mainly toward the hilar region. In the hilus, Reelin-producing neurons were rapidly lost following KA treatment as shown in a detailed time series. Addition of recombinant Reelin fragments to the medium effectively prevented the KA-triggered movement of eGFP-positive GCs. Placement of Reelin-coated beads into the hilus of KA-treated cultures stopped the migration of GCs in a distance-dependent manner. In addition, quantitative Western blot analysis revealed that KA treatment affects the Reelin signal transduction pathway by increasing intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 synthesis and reducing the phosphorylation of cofilin, a downstream target of the Reelin pathway. Both events were normalized by addition of recombinant Reelin fragments. Finally, following neutralization of Reelin in healthy OHSC by incubation with the function-blocking CR-50 Reelin antibody, GCs started to migrate without any direction preference. Together, our findings demonstrate that normotopic position of Reelin is essential for the maintenance of GC lamination in the dentate gyrus and that GCD is the result of a local Reelin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Orcinha
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Antje Kilias
- Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Enya Paschen
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Hattori M, Kohno T. Regulation of Reelin functions by specific proteolytic processing in the brain. J Biochem 2021; 169:511-516. [PMID: 33566063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein Reelin plays important roles in both brain development and function. During development, Reelin regulates neuronal migration and dendrite development. In the mature brain, the glycoprotein is involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. It has been suggested that Reelin loss or decreased function contributes to the onset and/or deterioration of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While the molecular mechanisms underpinning Reelin function remain unclear, recent studies have suggested that the specific proteolytic cleavage of Reelin may play central roles in the embryonic and postnatal brain. In this review, we focus on Reelin proteolytic processing and review its potential physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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12
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Nagae M, Suzuki K, Yasui N, Nogi T, Kohno T, Hattori M, Takagi J. Structural studies of reelin N-terminal region provides insights into a unique structural arrangement and functional multimerization. J Biochem 2021; 169:555-564. [PMID: 33377147 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The large, secreted glycoprotein reelin regulates embryonic brain development as well as adult brain functions. Although reelin binds to its receptors via its central part, the N-terminal region directs multimer formation and is critical for efficient signal transduction. In fact, the inhibitory antibody CR-50 interacts with the N-terminal region and prevents higher-order multimerization and signalling. Reelin is a multidomain protein in which the central part is composed of eight characteristic repeats, named reelin repeats, each of which is further divided by insertion of a epidermal growth factor (EGF) module into two subrepeats. In contrast, the N-terminal region shows unique 'irregular' domain architecture since it comprises three consecutive subrepeats without the intervening EGF module. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the murine reelin fragment named RX-R1 including the irregular region and the first reelin repeat at 2.0-Å resolution. The overall structure of RX-R1 has a branched Y-shaped form. Interestingly, two incomplete subrepeats cooperatively form one entire subrepeat structure, though an additional subrepeat is inserted between them. We further reveal that Arg335 of RX-R1 is crucial for binding CR-50. A possible self-association mechanism via the N-terminal region is proposed based on our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Suzuki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yasui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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13
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Pahle J, Muhia M, Wagener RJ, Tippmann A, Bock HH, Graw J, Herz J, Staiger JF, Drakew A, Kneussel M, Rune GM, Frotscher M, Brunne B. Selective Inactivation of Reelin in Inhibitory Interneurons Leads to Subtle Changes in the Dentate Gyrus But Leaves Cortical Layering and Behavior Unaffected. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1688-1707. [PMID: 31667489 PMCID: PMC7132935 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein, known for its dual role in neuronal migration during brain development and in synaptic plasticity at adult stages. During the perinatal phase, Reelin expression switches from Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, its main source before birth, to inhibitory interneurons (IN), the main source of Reelin in the adult forebrain. IN-derived Reelin has been associated with schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy; however, the functional role of Reelin from INs is presently unclear. In this study, we used conditional knockout mice, which lack Reelin expression specifically in inhibitory INs, leading to a substantial reduction in total Reelin expression in the neocortex and dentate gyrus. Our results show that IN-specific Reelin knockout mice exhibit normal neuronal layering and normal behavior, including spatial reference memory. Although INs are the major source of Reelin within the adult stem cell niche, Reelin from INs does not contribute substantially to normal adult neurogenesis. While a closer look at the dentate gyrus revealed some unexpected alterations at the cellular level, including an increase in the number of Reelin expressing CR cells, overall our data suggest that Reelin derived from INs is less critical for cortex development and function than Reelin expressed by CR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pahle
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Muhia
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Tippmann
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janice Graw
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drakew
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Brunne
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Krzyzanowska A, Cabrerizo M, Clascá F, Ramos-Moreno T. Reelin Immunoreactivity in the Adult Spinal Cord: A Comparative Study in Rodents, Carnivores, and Non-human Primates. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:102. [PMID: 31969808 PMCID: PMC6960112 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein secreted by several neuronal populations in a specific manner in both the developing and the adult central nervous system. The extent of Reelin protein distribution and its functional role in the adult neocortex is well documented in different mammal models. However, its role in the adult spinal cord has not been well characterized and its distribution in the rodent spinal cord is fragmentary and has not been investigated in carnivores or primates as of yet. To gain insight into which neuronal populations and specific circuits may be influenced by Reelin in the adult spinal cord, we have conducted light and confocal microscopy study analysis of Reelin-immunoreactive cell types in the adult spinal cord. Here, we describe and compare Reelin immunoreactive cell type and distribution in the spinal cord of adult non-human primate (macaque monkeys, Macaca mulatta), carnivore (ferret, Mustela putorius) and rodent (rat, Rattus norvegicus). Our results show that in all three species studied, Reelin-immunoreactive neurons are present in the intermediate gray matter, ventricular zone and superficial dorsal horn and intermedio-lateral nucleus, while positive cells in the Clarke nucleus are only found in rats and primates. In addition, Reelin intermediolateral neurons colocalize with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) only in macaque whilst motor neurons also colocalize Reelin and ChAT in macaque, ferret and rat spinal cord. The different expression patterns might reflect a differential role for Reelin in the pathways involved in the coordination of locomotor activity in the fore- and hind limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Urological Cancers, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Cabrerizo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Ramos-Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Bradshaw NJ, Trossbach SV, Köber S, Walter S, Prikulis I, Weggen S, Korth C. Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 regulates the processing of reelin in the perinatal cortex. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:506-513. [PMID: 28433501 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a prominent gene in mental illness research, encoding a scaffold protein known to be of importance in the developing cerebral cortex. Reelin is a critical extracellular protein for development and lamination of the prenatal cortex and which has also been independently implicated in mental illness. Regulation of reelin activity occurs through processing by the metalloproteinases ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Through cross-breeding of heterozygous transgenic DISC1 mice with heterozygous reeler mice, which have reduced reelin, pups heterozygous for both phenotypes were generated. From these, we determine that transgenic DISC1 leads to a reduction in the processing of reelin, with implications for its downstream signalling element Dab1. An effect of DISC1 on reelin processing was confirmed in vitro, and revealed that intracellular DISC1 affects ADAMTS-4 protein, which in turn is exported and affects processing of extracellular reelin. In transgenic rat cortical cultures, an effect of DISC1 on reelin processing could also be seen specifically in early, immature neurons, but was lost in calretinin and reelin-positive mature neurons, suggesting cell-type specificity. DISC1 therefore acts upstream of reelin in the perinatal cerebral cortex in a cell type/time specific manner, leading to regulation of its activity through altered proteolytic cleavage. Thus a functional link is demonstrated between two proteins, each of independent importance for both cortical development and associated cognitive functions leading to behavioural maladaptation and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Svenja V Trossbach
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köber
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Walter
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingrid Prikulis
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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16
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Mikulska-Ruminska K, Strzelecki J, Nowak W. Dynamics, nanomechanics and signal transduction in reelin repeats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18974. [PMID: 31831824 PMCID: PMC6908669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large glycoprotein controlling brain development and cell adhesion. It regulates the positioning of neurons, as well as neurotransmission and memory formation. Perturbations in reelin signaling are linked to psychiatric disorders. Reelin participates in signal transduction by binding to the lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and ApoER2 through its central region. This part is rich in repeating BNR-EGF-BNR modules. We used standard molecular dynamics, steered molecular dynamics, and perturbation response scanning computational methods to characterize unique dynamical properties of reelin modules involved in signaling. Each module has specific sensors and effectors arranged in a similar topology. In the modules studied, disulfide bridges play a protective role, probably making both selective binding and protease activity of reelin possible. Results of single reelin molecule stretching by atomic force microscopy provide the first data on the mechanical stability of individual reelin domains. The forces required for partial unfolding of the modules studied are below 60 pN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Janusz Strzelecki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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17
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Ishii K, Kohno T, Hattori M. Differential binding of anti-Reelin monoclonal antibodies reveals the characteristics of Reelin protein under various conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:815-820. [PMID: 31079931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted protein that is essential for the development and function of the central nervous system. Dimerization and/or oligomerization is required for its biological activity, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. There are several widely used anti-Reelin antibodies and we noticed that their reactivity to monomeric or dimeric Reelin protein is different. We also found that their reactivity to Reelin in the solution or in fixed brain tissues also differs. Our results provide the information regarding how the N-terminal region of Reelin folds and contributes to the formation of higher order structure. We also provide a caveat that appropriate use of anti-Reelin antibody is necessary for quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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18
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Dlugosz P, Tresky R, Nimpf J. Differential Action of Reelin on Oligomerization of ApoER2 and VLDL Receptor in HEK293 Cells Assessed by Time-Resolved Anisotropy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:53. [PMID: 30873003 PMCID: PMC6403468 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Reelin signaling cascade regulates correct neuronal layering during embryonic brain development. Details of this pathway are still not fully understood since the participating components are highly variable and create a complex mixture of interacting molecules. Reelin is proteolytically processed resulting in five different fragments some of which carrying the binding site for two different but highly homologous receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The receptors are expressed in different variants in different areas of the developing brain. Binding of Reelin and its central fragment to the receptors results in phosphorylation of the intracellular adapter disabled-1 (Dab1) in neurons. Here, we studied the changes of the arrangement of the receptors upon Reelin binding and its central fragment at the molecular level in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells by time-resolved anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). In the off-state of the pathway ApoER2 and VLDLR form homo or hetero-di/oligomers. Upon binding of full length Reelin ApoER2 and VLDLR homo-oligomers are rearranged to higher order receptor clusters which leads to Dab1 phosphorylation. When the central fragment of Reelin binds to the receptors the cluster size of homo-oligomers is not affected and Dab1 is not phosphorylated. Hetero-oligomerization, however, can be induced, but does not lead to Dab1 phosphorylation. Cells expressing only ApoER2 or VLDLR change their shape when stimulated with the central fragment. Cells expressing ApoER2 produce filopodia/lamellipodia and cell size increases, whereas VLDLR-expressing cells decrease in size. These findings demonstrate that the primary event in the canonical Reelin pathway is the rearrangement of preformed receptor homo-oligomers to higher order clusters. In addition the possibility of yet another signaling mechanism which is mediated by the central Reelin fragment independent of Dab1 phosphorylation became apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dlugosz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Tresky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Nimpf
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Lopez-Font I, Iborra-Lazaro G, Sánchez-Valle R, Molinuevo JL, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Sáez-Valero J. CSF-ApoER2 fragments as a read-out of reelin signaling: Distinct patterns in sporadic and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 490:6-11. [PMID: 30552869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein associated with synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. The malfunctioning of reelin signaling in the brain is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reelin binding to Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) activates downstream signaling and induces the proteolytic cleavage of ApoER2, resulting in the generation of soluble fragments. To evaluate the efficiency of reelin signaling in AD, we have quantified the levels of reelin and soluble ectodomain fragments of ApoER2 (ectoApoER2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF from sporadic AD patients (sAD; n = 14, age 54-83 years) had lower levels of ecto-ApoER2 (~31% reduction; p = .005) compared to those in the age-matched controls (n = 10, age 61-80), and a higher reelin/ecto-ApoER2 ratio. In contrast, autosomal dominant AD patients, carriers of PSEN1 mutations (ADAD; n = 7, age 31-49 years) had higher ecto-ApoER2 levels (~109% increment; p = .001) and a lower reelin/ecto-ApoER2 ratio than the non-mutation carriers from the same families (n = 7, age 25-47 years). Our data suggest that the levels of ecto-ApoER2 in CSF could be a suitable read-out of an impaired reelin signaling in AD, but also indicate differences between sAD and ADAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Guillermo Iborra-Lazaro
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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20
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Gowert NS, Krüger I, Klier M, Donner L, Kipkeew F, Gliem M, Bradshaw NJ, Lutz D, Köber S, Langer H, Jander S, Jurk K, Frotscher M, Korth C, Bock HH, Elvers M. Loss of Reelin protects mice against arterial thrombosis by impairing integrin activation and thrombus formation under high shear conditions. Cell Signal 2017; 40:210-221. [PMID: 28943410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein and essential for brain development and plasticity. Recent studies provide evidence that Reelin modifies platelet actin cytoskeletal dynamics. In this study we sought to dissect the contribution of Reelin in arterial thrombus formation. Here we analyzed the impact of Reelin in arterial thrombosis ex vivo and in vivo using Reelin deficient (reeler) and wildtype mice. We found that Reelin is secreted upon platelet activation and mediates signaling via glycoprotein (GP)Ib, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) to induce activation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), SYK and Phospholipase Cγ2. Moreover, our data identifies Reelin as first physiological ligand for platelet APP. Platelets from reeler mice displayed attenuated platelet adhesion and significantly reduced thrombus formation under high shear conditions indicating an important role for Reelin in GPIb-dependent integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Accordingly, adhesion to immobilized vWF as well as integrin activation and the phosphorylation of Erk and Akt after GPIb engagement was reduced in Reelin deficient platelets. Defective Reelin signaling translated into protection from arterial thrombosis and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury beside normal hemostasis. Furthermore, treatment with an antagonistic antibody specific for Reelin protects wildtype mice from occlusive thrombus formation. Mechanistically, GPIb co-localizes to the major Reelin receptor APP in platelets suggesting that Reelin-induced effects on GPIb signaling are mediated by APP-GPIb interaction. These results indicate that Reelin is an important regulator of GPIb-mediated platelet activation and may represent a new therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sarah Gowert
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irena Krüger
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lili Donner
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike Kipkeew
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Gliem
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köber
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jander
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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The functions of Reelin in membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics: implications for neuronal migration, polarization and differentiation. Biochem J 2017; 474:3137-3165. [PMID: 28887403 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular matrix protein with relevant roles in mammalian central nervous system including neurogenesis, neuronal polarization and migration during development; and synaptic plasticity with its implications in learning and memory, in the adult. Dysfunctions in reelin signaling are associated with brain lamination defects such as lissencephaly, but also with neuropsychiatric diseases like autism, schizophrenia and depression as well with neurodegeneration. Reelin signaling involves a core pathway that activates upon reelin binding to its receptors, particularly ApoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor, followed by Src/Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 (Disabled-1). Phosphorylated Dab1 (pDab1) is a hub in the signaling cascade, from which several other downstream pathways diverge reflecting the different roles of reelin. Many of these pathways affect the dynamics of the actin and microtubular cytoskeleton, as well as membrane trafficking through the regulation of the activity of small GTPases, including the Rho and Rap families and molecules involved in cell polarity. The complexity of reelin functions is reflected by the fact that, even now, the precise mode of action of this signaling cascade in vivo at the cellular and molecular levels remains unclear. This review addresses and discusses in detail the participation of reelin in the processes underlying neurogenesis, neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus; and the polarization, differentiation and maturation processes that neurons experiment in order to be functional in the adult brain. In vivo and in vitro evidence is presented in order to facilitate a better understanding of this fascinating system.
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Antonioli-Santos R, Lanzillotta-Mattos B, Hedin-Pereira C, Serfaty CA. The fine tuning of retinocollicular topography depends on reelin signaling during early postnatal development of the rat visual system. Neuroscience 2017; 357:264-272. [PMID: 28602919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal development, neural circuits are extremely dynamic and develop precise connection patterns that emerge as a result of the elimination of synaptic terminals, a process instructed by molecular cues and patterns of electrical activity. In the rodent visual system, this process begins during the first postnatal week and proceeds during the second and third postnatal weeks as spontaneous retinal activity and finally use-dependent fine tuning takes place. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein able to affect several steps of brain development, from neuronal migration to the maturation of dendritic spines and use-dependent synaptic development. In the present study, we investigated the role of reelin on the topographical refinement of primary sensory connections studying the development of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in the rat superior colliculus. We found that reelin levels in the visual layers of the superior colliculus are the highest between the second and third postnatal weeks. Blocking reelin signaling with a neutralizing antibody (CR-50) from PND 7 to PND 14 induced a non-specific sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular axons outside their typical distribution of discrete patches of axon terminals. Also we found that reelin blockade resulted in reduced levels of phospho-GAP43, increased GluN1 and GluN2B-NMDA subunits and decreased levels of GAD65 content in the visual layers of the superior colliculus. The results suggest that reelin signaling is associated with the maturation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic machinery influencing the development and fine tuning of topographically organized neural circuits during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Antonioli-Santos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Marcílio Dias Navy Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lanzillotta-Mattos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil
| | - Cecília Hedin-Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil.
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C-Terminal Region Truncation of RELN Disrupts an Interaction with VLDLR, Causing Abnormal Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2017; 37:960-971. [PMID: 28123028 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1826-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered a hypomorphic reelin (Reln) mutant with abnormal cortical lamination and no cerebellar hypoplasia. This mutant, RelnCTRdel, carries a chemically induced splice-site mutation that truncates the C-terminal region (CTR) domain of RELN protein and displays remarkably distinct phenotypes from reeler The mutant does not have an inverted cortex, but cortical neurons overmigrate and invade the marginal zone, which are characteristics similar to a phenotype seen in the cerebral cortex of Vldlrnull mice. The dentate gyrus shows a novel phenotype: the infrapyramidal blade is absent, while the suprapyramidal blade is present and laminated. Genetic epistasis analysis showed that RelnCTRdel/Apoer2null double homozygotes have phenotypes akin to those of reeler mutants, while RelnCTRdel/Vldlrnull mice do not. Given that the receptor double knock-out mice resemble reeler mutants, we infer that RelnCTRdel/Apoer2null double homozygotes have both receptor pathways disrupted. This suggests that CTR-truncation disrupts an interaction with VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor), while the APOER2 signaling pathway remains active, which accounts for the hypomorphic phenotype in RelnCTRdel mice. A RELN-binding assay confirms that CTR truncation significantly decreases RELN binding to VLDLR, but not to APOER2. Together, the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the CTR domain confers receptor-binding specificity of RELN. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin signaling is important for brain development and is associated with human type II lissencephaly. Reln mutations in mice and humans are usually associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. A new Reln mutant with a truncation of the C-terminal region (CTR) domain shows that Reln mutation can cause abnormal phenotypes in the cortex and hippocampus without cerebellar hypoplasia. Genetic analysis suggested that CTR truncation disrupts an interaction with the RELN receptor VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor); this was confirmed by a RELN-binding assay. This result provides a mechanistic explanation for the hypomorphic phenotype of the CTR-deletion mutant, and further suggests that Reln mutations may cause more subtle forms of human brain malformation than classic lissencephalies.
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Lin L, Zhang X, Cao L, An Q, Hao J, Zhang Y, Jin R, Chang Y, Huang X, Lu J, Ge Q. Reelin promotes adhesion of multiple myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells via integrin β1 signaling. J Cancer 2017; 8:2212-2222. [PMID: 28819423 PMCID: PMC5560138 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The close interaction between tumor cells and bone marrow stromal cells plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein, is found expressed in myeloma cells and is negatively associated with prognosis. We examined the role of Reelin in myeloma cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and the signaling pathways involved. The results revealed that Reelin promoted the adhesion of myeloma cells to HS-5, a bone marrow stromal cell line, via the activation of β1 integrin. The resulting phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) led to the activation of Syk/STAT3 and Akt. Reelin's high affinity receptor ApoER2 indirectly modulated the adhesion of myeloma cells by promoting Reelin expression via Sp1. These findings indicate an important role for Reelin/integrin-β1-induced myeloma cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting Reelin/integrin/FAK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Quanming An
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing, China, 100044
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing, China, 100044
| | - Jin Lu
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing, China, 100044
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China, 100191
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Hu C, Wang P, Zhang S, Ren L, Lv Y, Yin R, Bi J. Neuroprotective effect of melatonin on soluble Aβ 1-42-induced cortical neurodegeneration via Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway. Neurol Res 2017; 39:621-631. [PMID: 28385118 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1312805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble Aβ1-42 oligomers play a vital role in the development and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Melatonin could delay the progress of AD through multiple mechanisms. Reelin-Dab1 signaling plays an important role in AD, including neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. However, whether melatonin could exert its neuroprotective function against soluble Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity during AD development through regulating Reelin-Dab1 signaling remains poorly understood. METHODS AD rat model was established by soluble Aβ1-42 repeated intracerebroventricular injection. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses, the effect of melatonin on synaptic plasticity, neuritic degeneration, and astrocyte activation was investigated in cerebral cortex. Meanwhile, the expression of Reelin and Dab1 was also examined in cerebral cortex. In our in vitro study, Reelin-Dab1 signaling was inhibited by Reelin antibody, and neuroprotective effect of melatonin against Aβ1-42 was further determined. RESULTS Melatonin ameliorated the neurotoxiciy and astrocyte activation induced by Aβ1-42 in the cerebral cortex. Melatonin also blocked the reduction in Reelin and Dab1 expression induced by Aβ1-42. Using in vitro study, Reelin inactivation completely abolished the protective effect of melatonin against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity. DISCUSSION Melatonin might play its neuroprotective role against Aβ1-42 through mediating Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway. Melatonin could be a safe and remarkable therapeutic candidate for AD and other aged-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Shuman Zhang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Lili Ren
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yiheng Lv
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Rui Yin
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jing Bi
- a Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province , Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China
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Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. The ApoE receptors Vldlr and Apoer2 in central nervous system function and disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1036-1043. [PMID: 28292942 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor (LDLR) family has long been studied for its role in cholesterol transport and metabolism; however, the identification of ApoE4, an LDLR ligand, as a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease has focused attention on the role this receptor family plays in the CNS. Surprisingly, it was discovered that two LDLR family members, ApoE receptor 2 (Apoer2) and VLDL receptor (Vldlr), play key roles in brain development and adult synaptic plasticity, primarily by mediating Reelin signaling. This review focuses on Apoer2 and Vldlr signaling in the CNS and its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 .,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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27
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Lin L, Yan F, Zhao D, Lv M, Liang X, Dai H, Qin X, Zhang Y, Hao J, Sun X, Yin Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Lu J, Ge Q. Reelin promotes the adhesion and drug resistance of multiple myeloma cells via integrin β1 signaling and STAT3. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9844-58. [PMID: 26848618 PMCID: PMC4891088 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that is essential for neuron migration and positioning. The expression of reelin in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and its association with cell adhesion and survival were investigated. Overexpression, siRNA knockdown, and the addition of recombinant protein of reelin were used to examine the function of reelin in MM cells. Clinically, high expression of reelin was negatively associated with progression-free survival and overall survival. Functionally, reelin promoted the adhesion of MM cells to fibronectin via activation of α5β1 integrin. The resulting phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) led to the activation of Src/Syk/STAT3 and Akt, crucial signaling molecules involved in enhancing cell adhesion and protecting cells from drug-induced cell apoptosis. These findings indicate reelin's important role in the activation of integrin-β1 and STAT3/Akt pathways in multiple myeloma and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting reelin/integrin/FAK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | - Hui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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28
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Ampuero E, Jury N, Härtel S, Marzolo MP, van Zundert B. Interfering of the Reelin/ApoER2/PSD95 Signaling Axis Reactivates Dendritogenesis of Mature Hippocampal Neurons. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1187-1199. [PMID: 27653801 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reelin, an extracellular glycoprotein secreted in embryonic and adult brain, participates in neuronal migration and neuronal plasticity. Extensive evidence shows that reelin via activation of the ApoER2 and VLDLR receptors promotes dendrite and spine formation during early development. Further evidence suggests that reelin signaling is needed to maintain a stable architecture in mature neurons, but, direct evidence is lacking. During activity-dependent maturation of the neuronal circuitry, the synaptic protein PSD95 is inserted into the postsynaptic membrane to induce structural refinement and stability of spines and dendrites. Given that ApoER2 interacts with PSD95, we tested if reelin signaling interference in adult neurons reactivates the dendritic architecture. Unlike findings in developing cultures, the presently obtained in vitro and in vivo data show, for the first time, that reelin signaling interference robustly increase dendritogenesis and reduce spine density in mature hippocampal neurons. In particular, the expression of a mutant ApoER2 form (ApoER2-tailless), which is unable to interact with PSD95 and hence cannot transduce reelin signaling, resulted in robust dendritogenesis in mature hippocampal neurons in vitro. These results indicate that reelin/ApoER2/PSD95 signaling is important for neuronal structure maintenance in mature neurons. Mechanistically, obtained immunofluorescent data indicate that reelin signaling impairment reduced synaptic PSD95 levels, consequently leading to synaptic re-insertion of NR2B-NMDARs. Our findings underscore the importance of reelin in maintaining adult network stability and reveal a new mode for reactivating dendritogenesis in neurological disorders where dendritic arbor complexity is limited, such as in depression, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1187-1199, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Ampuero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- SCIAN-Lab, CIMT, Bomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Ranaivoson FM, von Daake S, Comoletti D. Structural Insights into Reelin Function: Present and Future. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:137. [PMID: 27303268 PMCID: PMC4882317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a neuronal glycoprotein secreted by the Cajal-Retzius cells in marginal regions of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus where it plays important roles in the control of neuronal migration and the formation of cellular layers during brain development. This 3461 residue-long protein is composed of a signal peptide, an F-spondin-like domain, eight Reelin repeats (RR1-8), and a positively charged sequence at the C-terminus. Biochemical data indicate that the central region of Reelin binds to the low-density lipoprotein receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), leading to the phosphorylation of the intracellular adaptor protein Dab1. After secretion, Reelin is rapidly degraded in three major fragments, but the functional significance of this degradation is poorly understood. Probably due to its large mass and the complexity of its architecture, the high-resolution, three-dimensional structure of Reelin has never been determined. However, the crystal structures of some of the RRs have been solved, providing important insights into their fold and the interaction with the ApoER2 receptor. This review discusses the current findings on the structure of Reelin and its binding to the ApoER2 and VLDLR receptors, and we discuss some areas where proteomics and structural biology can help understanding Reelin function in brain development and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sventja von Daake
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
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31
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Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Balmaceda V, Mata-Balaguer T, Lopez-Font I, Sáez-Valero J. Reelin in Alzheimer’s Disease, Increased Levels but Impaired Signaling: When More is Less. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:403-16. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-151193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Valeria Balmaceda
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Trinidad Mata-Balaguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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Lee GH, D'Arcangelo G. New Insights into Reelin-Mediated Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:122. [PMID: 27242434 PMCID: PMC4860420 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a multifunctional extracellular protein that is important for mammalian brain development and function, is secreted by different cell types in the prenatal or postnatal brain. The spatiotemporal regulation of Reelin expression and distribution during development relates to its multifaceted function in the brain. Prenatally Reelin controls neuronal radial migration and proper positioning in cortical layers, whereas postnatally Reelin promotes neuronal maturation, synaptic formation and plasticity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct biological functions of Reelin during and after brain development involve unique and overlapping signaling pathways that are activated following Reelin binding to its cell surface receptors. Distinct Reelin ligand isoforms, such as the full-length protein or fragments generated by proteolytic cleavage differentially affect the activity of downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the signaling transduction pathways activated by Reelin that regulate different aspects of brain development and function. A core signaling machinery, including ApoER2/VLDLR receptors, Src/Fyn kinases, and the adaptor protein Dab1, participates in all known aspects of Reelin biology. However, distinct downstream mechanisms, such as the Crk/Rap1 pathway and cell adhesion molecules, play crucial roles in the control of neuronal migration, whereas the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway appears to be more important for dendrite and spine development. Finally, the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and an unidentified receptor contribute to the activation of the MEK/Erk1/2 pathway leading to the upregulation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and learning. This knowledge may provide new insight into neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with Reelin dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Ding Y, Huang L, Xian X, Yuhanna IS, Wasser CR, Frotscher M, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Herz J. Loss of Reelin protects against atherosclerosis by reducing leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and lesion macrophage accumulation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra29. [PMID: 26980442 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The multimodular glycoprotein Reelin controls neuronal migration and synaptic transmission by binding to apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr) on neurons. In the periphery, Reelin is produced by the liver, circulates in blood, and promotes thrombosis and hemostasis. To investigate if Reelin influences atherogenesis, we studied atherosclerosis-prone low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice in which we inducibly deleted Reelin either ubiquitously or only in the liver, thus preventing the production of circulating Reelin. In both types of Reelin-deficient mice, atherosclerosis progression was markedly attenuated, and macrophage content and endothelial cell staining for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were reduced at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. Intravital microscopy revealed decreased leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in the Reelin-deficient mice. In cultured human endothelial cells, Reelin enhanced monocyte adhesion and increased ICAM1, VCAM1, and E-selectin expression by suppressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and increasing nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity in an Apoer2-dependent manner. These findings suggest that circulating Reelin promotes atherosclerosis by increasing vascular inflammation, and that reducing or inhibiting circulating Reelin may present a novel approach for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Linzhang Huang
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ivan S Yuhanna
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Zhou Q, Obana EA, Radomski KL, Sukumar G, Wynder C, Dalgard CL, Doughty ML. Inhibition of the histone demethylase Kdm5b promotes neurogenesis and derepresses Reln (reelin) in neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone of mice. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:627-39. [PMID: 26739753 PMCID: PMC4750923 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic regulators in the control of adult neurogenesis is largely undefined. We show that the histone demethylase enzyme Kdm5b (Jarid1b) negatively regulates neurogenesis from adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. shRNA-mediated depletion of Kdm5b in proliferating adult NSCs decreased proliferation rates and reduced neurosphere formation in culture. When transferred to differentiation culture conditions, Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs migrated from neurospheres with increased velocity. Whole-genome expression screening revealed widespread transcriptional changes with Kdm5b depletion, notably the up-regulation of reelin (Reln), the inhibition of steroid biosynthetic pathway component genes and the activation of genes with intracellular transport functions in cultured adult NSCs. Kdm5b depletion increased extracellular reelin concentration in the culture medium and increased phosphorylation of the downstream reelin signaling target Disabled-1 (Dab1). Sequestration of extracellular reelin with CR-50 reelin-blocking antibodies suppressed the increase in migratory velocity of Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Kdm5b is present at the proximal promoter of Reln, and H3K4me3 methylation was increased at this locus with Kdm5b depletion in differentiating adult NSCs. Combined the data suggest Kdm5b negatively regulates neurogenesis and represses Reln in neural stem cells from the adult SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Edwin A Obana
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Christopher Wynder
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Martin L Doughty
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Lane-Donovan C, Philips GT, Wasser CR, Durakoglugil MS, Masiulis I, Upadhaya A, Pohlkamp T, Coskun C, Kotti T, Steller L, Hammer RE, Frotscher M, Bock HH, Herz J. Reelin protects against amyloid β toxicity in vivo. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra67. [PMID: 26152694 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa6674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common form of dementia in people over the age of 65 years. The predominant genetic risk factor for AD is the ε4 allele encoding apolipoprotein E (ApoE4). The secreted glycoprotein Reelin enhances synaptic plasticity by binding to the multifunctional ApoE receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr). We have previously shown that the presence of ApoE4 renders neurons unresponsive to Reelin by impairing the recycling of the receptors, thereby decreasing its protective effects against amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer-induced synaptic toxicity in vitro. We showed that when Reelin was knocked out in adult mice, these mice behaved normally without overt learning or memory deficits. However, they were strikingly sensitive to amyloid-induced synaptic suppression and had profound memory and learning disabilities with very low amounts of amyloid deposition. Our findings highlight the physiological importance of Reelin in protecting the brain against Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Gary T Philips
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Murat S Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Irene Masiulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ajeet Upadhaya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Cagil Coskun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiina Kotti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Steller
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg 79085, Germany. Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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36
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Hethorn WR, Ciarlone SL, Filonova I, Rogers JT, Aguirre D, Ramirez RA, Grieco JC, Peters MM, Gulick D, Anderson AE, L Banko J, Lussier AL, Weeber EJ. Reelin supplementation recovers synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1372-80. [PMID: 25864922 PMCID: PMC4676289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Reelin signaling pathway is implicated in processes controlling synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. A single direct in vivo application of Reelin enhances long-term potentiation, increases dendritic spine density and improves associative and spatial learning and memory. Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurological disorder that presents with an overall defect in synaptic function, including decreased long-term potentiation, reduced dendritic spine density, and deficits in learning and memory, making it an attractive model in which to examine the ability of Reelin to recover synaptic function and cognitive deficits. In this study, we investigated the effects of Reelin administration on synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in a mouse model of AS and demonstrated that bilateral, intraventricular injections of Reelin recover synaptic function and corresponding hippocampus-dependent associative and spatial learning and memory. Additionally, we describe alteration of the Reelin profile in tissue from both the AS mouse and post-mortem human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney R Hethorn
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie L Ciarlone
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Irina Filonova
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Justin T Rogers
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Aguirre
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Raquel A Ramirez
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph C Grieco
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melinda M Peters
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Gulick
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anne E Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Banko
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - April L Lussier
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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37
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Ishii K, Nagai T, Hirota Y, Noda M, Nabeshima T, Yamada K, Kubo KI, Nakajima K. Reelin has a preventive effect on phencyclidine-induced cognitive and sensory-motor gating deficits. Neurosci Res 2015; 96:30-6. [PMID: 25573715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reelin has recently attracted attention because of its connection to several neuropsychiatric diseases. We previously reported the finding that prior transplantation of GABAergic neuron precursor cells into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice significantly prevented the induction of cognitive and sensory-motor gating deficits induced by phencyclidine (PCP). The majority of the precursor cells transplanted into the mPFC of the recipient mice differentiated into members of a somatostatin/Reelin-expressing class of GABAergic interneurons. These findings raised the possibility that Reelin secreted by the transplanted cells plays an important role in preventing the deficits induced by PCP. In this study, we investigated whether Reelin itself has a preventive effect on PCP-induced behavioral phenotypes by injecting conditioned medium containing Reelin into the lateral ventricle of the brains of 6- to 7-week-old male mice before administrating PCP. Behavioral analyses showed that the prior Reelin injection had a preventive effect against induction of the cognitive and sensory-motor gating deficits associated with PCP. Moreover, one of the types of Reelin receptor was found to be expressed by neurons in the mPFC. The results of this study point to the Reelin signaling pathway as a candidate target for the pharmacologic treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishii
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Noda
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care & Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Corticosterone treatment during adolescence induces down-regulation of reelin and NMDA receptor subunit GLUN2C expression only in male mice: implications for schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1221-32. [PMID: 24556017 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during adolescence/early adulthood has been shown to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Reelin plays an essential role in brain development and its levels are decreased in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between stress exposure and reelin expression remains unclear. We therefore treated adolescent reelin heteroyzogous mice (HRM) and wild-type (WT) littermates with the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT) in their drinking water (25 mg/l) for 3 wk. In adulthood, we measured levels of full-length (FL) reelin and the N-R6 and N-R2 cleavage fragments in the frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus. As expected, levels of all reelin forms were approximately 50% lower in HRMs compared to WT. In male mice, CORT treatment significantly decreased FL and N-R2 expression in the FC and N-R2 and N-R6 levels in the DH. This reelin down-regulation was accompanied by significant reductions in downstream N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) GluN2C subunit levels. There were no effects of CORT treatment in the VH of either of the sexes and only subtle changes in female DH. CORT-induced reelin and GluN2C down-regulation in males was not associated with changes in two GABAergic neuron markers, GAD67 and parvalbumin, or glucocorticoids receptors (GR). These results show that CORT treatment causes long-lasting and selective reductions of reelin form levels in male FC and DH accompanied by changes in NMDAR subunit composition. This sex-specific reelin down-regulation in regions implicated in schizophrenia could be involved in the effects of stress in this disease.
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39
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Extracellular proteolysis of reelin by tissue plasminogen activator following synaptic potentiation. Neuroscience 2014; 274:299-307. [PMID: 24892761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein reelin plays an indispensable role in neuronal migration during development and in regulating adult synaptic functions. The upstream mechanisms responsible for initiating and regulating the duration and magnitude of reelin signaling are largely unknown. Here we report that reelin is cleaved between EGF-like repeats 6-7 (R6-7) by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) under cell-free conditions. No changes were detected in the level of reelin and its fragments in the brains of tPA knockouts, implying that other unknown proteases are responsible for generating reelin fragments found constitutively in the adult brain. Induction of NMDAR-independent long-term potentiation with the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl) led to a specific up-regulation of reelin processing at R6-7 in wild-type mice. In contrast, no changes in reelin expression and processing were observed in tPA knockouts following TEA-Cl treatment. These results demonstrate that synaptic potentiation results in tPA-dependent reelin processing and suggest that extracellular proteolysis of reelin may regulate reelin signaling in the adult brain.
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40
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Lee GH, Chhangawala Z, von Daake S, Savas JN, Yates JR, Comoletti D, D'Arcangelo G. Reelin induces Erk1/2 signaling in cortical neurons through a non-canonical pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20307-17. [PMID: 24876378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular protein that controls many aspects of pre- and postnatal brain development and function. The molecular mechanisms that mediate postnatal activities of Reelin are not well understood. Here, we first set out to express and purify the full length Reelin protein and a biologically active central fragment. Second, we investigated in detail the signal transduction mechanisms elicited by these purified Reelin proteins in cortical neurons. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the full-length Reelin moiety, but not the central fragment, is capable of activating Erk1/2 signaling, leading to increased p90RSK phosphorylation and the induction of immediate-early gene expression. Remarkably, Erk1/2 activation is not mediated by the canonical signal transduction pathway, involving ApoER2/VLDLR and Dab1, that mediates other functions of Reelin in early brain development. The activation of Erk1/2 signaling likely contributes to the modulation of neuronal maturation and synaptic plasticity by Reelin in the postnatal and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gum Hwa Lee
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Zinal Chhangawala
- the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
| | - Sventja von Daake
- the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- the Department of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John R Yates
- the Department of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Davide Comoletti
- the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
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41
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Bodea GO, Spille JH, Abe P, Andersson AS, Acker-Palmer A, Stumm R, Kubitscheck U, Blaess S. Reelin and CXCL12 regulate distinct migratory behaviors during the development of the dopaminergic system. Development 2014; 141:661-73. [PMID: 24449842 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of the dopaminergic system requires the coordinated formation of projections extending from dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrorubral field to a wide array of forebrain targets including the striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. The mechanisms controlling the assembly of these distinct dopaminergic cell clusters are not well understood. Here, we have investigated in detail the migratory behavior of dopaminergic neurons giving rise to either the SN or the medial VTA using genetic inducible fate mapping, ultramicroscopy, time-lapse imaging, slice culture and analysis of mouse mutants. We demonstrate that neurons destined for the SN migrate first radially and then tangentially, whereas neurons destined for the medial VTA undergo primarily radial migration. We show that tangentially migrating dopaminergic neurons express the components of the reelin signaling pathway, whereas dopaminergic neurons in their initial, radial migration phase express CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), the receptor for the chemokine CXC motif ligand 12 (CXCL12). Perturbation of reelin signaling interferes with the speed and orientation of tangentially, but not radially, migrating dopaminergic neurons and results in severe defects in the formation of the SN. By contrast, CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling modulates the initial migration of dopaminergic neurons. With this study, we provide the first molecular and functional characterization of the distinct migratory pathways taken by dopaminergic neurons destined for SN and VTA, and uncover mechanisms that regulate different migratory behaviors of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Oana Bodea
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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42
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Koie M, Okumura K, Hisanaga A, Kamei T, Sasaki K, Deng M, Baba A, Kohno T, Hattori M. Cleavage within Reelin repeat 3 regulates the duration and range of the signaling activity of Reelin protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12922-30. [PMID: 24644294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein that plays essential roles in the brain. Reelin is specifically cleaved at two distinct sites, called N-t and C-t, with the former being the major one. N-t cleavage can occur both in the extracellular space and in the endosomes, although the physiological importance of endosomal N-t cleavage has not been investigated. In this study, we first determined the exact N-t cleavage site catalyzed by a protease secreted by cerebral cortical neurons. Cleavage occurred between Pro-1244 and Ala-1245 within Reelin repeat 3. A Reelin mutant in which Pro-1244 was replaced with aspartate (Reelin-PD) was resistant to a protease secreted by cultured cerebral cortical neurons, and its biological activity stayed active longer than that of wild-type Reelin. Interestingly, Reelin-PD remained in the intracellular compartments longer than wild-type Reelin and persistently activated downstream signaling. Therefore, N-t cleavage of Reelin is required for halting the signaling machinery in the extracellular space as well as within endosomes of target neurons. We established a monoclonal antibody specific to uncleaved Reelin protein and found that it is localized in the vicinity of Reelin-producing cells, whereas the N-terminal fragment diffuses, or is transported, to distant regions. These data demonstrate that N-t cleavage of Reelin plays critical roles in regulating the duration and range of Reelin functions both in the extracellular milieu and in the intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Koie
- From the Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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Reelin in the Years: Controlling Neuronal Migration and Maturation in the Mammalian Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/597395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular protein Reelin was initially identified as an essential factor in the control of neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian brain. In the years following its discovery, however, it became clear that Reelin is a multifunctional protein that controls not only the positioning of neurons in the developing brain, but also their growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the adult brain. In this review, we will highlight the major discoveries of the biological activities of Reelin and the underlying molecular mechanisms that affect the development and function of the mammalian brain, from embryonic ages to adulthood.
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44
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Balmaceda V, Cuchillo-Ibáñez I, Pujadas L, García-Ayllón MS, Saura CA, Nimpf J, Soriano E, Sáez-Valero J. ApoER2 processing by presenilin-1 modulates reelin expression. FASEB J 2013; 28:1543-54. [PMID: 24344333 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reelin signaling protein and its downstream components have been associated with synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. The reelin signaling pathway begins with the binding of reelin to the transmembrane lipoprotein receptor apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), which in turns induces the sequential cleavage of ApoER2 by the sequential action of α- and γ-secretases. Using conditional-knockout mice of the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, presenilin 1 (PS1), we demonstrated increased brain ApoER2 and reelin protein and transcript levels, with no changes in the number of reelin-positive cells. Using the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, we showed that ApoER2 processing occurs in the presence of PS1, producing an intracellular ApoER2 C-terminal fragment. In addition, the pharmacologic inhibition of γ-secretase in SH-SY5Y cells led to increased reelin levels. Overexpression of ApoER2 decreased reelin mRNA levels in these cells. A luciferase reporter gene assay and nuclear fractionation confirmed that increased amounts of intracellular fragment of ApoER2 suppressed reelin expression at a transcriptional level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments corroborated that the intracellular fragment of ApoER2 bound to the RELN promoter region. Our study suggests that PS1/γ-secretase-dependent processing of the reelin receptor ApoER2 inhibits reelin expression and may regulate its signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Balmaceda
- 1Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Cuchillo-Ibáñez I, Balmaceda V, Botella-López A, Rabano A, Avila J, Sáez-Valero J. Beta-amyloid impairs reelin signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72297. [PMID: 23951306 PMCID: PMC3741172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a signaling protein increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease that relevantly modulates tau phosphorylation. We have previously demonstrated that β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) alters reelin expression. We have now attempted to determine whether abnormal reelin triggered by Aβ will result in signaling malfunction, contributing to the pathogenic process. Here, we show that reelin forms induced by β-amyloid are less capable of down-regulating tau phosphorylation via disabled-1 and GSK3β kinase. We also demonstrate that the scaffold protein 14-3-3 that increases tau phosphorylation by modulating GSK3β activity, is up-regulated during defective reelin signaling. Binding of reelin to its receptor, mainly ApoER2 in the brain, relays the signal into the cell. We associate the impaired reelin signaling with inefficiency of reelin in forming active homodimers and decreased ability to bind efficiently to its receptor, ApoER2. More remarkably, reelin from Alzheimer cortex shows a tendency to form large complexes instead of homodimers, the active form for signaling. Our results suggest that reelin expression is altered by Aβ leading to impaired reelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibáñez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Balmaceda
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Botella-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rabano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Banco de Tejidos de la Fundación CIEN, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofia Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tinnes S, Ringwald J, Haas CA. TIMP-1 inhibits the proteolytic processing of Reelin in experimental epilepsy. FASEB J 2013; 27:2542-52. [PMID: 23493620 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is frequently associated with granule cell dispersion (GCD), an abnormal widening of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. There is increasing evidence that a loss and the functional inactivation of the positional signal Reelin is involved in GCD formation. Reelin is synthesized and released by Cajal-Retzius cells and interneurons, and its function depends on proteolytic cleavage after secretion. Epileptic conditions impair Reelin processing by inhibition of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity and cause the extracellular accumulation of unprocessed Reelin. Here we investigated how epileptic conditions inhibit MMP activity. We used kainate (KA) treatment of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as an epilepsy model and found a significant increase of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1 (TIMP-1) levels and strongly enhanced TIMP-1 immunolabeling in hippocampal neurons. Functional inhibition of TIMP-1 prevented the KA-induced impairment of Reelin cleavage indicating that TIMP-1 inhibits MMP activity. Moreover, application of recombinant TIMP-1 alone was sufficient to impair Reelin processing and to induce GCD, similar to that observed after KA treatment. In summary, we present evidence that epileptic conditions inhibit MMP activity by up-regulation of endogenous TIMP-1, which in turn leads to extracellular accumulation of uncleaved and inactive Reelin and thereby to GCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tinnes
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Krstic D, Rodriguez M, Knuesel I. Regulated proteolytic processing of Reelin through interplay of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, and their modulators. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47793. [PMID: 23082219 PMCID: PMC3474754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signaling protein Reelin, indispensable for proper neuronal migration and cortical layering during development, is also expressed in the adult brain where it modulates synaptic functions. It has been shown that proteolytic processing of Reelin decreases its signaling activity and promotes Reelin aggregation in vitro, and that proteolytic processing is affected in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, neither the pathophysiological significance of dysregulated Reelin cleavage, nor the involved proteases and their modulators are known. Here we identified the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and two matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, as Reelin cleaving enzymes. Moreover, we assessed the influence of several endogenous protease inhibitors, including tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), α-2-Macroglobulin, and multiple serpins, as well as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) on Reelin cleavage, and described their complex interplay in the regulation of this process. Finally, we could demonstrate that in the murine hippocampus, the expression levels and localization of Reelin proteases largely overlap with that of Reelin. While this pattern remained stable during normal aging, changes in their protein levels coincided with accelerated Reelin aggregation in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Krstic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Rodriguez
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Knuesel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Lutter S, Xie S, Tatin F, Makinen T. Smooth muscle-endothelial cell communication activates Reelin signaling and regulates lymphatic vessel formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:837-49. [PMID: 22665518 PMCID: PMC3373399 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Active lymph transport relies on smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractions around collecting lymphatic vessels, yet regulation of lymphatic vessel wall assembly and lymphatic pumping are poorly understood. Here, we identify Reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein previously implicated in central nervous system development, as an important regulator of lymphatic vascular development. Reelin-deficient mice showed abnormal collecting lymphatic vessels, characterized by a reduced number of SMCs, abnormal expression of lymphatic capillary marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), and impaired function. Furthermore, we show that SMC recruitment to lymphatic vessels stimulated release and proteolytic processing of endothelium-derived Reelin. Lymphatic endothelial cells in turn responded to Reelin by up-regulating monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) expression, which suggests an autocrine mechanism for Reelin-mediated control of endothelial factor expression upstream of SMC recruitment. These results uncover a mechanism by which Reelin signaling is activated by communication between the two cell types of the collecting lymphatic vessels--smooth muscle and endothelial cells--and highlight a hitherto unrecognized and important function for SMCs in lymphatic vessel morphogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lutter
- Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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Yasui N, Kitago Y, Beppu A, Kohno T, Morishita S, Gomi H, Nagae M, Hattori M, Takagi J. Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35247-56. [PMID: 21844191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.242719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Yasui
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Dieckmann M, Dietrich MF, Herz J. Lipoprotein receptors--an evolutionarily ancient multifunctional receptor family. Biol Chem 2011; 391:1341-63. [PMID: 20868222 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family represents a class of widely expressed cell surface receptors. Since the dawn of the first primitive multicellular organisms, several structurally and functionally distinct families of lipoprotein receptors have evolved. In accordance with the now obsolete 'one-gene-one-function' hypothesis, these cell surface receptors were originally perceived as mere transporters of lipoproteins, lipids, and nutrients or as scavenger receptors, which remove other kinds of macromolecules, such as proteases and protease inhibitors from the extracellular environment and the cell surface. This picture has since undergone a fundamental change. Experimental evidence has replaced the perception that these receptors serve merely as cargo transporters. Instead it is now clear that the transport of macromolecules is inseparably intertwined with the molecular machinery by which cells communicate with each other. Lipoprotein receptors are essentially sensors of the extracellular environment that participate in a wide range of physiological processes by physically interacting and coevolving with primary signal transducers as co-regulators. Furthermore, lipoprotein receptors modulate cellular trafficking and localization of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, compelling evidence shows that LDL receptor family members are involved in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
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