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You S, Xing L, Lesperance M, Pan Y, Zhang X. Temporal and spatial variation of domoic acid along Canada's coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:172817. [PMID: 38688372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Shellfish poisonings have posed severe risks to human health globally. The Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program was established in 1948 to monitor the toxin levels at shellfish harvesting sites along the coast of six provinces in Canada. Domoic acid has been a causal toxin for amnesic shellfish poisoning, and a macro-scale analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of domoic acid along Canada's coast was conducted in this study. We aggregated the toxin levels by week in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) samples, respectively, over a one-year scale. The subsequent application of Functional Principal Component Analysis unveiled that magnitudes of seasonal variation and peaked DA levels around early summer, spring, or mid-fall formed the largest variation in the toxin levels in blue mussels along the coastlines of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island and in soft-shell calms along those of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In Quebec, the DA levels were low and varied mostly in terms of the overall magnitude from spring to fall. Downstream correlation analyses in British Columbia further discovered that, at most sites, the strongest correlations were negative between precipitation as well as inorganic nutrients (including nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate) on one side and DA a few weeks afterward on the other. These findings indicated associations between amnesic shellfish poisoning and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai You
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Li Xing
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Mary Lesperance
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Youlian Pan
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Xuekui Zhang
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Wang C, Wang R, Meng L, Chang W, Chen J, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Gao P. A laboratory study of the increasing competitiveness of Karenia mikimotoi under rising CO 2 scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171688. [PMID: 38492606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) driven by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is expected to disturb marine ecological processes, including the formation and control of harmful algal blooms (HABs). In this study, the effects of rising CO2 on the allelopathic effects of macroalgae Ulva pertusa to a toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were investigated. It was found that high level of CO2 (1000 ppmv) promoted the competitive growth of K. mikimotoi compared to the group of present ambient CO2 level (420ppmv), with the number of algal cell increased from 32.2 × 104 cells/mL to 36.75 × 104 cells/mL after 96 h mono-culture. Additionally, rising CO2 level weakened allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi, as demonstrated by the decreased inhibition rate (50.6 % under the original condition VS 34.3 % under the acidified condition after 96 h co-culture) and the decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C). Indicators for cell apoptosis of K. mikimotoi including decreased caspase-3 and -9 protease activity were observed when the co-cultured systems were under rising CO2 exposure. Furthermore, high CO2 level disturbed fatty acid synthesis in U. pertusa and significantly decreased the contents of fatty acids with allelopathy, resulting in the allelopathy weakening of U. pertusa. Collectively, rising CO2 level promoted the growth of K. mikimotoi and weakened allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi, indicating the increased difficulties in controlling K. mikimotoi using macroalgae in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Lingna Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Wenjing Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
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Trapp A, Hayashi K, Fiechter J, Kudela RM. What happens in the shadows - Influence of seasonal and non-seasonal dynamics on domoic acid monitoring in the Monterey Bay upwelling shadow. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102522. [PMID: 37951621 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid produced by toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species is the main toxin threat from harmful algal blooms in Monterey Bay and the larger California Current region on the West Coast of the United States. Toxin monitoring in Monterey Bay includes a long-running time series of weekly measurements of domoic acid from water samples, sentinel mussels, and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) at the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCW). The SCW sampling site is unusual because of its position in the Monterey Bay upwelling shadow in the north bay. The upwelling shadow circulation pattern has been previously characterized as a bloom incubator for dinoflagellates, but it has not yet been analyzed in the context of long-term monitoring methods. In data collected from the SCW from 2012 - 2020, domoic acid from water samples and sentinel mussels had a different temporal distribution than domoic acid from SPATT. Here we explore the discrepancy through a seasonal and non-seasonal analysis including physical oceanography of the region. Results show that domoic acid from water samples and sentinel mussels are related to seasonal upwelling and Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. Domoic acid monitored by SPATT, on the other hand, is correlated to anomalous upwelling and warmer than usual temperatures during the relaxation season. This work builds on previous analyses of the SCW time series and contributes to understanding of the circulation of dissolved toxin in the environment. Results lend rationale for the continuation of rigorous domoic acid monitoring in Monterey Bay and encourage stakeholders to consider local physical dynamics when interpreting toxin monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Trapp
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America.
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
| | - Jerome Fiechter
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
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4
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McCabe RM, Hickey BM, Trainer VL. The Pacific Northwest Harmful Algal Blooms Bulletin. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102480. [PMID: 37544680 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A bulletin communicating risk of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms to shellfish harvest along the open coast of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (the northeast Pacific Ocean spanning Washington and Oregon) is discussed. This Pacific Northwest Harmful Algal Blooms (PNW HAB) Bulletin is designed for shellfish managers with a focus on the razor clam fishery, but may also be informative to managers of the Dungeness crab fishery since domoic acid accumulation in crabs tends to lag accumulation in razor clams by a couple of weeks. The Bulletin complements beach phytoplankton monitoring programs by alerting coastal shellfish managers about adverse environmental conditions that could be conducive to a toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom. Beach monitoring programs are effective at determining when toxins have arrived at shellfish beaches, but a risk forecast based on near real-time biophysical information can provide managers with additional forewarning about potential future toxin outbreaks. Here, the approaches taken in constructing the risk forecasts, along with the reasoning and research behind them are presented. Updates to a historical PNW HAB Bulletin are described, as are the current workflow and the individual components of the updated Bulletin. Some successes and failures realized throughout the process are also pointed out for the benefit of the broader community. A self-assessment suggests that when the necessary data sources are available, the PNW HAB Bulletin provides an accurate forecast of risk associated with toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The Bulletin has proven beneficial to coastal shellfish managers by better informing decisions on sample collection, and harvest limits, openings, extensions, and closures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McCabe
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Barbara M Hickey
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 Boat Street, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Kelly KJ, Mansour A, Liang C, Kim AM, Mancini LA, Bertin MJ, Jenkins BD, Hutchins DA, Fu FX. Simulated upwelling and marine heatwave events promote similar growth rates but differential domoic acid toxicity in Pseudo-nitzschia australis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102467. [PMID: 37544669 PMCID: PMC10404803 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Along the west coast of the United States, highly toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms have been associated with two contrasting regional phenomena: seasonal upwelling and marine heatwaves. While upwelling delivers cool water rich in pCO2 and an abundance of macronutrients to the upper water column, marine heatwaves instead lead to warmer surface waters, low pCO2, and reduced nutrient availability. Understanding Pseudo-nitzschia dynamics under these two conditions is important for bloom forecasting and coastal management, yet the mechanisms driving toxic bloom formation during contrasting upwelling vs. heatwave conditions remain poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of what drives Pseudo-nitzschia australis growth and toxicity during these events, multiple-driver scenario or 'cluster' experiments were conducted using temperature, pCO2, and nutrient levels reflecting conditions during upwelling (13 °C, 900 ppm pCO2, replete nutrients) and two intensities of marine heatwaves (19 °C or 20.5 °C, 250 ppm pCO2, reduced macronutrients). While P. australis grew equally well under both heatwave and upwelling conditions, similar to what has been observed in the natural environment, cells were only toxic in the upwelling treatment. We also conducted single-driver experiments to gain a mechanistic understanding of which drivers most impact P. australis growth and toxicity. These experiments indicated that nitrogen concentration and N:P ratio were likely the drivers that most influenced domoic acid production, while the impacts of temperature or pCO2 concentration were less pronounced. Together, these experiments may help to provide both mechanistic and holistic perspectives on toxic P. australis blooms in the dynamic and changing coastal ocean, where cells interact simultaneously with multiple altered environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla J Kelly
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amjad Mansour
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chen Liang
- Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Lily A Mancini
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Bethany D Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States; Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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6
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Sandoval-Belmar M, Smith J, Moreno AR, Anderson C, Kudela RM, Sutula M, Kessouri F, Caron DA, Chavez FP, Bianchi D. A cross-regional examination of patterns and environmental drivers of Pseudo-nitzschia harmful algal blooms along the California coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 126:102435. [PMID: 37290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species with the ability to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) are the main cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the U.S. West Coast, with major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. While most Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) HAB studies to date have focused on their characteristics at specific sites, few cross-regional comparisons exist, and mechanistic understanding of large-scale HAB drivers remains incomplete. To close these gaps, we compiled a nearly 20-year time series of in situ particulate DA and environmental observations to characterize similarities and differences in PN HAB drivers along the California coast. We focus on three DA hotspots with the greatest data density: Monterey Bay, the Santa Barbara Channel, and the San Pedro Channel. Coastwise, DA outbreaks are strongly correlated with upwelling, chlorophyll-a, and silicic acid limitation relative to other nutrients. Clear differences also exist across the three regions, with contrasting responses to climate regimes across a north to south gradient. In Monterey Bay, PN HAB frequency and intensity increase under relatively nutrient-poor conditions during anomalously low upwelling intensities. In contrast, in the Santa Barbara and San Pedro Channels, PN HABs are favored under cold, nitrogen-rich conditions during more intense upwelling. These emerging patterns provide insights on ecological drivers of PN HABs that are consistent across regions and support the development of predictive capabilities for DA outbreaks along the California coast and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandoval-Belmar
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America.
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Allison R Moreno
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Fayçal Kessouri
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, United States of America
| | - Francisco P Chavez
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
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Xu D, Zheng G, Brennan G, Wang Z, Jiang T, Sun K, Fan X, Bowler C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu H, Li Y, Fu FX, Hutchins DA, Tan Z, Ye N. Plastic responses lead to increased neurotoxin production in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia under ocean warming and acidification. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:525-536. [PMID: 36658395 PMCID: PMC10030627 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are recognized as two major climatic conditions influencing phytoplankton growth and nutritional or toxin content. However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins. Here, the study provides quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation and adaptation responses of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to rising temperature and pCO2 using both a one-year in situ bulk culture experiment, and an 800-day laboratory acclimation experiment. Ocean warming showed larger selective effects on growth and DA metabolism than ocean acidification. In a bulk culture experiment, increasing temperature +4 °C above ambient seawater temperature significantly increased DA concentration by up to 11-fold. In laboratory when the long-term warming acclimated samples were assayed under low temperatures, changes in growth rates and DA concentrations indicated that P. multiseries did not adapt to elevated temperature, but could instead rapidly and reversibly acclimate to temperature shifts. However, the warming-acclimated lines showed evidence of adaptation to elevated temperatures in the transcriptome data. Here the core gene expression was not reversed when warming-acclimated lines were moved back to the low temperature environment, which suggested that P. multiseries cells might adapt to rising temperature over longer timescales. The distinct strategies of phenotypic plasticity to rising temperature and pCO2 demonstrate a strong acclimation capacity for this bloom-forming toxic diatom in the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Zhuonan Wang
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Youxun Li
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao, China
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Zhijun Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Naihao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Cabrera J, Puntarulo S, González PM. Domoic Acid Oxidative Effects on the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030676. [PMID: 36983832 PMCID: PMC10056487 DOI: 10.3390/life13030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a natural occurring marine biotoxin. Oxidative stress generation due to DA exposure was reported in animals, but little is known on the phytoplankton community. The aim of this work was to verify whether exposure to DA in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum favors reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the intracellular environment modifying its antioxidant capacity. Active species production, non-enzymatic antioxidant content, and antioxidant enzyme activities over the three growth phases of P. tricornutum exposed to 64 µM DA were evaluated. Results obtained in exponential growing cells showed a time-depending seven-fold increase in the 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein diacetate dye oxidation rate. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities showed a two-fold increase, and glutathione related enzymes activities were also significantly increased in treated diatoms as compared to controls. However, glutathione and ascorbate contents significantly decreased after incubation of the cells with DA. Similar effects were observed in latent and stationary phases of cell development. These results showed that DA could cause a severe oxidant-dependent impact on a non-toxic algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Cabrera
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (CP C1113AAD), Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Susana Puntarulo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (CP C1113AAD), Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Paula Mariela González
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (CP C1113AAD), Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-9-11-5287-4231
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9
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Nishizawa S, Ouchi H, Suzuki H, Ohnishi T, Sasaki S, Oyagi Y, Kanakogi M, Matsumura Y, Nakagawa S, Asakawa T, Egi M, Inai M, Yoshimura F, Takita R, Kan T. Total synthesis of (-)-domoic acid, a potent ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist and the key compound in oceanic harmful algal blooms. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1653-1656. [PMID: 36723220 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The stereo-controlled total synthesis of (-)-domoic acid is described. The critical construction of the C1'-C2' Z-configuration was accomplished by taking advantage of an unsaturated lactam structure. The side chain fragment was introduced in the final stages of synthesis through a modified Julia-Kocieński reaction, aiming for its efficient derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nishizawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takuma Ohnishi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shingo Sasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yu Oyagi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kanakogi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Egi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Ryo Takita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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10
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Sterling AR, Kirk RD, Bertin MJ, Rynearson TA, Borkman DG, Caponi MC, Carney J, Hubbard KA, King MA, Maranda L, McDermith EJ, Santos NR, Strock JP, Tully EM, Vaverka SB, Wilson PD, Jenkins BD. Emerging harmful algal blooms caused by distinct seasonal assemblages of a toxic diatom. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2022; 67:2341-2359. [PMID: 36636629 PMCID: PMC9827834 DOI: 10.1002/lno.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms in the Pseudo-nitzschia genus produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Domoic acid bioaccumulates in shellfish, causing illness in humans and marine animals upon ingestion. In 2017, high domoic acid levels in shellfish meat closed shellfish harvest in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island for the first and only time in history, although abundant Pseudo-nitzschia have been observed for over 60 years. To investigate whether an environmental factor altered endemic Pseudo-nitzschia physiology or new domoic acid-producing strain(s) were introduced to Narragansett Bay, we conducted weekly sampling from 2017 to 2019 and compared closure samples. Plankton-associated domoic acid was quantified by LC-MS/MS and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were identified using a taxonomically improved high-throughput rDNA sequencing approach. Comparison with environmental data revealed a detailed understanding of domoic acid dynamics and seasonal multi-species assemblages. Plankton-associated domoic acid was low throughout 2017-2019, but recurred in fall and early summer maxima. Fall domoic acid maxima contained known toxic species as well as a novel Pseudo-nitzschia genotype. Summer domoic acid maxima included fewer species but also known toxin producers. Most 2017 closure samples contained the particularly concerning toxic species, P. australis, which also appeared infrequently during 2017-2019. Recurring Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages were driven by seasonal temperature changes, and plankton-associated domoic acid correlated with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Thus, the Narragansett Bay closures were likely caused by both resident assemblages that become toxic depending on nutrient status as well as the episodic introductions of toxic species from oceanographic and climatic shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Sterling
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Riley D. Kirk
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Tatiana A. Rynearson
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - David G. Borkman
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental ManagementOffice of Water ResourcesProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Marissa C. Caponi
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Jessica Carney
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research InstituteFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation CommissionSt. PetersburgFlorida
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - Meagan A. King
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Lucie Maranda
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Emily J. McDermith
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Nina R. Santos
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Jacob P. Strock
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Erin M. Tully
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Samantha B. Vaverka
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Patrick D. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Bethany D. Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
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11
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Smodlaka Tanković M, Baričević A, Gerić M, Domijan AM, Pfannkuchen DM, Kužat N, Ujević I, Kuralić M, Rožman M, Matković K, Novak M, Žegura B, Pfannkuchen M, Gajski G. Characterisation and toxicological activity of three different Pseudo-nitzschia species from the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114108. [PMID: 35985485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are cosmopolitans spread in seas and oceans worldwide, with more than 50 described species, dozens of which have been confirmed to produce domoic acid (DA). Here, we characterized and investigated the toxicological activity of secondary metabolites excreted into the growth media of different Pseudo-nitzschia species sampled at various locations in the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia) using human blood cells under in vitro conditions. The results revealed that three investigated species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia were capable of producing DA indicating their toxic potential. Moreover, toxicological data suggested all three Pseudo-nitzschia species can excrete toxic secondary metabolites into the surrounding media in addition to the intracellular pools of DA, raising concerns regarding their toxicity and environmental impact. In addition, all three Pseudo-nitzchia species triggered oxidative stress, one of the mechanisms of action likely responsible for the DNA damage observed in human blood cells. In line with the above stated, our results are of great interest to environmental toxicologists, the public and policy makers, especially in light of today's climate change, which favours harmful algal blooms and the growth of DA producers with a presumed negative impact on the public health of coastal residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Baričević
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Kužat
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ujević
- Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Melissa Kuralić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Rožman
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Matković
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Pfannkuchen
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Stone HB, Banas NS, MacCready P, Trainer VL, Ayres DL, Hunter MV. Assessing a model of Pacific Northwest harmful algal bloom transport as a decision-support tool. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 119:102334. [PMID: 36344195 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Pacific Northwest, blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) sometimes produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning, leading to a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) event. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) HAB Bulletin project, a partnership between academic, government, and tribal stakeholders, uses a combination of beach and offshore monitoring data and ocean forecast modeling to better understand the formation, evolution, and transport of HABs in this region. This project produces periodic Bulletins to inform local stakeholders of current and forecasted conditions. The goal of this study was to help improve how the forecast model is used in the Bulletin's preparation through a retrospective particle-tracking experiment. Using past observations of beach PN cell counts, events were identified that likely originated in the Juan de Fuca eddy, a known PN hotspot, and then particle tracks were used in the model to simulate these events. A variety of "beaching definitions" were tested, based on both water depth and distance offshore, to define when a particle in the model was close enough to the coast that it was likely to correspond to cells appearing in the intertidal zone and in shellfish diets, as well as a variety of observed PN cell thresholds to determine what cell count should be used to describe an event that would warrant further action. The skill of these criteria was assessed by determining the fraction of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives within the model in comparison with observations, as well as a variety of derived model performance metrics. This analysis suggested that for our stakeholders' purposes, the most useful beaching definition is the 30 m isobath and the most useful PN cell threshold for coincident field-based sample PN density estimates is 10,000 PN cells/L. Lastly, the performance of a medium-resolution (1.5 km horizontal resolution) version of the model was compared with that of a high-resolution (0.5 km horizontal resolution) version, the latter currently used in forecasting for the PNW HAB Bulletin project. This analysis includes a direct comparison of the two model resolutions for one overlapping year (2017). These results suggested that a narrower, more realistic beaching definition is most useful in a high-resolution model, while a wider beaching definition is more appropriate in a lower resolution model like the medium-resolution version used in this analysis. Overall, this analysis demonstrated the importance of incorporating stakeholder needs into the statistical approach in order to generate the most effective decision-support information from oceanographic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hally B Stone
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Neil S Banas
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond St., Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK
| | - Parker MacCready
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Daniel L Ayres
- Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Rd., Montesano, WA 98563, USA
| | - Matthew V Hunter
- Marine Resources Program, Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, 2001 Marine Dr. Suite 120, Astoria, OR 97013, USA
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13
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Weir MJ, Kourantidou M, Jin D. Economic impacts of harmful algal blooms on fishery-dependent communities. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102321. [PMID: 36195417 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recreational razor clam fishery is the largest recreational bivalve fishery in the Pacific Northwest and a major source of tourism-related income to small communities in the region. Delays and closures of recreational shellfisheries due to the increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten to have significant negative impacts on fishery dependent communities. Coupling previous recreational shellfishing expenditure estimates from the literature with a novel dataset of daily visits to local businesses, we estimate a range of economic impacts resulting from the cancellation of razor clam digs at Long Beach, WA, the most popular beach in the State for recreational clam diggers. Our results indicate that a full season closure can lead to lost sales revenues of $16,875 for gas stations, $117,600 for food stores, $217,800 for accommodations and $491,400 for food service places for a total lower bound economic impact of $843,675. We discuss the opportunity for early warning systems, like the Pacific Northwest HAB Bulletin, to guide policy and facilitate business decisions that hedge the risk of revenue losses associated with dig cancellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weir
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - Melina Kourantidou
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Di Jin
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
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14
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Thangaraj S, Liu H, Kim IN, Sun J. Acclimation traits determine the macromolecular basis of harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum in response to changing climate conditions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102313. [PMID: 36195427 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification are expected to have profound impacts on the marine ecosystem, although the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is reported to be acclimated to such conditions. However, it is unknown on the transition time scale how this species physiologically adjusts their element accumulation and associated resource allocation for this process. We designed a set of experiments to examine how different culture generations (1st, 5th, and 10th) change their cell physiology, cellular quotas and macromolecular cellular contents related to functional processes in A. minutum grown with future (pCO2, 1000 ppm; 25°C) and present (pCO2, 400 ppm; 21°C) ocean conditions. The differing cell sizes and storage capacity at different generations confirmed that compared to ancestors (1st generation), acclimation cells (10th generation) gained increases in quota carbon (QC; 55%; [p < 0.05]) and quota phosphate (QP; 23% [ p < 0.05]). This variation in C:P and N:P influences was transition-specific and largely determined by phosphate-based molecules. It was observed that A. minutum was initially dependent on P molecules, which help cells act as alternative lipids for quick acclimation until N molecules resume carbon-based lipids for their long-term acclimation. Our study demonstrated that rising temperature and pCO2 concentrations in ocean may increase A. minutum based on the comprehensive analysis of different physiological modifications, including its growth, element accumulation, transformation, and functional allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeswaran Thangaraj
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Il-Nam Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Clark S, Hubbard KA, McGillicuddy DJ, Ralston DK, Alexander MA, Curchitser E, Stock C. Projected effects of climate change on Pseudo-nitzschia bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNIQUES 2022; 230:103737. [PMID: 36160121 PMCID: PMC9495272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, warming ocean temperatures have contributed to extreme harmful algal bloom events and shifts in phytoplankton species composition. In 2016 in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), an unprecedented Pseudo-nitzschia bloom led to the first domoic-acid induced shellfishery closures in the region. Potential links between climate change, warming temperatures, and the GOM Pseudo-nitzschia assemblage, however, remain unexplored. In this study, a global climate change projection previously downscaled to 7-km resolution for the Northwest Atlantic was further refined with a 1-3-km resolution simulation of the GOM to investigate the effects of climate change on HAB dynamics. A 25-year time slice of projected conditions at the end of the 21st century (2073-2097) was compared to a 25-year hindcast of contemporary ocean conditions (1994-2018) and analyzed for changes to GOM inflows, transport, and Pseudo-nitzschia australis growth potential. On average, climate change is predicted to lead to increased temperatures, decreased salinity, and increased stratification in the GOM, with the largest changes occurring in the late summer. Inflows from the Scotian Shelf are projected to increase, and alongshore transport in the Eastern Maine Coastal Current is projected to intensify. Increasing ocean temperatures will likely make P. australis growth conditions less favorable in the southern and western GOM but improve P. australis growth conditions in the eastern GOM, including a later growing season in the fall, and a longer growing season in the spring. Combined, these changes suggest that P. australis blooms in the eastern GOM could intensify in the 21st century, and that the overall Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblage might shift to warmer-adapted species such as P. plurisecta or other Pseudo-nitzschia species that may be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Clark
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Sciences and Engineering, 86 Water St. Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | | | - David K. Ralston
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St. Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Charles Stock
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Road, Princeton, NJ 08540-6649
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16
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Free CM, Moore SK, Trainer VL. The value of monitoring in efficiently and adaptively managing biotoxin contamination in marine fisheries. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 114:102226. [PMID: 35550293 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can produce biotoxins that accumulate in seafood species targeted by commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries and pose an increasing risk to public health as well as fisher livelihoods, recreational opportunities, and food security. Designing biotoxin monitoring and management programs that protect public health with minimal impacts to the fishing communities that underpin coastal livelihoods and food systems is critically important, especially in regions with worsening HABs due to climate change. This study reviews the history of domoic acid monitoring and management in the highly lucrative U.S. West Coast Dungeness crab fishery and highlights three changes made to these programs that efficiently and adaptively manage mounting HAB risk: (1) expanded spatial-temporal frequency of monitoring; (2) delineation of clear management zones; and (3) authorization of evisceration orders as a strategy to mitigate economic impacts. Simulation models grounded in historical data were used to measure the value of monitoring information in facilitating efficient domoic acid management. Power analysis confirmed that surveys sampling 6 crabs (the current protocol) have high power to correctly diagnose contamination levels and recommend appropriate management actions. Across a range of contamination scenarios, increasing the spatial-temporal frequency of monitoring allowed management to respond more quickly to changing toxin levels and to protect public health with the least impact on fishing opportunities. These results highlight the powerful yet underutilized role of simulation testing and power analysis in designing efficient biotoxin monitoring programs, demonstrating the credibility of these programs to stakeholders, and justifying their expense to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Free
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
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17
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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18
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Marine toxin domoic acid induces moderate toxicological response in non-target HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2022; 470:153157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Kelchner H, Reeve-Arnold KE, Schreiner KM, Bargu S, Roques KG, Errera RM. Domoic Acid and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Connected to Coastal Upwelling along Coastal Inhambane Province, Mozambique: A New Area of Concern. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:903. [PMID: 34941740 PMCID: PMC8704230 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally in frequency, persistence, and geographic extent, posing a threat to ecosystem and human health. To date, no occurrences of marine phycotoxins have been recorded in Mozambique, which may be due to absence of a monitoring program and general awareness of potential threats. This study is the first documentation of neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia along the east coast of Africa. Coastal Inhambane Province is a biodiversity hotspot where year-round Rhincodon typus (whale shark) sightings are among the highest globally and support an emerging ecotourism industry. Links between primary productivity and biodiversity in this area have not previously been considered or reported. During a pilot study, from January 2017 to April 2018, DA was identified year-round, peaking during Austral winter. During an intense study between May and August 2018, our research focused on identifying environmental factors influencing coastal productivity and DA concentration. Phytoplankton assemblage was diatom-dominated, with high abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Data suggest the system was influenced by nutrient pulses resulting from coastal upwelling. Continued and comprehensive monitoring along southern Mozambique would provide critical information to assess ecosystem and human health threats from marine toxins under challenges posed by global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kelchner
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Katie E. Reeve-Arnold
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Kathryn M. Schreiner
- Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MI 55812, USA;
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Sibel Bargu
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Kim G. Roques
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Reagan M. Errera
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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20
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Blanco J, Moroño Á, Arévalo F, Correa J, Salgado C, Rossignoli AE, Lamas JP. Twenty-Five Years of Domoic Acid Monitoring in Galicia (NW Spain): Spatial, Temporal and Interspecific Variations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:756. [PMID: 34822540 PMCID: PMC8624277 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, impact on shellfish resources and interspecific, spatial, and temporal variabilities of domoic acid (DA) in bivalves from Galicia (NW Spain) have been studied based on more than 25 years of monitoring data. The maximum prevalence (samples in which DA was detected) (100%) and incidence (samples with DA levels above the regulatory limit) (97.4%) were recorded in Pecten maximus, and the minimum ones in Mytilus galloprovincialis (12.6 and 1.1%, respectively). The maximum DA concentrations were 663.9 mg kg-1 in P. maximus and 316 mg kg-1 in Venerupis corrugata. After excluding scallop P. maximusdata, DA was found (prevalence) in 13.3% of bivalve samples, with 1.3% being over the regulatory limit. In general, the prevalence of this toxin decreased towards the North but not the magnitude of its episodes. The seasonal distribution was characterized by two maxima, in spring and autumn, with the later decreasing in intensity towards the north. DA levels decreased slightly over the studied period, although this decreasing trend was not linear. A cyclic pattern was observed in the interannual variability, with cycles of 4 and 11 years. Intoxication and detoxification rates were slower than those expected from laboratory experiments, suggesting the supply of DA during these phases plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Jorge Correa
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Covadonga Salgado
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - J. Pablo Lamas
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
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21
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The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090629. [PMID: 34564633 PMCID: PMC8470136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi), and its variation of growth patterns exposed to different periods of seawater acidification with stressing gradients was discussed. The dinoflagellates under short-time acidifying stress (2d) with different levels of CO2 presented significant growth inhibition (p < 0.05). The cell cycle was obviously inhibited at S phase, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation was also greatly suppressed (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed and the apoptotic rate increased with the increment of pCO2. Similar tendencies were observed in the key components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Caspase-3 and -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, under prolonged stressing time (8 d and 15 d), the growth of dinoflagellates was recovered or even stimulated, the photosynthetic carbon fixation was significantly increased (p < 0.05), the cell cycle of division presented little difference with those in the control, and no apoptosis was observed (p > 0.05). Besides, acidification adjusted by HCl addition and CO2 enrichment resulted in different growth performances, while the latter had a more negative impact. The results of present study indicated that (1) the short-time exposure to acidified seawater led to reduced growth performance via inducing apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle, and the alteration in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (2) K. mikimotoi had undergone adaptive changes under long-term exposure to CO2 induced seawater acidification. This further demonstrated that K. mikimotoi has strong adaptability in the face of seawater acidification, and this may be one of the reasons for the frequent outbreak of red tide. (3) Ions that dissociated by the dissolved CO2, instead of H+ itself, were more important for the impacts induced by the acidification. This work thus provides a new perspective and a possible explanation for the dominance of K. mikimotoi during the occurrence of HABs.
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22
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Panlilio JM, Jones IT, Salanga MC, Aluru N, Hahn ME. Developmental Exposure to Domoic Acid Disrupts Startle Response Behavior and Circuitry in Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:310-326. [PMID: 34097058 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce potent neurotoxins that accumulate in seafood and are hazardous to human health. Developmental exposure to the harmful algal bloom toxin, domoic acid (DomA), has behavioral consequences well into adulthood, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DomA developmental neurotoxicity are largely unknown. To assess these, we exposed zebrafish embryos to DomA during the previously identified window of susceptibility and used the well-known startle response circuit as a tool to identify specific neuronal components that are targeted by exposure to DomA. Exposure to DomA reduced startle responsiveness to both auditory/vibrational and electrical stimuli, and even at the highest stimulus intensities tested, led to a dramatic reduction of one type of startle (short-latency c-starts). Furthermore, DomA-exposed larvae had altered kinematics for both types of startle responses tested, exhibiting shallower bend angles and slower maximal angular velocities. Using vital dye staining, immunolabeling, and live imaging of transgenic lines, we determined that although the sensory inputs were intact, the reticulospinal neurons required for short-latency c-starts were absent in most DomA-exposed larvae. Furthermore, axon tracing revealed that DomA-treated larvae also showed significantly reduced primary motor neuron axon collaterals. Overall, these results show that developmental exposure to DomA targets large reticulospinal neurons and motor neuron axon collaterals, resulting in measurable deficits in startle behavior. They further provide a framework for using the startle response circuit to identify specific neural populations disrupted by toxins or toxicants and to link these disruptions to functional consequences for neural circuit function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Panlilio
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Ian T Jones
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Matthew C Salanga
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.,Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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23
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Cheung YY, Cheung S, Mak J, Liu K, Xia X, Zhang X, Yung Y, Liu H. Distinct interaction effects of warming and anthropogenic input on diatoms and dinoflagellates in an urbanized estuarine ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3463-3473. [PMID: 33934458 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms and dinoflagellates are two major bloom-forming phytoplankton groups in coastal ecosystems and their dominances will notably affect the marine ecosystems. By analyzing an 18-year monthly monitoring dataset (2000-2017) in the Pearl River Estuary (one of the most highly urbanized and populated estuarine in the world), we observe an increasing trend of the diatom to dinoflagellate ratio (Diatom/Dino). As revealed by multiple statistical models (generalized additive mixed model, random forest, and gradient boosting algorithms), both groups are positively correlated with temperature. Diatoms are positively correlated with nitrate and negatively correlated with ammonium while dinoflagellates show an opposite pattern. The Diatom/Dino trend is explained by an altered nutrient composition caused by a decadal increase in anthropogenic input, at which nitrate increased rapidly while ammonium and phosphate were relatively constant. Regarding the interaction of warming and nutrient dynamics, we observe an additive effect of warming and nitrate enrichment that promotes the increase in diatom cell density, while the dinoflagellate cell density only increases with warming when nutrients are depleted. Our models predict that the Diatom/Dino ratio will further increase with increasing anthropogenic input and global warming in subtropical estuarine ecosystems with nitrate as the dominant inorganic nitrogen; its ecological consequences are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin Cheung
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shunyan Cheung
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Julian Mak
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kailin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingkit Yung
- Water Policy and Planning Group, Hong Kong Government Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Wingert CJ, Cochlan WP. Effects of ocean acidification on the growth, photosynthetic performance, and domoic acid production of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis from the California Current System. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102030. [PMID: 34456015 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Frenguelli), a toxigenic pennate diatom capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), was examined in unialgal laboratory cultures to quantify its physiological response to ocean acidification (OA) - the decline in pH resulting from increasing partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the oceans. Toxic blooms of P. australis are common in the coastal waters of eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS), including those of the California Current System (CCS) off the west coast of the United States where increased pCO2 and decreased seawater pH are well-known. This study determined the production of dissolved (dDA) and particulate DA (pDA), the rates of growth and nutrient (nitrate, silicate and phosphate) utilization, cellular elemental ratios of carbon and nitrogen, and the photosynthetic response to declining pH during the exponential and stationary growth phases of a strain of P. australis isolated during a massive toxic bloom that persisted for months along much of the U.S. west coast during 2015. Our controlled lab studies showed that DA production significantly increased as pCO2 increased, and total DA (pDA + dDA) normalized to cell density was 2.7 fold greater at pH 7.8 compared to pH 8.1 (control) during nutrient-limited stationary growth. However, exponential growth rates did not increase with declining pH, but remained constant until pH of 7.8 was reached, and then specific growth rates declined by ca. 30%. The toxin results demonstrate that despite minimal effects of OA observed during the nutrient-replete exponential growth phase, the enhancement of DA production, notably the 3-fold increase in particulate DA per cell, with declining pH from 8.1 to 7.8 during the nutrient-depleted stationary phase, supports the hypothesis that increasing pCO2 will result in greater toxic risk to coastal ecosystems from elevated ambient concentrations of particulate DA. The ecological consequences of decreasing silicate uptake rates and increasing cellular carbon quotas with declining pH may potentially ameliorate some negative impacts of OA on Pseudo-nitzschia growth in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Wingert
- Estuary and Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920-1205, USA; Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5928, USA
| | - William P Cochlan
- Estuary and Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920-1205, USA.
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25
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Hallegraeff GM, Anderson DM, Belin C, Bottein MY, Bresnan E, Chinain M, Enevoldsen H, Iwataki M, Karlson B, McKenzie CH, Sunesen I, Pitcher GC, Provoost P, Richardson A, Schweibold L, Tester PA, Trainer VL, Yñiguez AT, Zingone A. Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 2:117. [PMID: 37359131 PMCID: PMC10289804 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-021-00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Biodiversity Information System for the period 1985-2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | | | - Marie-Yasmine Bottein
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco; present address: 1 Passage des pignes, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Oceanographic Research, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Cynthia H McKenzie
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C 5X1
| | - Inés Sunesen
- CONICET - UNLP, División Ficología Dr. Sebastián Guarrera, FCNyM, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Grant C Pitcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Anthony Richardson
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland BioSciences Precinct (QBP), Saint Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | - Patricia A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Aletta T Yñiguez
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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26
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Petroff R, Hendrix A, Shum S, Grant KS, Lefebvre KA, Burbacher TM. Public health risks associated with chronic, low-level domoic acid exposure: A review of the evidence. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107865. [PMID: 33930455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the causative agent for the human syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), is a potent, naturally occurring neurotoxin produced by common marine algae. DA accumulates in seafood, and humans and wildlife alike can subsequently be exposed when consuming DA-contaminated shellfish or finfish. While strong regulatory limits protect people from the acute effects associated with ASP, DA is an increasingly significant public health concern, particularly for coastal dwelling populations, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that there are significant health consequences following repeated exposures to levels of the toxin below current safety guidelines. However, gaps in scientific knowledge make it difficult to precisely determine the risks of contemporary low-level exposure scenarios. The present review characterizes the toxicokinetics and neurotoxicology of DA, discussing results from clinical and preclinical studies after both adult and developmental DA exposure. The review also highlights crucial areas for future DA research and makes the case that DA safety limits need to be reassessed to best protect public health from deleterious effects of this widespread marine toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia Hendrix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle,WA, USA.
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27
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Grattan LM, Kaddis L, Tracy JK, Morris JG. Long Term Memory Outcome of Repetitive, Low-Level Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Native Americans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083955. [PMID: 33918677 PMCID: PMC8069405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine-based neurotoxin that, if ingested via tainted shellfish, is associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). These acute effects of elevated DA exposure in humans have been well described. In contrast, the long-term impacts of lower level, repetitive, presumably safe doses of DA (less than 20 ppm) are minimally known. Since Native Americans (NA) residing in coastal communities of the Pacific NW United States are particularly vulnerable to DA exposure, this study focuses on the long-term, 8-year memory outcome associated with their repeated dietary consumption of the neurotoxin. Measures of razor clam consumption, memory, clerical speed and accuracy, and depression were administered over eight years to 500 randomly selected adult NA men and women ages 18–64. Data were analyzed using GEE analyses taking into consideration the year of study, demographic factors, and instrumentation in examining the association between dietary exposure and outcomes. Findings indicated a significant but small decline in total recall memory within the context of otherwise stable clerical speed and accuracy and depression scores. There is reason to believe that a continuum of memory difficulties may be associated with DA exposure, rather than a unitary ASP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Kaddis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - J. Kate Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emergency Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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28
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An Autonomous Platform for Near Real-Time Surveillance of Harmful Algae and Their Toxins in Dynamic Coastal Shelf Environments. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to identify in situ the mechanisms underpinning the response of harmful algae to climate change demand frequent observations in dynamic and often difficult to access marine and freshwater environments. Increasingly, resource managers and researchers are looking to fill this data gap using unmanned systems. In this study we integrated the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) into an autonomous platform to provide near real-time surveillance of harmful algae and the toxin domoic acid on the Washington State continental shelf over a three-year period (2016–2018). The ESP mooring design accommodated the necessary subsystems to sustain ESP operations, supporting deployment durations of up to 7.5 weeks. The combination of ESP observations and a suite of contextual measurements from the ESP mooring and a nearby surface buoy permitted an investigation into toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom dynamics. Preliminary findings suggest a connection between bloom formation and nutrient availability that is modulated by wind-forced coastal-trapped waves. In addition, high concentrations of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and elevated levels of domoic acid observed at the ESP mooring location were not necessarily associated with the advection of water from known bloom initiation sites. Such insights, made possible by this autonomous technology, enable the formulation of testable hypotheses on climate-driven changes in HAB dynamics that can be investigated during future deployments.
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29
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Cook PF, Hoard VA, Dolui S, Frederick BD, Redfern R, Dennison SE, Halaska B, Bloom J, Kruse-Elliott KT, Whitmer ER, Trumbull EJ, Berns GS, Detre JA, D'Esposito M, Gulland FMD, Reichmuth C, Johnson SP, Field CL, Inglis BA. An MRI protocol for anatomical and functional evaluation of the California sea lion brain. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 353:109097. [PMID: 33581216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domoic acid (DOM) is a neurotoxin produced by some harmful algae blooms in coastal waters. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) exposed to DOM often strand on beaches where they exhibit a variety of symptoms, including seizures. These animals typically show hippocampal atrophy on MRI scans. NEW METHOD We describe an MRI protocol for comprehensive evaluation of DOM toxicosis in the sea lion brain. We intend to study brain development in pups exposed in utero. The protocol depicts the hippocampal formation as the primary region of interest. We include scans for quantitative morphometry, functional and structural connectivity, and a cerebral blood flow map. RESULTS High-resolution 3D anatomical scans facilitate post hoc slicing in arbitrary planes and accurate morphometry. We demonstrate the first cerebral blood flow map using MRI, and the first structural tractography from a live sea lion brain. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Scans were compared to prior anatomical and functional studies in live sea lions, and structural connectivity in post mortem specimens. Hippocampal volumes were broadly in line with prior studies, with differences likely attributable to the 3D approach used here. Functional connectivity of the dorsal left hippocampus matched that found in a prior study conducted at a lower magnetic field, while structural connectivity in the live brain agreed with findings observed in post mortem studies. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol provides a comprehensive, longitudinal view of the functional and anatomical changes expected to result from DOM toxicosis. It can also screen for other common neurological pathologies and is suitable for any pinniped that can fit inside an MRI scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Cook
- Department of Biopsychology, New College of Florida, 5800 Bay Shore Road, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Vanessa A Hoard
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Sudipto Dolui
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Blaise deB Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Richard Redfern
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, 188 Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Barbie Halaska
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Josh Bloom
- AnimalScan Advanced Veterinary Imaging, 934 Charter St, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Kris T Kruse-Elliott
- AnimalScan Advanced Veterinary Imaging, 934 Charter St, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Emily R Whitmer
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Emily J Trumbull
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Gregory S Berns
- Psychology Department, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, 188 Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 132 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Frances M D Gulland
- School of Veterinary Medicine Wildlife Health Center, University of California at Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Colleen Reichmuth
- Long Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Shawn P Johnson
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Cara L Field
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA
| | - Ben A Inglis
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, 188 Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Anderson DM, Fensin E, Gobler CJ, Hoeglund AE, Hubbard KA, Kulis DM, Landsberg JH, Lefebvre KA, Provoost P, Richlen ML, Smith JL, Solow AR, Trainer VL. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101975. [PMID: 33875183 PMCID: PMC8058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB problem is far more extensive than was the case decades ago, with more toxic species and toxins to monitor, as well as a larger range of impacted resources and areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend is seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over the study interval, though there is clear evidence of the expansion of the problem into new regions and the emergence of a species that produces PSTs in Florida - Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events have significantly increased in the U.S., with an overall pattern of frequent outbreaks on the West Coast, emerging, recurring outbreaks on the East Coast, and sporadic incidents in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the long historical record of neurotoxic shellfish toxin (NST) events, no significant trend is observed over the past 30 years. The recent emergence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in the U.S. began along the Gulf Coast in 2008 and expanded to the West and East Coasts, though no significant trend through time is seen since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) events caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates have long impacted tropical and subtropical locations in the U.S., but due to a lack of monitoring programs as well as under-reporting of illnesses, data on these events are not available for time series analysis. Geographic expansion of Gambierdiscus into temperate and non-endemic areas (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico) is apparent, and fostered by ocean warming. HAB-related marine wildlife morbidity and mortality events appear to be increasing, with statistically significant increasing trends observed in marine mammal poisonings caused by ASTs along the coast of California and NSTs in Florida. Since their first occurrence in 1985 in New York, brown tides resulting from high-density blooms of Aureococcus have spread south to Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, while those caused by Aureoumbra have spread from the Gulf Coast to the east coast of Florida. Blooms of Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred in four locations in the U.S. from 1921-2001 but have appeared in more than 15 U.S. estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50 U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a significant increasing trend in all HAB events in HAEDAT over the 30-year study interval. Part of this observed HAB expansion simply reflects a better realization of the true or historic scale of the problem, long obscured by inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include the dispersion of species to new areas, the discovery of new HAB poisoning syndromes or impacts, and the stimulatory effects of human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, and ocean warming, among others. One result of this multifaceted expansion is that many regions of the U.S. now face a daunting diversity of species and toxins, representing a significant and growing challenge to resource managers and public health officials in terms of toxins, regions, and time intervals to monitor, and necessitating new approaches to monitoring and management. Mobilization of funding and resources for research, monitoring and management of HABs requires accurate information on the scale and nature of the national problem. HAEDAT and other databases can be of great value in this regard but efforts are needed to expand and sustain the collection of data regionally and nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- NC Division of Water Resources, 4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States
| | - Alicia E Hoeglund
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - David M Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Andrew R Solow
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
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McKenzie CH, Bates SS, Martin JL, Haigh N, Howland KL, Lewis NI, Locke A, Peña A, Poulin M, Rochon A, Rourke WA, Scarratt MG, Starr M, Wells T. Three decades of Canadian marine harmful algal events: Phytoplankton and phycotoxins of concern to human and ecosystem health. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101852. [PMID: 33875179 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal trends of marine harmful algal events in Canada over the last three decades were examined using data from the Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT). This database contains the most complete record of algal blooms, phycotoxins and shellfish harvesting area closures in Canada since 1987. This 30-year review of 593 Canadian HAEDAT records from 1988 to 2017, together with other Canadian data and publications, shows that recurring harmful algal events have been widespread throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions. The 367 paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) reports revealed annual and frequent recurrence throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, including multi-year PST events in the Bay of Fundy, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Georgia. The 70 amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) records revealed no recognizable trend, as these events were usually area specific and did not recur annually. The increasing frequency of diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST) events over the period of this review, in total 59 records, can be at least partially explained by increased sampling effort. Marine species mortalities caused by harmful algae (including diatoms, dictyochophytes, dinoflagellates, and raphidophytes), were a common occurrence in the Pacific region (87 reports), but have been reported much less frequently in the Atlantic region (10 reports). Notable Canadian records contained in HAEDAT include the first detection worldwide of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), attributed to the production of domoic acid (an AST) by a diatom (Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries) in Prince Edward Island in 1987. The first proven case of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Canada and North America was recorded in 1990, and the first closures of shellfish harvesting due to DST (associated with the presence of Dinophysis norvegica) occurred in Nova Scotia in 1992, followed by closures in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1993. In 2008, mass mortalities of fishes, birds and mammals in the St. Lawrence Estuary were caused by Alexandrium catenella and high levels of PST. During 2015, the Pacific coast experienced a large algal bloom that extended from California to Alaska. It resulted in the closure of several shellfish harvesting areas in British Columbia due to AST, produced by Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Data from the Canadian Arctic coast is not included in HAEDAT. However, because of the emerging importance of climate change and increased vessel traffic in the Arctic, information on the occurrence of harmful algal species (pelagic and sympagic = sea ice-associated) in that region was compiled from relevant literature and data. The results suggest that these taxa may be more widespread than previously thought in the Canadian Arctic. Information in HAEDAT was not always robust or complete enough to provide conclusions about temporal trends. Compilation of spatial and temporal information from HAEDAT and other records is nevertheless important for evaluating the potential role of harmful algae as a stressor on Canadian marine ecosystems, and will support the next step: developing a knowledge gap analysis that will establish research priorities for determining their consequences on human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia H McKenzie
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada.
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Martin
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - Nicola Haigh
- Microthalassia Consultants Inc., Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 1T4, Canada
| | - Kimberly L Howland
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Nancy I Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Andrea Locke
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Angelica Peña
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Michel Poulin
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - André Rochon
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Wade A Rourke
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Michael G Scarratt
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Michel Starr
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Terri Wells
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Moriarty ME, Tinker MT, Miller MA, Tomoleoni JA, Staedler MM, Fujii JA, Batac FI, Dodd EM, Kudela RM, Zubkousky-White V, Johnson CK. Exposure to domoic acid is an ecological driver of cardiac disease in southern sea otters ✰. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101973. [PMID: 33526183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce toxins that bioaccumulate in the food web and adversely affect humans, animals, and entire marine ecosystems. Blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia can produce domoic acid (DA), a toxin that most commonly causes neurological disease in endothermic animals, with cardiovascular effects that were first recognized in southern sea otters. Over the last 20 years, DA toxicosis has caused significant morbidity and mortality in marine mammals and seabirds along the west coast of the USA. Identifying DA exposure has been limited to toxin detection in biological fluids using biochemical assays, yet measurement of systemic toxin levels is an unreliable indicator of exposure dose or timing. Furthermore, there is little information regarding repeated DA exposure in marine wildlife. Here, the association between long-term environmental DA exposure and fatal cardiac disease was investigated in a longitudinal study of 186 free-ranging sea otters in California from 2001 - 2017, highlighting the chronic health effects of a marine toxin. A novel Bayesian spatiotemporal approach was used to characterize environmental DA exposure by combining several DA surveillance datasets and integrating this with life history data from radio-tagged otters in a time-dependent survival model. In this study, a sea otter with high DA exposure had a 1.7-fold increased hazard of fatal cardiomyopathy compared to an otter with low exposure. Otters that consumed a high proportion of crab and clam had a 2.5- and 1.2-times greater hazard of death due to cardiomyopathy than otters that consumed low proportions. Increasing age is a well-established predictor of cardiac disease, but this study is the first to identify that DA exposure affects the risk of cardiomyopathy more substantially in prime-age adults than aged adults. A 4-year-old otter with high DA exposure had 2.3 times greater risk of fatal cardiomyopathy than an otter with low exposure, while a 10-year old otter with high DA exposure had just 1.2 times greater risk. High Toxoplasma gondii titers also increased the hazard of death due to heart disease 2.4-fold. Domoic acid exposure was most detrimental for prime-age adults, whose survival and reproduction are vital for population growth, suggesting that persistent DA exposure will likely impact long-term viability of this threatened species. These results offer insight into the pervasiveness of DA in the food web and raise awareness of under-recognized chronic health effects of DA for wildlife at a time when toxic blooms are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moriarty
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States; Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Tomoleoni
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | | | - Jessica A Fujii
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Francesca I Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Erin M Dodd
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1451 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Zubkousky-White
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Management Branch, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA, United States.
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33
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Petroff R, Murias M, Grant KS, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Burbacher TM. Power spectrum analysis of EEG in a translational nonhuman primate model after chronic exposure to low levels of the common marine neurotoxin, domoic acid. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:124-129. [PMID: 32717199 PMCID: PMC7492457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the focus of this research, is a marine algal neurotoxin and epileptogen produced by species in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA is found in finfish and shellfish across the globe. The current regulatory limit for DA consumption (20 ppm in shellfish) was set to protect humans from acute toxic effects, but there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that regular consumption of DA contaminated seafood at or below the regulatory limit may lead to subtle neurological effects in adults. The present research uses a translational nonhuman primate model to assess neurophysiological changes after chronic exposure to DA near the regulatory limit. Sedated electroencephalography (EEG) was used in 20 healthy adult female Macaca fascicularis, orally administered 0.075 and 0.15 mg DA/kg/day for at least 10 months. Paired video and EEG recordings were cleaned and a Fast Fourier Transformation was applied to EEG recordings to assess power differences in frequency bands from 1-20 Hz. When DA exposed animals were compared to controls, power was significantly decreased in the delta band (1-4 Hz, p < 0.005) and significantly increased in the alpha band (5-8 Hz, p < 0.005), theta band (9-12 Hz, p < 0.01), and beta band (13-20 Hz, p < 0.05). The power differences were not dose dependent or related to the duration of DA exposure, or subtle clinical symptoms of DA exposure (intentional tremors). Alterations of power in these bands have been associated with a host of clinical symptoms, such as deficits in memory and neurodegenerative diseases, and ultimately provide new insight into the subclinical toxicity of chronic, low-dose DA exposure on the adult primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - M Murias
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, Seattle, WA, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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34
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Holland DS, Leonard J. Is a delay a disaster? economic impacts of the delay of the california dungeness crab fishery due to a harmful algal bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101904. [PMID: 33129461 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the 2015/2016 West Coast Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) season, the opening of the fishery in California was delayed almost five months due to high and persistent concentrations of domoic acid in crab following a massive coast-wide Pseudo-nitzschia australis (P. australis) bloom. A hurdle model was used to estimate lost revenues to fishers due to the delay in the opening of the 2015/2016 season, and an input-output model is used to calculate resulting losses in income and employment statewide. The analysis suggests that Dungeness crab revenue was decreased as a result of the season delay, but the reduction was less than was initially estimated when a request for disaster assistance was submitted. However, the analysis also shows that fishers lost out on revenue from other fisheries equal in magnitude to the reduction in crab revenues because the delayed opening led fishers to reduce effort in non-crab fisheries. The research demonstrates the need to consider impacts beyond the revenue losses to directly affected fisheries. Potential management and industry responses that might mitigate future losses if future large scale P. australis blooms threaten fishery delays or closures are discussed along with the research needed to determine whether and how to implement these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Holland
- NOAA Fisheries, Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Jerry Leonard
- NOAA Fisheries, Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
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35
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Stuchal LD, Grattan LM, Portier KM, Kilmon KA, Manahan LM, Roberts SM, Morris JG. Dose-response assessment for impaired memory from chronic exposure to domoic acid among native American consumers of razor clams. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104759. [PMID: 32768666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a marine neurotoxin that accumulates in filtering shellfish during harmful algal blooms. A health protection limit of 20 ppm DA in razor clams (RC) has been set based principally upon an episode of acute DA toxicity in humans that included Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning among survivors. The objective of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship between estimated DA exposure through RC consumption and memory loss in Washington state Native Americans from 2005 to 2015. Results from total learning recall (TLR) memory scores were compared before and after the highest DA exposures. A decrease in TLR was related to DA dose (p < 0.01) regardless whether the effect was assumed to be transient or lasting, and whether the dose was expressed as an average daily dose or an average dose per meal. Benchmark dose modeling identified BMDL10 values of 167 ng/kg-day and 2740 ng/kg-meal assuming a transient effect, and 196 ng/kg-day and 2980 ng/kg-meal assuming no recovery of function occurs. These DA dose thresholds for a measurable memory function reduction observed in this study of clam consumers are well below the safe acute dose underpinning the current regulatory DA limit of 20 ppm (ca. 60 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Portier
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kelsey A Kilmon
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Moore SK, Dreyer SJ, Ekstrom JA, Moore K, Norman K, Klinger T, Allison EH, Jardine SL. Harmful algal blooms and coastal communities: Socioeconomic impacts and actions taken to cope with the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101799. [PMID: 32560834 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event was caused by a massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) that consisted mostly of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. It was unprecedented in its toxicity and geographic extent and resulted in extended and widespread closures of the lucrative commercial Dungeness crab and popular recreational razor clam fisheries. The fishery closures led to federal fisheries disaster declarations and generated an economic shock for coastal communities that depend on access to these marine resources. This study reports on the socioeconomic impacts of the 2015 HAB across 16 fishing communities on the U.S. West Coast using primary survey data. The survey instrument, deployed in the summer of 2017, collected information on sociodemographic and economic factors hypothesized to confer resilience or vulnerability to HABs, data quantifying individual impacts, and the coping and adaptive actions taken by individuals to deal with the event. The vast majority of survey participants (84%) were negatively impacted by the 2015 HAB, but individuals employed in fishing-related occupations experienced greater financial, emotional, and sociocultural impacts than those employed in other sectors. Further, those employed in fishing-related occupations were less likely to recover financial losses suffered as a result of the event. This study identifies the pathways through which HABs affect fishery-dependent and fishery-associated sectors of U.S. West Coast communities. The understanding gained can help inform efforts to prepare for future HABs, mitigate their socioeconomic impacts, and aid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Stacia J Dreyer
- Arizona State University, School for the Future of Innovation in Society, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Julia A Ekstrom
- Policy Institute for Energy, Environment, and the Economy, University of California, 1605 Tilia St, Suite 100, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kathleen Moore
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Karma Norman
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Terrie Klinger
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Edward H Allison
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Pulau Pinang 11960, Malaysia
| | - Sunny L Jardine
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Ekstrom JA, Moore SK, Klinger T. Examining harmful algal blooms through a disaster risk management lens: A case study of the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 94:101740. [PMID: 32414499 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The human dimensions of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are becoming increasingly apparent as they grow in frequency and magnitude in some regions of the world under changing ocean conditions. One such region is the U.S. West Coast, where HABs of toxigenic species of Pseudo-nitzschia have been found to coincide with or closely follow periods of warming. In 2015, the region experienced a massive HAB of Pseudo-nitzschia that was associated with the 2014-16 Northeast Pacific marine heatwave. The HAB event delayed the opening of the lucrative commercial Dungeness crab fishery for up to 5 months and closed the popular recreational razor clam fishery, resulting in fishery failures and disaster declarations and causing significant sociocultural and economic impacts to coastal communities. Here, management actions are examined that were taken by federal and state government agencies and responses of coastal residents to this extreme HAB event using a disaster risk management framework consisting of four phases: 1) prediction and early warning, 2) event response, 3) recovery and reconstruction, and 4) mitigation and prevention. Clear differences in management actions at the state level were evident in California, Oregon, and Washington during every phase, producing vastly different perceptions of management by coastal residents. A history of trusted relationships and coordination among agencies and with the fishing industry in Washington State was associated with more transparent and accepted management responses. The examination found that additional education, outreach, and trust-building exercises would provide benefits to communities affected by extreme HAB events. Our findings contribute to an understanding of climate change adaptation in coastal communities dependent on fishery resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Ekstrom
- Policy Institute for Energy, Environment, and the Economy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Terrie Klinger
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Kudela RM, Hayashi K, Caceres CG. Is San Francisco Bay resistant to Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid? HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101617. [PMID: 32113607 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
San Francisco Bay (SFB), California, USA is the largest estuary in the western United States and is home to more than 7 million people in nine counties and 101 cities. It is highly nutrient enriched and is directly connected to the Gulf of the Farallones and coastal Pacific ocean through the Golden Gate strait. The Gulf of the Farallones is one of several "hotspots" for the neurotoxin domoic acid, produced by members of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Despite the close proximity, SFB has few reports of harmful algal blooms and low concentrations of domoic acid, suggesting that SFB is somehow resistant to toxic blooms. Here we evaluate the potential growth and toxicity of the dominant toxigenic species in California coastal waters, P. australis and P. multiseries, to directly test the hypothesis that SFB waters confer resistance to blooms. We specifically evaluate the effect of varying temperature, salinity, and to a lesser extent, nutrients on growth and toxin production. Results show equivalent growth in SFB water (maximum growth rates of 0.71 and 1.35 d-1 for P. multiseries and P. australis) compared to open-coast water, and comparable or greater toxicity (0 to >100 pg DA cell-1). The historical resistance to blooms in SFB is hypothesized to be caused by a combination of insufficient acclimation time for advected Pseudo-nitzschia populations to become established and suppression of toxin production in warm waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States.
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Cristian Garrido Caceres
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
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Trainer VL, Moore SK, Hallegraeff G, Kudela RM, Clement A, Mardones JI, Cochlan WP. Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101591. [PMID: 32057339 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Time series now have sufficient duration to determine harmful algal bloom (HAB) responses to changing climate conditions, including warming, stratification intensity, freshwater inputs and natural patterns of climate variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Against the context of time series, such as those available from phytoplankton monitoring, dinoflagellate cyst records, the Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys, and shellfish toxin records, it is possible to identify extreme events that are significant departures from long-term means. Extreme weather events can mimic future climate conditions and provide a "dress rehearsal" for understanding future frequency, intensity and geographic extent of HABs. Three case studies of extreme HAB events are described in detail to explore the drivers and impacts of these oceanic outliers that may become more common in the future. One example is the chain-forming diatom of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and its response to the 2014-16 northeast Pacific marine heat wave. The other two case studies are pelagic flagellates. Highly potent Alexandrium catenella group 1 dinoflagellate blooms (up to 150 mg/kg PST in mussels; 4 human poisonings) during 2012-17 created havoc for the seafood industry in Tasmania, south-eastern Australia, in a poorly monitored area where such problems were previously unknown. Early evidence suggests that changes in water column stratification during the cold winter-spring season are driving new blooms caused by a previously cryptic species. An expansion of Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa to the south and A. catenella to the north over the past several years resulted in the convergence of both species to cause the most catastrophic event in the history of the Chilean aquaculture in the austral summer of 2016. Together, these two massive blooms were colloquially known as the "Godzilla-Red tide event", resulting in the largest fish farm mortality ever recorded worldwide, equivalent to an export loss of USD$800 million which when combined with shellfish toxicity, resulted in major social unrest and rioting. Both blooms were linked to the strong El Niño event and the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode, the latter an indicator of anthropogenic climate change in the southeastern Pacific region. For each of these three examples, representing recent catastrophic events in geographically distinct regions, additional targeted monitoring was employed to improve the understanding of the climate drivers and mechanisms that gave rise to the event and to document the societal response. Scientists must be poised to study future extreme HAB events as these natural experiments provide unique opportunities to define and test multifactorial drivers of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Alejandro Clement
- Plancton Andino spA, Laboratorio Puerto Varas, Terraplén 869, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - William P Cochlan
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Dr., Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
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Seto DS, Karp-Boss L, Wells ML. Effects of increasing temperature and acidification on the growth and competitive success of Alexandrium catenella from the Gulf of Maine. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 89:101670. [PMID: 31672235 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate driven increases in ocean temperature and pCO2 have the potential to alter the growth and prevalence of future Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), but systematic studies on how climate drivers influence toxic algal species relative to non-toxic phytoplankton are lacking. In particular, little is known about how future climate scenarios will affect the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, which is responsible for the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) events that threaten the health and economy of coastal communities in the Gulf of Maine and elsewhere. The growth responses of A. catenella and two other naturally co-occurring dinoflagellates in the Gulf of Maine-Scrippsiella sp., and Amphidinium carterae-were studied in mono and mixed species cultures. Experimental treatments tested the effects of elevated temperature (20 °C), lower pH (7.8), and the combination of elevated temperature and lower pH on growth rates relative to those in near-current conditions (15 °C; pH 8.1). Growth rates of A. catenella decreased under elevated temperature and lower pH conditions, a response that was largely attributable to the effect of temperature. In contrast, growth rates of Scrippsiella sp. and A. carterae increased under elevated temperature and lower pH conditions, with temperature also being the primary driver of the response. These trends did not change substantially when these species were grown in mixed cultures (A. catenella + Scrippsiella sp., and A. catenella + A. carterae), indicating that allelopathic or competitive interactions did not affect the experimental outcome under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that A. catenella blooms may become less prevalent in the southern regions of the Gulf of Maine, but potentially more prevalent in the northeastern regions of the Gulf of Maine with continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drajad S Seto
- School of Marine Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Lee Karp-Boss
- School of Marine Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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Rowland-Pilgrim S, Swan SC, O'Neill A, Johnson S, Coates L, Stubbs P, Dean K, Parks R, Harrison K, Teixeira Alves M, Walton A, Davidson K, Turner AD, Maskrey BH. Variability of Amnesic Shellfish Toxin and Pseudo-nitzschia occurrence in bivalve molluscs and water samples-Analysis of ten years of the official control monitoring programme. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 87:101623. [PMID: 31349885 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the official control laboratory for marine biotoxins within Great Britain, the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, in conjunction with the Scottish Association for Marine Science, has amassed a decade's worth of data regarding the prevalence of the toxins associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning within British waters. This monitoring involves quantitative HPLC-UV analysis of shellfish domoic acid concentration, the causative toxin for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, and water monitoring for Pseudo-nitzschia spp., the phytoplankton genus that produces domoic acid. The data obtained since 2008 indicate that whilst the occurrence of domoic acid in shellfish was generally below the maximum permitted limit of 20 mg/kg, there were a number of toxic episodes that breached this limit. The data showed an increase in the frequency of both domoic acid occurrence and toxic events, although there was considerable annual variability in intensity and geographical location of toxic episodes. A particularly notable increase in domoic acid occurrence in England was observed during 2014. Comparison of Scottish toxin data and Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities during this ten-year period revealed a complex relationship between the two measurements. Whilst the majority of events were associated with blooms, absolute cell densities of Pseudo-nitzschia did not correlate with domoic acid concentrations in shellfish tissue. This is believed to be partly due to the presence of a number of different Pseudo-nitzschia species in the water that can exhibit variable toxin production. These data highlight the requirement for tissue monitoring as part of an effective monitoring programme to protect the consumer, as well as the benefit of more detailed taxonomic discrimination of the Pseudo-nitzschia genus to allow greater accuracy in the prediction of shellfish toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Lewis Coates
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Patrycja Stubbs
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Karl Dean
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Rachel Parks
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Harrison
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Aquatic Pathogens and Pests, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison Walton
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Petroff R, Richards T, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Stanley C, Grant KS, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Burbacher TM. Chronic, low-level oral exposure to marine toxin, domoic acid, alters whole brain morphometry in nonhuman primates. Neurotoxicology 2019; 72:114-124. [PMID: 30826346 PMCID: PMC6527455 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an excitatory neurotoxin produced by marine algae and responsible for Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning in humans. Current regulatory limits (˜0.075-0.1 mg/kg/day) protect against acute toxicity, but recent studies suggest that the chronic consumption of DA below the regulatory limit may produce subtle neurotoxicity in adults, including decrements in memory. As DA-algal blooms are increasing in both severity and frequency, we sought to better understand the effects of chronic DA exposure on reproductive and neurobehavioral endpoints in a preclinical nonhuman primate model. To this end, we initiated a long-term study using adult, female Macaca fascicularis monkeys exposed to daily, oral doses of 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg of DA for a range of 321-381, and 346-554 days, respectively. This time period included a pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum period. Throughout these times, trained data collectors observed intentional tremors in some exposed animals during biweekly clinical examinations. The present study explores the basis of this neurobehavioral finding with in vivo imaging techniques, including diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Diffusion tensor analyses revealed that, while DA exposed macaques did not significantly differ from controls, increases in DA-related tremors were negatively correlated with fractional anisotropy, a measure of structural integrity, in the internal capsule, fornix, pons, and corpus callosum. Brain concentrations of lactate, a neurochemical closely linked with astrocytes, were also weakly, but positively associated with tremors. These findings are the first documented results suggesting that chronic oral exposure to DA at concentrations near the current human regulatory limit are related to structural and chemical changes in the adult primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney Stanley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, Seattle, WA, USA; Infant Primate Research Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Grant KS, Crouthamel B, Kenney C, McKain N, Petroff R, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Burbacher TM. Preclinical modeling of exposure to a global marine bio-contaminant: Effects of in utero Domoic acid exposure on neonatal behavior and infant memory. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 73:1-8. [PMID: 30690118 PMCID: PMC6511476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a naturally-occurring marine neurotoxin that is increasingly recognized as an important public health issue. Prenatal DA exposure occurs through the maternal consumption of contaminated shellfish/finfish. To better understand the fetal risks associated with DA, we initiated a longitudinal, preclinical study focused on the reproductive and developmental effects of chronic, low-dose oral DA exposure. To this end, 32 adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally dosed with 0, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day DA on a daily basis prior to breeding and throughout breeding and pregnancy. The doses included the proposed human Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) (0.075 mg/kg/day) for DA. Adult females were bred to nonexposed males. To evaluate development during early infancy, offspring were administered a Neonatal Assessment modeled after the human Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale and a series of Visual Recognition Memory problems using the novelty paradigm. Results indicated that prenatal DA exposure did not impact early survival reflexes or responsivity to the environment. Findings from the recognition memory assessment, given between 1 and 2 months of age, showed that exposed and control infants demonstrated robust novelty scores when test problems were relatively easy to solve. Performance was not diminished by the introduction of delay periods. However, when more difficult recognition problems were introduced, the looking behavior of the 0.15 mg/kg DA group was random and infants failed to show differential visual attention to novel test stimuli. This finding suggests subtle but significant impairment in recognition memory and demonstrates that chronic fetal exposure to DA may impact developing cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caroline Kenney
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Burbacher TM, Grant KS, Petroff R, Shum S, Crouthamel B, Stanley C, McKain N, Jing J, Isoherranen N. Effects of oral domoic acid exposure on maternal reproduction and infant birth characteristics in a preclinical nonhuman primate model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 72:10-21. [PMID: 30615984 PMCID: PMC6408264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Domoic Acid (DA) is a naturally-occurring excitotoxin, produced by marine algae, which can bioaccumulate in shellfish and finfish. The consumption of seafood contaminated with DA is associated with gastrointestinal illness that, in the case of high DA exposure, can evolve into a spectrum of responses ranging from agitation to hallucinations, memory loss, seizures and coma. Because algal blooms that produce DA are becoming more widespread and very little is known about the dangers of chronic, low-dose exposure, we initiated a preclinical study focused on the reproductive and developmental effects of DA in a nonhuman primate model. To this end, 32 adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day DA on a daily basis, prior to and during pregnancy. Females were bred to non-exposed males and infants were evaluated at birth. Results from this study provided no evidence of changes in DA plasma concentrations with chronic exposure. DA exposure was not associated with reproductive toxicity or adverse changes in the physical characteristics of newborns. However, in an unanticipated finding, our clinical observations revealed the presence of subtle neurological effects in the form of intentional tremors in the exposed adult females. While females in both dose groups displayed increased tremoring, the effect was dose-dependent and observed at a higher rate in females exposed to 0.15 mg/kg/day. These results demonstrate that chronic, low-level exposure to DA is associated with injury to the adult CNS and suggest that current regulatory guidelines designed to protect human health may not be adequate for high-frequency shellfish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kimberly S Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Courtney Stanley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Xu D, Brennan G, Xu L, Zhang XW, Fan X, Han WT, Mock T, McMinn A, Hutchins DA, Ye N. Ocean acidification increases iodine accumulation in kelp-based coastal food webs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:629-639. [PMID: 30295390 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kelp are main iodine accumulators in the ocean, and their growth and photosynthesis are likely to benefit from elevated seawater CO2 levels due to ocean acidification. However, there are currently no data on the effects of ocean acidification on iodine metabolism in kelp. As key primary producers in coastal ecosystems worldwide, any change in their iodine metabolism caused by climate change will potentially have important consequences for global geochemical cycles of iodine, including iodine levels of coastal food webs that underpin the nutrition of billions of humans around the world. Here, we found that elevated pCO2 enhanced growth and increased iodine accumulation not only in the model kelp Saccharina japonica using both short-term laboratory experiment and long-term in situ mesocosms, but also in several other edible and ecologically significant seaweeds using long-term in situ mesocosms. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of S. japonica revealed that most vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase genes involved in iodine efflux during oxidative stress are down-regulated under increasing pCO2 , suggesting that ocean acidification alleviates oxidative stress in kelp, which might contribute to their enhanced growth. When consumed by abalone (Haliotis discus), elevated iodine concentrations in S. japonica caused increased iodine accumulation in abalone, accompanied by reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thus, our results suggest that kelp will benefit from ocean acidification by a reduction in environmental stress however; iodine levels, in kelp-based coastal food webs will increase, with potential impacts on biogeochemical cycles of iodine in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Georgina Brennan
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Le Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao W Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen T Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Ritzman J, Brodbeck A, Brostrom S, McGrew S, Dreyer S, Klinger T, Moore SK. Economic and sociocultural impacts of fisheries closures in two fishing-dependent communities following the massive 2015 U.S. West Coast harmful algal bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:35-45. [PMID: 30502810 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2015, a massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) of the toxin-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia occurred on the U.S. West Coast, resulting in the largest recorded outbreak of the toxin domoic acid and causing fisheries closures. Closures extended into 2016 and generated an economic shock for coastal fishing communities. This study examines the economic and sociocultural impacts of the Dungeness crab and razor clam fisheries closures on two fishing-dependent communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 community members from two communities impacted by the event - Crescent City, California and Long Beach, Washington. Interviewees included those involved in the fishing, hospitality, and retail industries, local government officials, recreational harvesters, and others. Interviews probed aspects of resilience in economic, social, institutional, and physical domains, based on the contention that community resilience will influence the communities' ability to withstand HAB events. Dimensions of vulnerability were also explored, encompassing sensitivity of the communities to HAB events and their adaptive capacity. Common themes that emerged from the interview responses indicate that economic hardships extended beyond fishing-related operations and permeated through other sectors, particularly the hospitality industry. Significant barriers to accessing financial and employment assistance during extended fisheries closures were identified, particularly for fishers. Long-held traditions surrounding crab and shellfish harvest and consumption were disrupted, threatening the cultural identities of the affected communities. Community members expressed a desire for clearer, more thorough, and more rapid dissemination of information regarding the management of fisheries closures and the health risks associated with HAB toxins. The likelihood of intensifying HABs under climate change heightens the need for actions to increase the resilience of fishing communities to the economic and sociocultural impacts caused by HAB-related fisheries closures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn Ritzman
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Amy Brodbeck
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sara Brostrom
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Scott McGrew
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Stacia Dreyer
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Arizona State University, School for the Future of Innovation in Society, 1120 South Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Terrie Klinger
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, 3707 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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A Time Series of Water Column Distributions and Sinking Particle Flux of Pseudo-Nitzschia and Domoic Acid in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110480. [PMID: 30453659 PMCID: PMC6265954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Water column bulk Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and the dissolved and particulate domoic acid (DA) concentrations were measured in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California from 2009–2013 and compared to bulk Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and DA concentrations and fluxes in sediment traps moored at 147 m and 509 m. Pseudo-nitzschia abundance throughout the study period was spatially and temporally heterogeneous (<200 cells L−1 to 3.8 × 106 cells L−1, avg. 2 × 105 ± 5 × 105 cells L−1) and did not correspond with upwelling conditions or the total DA (tDA) concentration, which was also spatially and temporally diverse (<1.3 ng L−1 to 2.2 × 105 ng L−1, avg. 7.8 × 103 ± 2.2 × 104 ng L−1). We hypothesize that the toxicity is likely driven in part by specific Pseudo-nitzschia species as well as bloom stage. Dissolved (dDA) and particulate (pDA) DA were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.01) and both comprised major components of the total DA pool (pDA = 57 ± 35%, and dDA = 42 ± 35%) with substantial water column concentrations (>1000 cells L−1 and tDA = 200 ng L−1) measured as deep as 150 m. Our results highlight that dDA should not be ignored when examining bloom toxicity. Although water column abundance and pDA concentrations were poorly correlated with sediment trap Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and fluxes, DA toxicity is likely associated with senescent blooms that rapidly sink to the seafloor, adding another potential source of DA to benthic organisms.
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Smith J, Connell P, Evans RH, Gellene AG, Howard MDA, Jones BH, Kaveggia S, Palmer L, Schnetzer A, Seegers BN, Seubert EL, Tatters AO, Caron DA. A decade and a half of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid along the coast of southern California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:87-104. [PMID: 30420020 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia that produce the neurotoxin domoic acid have been documented with regularity along the coast of southern California since 2003, with the occurrence of the toxin in shellfish tissue predating information on domoic acid in the particulate fraction in this region. Domoic acid concentrations in the phytoplankton inhabiting waters off southern California during 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2017 were comparable to some of the highest values that have been recorded in the literature. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia have exhibited strong seasonality, with toxin appearing predominantly in the spring. Year-to-year variability of particulate toxin has been considerable, and observations during 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011 and again in 2017 linked domoic acid in the diets of marine mammals and seabirds to mass mortality events among these animals. This work reviews information collected during the past 15 years documenting the phenology and magnitude of Pseudo-nitzschia abundances and domoic acid within the Southern California Bight. The general oceanographic factors leading to blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and outbreaks of domoic acid in this region are clear, but subtle factors controlling spatial and interannual variability in bloom magnitude and toxin production remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Paige Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Richard H Evans
- Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 20612 Laguna Canyon Rd., Laguna Beach, CA 92651, United States
| | - Alyssa G Gellene
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Meredith D A Howard
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States
| | - Burton H Jones
- KAUST, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 King Abdullah Boulevard, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Kaveggia
- International Bird Rescue, 3601 S Gaffey St, San Pedro, CA 90731, United States
| | - Lauren Palmer
- Marine Mammal Care Center, 3601 S. Gaffey St., San Pedro, CA 90731, United States
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- North Carolina State University, 4248 Jordan Hall, 2800 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 276958, United States
| | - Bridget N Seegers
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 616.2, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, United States; GESTAR/Universities Space Research Association, 7178 Columbia Gateway Drive, Columbia, MD 21046, United States
| | - Erica L Seubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Avery O Tatters
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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50
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Brunson JK, McKinnie SMK, Chekan JR, McCrow JP, Miles ZD, Bertrand EM, Bielinski VA, Luhavaya H, Oborník M, Smith GJ, Hutchins DA, Allen AE, Moore BS. Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid in a bloom-forming diatom. Science 2018; 361:1356-1358. [PMID: 30262498 PMCID: PMC6276376 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms produce the potent mammalian neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Despite decades of research, the molecular basis for its biosynthesis is not known. By using growth conditions known to induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, we implemented transcriptome sequencing in order to identify DA biosynthesis genes that colocalize in a genomic four-gene cluster. We biochemically investigated the recombinant DA biosynthetic enzymes and linked their mechanisms to the construction of DA's diagnostic pyrrolidine skeleton, establishing a model for DA biosynthesis. Knowledge of the genetic basis for toxin production provides an orthogonal approach to bloom monitoring and enables study of environmental factors that drive oceanic DA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Brunson
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shaun M K McKinnie
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John P McCrow
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zachary D Miles
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Vincent A Bielinski
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hanna Luhavaya
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia and Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - G Jason Smith
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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