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Qu K, Yan Y, Wang X, Jin X, Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Brasseur GP, Lin T, Xiao T, Cai X, Zeng L, Zhang Y. The effect of cross-regional transport on ozone and particulate matter pollution in China: A review of methodology and current knowledge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174196. [PMID: 38942314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
China is currently one of the countries impacted by severe atmospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Due to their moderately long lifetimes, O3 and PM can be transported over long distances, cross the boundaries of source regions and contribute to air pollution in other regions. The reported contributions of cross-regional transport (CRT) to O3 and fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations often exceed those of local emissions in the major regions of China, highlighting the important role of CRT in regional air pollution. Therefore, further improvement of air quality in China requires more joint efforts among regions to ensure a proper reduction in emissions while accounting for the influence of CRT. This review summarizes the methodologies employed to assess the influence of CRT on O3 and PM pollution as well as current knowledge of CRT influence in China. Quantifying CRT contributions in proportion to O3 and PM levels and studying detailed CRT processes of O3, PM and precursors can be both based on targeted observations and/or model simulations. Reported publications indicate that CRT contributes by 40-80 % to O3 and by 10-70 % to PM2.5 in various regions of China. These contributions exhibit notable spatiotemporal variations, with differences in meteorological conditions and/or emissions often serving as main drivers of such variations. Based on trajectory-based methods, transport pathways contributing to O3 and PM pollution in major regions of China have been revealed. Recent studies also highlighted the important role of horizontal transport in the middle/high atmospheric boundary layer or low free troposphere, of vertical exchange and mixing as well as of interactions between CRT, local meteorology and chemistry in the detailed CRT processes. Drawing on the current knowledge on the influence of CRT, this paper provides recommendations for future studies that aim at supporting ongoing air pollution mitigation strategies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Sichuan Academy of Environmental Policy and Planning, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China.
| | - Xipeng Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mihalis Vrekoussis
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Center of Studies of Air quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Guy P Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tingkun Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Teng Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xuhui Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Tang L, Sun Y, Lu W, Chen X, Mosa A, Minkina T, Gao Y, Ling W. A novel remediation strategy of mixed calcium peroxide and degrading bacteria for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134122. [PMID: 38552397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of toxic organic pollutants commonly detected in the aqueous phase. Traditional biodegradation is inefficient and advanced oxidation technologies are expensive. In the current study, a novel strategy was developed using calcium peroxide (CP) and PAH-degrading bacteria (PDB) to effectively augment PAH degradation by 28.62-59.22%. The PDB consisted of the genera Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Comamonas. Applying the response surface model (RSM), the most appropriate parameters were identified, and the predictive degradation rates of phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), and ΣPAHs were 98%, 76%, and 84%, respectively. The constructed mixed system could reduce 90% of Phe and more than 60% of ΣPAHs and will perform better at pH 5-7 and lower salinity. Because PAHs tend to bind to dissolved organic matter (DOM) with larger molecular weights, humic acid (HA) had a larger negative effect on the PAH-degradation efficiency of the CP-PDB mixed system than fulvic acid (FA). The proposed PAH-degradation pathways in the mixed system were based on the detection of intermediates at different times. The investigation constructed and optimized a novel environmental PAH-degradation strategy. The synergistic application of PDB and oxidation was extended for organic contaminant degradation in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuwen Chen
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D I Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Calderon-Arrieta D, Morales AC, Hettiyadura APS, Estock TM, Li C, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Enhanced Light Absorption and Elevated Viscosity of Atmospheric Brown Carbon through Evaporation of Volatile Components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7493-7504. [PMID: 38637508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Samples of brown carbon (BrC) material were collected from smoke emissions originating from wood pyrolysis experiments, serving as a proxy for BrC representative of biomass burning emissions. The acquired samples, referred to as "pyrolysis oil (PO1)," underwent subsequent processing by thermal evaporation of their volatile compounds, resulting in a set of three additional samples with volume reduction factors of 1.33, 2, and 3, denoted as PO1.33, PO2, and PO3. The chemical compositions of these POx samples and their BrC chromophore features were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The investigation revealed a noteworthy twofold enhancement of BrC light absorption observed for the progression of PO1 to PO3 samples, assessed across the spectral range of 300-500 nm. Concurrently, a decrease in the absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) from 11 to 7 was observed, indicating a weaker spectral dependence. The relative enhancement of BrC absorption at longer wavelengths was more significant, as exemplified by the increased mass absorption coefficient (MAC) measured at 405 nm from 0.1 to 0.5 m2/g. Molecular characterization further supports this darkening trend, manifesting as a depletion of small oxygenated, less absorbing monoaromatic compounds and the retention of relatively large, less polar, more absorbing constituents. Noteworthy alterations of the PO1 to PO3 mixtures included a reduction in the saturation vapor pressure of their components and an increase in viscosity. These changes were quantified by the mean values shifting from approximately 1.8 × 103 μg/m3 to 2.3 μg/m3 and from ∼103 Pa·s to ∼106 Pa·s, respectively. These results provide quantitative insights into the extent of BrC aerosol darkening during atmospheric aging through nonreactive evaporation. This new understanding will inform the refinement of atmospheric and chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Calderon-Arrieta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Taylor M Estock
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Myung H, Joung YS. Contribution of Particulates to Airborne Disease Transmission and Severity: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6846-6867. [PMID: 38568611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has catalyzed great interest in the spread of airborne pathogens. Airborne infectious diseases are classified into viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Environmental factors can elevate their transmission and lethality. Air pollution has been reported as the leading environmental cause of disease and premature death worldwide. Notably, ambient particulates of various components and sizes are harmful pollutants. There are two prominent health effects of particles in the atmosphere: (1) particulate matter (PM) penetrates the respiratory tract and adversely affects health, such as heart and respiratory diseases; and (2) bioaerosols of particles act as a medium for the spread of pathogens in the air. Particulates contribute to the occurrence of infectious diseases by increasing vulnerability to infection through inhalation and spreading disease through interactions with airborne pathogens. Here, we focus on the synergistic effects of airborne particulates on infectious disease. We outline the concepts and characteristics of bioaerosols, from their generation to transformation and circulation on Earth. Considering that microorganisms coexist with other particulates as bioaerosols, we investigate studies examining respiratory infections associated with airborne PM. Furthermore, we discuss four factors (meteorological, biological, physical, and chemical) that may impact the influence of PM on the survival of contagious pathogens in the atmosphere. Our review highlights the significant role of particulates in supporting the transmission of infectious aerosols and emphasizes the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Myung
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Joung
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Czech H, Popovicheva O, Chernov DG, Kozlov A, Schneider E, Shmargunov VP, Sueur M, Rüger CP, Afonso C, Uzhegov V, Kozlov VS, Panchenko MV, Zimmermann R. Wildfire plume ageing in the Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:35-55. [PMID: 37873726 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Plumes from wildfires are transported over large distances from remote to populated areas and threaten sensitive ecosystems. Dense wildfire plumes are processed by atmospheric oxidants and complex multiphase chemistry, differing from processes at typical ambient concentrations. For studying dense biomass burning plume chemistry in the laboratory, we establish a Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC) being the world's largest aerosol chamber with a volume of 1800 m3 and provide its figures of merit. While the photolysis rate of NO2 (jNO2) is comparable to that of other chambers, the PHOTO-LAC and its associated low surface-to-volume ratio lead to exceptionally low losses of particles to the walls. Photochemical ageing of toluene under high-NOx conditions induces substantial formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and brown carbon (BrC). Several individual nitrophenolic compounds could be detected by high resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrating similar photochemistry to other environmental chambers. Biomass burning aerosols are generated from pine wood and debris under flaming and smouldering combustion conditions and subsequently aged under photochemical and dark ageing conditions, thus resembling day- and night-time atmospheric chemistry. In the unprecedented long ageing with alternating photochemical and dark ageing conditions, the temporal evolution of particulate matter and its chemical composition is shown by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Due to the spacious cavity, the PHOTO-LAC may be used for applications requiring large amounts of particulate matter, such as comprehensive chemical aerosol characterisation or cell exposures under submersed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendryk Czech
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy G Chernov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eric Schneider
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir P Shmargunov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxime Sueur
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Viktor Uzhegov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valerii S Kozlov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Panchenko
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Kim P, Boothby C, Grassian VH, Continetti RE. Photoinduced Reactions of Nitrate in Aqueous Microdroplets by Triplet Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10677-10684. [PMID: 37988598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In-situ Raman spectroscopy of single levitated charged aqueous microdroplets irradiated by dual-beam (266 and 532 nm) lasers demonstrates that the nitrate anion (NO3-) can be depleted in the droplet through an energy transfer mechanism following excitation of sulfanilic acid (SA), a UV-absorbing aromatic organic compound. Upon 266 nm irradiation, a fast decrease of the NO3- concentration was observed when SA is present in the droplet. This photoinduced reaction occurs without the direct photolysis of NO3-. Instead, the rate of NO3- depletion was found to depend on the initial concentration of SA and the pH of the droplet. Based on absorption-emission spectral analysis and excited-state energy calculations, triplet-triplet energy transfer between SA and NO3- is proposed as the underlying mechanism for the depletion of NO3- in aqueous microdroplets. These results suggest that energy transfer mechanisms initiated by light-absorbing organic molecules may play a significant role in NO3- photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeongeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Christian Boothby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Robert E Continetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
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Su C, Zheng D, Zhang H, Liang R. The past 40 years' assessment of urban-rural differences in Benzo[a]pyrene contamination and human health risk in coastal China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165993. [PMID: 37536607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented many environmental regulations to battle against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination since the 1990s. It remains unclear how the exposure levels of PAHs changed quantitatively since reform and opening up in 1978 in China, whether the human health risks decreased or not, and how about the discrepancy between urban and rural areas. Here, taking Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the rapidly urbanized Bohai region of China as a case, we used the improved Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural model to simulate the multimedia concentrations of BaP from 1980 to 2020 based on BaP emissions at a regional scale. The total emission of BaP in 1990 was the highest, with a value of 240 t, while the urban emission peaked in 2010. The BaP emissions from rural areas were two to seven times higher than urban areas, and the differences became smaller over time. Despite this, the average modeled BaP concentrations in urban air and soil were two to tens fold higher than in rural areas, particularly in highly urbanized or industrialized cities. Mostly, the concentrations of BaP in rural areas peaked in 1990, while those in urban areas peaked in 1990 or 2010. Early urbanized Beijing and Tianjin were the hot-spot cities of BaP contamination before 2000, while after 2010, higher concentrations were found in late industrialized Shandong and Hebei. BaP posed potential cancer risks to local residents, and air inhalation accounted for more than 80 % of the total risk. Under the stronger implementation of environmental regulations since the 1990s, it showed great health benefits, particularly for the urban residents in Beijing and Tianjin. The biggest decline in cancer risk was found in the period 2010-2020, and the average decreasing rates were 61.4 % and 57.4 % for urban and rural areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Ward AD, Pfrang C. Molecular Self-Organization in Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxies. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2555-2568. [PMID: 37688543 PMCID: PMC10552546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Outdoors, they take part in the climate system via cloud droplet formation, and they contribute to indoor and outdoor air pollution, impacting human health and man-made environmental change. In the indoor environment, aerosols are formed by common activities such as cooking and cleaning. People can spend up to ca. 90% of their time indoors, especially in the western world. Therefore, there is a need to understand how indoor aerosols are processed in addition to outdoor aerosols.Surfactants make significant contributions to aerosol emissions, with sources ranging from cooking to sea spray. These molecules alter the cloud droplet formation potential by changing the surface tension of aqueous droplets and thus increasing their ability to grow. They can also coat solid surfaces such as windows ("window grime") and dust particles. Such surface films are more important indoors due to the higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to the outdoor environment, increasing the likelihood of surface film-pollutant interactions.A common cooking and marine emission, oleic acid, is known to self-organize into a range of 3-D nanostructures. These nanostructures are highly viscous and as such can impact the kinetics of aerosol and film aging (i.e., water uptake and oxidation). There is still a discrepancy between the longer atmospheric lifetime of oleic acid compared with laboratory experiment-based predictions.We have created a body of experimental and modeling work focusing on the novel proposition of surfactant self-organization in the atmosphere. Self-organized proxies were studied as nanometer-to-micrometer films, levitated droplets, and bulk mixtures. This access to a wide range of geometries and scales has resulted in the following main conclusions: (i) an atmospherically abundant surfactant can self-organize into a range of viscous nanostructures in the presence of other compounds commonly encountered in atmospheric aerosols; (ii) surfactant self-organization significantly reduces the reactivity of the organic phase, increasing the chemical lifetime of these surfactant molecules and other particle constituents; (iii) while self-assembly was found over a wide range of conditions and compositions, the specific, observed nanostructure is highly sensitive to mixture composition; and (iv) a "crust" of product material forms on the surface of reacting particles and films, limiting the diffusion of reactive gases to the particle or film bulk and subsequent reactivity. These findings suggest that hazardous, reactive materials may be protected in aerosol matrixes underneath a highly viscous shell, thus extending the atmospheric residence times of otherwise short-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Adam M. Squires
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, South Building, Soldier Down Ln,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Ward
- STFC
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central
Laser Facility, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6UR, U.K.
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Chen S, Li S, Li H, Du M, Ben S, Zheng R, Zhang Z, Wang M. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on cancer risk causally mediated via vitamin D levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2111-2120. [PMID: 37209380 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) widely exist in environmental substrates and are closely related to individual circulating vitamin D levels and tumorigenesis. Therefore, we proposed to evaluate the relationship between PAH exposure, vitamin D, and the risks for 14 cancer types via a causal inference framework underlying the mediation analysis. We evaluated seven urine monohydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) and serum vitamin D concentrations of 3306 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between the 2013 and 2016 survey cycles and measured PAH concentrations in 150 subjects from the Nanjing cohort. We observed a significant negative dose-response relationship between increased OH-PAH levels and vitamin D deficiency. Each unit increase in ∑OH-PAHs could lead to a decrease in vitamin D levels (βadj = -0.98, Padj = 2.05 × 10-4 ). Body mass index could have interaction effects with ∑OH-PAHs and affect vitamin D levels. Coexposure to naphthalene and fluorene metabolites mutually affected vitamin D levels. Notably, vitamin D could causally mediate the relationship between OH-PAHs and nine types of cancer (e.g., colorectal cancer, liver cancers, etc.). This study first emphasizes the causal cascade of individual OH-PAHs, vitamin D, and cancer risk, providing insights into prevention via the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Chen
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Ben
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Wang T, Xiang K, Zeng Y, Gu H, Guan Y, Chen S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, foliage, and litter in a subtropical forest: Spatioseasonal variations, partitioning, and litter-PAH degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121587. [PMID: 37028783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest canopies play a vital role in scavenging airborne semi-volatile organic compounds. The present study measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the understory air (at two heights), foliage, and litterfall in a subtropical rainforest (the Dinghushan mountain) in southern China. ∑17PAH concentrations in the air ranged from 2.75 to 44.0 ng/m3 (mean = 8.91 ng/m3), showing a spatial variation depending on the forest canopy coverage. Vertical distributions of the understory air concentrations also indicated PAH inputs from the above-canopy air. The concentrations of PAHs in fresh litter (with a mean of 261 ± 163 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were slightly lower than those in the foliage (362 ± 291 ng/g dw). Unlike the stable air PAH concentrations for most of the time of the year, the temporal variations of foliage and litter concentrations were remarkable but generally similar. Higher or comparable leaf/litter-air partition coefficients (KLA) in fresh litter compared with living KLA in leaves suggest that the forest litter layer is an efficient storage media for PAHs. Degradation of three-ring PAHs in litter under the field conditions follows first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.81), while the degradation is moderate for four-ring PAHs and insignificant for five- and six-ring PAHs. The yearly net cumulative deposition of PAHs through forest litterfall in the whole Dinghushan forest area over the sampling year was about 1.1 kg, 46% of the initial deposition (2.4 kg). This spatial variations study provides the results of in-field degradation of litter PAHs and makes a quantitative assessment of the litter deposition of PAHs, deducing their residence dynamics in the litter layer in a subtropical rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Kai Xiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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11
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Li B, Lin Y, Wang T, Jiang W, Wang X. Atmospheric benzo[a]pyrene in the Yangtze River Delta, China: pollution level and lung cancer risk in 2016 and future predictions. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:4719-4735. [PMID: 36920584 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has undergone widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution. In this study, we simulated the spatial distribution of atmospheric benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the most carcinogenic PAH) in the YRD in 2016 and 2030 under different emission scenarios using a 3-D atmospheric transport model and evaluated the lung cancer risks posed by BaP during the study years. The purpose of this study is to suggest targeted policy recommendations for policy-makers to mitigate BaP pollution through numerical simulation. Our results showed that the average BaP concentration in the YRD was 0.30 ng/m3 in 2016; however, a significant spatial variation was observed, with the highest BaP concentration in Shanghai (0.59 ng/m3). The population-weighted incremental lifetime lung cancer risk (PILCR) was 6.67 × 10-6 in 2016, whereas it ranged from 2.70 × 10-6 to 1.05 × 10-5 in 2030 under the five emission scenarios. A higher future population density in the YRD region could increase lung cancer risk. In all scenarios, Shanghai had the highest number of lung cancer cases (range: 208-476). The results suggest that BaP pollution could be effectively improved through the synergistic effect of reducing activity levels and improving technology. Finally, we provide specific suggested pollution control strategies (e.g., accelerating the use of clean energy in rural areas) for atmospheric BaP in the YRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yingzhen Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Wanyanhan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Land Development and Consolidation Center, Nanjing, 210017, China
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12
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Lin X, Qiao B, Chang R, Li Y, Zheng W, He Z, Tian Y. Characterization of two keystone taxa, sulfur-oxidizing, and nitrate-reducing bacteria, by tracking their role transitions in the benzo[a]pyrene degradative microbiome. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:139. [PMID: 37355612 PMCID: PMC10290299 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keystone taxa are drivers of microbiome structure and functioning, which may play critical roles in microbiome-level responses to recalcitrant pollution and are a key to bioremediation. However, the characterization and manipulation of such taxa is a major challenge due to the complexity of microbial communities and rapid turnover in both time and space. Here, microcosms were set up with benzo[a]-pyrene (BaP) and/or nitrate based on C-rich, S-rich, and N-limited mangrove sediments as reductive experimental models to trigger and track the turnover of keystone taxa to address this challenge. RESULTS Based on microbial co-occurrence network analysis, two keystone taxa, Sulfurovum and Sulfurimonas, were found to exhibit significant role transitions in different microcosms, where these two taxa played nonkeystone roles with neutral relationships in in situ mangrove sediments. However, Sulfurimonas transitioned to be keystone taxa in nitrate-replenished microcosms and formed a keystone guild with Thioalkalispira. Sulfurovum stood out in BaP-added microcosms and mutualized in a densely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrader-centric keystone guild with Novosphingobium and Robiginitalea, where 63.25% of added BaP was removed. Under the occurrence of nitrate and BaP, they simultaneously played roles as keystone taxa in their respective guilds but exhibited significant competition. Comparative genomics and metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) analysis was then performed to reveal the metabolic potential of those keystone taxa and to empirically deduce their functional role in keystone guilds. Sulfurimonas possesses a better sense system and motility, indicative of its aggressive role in nitrate acquisition and conversion; Sulfurovum exhibited a better ability for oxidation resistance and transporting nutrients and electrons. High-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase reaction (hiTAIL-PCR) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeling approaches were employed to capture and label the BaP key degrader to further experimentally verify the roles of keystone taxa Sulfurovum in the keystone guilds. Observations of the enhancement in reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal, cell growth, and degradation efficiency by co-culture of isolated keystone taxa strains experimentally demonstrated that Sulfurovum contributes to the BaP degradative microbiome against BaP toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the combined use of co-occurrence network analysis, comparative genomics, and co-culture of captured keystone taxa (3C-strategy) in microbial communities whose structure is strongly shaped by changing environmental factors can characterize keystone taxa roles in keystone guilds and may provide targets for manipulation to improve the function of the microbiome. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Baoyi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ruirui Chang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhili He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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13
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Wang T, Li B, Huang T, Jiang W, Yang Y, Liao H. Long-term spatiotemporal variation and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1429-1443. [PMID: 35461385 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which is the most developed region in China, suffers from atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution. However, the long-term spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric PAHs and the lung cancer risk caused by PAH exposure in the YRD remain unclear. Herein, we simulated the daily atmospheric concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the most carcinogenic PAH) from 2001 to 2016 using an atmospheric transport model. During this period, the atmospheric BaP concentration showed a general trend of first increasing and then decreasing (average BaP concentration = 0.50 ± 0.12 ng/m3) and was highest in 2005 (0.72 ng/m3). Moreover, the BaP concentration in Jiangsu and Shanghai was 5.17- and 4.98-fold higher than that in Zhejiang. BaP pollution was severe in Jiangsu during the winter. The average area proportion of BaP exceeding the national standard in winter in Jiangsu was 69.09%. The population-weighted incremental lifetime cancer risk from 2001 to 2016 ranged 6.67 × 10-6-1.50 × 10-5, and the excess lung cancer cases ranged 1054-2130. Compared with 2005, excess lung cancer cases in the YRD decreased by 49.49% in 2016. Reducing BaP pollution in winter in Jiangsu is crucial for reducing lung cancer risk in the YRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wanyanhan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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14
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Sengupta D, Samburova V, Bhattarai C, Moosmüller H, Khlystov A. Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from laboratory biomass-burning and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161857. [PMID: 36731568 PMCID: PMC10990481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be emitted from different combustion sources including domestic biomass burning, internal combustion engines, and biomass burning (BB) in wild, prescribed, and agricultural fires. With climate warming and consequent global increases in frequency and severity of wildfires, BB is a dominant source of PAHs emitted into the atmosphere. In this study, six globally and regionally important and representative fuels (Alaskan peat, Moscow peat, Pskov peat, eucalyptus, Malaysian peat, and Malaysian agricultural peat) were burned under controlled conditions in the combustion chamber facility at the Desert Research Institute (DRI, Reno, NV, USA). Gas- and particle-phase BB emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) to mimic five to sevendays of atmospheric aging. To sample gas- and particle-phase BB emissions, fresh and OFR-aged biomass-burning aerosols were collected on Teflon-impregnated glass fiber filters (TIGF) in tandem with XAD resin media for organic carbon speciation. The objectives of this study were to i) quantify the emission factors for 113 PAHs emitted from the combustion of the six selected fuels, ii) characterize the distribution of PAH compounds between gas and particle phases for these fuels, iii) identify the changes in PAHs during OFR-aging, and iv) evaluate toxicity potential with characterized compounds. We found that combustion emissions of gas-phase PAHs were more abundant (>80 % by mass) than particle-phase PAHs, for emissions from all combusted fuels. The mass fraction of substituted napthalenes in Moscow peat and Malaysian peat emissions were ∼70 % & 84 %, respectively, whereas in Eucalyptus the same fraction was <50 %, which indicates that these substituted compounds can be used as tracers for peat emissions. Mass concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAHs were reduced by ∼70 % after OFR oxidation. However, the understanding of the fate of PAHs during OFR oxidation requires further investigations. Our results also indicate that the PAH toxicity of BB samples would be underestimated by 10-100 times if only the BaPeq for the 16 US EPA priority PAHs in the particle phase are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Sengupta
- Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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15
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Gosline SJC, Kim DN, Pande P, Thomas DG, Truong L, Hoffman P, Barton M, Loftus J, Moran A, Hampton S, Dowson S, Franklin L, Degnan D, Anderson L, Thessen A, Tanguay RL, Anderson KA, Waters KM. The Superfund Research Program Analytics Portal: linking environmental chemical exposure to biological phenotypes. Sci Data 2023; 10:151. [PMID: 36944655 PMCID: PMC10030892 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The OSU/PNNL Superfund Research Program (SRP) represents a longstanding collaboration to quantify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at various superfund sites in the Pacific Northwest and assess their potential impact on human health. To link the chemical measurements to biological activity, we describe the use of the zebrafish as a high-throughput developmental toxicity model that provides quantitative measurements of the exposure to chemicals. Toward this end, we have linked over 150 PAHs found at Superfund sites to the effect of these same chemicals in zebrafish, creating a rich dataset that links environmental exposure to biological response. To quantify this response, we have implemented a dose-response modelling pipeline to calculate benchmark dose parameters which enable potency comparison across over 500 chemicals and 12 of the phenotypes measured in zebrafish. We provide a rich dataset for download and analysis as well as a web portal that provides public access to this dataset via an interactive web site designed to support exploration and re-use of these data by the scientific community at http://srp.pnnl.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doo Nam Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Loftus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Addy Moran
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Shawn Hampton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Scott Dowson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - David Degnan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Anne Thessen
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Katrina M Waters
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, WA, USA.
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16
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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17
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Zhen Z, Yin Y, Zhang H, Li J, Hu J, Li L, Kuang X, Chen K, Wang H, Yu Q, Zhang X. Assessment of factors affecting the diurnal variations of atmospheric PAHs based on a numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158975. [PMID: 36152850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of organic pollutants that seriously endanger human health. Obtaining the diurnal variations of PAHs and clarifying their impact mechanisms are significant for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. However, the influencing factors that dominate the diurnal variations of common PAHs are currently unclear. In order to solve this problem, 16 PAHs selected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority-controlled pollutants were simulated with high resolution. The simulation results were validated based on diurnal observations in the vertical direction. Although the model underestimated the particle-phase concentrations of most components, it captured their diurnal variations fairly well. In addition, we assessed the factors affecting the diurnal variations of PAHs with sensitivity tests, including chemical reactions and atmospheric diffusion. The results showed that the transforming ratios of PAHs by oxidants were higher during the day than that at night due to the dominant reactions with OH radical. Atmospheric dispersion affected the vertical distribution of PAHs, which resulted in higher day/night ratios at high altitudes than near the ground. We also compared the strength of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reaction on the diurnal trends of PAHs. Near the ground, atmospheric diffusion was the most dominant factor in determining their diurnal trends. At high altitudes, their diurnal trends were determined by a combination of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reactions. These findings can provide a comprehensive understanding of the diurnal variations of common PAHs, which are informative for the prevention and control of PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiu Zhen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qingyuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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18
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Jiang L, Xiao Q, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Chen L, Lu S. Association between fetal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and low birth weight: a case-control study in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88779-88787. [PMID: 35840835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fetus development have raised widespread concerns in recent years, although current epidemiological findings are conflicting. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between PAH concentrations in maternal serum and low birth weight (LBW). A questionnaire survey was conducted among 144 (72 pairs) neonates with normal or LBW and their mothers at four different hospitals in Shenzhen, China. Peripheral blood from primiparas and umbilical cord blood from neonates were collected. Concentrations of PAHs were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The detection frequencies of PAHs were relatively higher in the peripheral blood samples, while levels of low molecular weight PAHs were greater than high molecular weight PAHs in both peripheral and umbilical cord blood samples. Phenanthrene was frequently detected in blood samples from the case and control groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that acenaphthene in peripheral blood was positively associated with LBW (p < 0.05). This study found a relationship between exposure to certain PAHs and LBW, although future studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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19
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Shu Y, Song X, Lan F, Zhao C, Guan Q, Li W. N-Doped Carbon Interior-Modified Mesoporous Silica-Confined Nickel Nanoclusters for Stereoselective Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Xiaoyun Song
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Fujun Lan
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Qingxin Guan
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
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20
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Dong W, Shen X, Wan Y, Cao Z, Wei Y, Liu Y. Adsorption/desorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene in a binary competitive system in the riparian zone. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3875-3890. [PMID: 34724146 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (Nap) and phenanthrene (Phe) are organic pollutants that are of concern because of their environmental toxicity. Adsorption is a promising process for the removal of Nap and Phe from water and soil. The riparian zone between a river and a riparian aquifer, which is rich in adsorption medium, may be important for PAH remediation. Nap and Phe may be removed from the surface water through adsorption by the media in the riparian zone. However, there is still a lack of the removal patterns and mechanisms of media in the riparian zone to remediate water contaminated by Nap and Phe simultaneously. In this study, focusing on the typical PAHs (Nap and Phe) as target pollutants, batch static adsorption and desorption experiments of Nap and Phe were carried out to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of Nap and Phe in the binary system. Batch dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to ascertain the adsorption regulation of Nap and Phe in sediments during the recharge of groundwater by river water in a riparian zone. The static adsorption experiment results showed that competitive adsorption of Nap and Phe occurred, and a mutual inhibitory effect of Nap and Phe adsorption was observed in the binary system. Phe had a stronger inhibitory effect on Nap, Phe was preferentially adsorbed on the medium in binary adsorption. The results of batch dynamic experiments showed that, in terms of adsorption, the riparian zone in the study area showed stronger performance for removal of Phe than Nap. The results of this paper could be useful for alleviating Nap and Phe pollution of groundwater and developing treatment protocols for groundwater exposed to Nap and Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaofang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuyu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environments, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
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21
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Lian X, Zhang G, Yang Y, Chen M, Yang W, Cheng C, Huang B, Fu Z, Bi X, Zhou Z, Li M. Measurement of the mixing state of PAHs in individual particles and its effect on PAH transport in urban and remote areas and from major sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114075. [PMID: 35963317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although recent laboratory simulations have demonstrated that organic matter prevents the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their role in the long-range transport of PAHs in the real atmosphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs-containing individual particles in aerosols from three sources, one urban area and one remote area. PAHs-containing particles were classified into five types: organic carbon (OC), potassium mixed with organic carbon (KOC), potassium mixed with sodium (KNa), Krich and PAH-rich. The PAH-rich and KOC particles were the main types of particles produced by vehicle exhaust/coal burning and biomass burning, respectively, accounting for >50% of the PAHs-containing particles. It was found that organic matter enhancement of PAHs-containing particles occurs in the ambient atmosphere, with organic-rich (OC and KOC) particles accounting for >90%. Further analysis revealed that the increase in the fractions of PAHs was related to the mixing state with organic compounds due to the protection of organics against PAHs and/or the aging of PAHs-containing particles. The results of this study improve our understanding of the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs particles in atmospheric aerosols from emission sources and urban and remote areas, and provide field observation evidence to support the promotion of the study of long-range transport of PAHs by organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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22
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Sunlight can convert atmospheric aerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208121119. [PMID: 36269861 PMCID: PMC9618061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol is well known to affect Earth's climate, regional weather, visibility, and public health. Once these aerosols are formed, they are transported throughout the atmosphere for days or even weeks. We show that exposure of secondary organic aerosols to UV solar radiation leads to a surprising and remarkable increase in viscosity by as much as five orders of magnitude. We also show that this UV exposure can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols that are in the glassy solid state in the troposphere, with important implications for climate predictions. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that aging by exposure to solar radiation needs to be considered when predicting the environmental impacts of secondary organic aerosols. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical, yet uncertain, role in air quality and climate. Once formed, SOA is transported throughout the atmosphere and is exposed to solar UV light. Information on the viscosity of SOA, and how it may change with solar UV exposure, is needed to accurately predict air quality and climate. However, the effect of solar UV radiation on the viscosity of SOA and the associated implications for air quality and climate predictions is largely unknown. Here, we report the viscosity of SOA after exposure to UV radiation, equivalent to a UV exposure of 6 to 14 d at midlatitudes in summer. Surprisingly, UV-aging led to as much as five orders of magnitude increase in viscosity compared to unirradiated SOA. This increase in viscosity can be rationalized in part by an increase in molecular mass and oxidation of organic molecules constituting the SOA material, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that UV-aging can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols in the atmosphere in a glassy solid state. Therefore, UV-aging could represent an unrecognized source of nuclei for ice clouds in the atmosphere, with important implications for Earth’s energy budget. We also show that UV-aging increases the mixing times within SOA particles by up to five orders of magnitude throughout the troposphere with important implications for predicting the growth, evaporation, and size distribution of SOA, and hence, air pollution and climate.
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23
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Quant I, Terrill NJ, Huband S, Woden B, Cabrera-Martinez ER, Pfrang C. Exploring the Nanostructures Accessible to an Organic Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7331-7341. [PMID: 36169656 PMCID: PMC9574911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The composition of atmospheric aerosols varies with time,
season,
location, and environment. This affects key aerosol properties such
as hygroscopicity and reactivity, influencing the aerosol’s
impact on the climate and air quality. The organic fraction of atmospheric
aerosol emissions often contains surfactant material, such as fatty
acids. These molecules are known to form three-dimensional nanostructures
in contact with water. Different nanostructures have marked differences
in viscosity and diffusivity that are properties whose understanding
is essential when considering an aerosol’s atmospheric impact.
We have explored a range of nanostructures accessible to the organic
surfactant oleic acid (commonly found in cooking emissions), simulating
variation that is likely to happen in the atmosphere. This was achieved
by changing the amount of water, aqueous phase salinity and by addition
of other commonly coemitted compounds: sugars and stearic acid (the
saturated analogue of oleic acid). The nanostructure was observed
by both synchrotron and laboratory small/wide angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS/WAXS) and found to be sensitive to the proxy composition. Additionally,
the spacing between repeat units in these nanostructures was water
content dependent (i.e., an increase from 41 to 54 Å in inverse
hexagonal phase d-spacing when increasing the water
content from 30 to 50 wt %), suggesting incorporation of water within
the nanostructure. A significant decrease in mixture viscosity was
also observed with increasing water content from ∼104 to ∼102 Pa s when increasing the water content
from 30 to 60 wt %. Time-resolved SAXS experiments on levitated droplets
of this proxy confirm the phase changes observed in bulk phase mixtures
and demonstrate that coexistent nanostructures can form in droplets.
Aerosol compositional and subsequent nanostructural changes could
affect aerosol processes, leading to an impact on the climate and
urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, South Building, Soldier Down Ln, Claverton Down BA2 7AX, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Quant
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Huband
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Woden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Edna R Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, RG6 6BB, Reading, United Kingdom
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24
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Barth C, Hinz KP, Spengler B. Particle characterization and quantification of organic and inorganic compounds from Chinese and Iranian aerosol filter samples using scanning laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7223-7241. [PMID: 36048190 PMCID: PMC9482912 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides their influence on climate and cloud formation, many organic and inorganic substances in aerosol particles pose a risk to human health. Namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals are suspected to be carcinogenic or acutely toxic. The detection and quantification of such compounds is difficult if only small amounts of particulate matter (PM) are available. In addition, filter samples are often complex and time-consuming to prepare for chromatographic measurements and elemental analysis. Here, we present a method based on high-resolution atmospheric pressure laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-LDI-MSI) and statistical analysis which allows the analysis and characterization of very small sample quantities (< 30 µg) without any sample preparation. The power and simplicity of the method is demonstrated by two filter samples from heavily polluted mega cities. The samples were collected in Tehran (Iran) and Hangzhou (China) in February 2018. In the course of the measurement, more than 3200 sum formulae were assigned, which allowed a statistical evaluation of colocalized substances within the particles on the filter samples. This resulted in a classification of the different particle types on the filters. Finally, both megacities could be distinguished based on characteristic compounds. In the samples from Tehran, the number of sulphur-containing organic compounds was up to 6 times as high as the samples from Hangzhou, possibly due to the increasing efforts of the Chinese government to reduce sulphur emissions in recent years. Additionally, quantification of 13 PAH species was carried out via standard addition. Especially, the samples from Tehran showed elevated concentrations of PAHs, which in the case of higher-molecular-weight species (> m/z 228) were mostly more than twice as high as in Hangzhou. Both cities showed high levels of heavy metals and potentially harmful organic compounds, although their share of total particulate matter was significantly higher in the samples from Tehran. The pre-treatment of the samples was reduced to a minimum with this method, and only small amounts of particles were required to obtain a comprehensive picture for a specific filter sample. The described method provides faster and better control of air pollution in heavily polluted megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Barth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.
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25
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Zhang J, Liu D, Kong S, Wu Y, Li S, Hu D, Hu K, Ding S, Qiu H, Li W, Liu Q. Contrasting resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to atmospheric oxidation influenced by burning conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113107. [PMID: 35305979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determines their lifetime, toxicity and consequent environmental and climate impacts. The residential solid fuel burning composes of a substantial fraction of PAH emissions; however, their oxidation rate is yet to be explicitly understood, which is complicated by the contrasting emission factors under different combustion conditions and their subsequent evolution in the atmosphere. Here we used a plume evolution chamber using ambient oxidants to simulate the evolution of residential solid fuel burning emissions under real-world solar radiation, and then to investigate the oxidation process of the emitted PAHs. Contrasting oxidation rate of PAHs was found to be influenced by particles with or without presence of substantial amount of black carbon (BC). In the flaming burning phase, which contained 46% of BC mass fraction and 8% of organic aerosol (OA) internally mixed with BC, the larger PAHs (with 4-7 rings) was rapidly oxidized 12% for every hour of evolution under solar radiation; however, the larger PAHs from smoldering phase tended to maintain unmodified during the evolution, when 95% of OA was externally mixed with only minor fraction of BC (<5%). This may be ascribed to the complex morphology of BC, allowing more exposure for the internally-mixed OA to the oxidants; in contrast with those externally-mixed OA which was prone to be coated by condensed secondary substances. This raises an important consideration about the particle mixing state in influencing the oxidation of PAHs, particularly the coating on PAHs which may extend their lifetime and environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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26
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Tong YK, Liu Y, Meng X, Wang J, Zhao D, Wu Z, Ye A. The relative humidity-dependent viscosity of single quasi aerosol particles and possible implications for atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10514-10523. [PMID: 35441631 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity is a fundamental physicochemical property of aerosol particles that influences chemical evolution, mass transfer rates, particle formation, etc. and also changes with ambient relative humidity (RH). However, the viscosity of real individual aerosol particles still remains less understood. Here, we developed a novel optical system based on dual optical tweezers to measure the viscosity of single suspending aerosol droplets under different RH conditions. In our experiment, a pair of quasi atmospheric aerosol droplets composed of organic and inorganic chemical substances were trapped and levitated by dual laser beams, respectively, and then collided and coalesced. The backscattering light signals and bright-field images of the dynamic coalescence process were recorded to infer the morphological relaxation time and the diameter of the composited droplet. Then, the viscosity of the droplet was calculated based on these measured values. The ambient RH of the aerosol droplets was controlled by varying the relative flow rates of dry and humidified nitrogen gas in a self-developed aerosol chamber. The viscosities of single aqueous droplets nebulized with solutes of sucrose, various sulfates and nitrates, and organic/inorganic mixtures were measured over the atmospheric RH range. Besides, the viscosities of the proxies of actual ambient aerosols in Beijing were investigated, which reasonably interpreted the aerosol chemistry transforming from sulfate dominating to nitrate dominating at the PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm) level in the last decade in Beijing. Furthermore, the hygroscopicity of droplets with a solute of organic/inorganic mixtures was researched to obtain a deep insight into the relationship between the viscosity and mass transfer process. Hence, we provide a robust approach for investigating the viscosity and hygroscopicity of the actual individual liquid PM10 aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Tong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiangxinyue Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Dongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anpei Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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27
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Tang L, Zhang X, Li Z, Gudda FO, Waigi MG, Wang J, Liu H, Gao Y. Enhanced PAHs-contaminated site soils remediation by mixed persulfate and calcium peroxide. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114363. [PMID: 35074729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain in the site soils after relocated coking plants and oil refineries pose huge constraints to the subsequent land utilization. However, single persulfate (PS) or calcium peroxide (CP) remediation strategies can only inefficiently oxidize some PAHs in soil. This work sought to optimize PS/CP oxidation remediation strategy and verify its practical application effect in soil samples spiked with PAHs. The results showed that the mixed PS/CP oxidation remediation was better than the single oxidants strategies; it had high remediation performance in different particles and pollution loads of PAHs-contaminated soils. Simultaneously, reactive radicals (SO4·- and ·OH) were detected, and one side-product (CaSO4) was characterized. This work optimized the mixed PS/CP system (0.3 mol/L PS, and 8 g/kg CP, together with 0.18 mol/L Fe2+ and 0.11 mol/L C2O42-), and the corresponding Total-PAHs removal rate was 85.41%. Compared to the cost based on benzopyrene (BaP) removal, the study provided a cost-effective mixed PS/CP oxidation remediation technique (1.22 $/ton), widely applicable in soils polluted with various organic contaminants represented such as PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zekai Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Guan Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Li D, Mo L, Chen S, Mai B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in fine particulate matter on a tropical island in the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128071. [PMID: 34922134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of hazardous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in remote tropical regions are rare. In this study, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs)], organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS). The concentrations of PACs (median = 53.5 pg/m3) were substantially low compared with previous measurements. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model showed that the eastern and southern China was the main source region of PAC, occurring largely during the northeast (NE) monsoon. The PM2.5 showed remarkably high concentrations of OPEs (median = 3231 pg/m3) and moderate concentrations of PAEs (13,013 pg/m3). Some Southeast Asian countries were largely responsible for their higher concentrations, driven by the tropical SCS monsoons. We found significant atmospheric loss of the SVOCs, which is an explanation for the low concentrations of PACs. Enhanced formation of N/OPAHs originated from tropical regions was also observed. The positive matrix factorization model was applied to apportion the SVOC sources. The results, as well as correlation analyses of the SVOC concentrations, further indicate insignificant local sources and enhanced atmospheric reactions on this island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Hrdina AI, Kohale IN, Kaushal S, Kelly J, Selin NE, Engelward BP, Kroll JH. The Parallel Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Body and in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:25004. [PMID: 35225689 PMCID: PMC8884122 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from combustion sources are known to be mutagenic, with more potent species also being carcinogenic. Previous studies show that PAHs can undergo complex transformations both in the body and in the atmosphere, yet these transformation processes are generally investigated separately. OBJECTIVES Drawing from the literature in atmospheric chemistry and toxicology, we highlight the parallel transformations of PAHs that occur in the atmosphere and the body and discuss implications for public health. We also examine key uncertainties related to the toxicity of atmospheric oxidation products of PAHs and explore critical areas for future research. DISCUSSION We focus on a key mode of toxicity for PAHs, in which metabolic processes (driven by cytochrome P450 enzymes), leads to the formation of oxidized PAHs that can damage DNA. Such species can also be formed abiotically in the atmosphere from natural oxidation processes, potentially augmenting PAH toxicity by skipping the necessary metabolic steps that activate their mutagenicity. Despite the large body of literature related to these two general pathways, the extent to which atmospheric oxidation affects a PAH's overall toxicity remains highly uncertain. Combining knowledge and promoting collaboration across both fields can help identify key oxidation pathways and the resulting products that impact public health. CONCLUSIONS Cross-disciplinary research, in which toxicology studies evaluate atmospheric oxidation products and their mixtures, and atmospheric measurements examine the formation of compounds that are known to be most toxic. Close collaboration between research communities can help narrow down which PAHs, and which PAH degradation products, should be targeted when assessing public health risks. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy I.H. Hrdina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ishwar N. Kohale
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simran Kaushal
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Kelly
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Nguyen TNT, Vuong QT, Lee SJ, Xiao H, Choi SD. Identification of source areas of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ulsan, South Korea, using hybrid receptor models and the conditional bivariate probability function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:140-151. [PMID: 34981807 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identifies the emission source areas for the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in Ulsan, South Korea. To achieve this, in addition to a conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), two hybrid receptor models - the three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF) model and the 3D concentration weighted function (3D-CWT) model - were used, both of which adopt trajectory segments within the mixing layer. Notably, the fraction-weighted trajectory (FWT), a combination of PAH gas/particle partitioning with a hybrid receptor model, was introduced for the first time in this study to support the identification of emission source areas using other approaches (i.e., 3D-PSCF, 3D-CWT, and CBPF). Consequently, it was found that gaseous PAHs in Ulsan mostly originated from local emission sources (i.e., transportation and industrial emissions) throughout the year, whereas particulate PAHs were likely to originate from emission sources in China (e.g., Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) during spring and winter via long-range transport. However, in summer and fall, the influence of local emissions on particulate PAHs appeared to be stronger. The FWT was able to distinguish between local and distant sources more effectively, especially in summer and fall, i.e., the periods when local sources increased their contribution. This study thus increases the understanding of the long-range transport of PAHs in Northeast Asia, and the novel FWT approach exhibits the potential to be employed in the source area identification of various semi-volatile organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 72710, Vietnam
| | - Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Cheng M, Zhou Q, Wang L, Jiao Y, Liu Y, Tan L, Zhu H, Nagawa S, Wei H, Yang Z, Yang Q, Huang X. A new mechanism by which environmental hazardous substances enhance their toxicities to plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126802. [PMID: 34396977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of hazardous substances enhances their toxicities to plants, but its mechanism is still unclear due to the unknown cytochemical behavior of hazardous substance in plants. In this study, by using interdisciplinary methods, we observed the cytochemical behavior of coexisting hazardous substances {terbium [Tb(III)], benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and cadmium [Cd(II)] in environments} in plants and thus identified a new mechanism by which coexisting hazardous substances in environments enhance their toxicities to plants. First, Tb(III) at environmental exposure level (1.70 × 10-10 g/L) breaks the inert rule of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in leaf cells. Specifically, Tb(III) binds to its receptor [FASCICLIN-like arabinogalactan protein 17 (FLA17)] on the plasma membrane of leaf cells and then docks to an intracellular adaptor protein [adaptor protein 2 (AP2)] to form ternary complex [Tb(III)-FLA17-AP2], which finally initiates CME pathway in leaf cells. Second, coexisting Tb(III), BaP and Cd(II) in environments are simultaneously transported into leaf cells via Tb(III)-initiated CME pathway, leading to the accumulation of them in leaf cells. Finally, these accumulated hazardous substances simultaneously poison plant leaf cells. These results provide theoretical and experimental bases for elucidating the mechanisms of hazardous substances in environments poisoning plants, evaluating their risks, and protecting ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Cheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201602
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201602
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-University of California, Riverside Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China 350002
| | - Haiyan Wei
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-University of California, Riverside Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China 350002; Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023.
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32
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Jaafar W, Zaherddine V, Hussein F, Saliba NA, Hayeck N. Poor regulation implications in a low and middle income country based on PAH source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1986-1996. [PMID: 34755749 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected for one year at an urban background site, and spatially and temporally compared to yearly averages in three coastal cities in Lebanon. The samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and source apportioned with an optimized robust method using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three major sources were found to contribute to PAH emissions at the urban background site, namely, traffic (48%), diesel generators (23%), and incineration (29%). The cancer risk was found higher than what was measured at the same site in previous years with an increase of 35%. Improper regulations of the sources (incineration, power plant, diesel generators and traffic) identified in the different sites resulted in PAH intraurban variability. It is essential to study the chemical components of particulate matter (PM) in order to assess toxicity. In particular, particle-bound PAHs and their oxidation products are known for their carcinogenicity as well as their persistence in the atmosphere, which facilitate their transport to new locations. In the absence of law enforcement, unregulated sources and their total contribution to ambient PAHs present a major health risk. This calls for the attention of development funding agencies and their need to implement sustainable "carbon-free" funding strategies in support of urban development of low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiaam Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vera Zaherddine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Hayeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon.
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33
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Let S, Dutta S, Samanta P, Sharma S, Ghosh SK. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Embedded Ionic Microporous Polymer Composite as an Efficient Scavenger of Organic Micropollutants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51474-51484. [PMID: 34669390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A cationic microporous composite polymer (120-TMA@Fe) bearing free exchangeable chloride anions alongside easy magnetic separation was crafted through post-polymerization structure modulation. The precursor polymer 120-Cl was synthesized via an "external cross-linking" strategy in a straightforward one-pot Friedel-Crafts reaction. Subsequently, a cationic network accommodating magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, viz., 120-TMA@Fe was fabricated through chemical modifications. 120-TMA@Fe displayed excellent adsorption proficiency both in terms of rapid kinetics and maximum uptake capacity when screened for a wide range of organic micropollutants of various categories. Amongst the tested pollutants, including anionic dyes, aromatic models, plastic components, and pharmaceuticals, 120-TMA@Fe illustrated exceptional performance in removing all of these model pollutants with adsorption equilibrium reaching within only 5 min. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model determined the theoretical maximum uptake capacity (qmax,e) of 120-TMA@Fe to be 357 mg g-1 for methyl orange dye, 555 mg g-1 for plasticizer bisphenol A, and 285 mg g-1 for antibiotic ibuprofen. Additionally, 120-TMA@Fe showed unaltered performance upon harsh chemical treatment as well as in complex real-world samples. The potency of 120-TMA@Fe was further supported by its outstanding regeneration performance up to 10 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Let
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Subhajit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Partha Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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Wilczyńska-Michalik W, Różańska A, Bulanda M, Chmielarczyk A, Pietras B, Michalik M. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of urban aerosols in Krakow (Poland) and their potential health impact. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4601-4626. [PMID: 33913083 PMCID: PMC8528768 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eight aerosol samples were collected in Krakow using a low-volume sampler in February and March 2019 during variable meteorological conditions and times of the day, to study their single particles' properties (size, morphology and chemical composition analyzed using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive spectrometer) and microbiological characteristics. The content of particles of different chemical compositions larger than 2.5 μm was low. Considering the number of the particles, submicron particles strongly dominated with a high content of ultrafine particles (nanoparticles). Tar ball-type particles were relatively common in the studied samples, while soot was the dominant component. Soot was present as small agglomerates composed of few particles, but also as bigger agglomerates. Metal-containing particles of various chemical characteristics were abundant, with transition metals commonly occurring in these particles. The physicochemical characteristics of aerosols indicate that despite a relatively low mass concentration, their adverse health impact could be very strong because of the high content of nanoparticles, the abundance of soot and other fuel combustion-related particles, and the high incidence of transition metal-rich particles. Microbiological analysis was based on cultures on both solid and liquid agar. The MALDI-TOF method was used for species identification-for bacteria and fungi. Twelve different species of bacteria were isolated from the collected samples of aerosols. The most frequently isolated species was Gram-positive sporulating Bacillus licheniformis. The isolated mold fungi were of the genus Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Różańska
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bulanda
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pietras
- Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University in Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Michalik
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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35
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Philippov A, Chibiryaev A, Martyanov O. Catalyzed transfer hydrogenation by 2-propanol for highly selective PAHs reduction. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Sankhyan S, Patel S, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Nazaroff WW, Vance ME. Indoor black carbon and brown carbon concentrations from cooking and outdoor penetration: insights from the HOMEChem study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1476-1487. [PMID: 34523653 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions from cooking are a major contributor to residential indoor air pollution and could also contribute to ambient concentrations. An important constituent of these emissions is light-absorbing carbon, including black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). This work characterizes the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources of BC and BrC to the indoor environment by concurrently measuring real-time concentrations of these air pollutants indoors and outdoors during the month-long HOMEChem study. The median indoor-to-outdoor ratios of BC and BrC during the periods of no activity inside the test house were 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. The absorption Ångström exponent was used to characterize light-absorbing particle emissions during different activities and ranged from 1.1 to 2.7 throughout the campaign, with the highest value (indicative of BrC-dominated emissions) observed during the preparation of a simulated Thanksgiving Day holiday style meal. An indoor BC exposure assessment shows that exposure for an occupant present in the kitchen area was ∼4 times higher during Thanksgiving Day experiments (primarily due to candle burning) when compared to the background conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Hilgard Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 W Lake St., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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37
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Wang T, Li B, Liao H, Li Y. Spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions during 2013-2017 in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148003. [PMID: 34323836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following implementation of the most stringent clean air policy in China, the emissions of NOx, SO2, and fine particles have greatly reduced since 2013. However, the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic pollutants, and their spatiotemporal changes remain unclear. In this study, a 0.05° × 0.05° gridded PAH emission inventory was developed for mainland China during 2013-2017. The results show that the total PAH emissions have decreased from 112.92 Gg in 2013 to 100.09 Gg in 2017, with the fastest declines in the industrial (17.32%) and residential/commercial (10.58%) sectors. However, the decline in the PAH emissions is smaller than that of the NOX and SO2 emissions. The average emission density of PAHs in mainland China in 2017 was 10.43 kg/km2. North and East China have the largest PAH emissions. The residential/commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors are the major emission sources, accounting for 48.59%, 29.26%, and 17.21%, respectively. Carcinogenic PAH emissions accounted for 7.49% in mainland China, higher than those of developed countries (5.73%) and the global average (6.19%). Differences in the energy structures lead to significant differences in the spatial distribution of PAH emissions in various sectors. From 2013 to 2017, the emissions declined in most Chinese regions. The emission density in East China decreased the most, reaching 3.39 kg/km2, followed by North China (2.91 kg/km2). The magnitude of the decline in the PAH emissions and reasons for the decline significantly differ in different regions. Particular attention must be paid to the limited decline (5.22%) in Northwest China over the study period. Although China's emission density has been declining, it is still significantly higher than the global average. Therefore, China must further reduce the PAH emissions through technological innovation and reductions of energy consumption and, thus, reduce the regional lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Disaster and Protection, Ministry of Education & College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Mahrt F, Newman E, Huang Y, Ammann M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon-like Primary Organic Aerosol and Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxies Based on Their Elemental Oxygen-to-Carbon Ratio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12202-12214. [PMID: 34473474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of atmospheric aerosols can be characterized as primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Knowledge of the phase behavior, that is, the number and type of phases within internal POA + SOA mixtures, is crucial to predict their effect on climate and air quality. For example, if POA and SOA form a single phase, POA will enhance the formation of SOA by providing organic mass to absorb SOA precursors. Using microscopy, we studied the phase behavior of mixtures of SOA proxies and hydrocarbon-like POA proxies at relative humidity (RH) values of 90%, 45%, and below 5%. Internal mixtures of POA and SOA almost always formed two phases if the elemental oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) of the POA was less than 0.11, which encompasses a large fraction of atmospheric hydrocarbon-like POA from fossil fuel combustion. SOA proxies mixed with POA proxies having 0.11 ≤ O/C ≤ 0.29 mostly resulted in particles with one liquid phase. However, two liquid phases were also observed, depending on the type of SOA and POA surrogates, and an increase in phase-separated particles was observed when increasing the RH in this O/C range. The results have implications for predicting atmospheric SOA formation and policy strategies to reduce SOA in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elli Newman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Yuanzhou Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1 Canada
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Zhen Z, Yin Y, Chen K, Zhen X, Zhang X, Jiang H, Wang H, Kuang X, Cui Y, Dai M, He C, Liu A, Zhou F. Concentration and atmospheric transport of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Mount Tai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147513. [PMID: 33984695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a major threat to human health. At present, studies on PAHs in the atmosphere have mostly focused on their concentration levels and source apportionment, whereas studies on the vertical transport of PAHs in the atmosphere are limited. However, the vertical transport of PAHs is important for their diffusion near the ground and their long-range transport at higher altitude. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at the summit and foot of Mount Tai (MTsummit and MTfoot, respectively) from May to June 2017, and the concentrations of 18 PAHs in the samples were determined. The total concentration of PAHs at MTsummit was 2.406 ng m-3, which was well below the pollution levels of domestic cities, whereas that at MTfoot was as high as 9.068 ng m-3, which was within the range of pollution levels in domestic cities. The total carcinogenic risk for both MTsummit and MTfoot was within the potential risk range. Given the source of PAHs and the diurnal variation of the planetary boundary layer, the PAHs showed opposite diurnal trends at MTsummit and MTfoot. Vertical transport was an important source of daytime PAHs at MTsummit, and the vertical transport efficiency of PAHs decreased with an increasing ring number; this may be due to the combined effects of gas-particle partitioning and chemical reactions. Furthermore, PAHs originating in the surrounding high-emission provinces can affect the Mount Tai area via atmospheric trans-regional transport, and the BaP/BeP ratio is a useful indicator of the transport distance of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiu Zhen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiaolong Zhen
- Huhhot Shouchuang Chunhua Sewage Dissposal Co., Ltd., Huhhot 010050, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 051430, China
| | - Mingming Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chuan He
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ankang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Feihong Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Watson JG, Chow JC, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs, and azaarenes) in air from four climate zones of China: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning, and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147234. [PMID: 33971611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives [oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and azaarenes (AZAs)] are toxic and ubiquitous air pollutants. In this study, the concentrations of these PACs were determined in air obtained in spring and autumn of 2012 from urban and rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau, temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate zones in China. Average concentrations (gaseous + particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs, and ∑4AZAs were 928 ± 658, 54 ± 45, 5.3 ± 4.4, 14 ± 11 ng m-3 and 995 ± 635, 67 ± 38, 8.4 ± 6.1, 24 ± 16 ng m-3 in spring and autumn, respectively. Various C fractions and latitude correlated significantly with the concentrations and ratios of PACs. The slopes of the regression of gas-particle partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs on their sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL0), indicated both adsorption and absorption to total suspended particles (TSP) for PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in the four studied climatic zones. This result was further supported by comparing the fractions of PACs in TSP calculated from field data with those predicted by the Junge-Pankow adsorption and KOA absorption models. The concentration ratios of most OPAHs or NPAHs to their parent PAHs and of benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene were higher in autumn than in spring and increased with remoteness from point sources. This suggests enhanced secondary formation of PAH derivatives due to the elevated photochemical activity in autumn and longer ageing of air and associated transformation of PACs during their long-distance transport from source regions (urban sites) to rural sites. Lifetime lung cancer risk estimated from PACs ranged from 0.8 ± 0.6 to 3.1 ± 1.0 (×10-3), exceeding the value (10-5) recommended by the WHO. Gaseous PACs contributed substantially to the estimated cancer risks and their contributions increased with decreasing latitude in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - John G Watson
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kelly JM, Ivatt PD, Evans MJ, Kroll JH, Hrdina AIH, Kohale IN, White FM, Engelward BP, Selin NE. Global Cancer Risk From Unregulated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000401. [PMID: 34589640 PMCID: PMC8460132 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In assessments of cancer risk from atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), scientists and regulators rarely consider the complex mixture of emitted compounds and degradation products, and they often represent the entire mixture using a single emitted compound-benzo[a]pyrene. Here, we show that benzo[a]pyrene is a poor indicator of PAH risk distribution and management: nearly 90% of cancer risk worldwide results from other PAHs, including unregulated degradation products of emitted PAHs. We develop and apply a global-scale atmospheric model and conduct health impact analyses to estimate human cancer risk from 16 PAHs and several of their N-PAH degradation products. We find that benzo[a]pyrene is a minor contributor to the total cancer risks of PAHs (11%); the remaining risk comes from other directly emitted PAHs (72%) and N-PAHs (17%). We show that assessment and policy-making that relies solely on benzo[a]pyrene exposure provides misleading estimates of risk distribution, the importance of chemical processes, and the prospects for risk mitigation. We conclude that researchers and decision-makers should consider additional PAHs as well as degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Kelly
- Institute for Data, Systems, and SocietyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Peter D. Ivatt
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceWolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Amy I. H. Hrdina
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Ishwar N. Kohale
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Forest M. White
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Center for Precision Cancer MedicineMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Center for Precision Cancer MedicineMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Institute for Data, Systems, and SocietyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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Chang YP, Devi Y, Chen CH. Micro-droplet Trapping and Manipulation: Understanding Aerosol Better for a Healthier Environment. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1644-1660. [PMID: 33999498 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physicochemical properties and heterogeneous processes of aerosols is key not only to elucidate the impacts of aerosols on the atmosphere and humans but also to exploit their further applications, especially for a healthier environment. Experiments that allow for spatially control of single aerosol particles and investigations on the fundamental properties and heterogeneous chemistry at the single-particle level have flourished during the last few decades, and significant breakthroughs in recent years promise better control and novel applications aimed at resolving key issues in aerosol science. Here we propose graphene oxide (GO) aerosols as prototype aerosols containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and GO can behave as two-dimensional surfactants which could modify the interfacial properties of aerosols. We describe the techniques of trapping single particles and furthermore the current status of the optical spectroscopy and chemistry of GO. The current applications of these single-particle trapping techniques are summarized and interesting future applications of GO aerosols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yanita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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43
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Wang X, Wang C, Gong P, Wang X, Zhu H, Gao S. Century-long record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tree rings in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125152. [PMID: 33540264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies have been carried out on the historical variations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in remote regions of the world. In this study, century-long record of PAHs (1916-2018) were reconstructed from tree rings in the remote southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs varied from 27.5 to 6.05 × 102 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 1.40 × 102 ng/g dw. Higher levels of PAHs were observed during World War Ⅱ and the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, and increasing trends were observed starting from rapid industrialization in India. Both the isomer ratios and the positive matrix factorization model results indicated biomass and coal combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs to local residents was assessed, which might have been negligible in most past periods and lower than in other regions of the world. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 21st century, the cancer risk has been increasing year by year, indicating more actions are needed to reduce emissions of PAHs. This study provides an idea for reconstructing the pollution history of PAHs at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; South-East Tibetan Plateau Station for Integrated Observation and Research of Alpine Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nyingchi 860119, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Li J, Knopf DA. Representation of Multiphase OH Oxidation of Amorphous Organic Aerosol for Tropospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7266-7275. [PMID: 33974411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and, during transport, can experience chemical transformation with consequences for air quality and climate. Prediction of the chemical evolution of OA depends on its reactivity with atmospheric oxidants such as the OH radical. OA particles undergo amorphous phase transitions from liquid to solid (glassy) states in response to temperature changes, which, in turn, will impact its reactivity toward OH oxidation. To improve the predictability of OA reactivity toward OH oxidation, the reactive uptake coefficients (γ) of OH radicals reacting with triacontane and squalane serving as amorphous OA surrogates were measured at temperatures from 213-293 K. γ increases strongest with temperature when the organic species is in the liquid phase, compared to when being in the semisolid or solid phase. The resistor model is applied, accounting for the amorphous phase state changes using the organic species' glass transition temperature and fragility, to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the temperature dependent OH uptake process. This allows for the derivation of a semiempirical formula, applicable to models, to predict the degree of oxidation and chemical lifetime of the condensed-phase organic species for typical tropospheric temperature and humidity when OA particle viscosity is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Li Y, Liu M, Hou L, Li X, Yin G, Sun P, Yang J, Wei X, He Y, Zheng D. Geographical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments over China: Human impacts and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145279. [PMID: 33736343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activity is suggested to increase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution and also cause PAHs' sources complex in estuarine environments. However, the human impacts and source apportionment of PAHs in estuarine sediments at a continental scale remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated geographical distribution of PAHs and used the compound-specific carbon isotope approach to characterize the sources of PAHs in the sediments of estuaries along the latitudinal gradient over China. We also used human population and economic size to characterize the human impacts on PAHs pollution in the estuaries. The concentrations of total PAHs (Σ16 PAH) in wet and dry seasons ranged from 60.9 to 330.7 ng g-1 and from 103.9 to 620.6 ng g-1, respectively, across the estuaries. At the continental scale, the concentrations of PAHs were significantly higher in dry than in wet seasons. The proportions of low molecular weight (LMW, 2-3 ring PAHs), middle molecular weight (MMW, 4 ring PAH) and high molecular weight (HMW, 5-6 ring PAHs) of PAHs varied largely across the estuaries, with being in a range of 26.4-48.5%, 17.2-34.1%, 25.3-46.8% in wet season and in a range of 24.0-58.4%, 18.4-52.4%, 21.8-48.6% in dry season. The concentrations of PAHs were found to be significantly correlated with per capita GDP throughout the studied estuaries. The δ13C of individual PAH ranged from -26 to -32‰ and from -24 to -29‰ in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The main sources of PAHs indicated by the δ13C across the estuaries were coal-processing and biomass combustion. These results suggest that the increasing human activities intensity can increase the PAHs pollution in sediments of the estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dongsheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Wilcke W, Bigalke M, Wei C, Han Y, Musa Bandowe BA. Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:717-729. [PMID: 33825209 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N-47° S, 71° W-118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA-PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g-1 . We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA-PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA-PAH contamination levels >400 ng g-1 , there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA-PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, Univ. of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Key Lab. of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Lab. of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Dep. of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Cheng Z, Sharma N, Tseng KP, Kovarik L, China S. Direct observation and assessment of phase states of ambient and lab-generated sub-micron particles upon humidification. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15264-15272. [PMID: 35424057 PMCID: PMC8698329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new analytical platform that uses a tilted stage (60°) integrated to the Peltier cooling stage interfaced with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) to directly observe and assess the phase state of particles as a function of RH at a controlled temperature. Three types of organic particles have been studied: (a) Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) particles, (b) lab generated soil organic particles, and (c) field-collected ambient particles. The chemical composition, morphology, and functional groups of individual particles were probed using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). Results show that all three types of particles are organic-rich, but soil organic particles and ambient particles contain a considerable amount of inorganic species. The phase state can be determined based on the particle's aspect ratio (particle width/height), which we proposed for solid, semisolid, and liquid particles are 1.00–1.30, 1.30–1.85, and >1.85, respectively. We found that solid SRFA particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼90% RH and to the liquid state at ∼97% RH, in agreement with the literature. The solid soil organic particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼85% RH and to the liquid state at ∼97% RH. The solid ambient organic particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼65% RH and the liquid state at ∼97% RH. Our results indicate that this new platform can directly observe and quantitatively indicate the phase transition of field-collected particles under different ambient conditions. We present a new analytical platform that uses a tilted and Peltier cooling stage interfaced with an environmental scanning electron microscope to directly observe and assess the phase state of individual particles as a function of relative humidity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Kuo-Pin Tseng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
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48
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Li R, Zhang J, Krebs P. Consumption- and Income-Based Sectoral Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in China from 2002 to 2017. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3582-3592. [PMID: 33646755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
China is the largest emitter of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the world. Because of their negative influences on human health, the characteristics and potential driving forces of PAH emissions should be evaluated to establish effective mitigation strategies for different economic sectors. This study is the first to quantify the embodied and enabled PAH emissions of 108 sectors in China in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The results show that the total sectoral emissions increased by 92% (from 28.0 to 53.7 kt) from 2002 to 2012 and decreased to 53.0 kt in 2017. The eight aggregated sectors had different characteristics according to their production-, consumption-, and income-based emissions. Both the embodied and enabled emission flows increased (from 13.8 to 29.2 kt and from 11.3 to 20.5 kt, respectively) with time. The influences of the major final demands and primary inputs reversed from increasing to decreasing emissions over time. In particular, the primary input structure had a stronger impact on decreasing emissions than the final demand structure. The results revealed that different mitigation policies should be applied to different sectors and that adjusting primary input behaviors might be a relatively efficient method to reduce PAH emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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49
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Woden B, Terrill NJ, Ward AD, Pfrang C. The persistence of a proxy for cooking emissions in megacities: a kinetic study of the ozonolysis of self-assembled films by simultaneous small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and Raman microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:364-381. [PMID: 33284926 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cooking emissions account for a significant proportion of the organic aerosols emitted into the urban environment and high pollution events have been linked to an increased organic content on urban particulate matter surfaces. We present a kinetic study on surface coatings of self-assembled (semi-solid) oleic acid-sodium oleate cooking aerosol proxies undergoing ozonolysis. We found clear film thickness-dependent kinetic behaviour and measured the effect of the organic phase on the kinetics for this system. In addition to the thickness-dependent kinetics, we show that significant fractions of unreacted proxy remain after extensive ozone exposure and that this effect scales approximately linearly with film thickness, suggesting that a late-stage inert reaction product may form and inhibit reaction progress - effectively building up an inert crust. We determine this by using a range of simultaneous analytical techniques; most notably Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) has been used for the first time to measure the reaction kinetics of films of a wide range of thicknesses from ca. 0.59 to 73 μm with films <10 μm thick being of potential atmospheric relevance. These observations have implications for the evolution of particulate matter in the urban environment, potentially extending the atmospheric lifetimes of harmful aerosol components and affecting the local urban air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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50
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Li W, Liu L, Zhang J, Xu L, Wang Y, Sun Y, Shi Z. Microscopic Evidence for Phase Separation of Organic Species and Inorganic Salts in Fine Ambient Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2234-2242. [PMID: 33499593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation is an important microscopic phenomenon in aerosol particles and reflects the surface properties of particles and the aging degree of organic components. However, few data are available to directly reveal phase separation in ambient aerosol particles, although there are abundant data from laboratory experiments. In this study, different state-of-the-art microscopic technologies were used to study the phase separation of organic matter (OM) and inorganic salts in individual particles collected from different atmospheric environments, with one type of surrogate particles prepared in the laboratory. We found that most of the collected particles with an equivalent sphere diameter of >100 nm have a secondary inorganic aerosol core with OM coating in the continental atmosphere. In addition, secondary inorganic aerosol and OM phase separation are more frequent in rural particles than suburban particles, suggesting that particle aging enhances the phase separation. Our results show that the phase separation is a frequent phenomenon that forms organic coatings on inorganic particles of individual particles (>100 nm), and their number abundances depend on the particle size and OM aging degree. The resulting morphology shows that OM is an important particle surface in the atmosphere, which influences gas partitioning, optical and hygroscopic properties, and cloud condensation nuclei formation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key of Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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