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Gao C, Wen H, Dai D, Li Q, Zhou Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of Schizochytrium sp. on the meat quality attributes of Tan lambs. Meat Sci 2024; 216:109583. [PMID: 38944909 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp., a feed additive, positively affects the quality of animal meat. In this study, the molecular mechanisms through which dietary Schizochytrium sp. affects the meat quality characteristics of Tan lambs were investigated using transcriptomic techniques. The findings demonstrate that the lambs supplemented with Schizochytrium sp. had a larger loin eye area and a higher average daily gain and intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). They also had lower drip loss (at 24 and 48 h) and shear force (P < 0.05). Further, 745 genes were differentially expressed between lambs supplemented with Schizochytrium and the control group. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the ECM-receptor interaction pathway, which is related to muscle generation and intramuscular fat deposition, was significantly enriched in the lambs administered a diet containing Schizochytrium sp. Herein, we identified some pivotal genes linked to muscular system development and lipid metabolism. Thus, using Schizochytrium sp. may boost the meat quality of Tan lambs by modifying the expression of genes related to hub pathways. The results supply a new basis to determine the molecular mechanisms through which Schizochytrium sp. supplementation regulates the meat quality characteristics of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hongrui Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Dongwen Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qingmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Gazeu A, Collardeau-Frachon S. Practical Approach to Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys: Focus on Anomalies With Insufficient or Abnormal Nephron Development: Renal Dysplasia, Renal Hypoplasia, and Renal Tubular Dysgenesis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2024:10935266241239241. [PMID: 39270126 DOI: 10.1177/10935266241239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) accounts for up to 30% of antenatal congenital anomalies and is the main cause of kidney failure in children worldwide. This review focuses on practical approaches to CAKUT, particularly those with insufficient or abnormal nephron development, such as renal dysplasia, renal hypoplasia, and renal tubular dysgenesis. The review provides insights into the histological features, pathogenesis, mechanisms, etiologies, antenatal and postnatal presentation, management, and prognosis of these anomalies. Differential diagnoses are discussed as several syndromes may include CAKUT as a phenotypic component and renal dysplasia may occur in some ciliopathies, tumor predisposition syndromes, and inborn errors of metabolism. Diagnosis and genetic counseling for CAKUT are challenging, due to the extensive variability in presentation, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and difficulties to assess postnatal lung and renal function on prenatal imaging. The review highlights the importance of perinatal autopsy and pathological findings in surgical specimens to establish the diagnosis and prognosis of CAKUT. The indications and the type of genetic testing are discussed. The aim is to provide essential insights into the practical approaches, diagnostic processes, and genetic considerations offering valuable guidance for pediatric and perinatal pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gazeu
- Department of pathology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- Department of pathology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Société française de Fœtopathologie, Soffoet, Paris, France
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3
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Yoshimaru K, Matsuura T, Uchida Y, Sonoda S, Maeda S, Kajihara K, Kawano Y, Shirai T, Toriigahara Y, Kalim AS, Zhang XY, Takahashi Y, Kawakubo N, Nagata K, Yamaza H, Yamaza T, Taguchi T, Tajiri T. Cutting-edge regenerative therapy for Hirschsprung disease and its allied disorders. Surg Today 2024; 54:977-994. [PMID: 37668735 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and its associated disorders (AD-HSCR) often result in severe hypoperistalsis caused by enteric neuropathy, mesenchymopathy, and myopathy. Notably, HSCR involving the small intestine, isolated hypoganglionosis, chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome carry a poor prognosis. Ultimately, small-bowel transplantation (SBTx) is necessary for refractory cases, but it is highly invasive and outcomes are less than optimal, despite advances in surgical techniques and management. Thus, regenerative therapy has come to light as a potential form of treatment involving regeneration of the enteric nervous system, mesenchyme, and smooth muscle in affected areas. We review the cutting-edge regenerative therapeutic approaches for managing HSCR and AD-HSCR, including the use of enteric nervous system progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells as cell sources, the recipient intestine's microenvironment, and transplantation methods. Perspectives on the future of these treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Yoshimaru
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Uchida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sonoda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Maeda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kajihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, 5-30 Kitatakamatsu-cho, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 880-8510, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Toriigahara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Alvin Santoso Kalim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiu-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naonori Kawakubo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kouji Nagata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamaza
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taguchi
- Fukuoka College of Health Sciences, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Kalim AS, Nagata K, Toriigahara Y, Shirai T, Kirino K, Xiu-Ying Z, Kondo T, Kawakubo N, Miyata J, Matsuura T, Tajiri T. A lmod1a mutation causes megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis in a CRISPR/Cas9-modified zebrafish model. Pediatr Surg Int 2024; 40:225. [PMID: 39143337 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-024-05809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is defined as a congenital visceral myopathy with genetic mutations. However, the etiology and pathophysiology are not fully understood. We aimed to generate a gene leiomodin-1a (lmod1a) modification technique to establish a zebrafish model of MMIHS. METHODS We targeted lmod1a in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9. After confirming the genotype, we measured the expression levels of the target gene and protein associated with MMIHS. A gut transit assay and spatiotemporal mapping were conducted to analyze the intestinal function. RESULTS Genetic confirmation showed a 5-base-pair deletion in exon 1 of lmod1a, which caused a premature stop codon. We observed significant mRNA downregulation of lmod1a, myh11, myod1, and acta2 and the protein expression of Lmod1 and Acta2 in the mutant group. A functional analysis of the lmod1a mutant zebrafish showed that its intestinal peristalsis was fewer, slower, and shorter in comparison to the wild type. CONCLUSION This study showed that targeted deletion of lmod1a in zebrafish resulted in depletion of MMIHS-related genes and proteins, resulting in intestinal hypoperistalsis. This model may have the potential to be utilized in future therapeutic approaches, such as drug discovery screening and gene repair therapy for MMIHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Santoso Kalim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouji Nagata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Toriigahara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kirino
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhang Xiu-Ying
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kondo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naonori Kawakubo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Miyata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pan S, Yu X, Liu M, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Ge F, Fan A, Zhang D, Chen M. Banxia Xiexin decoction promotes gastric lymphatic pumping by regulating lymphatic smooth muscle cell contraction and energy metabolism in a stress-induced gastric ulceration rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118015. [PMID: 38499261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD) has definite therapeutic effect in treating stress-induced gastric ulceration (SIGU) and many other gastrointestinal diseases, but its effect on gastric lymphatic pumping (GLP) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Elucidating the role of GLP in SIGU and BXD treatment, and exploring the molecular mechanisms of GLP regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo GLP imaging were performed on SIGU rat model, and the lymphatic dynamic parameters were evaluated. Gastric antrum tissues and serum were collected for macroscopic, histopathological and ulcerative parameters analysis. Gastric lymphatic vessel (GLV) tissues were collected for RNA-Seq assays. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from RNA-Seq result and submitted for transcriptomic analysis. Key DEGs and their derivative proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and WB. RESULTS GLP was significantly suppressed in SIGU rats. BXD could recover GLP, ameliorate stomach lymphostasis, and alleviate the ulcerative damage. Transcriptome analysis of GLV showed the top up-DEGs were concentrated in smooth muscle contraction signaling pathway, while the top the down-DEGs were concentrated in energy metabolism pathways especially fatty acid degradation pathway, which indicated BXD can promote lymphatic smooth muscle contraction, regulate energy metabolism, and reduce fatty acid degradation. The most possible target of these mechanisms was the lymphatic smooth muscle cells (LSMCs) which drove the GLP. This speculation was further validated by the qRT-PCR and WB assessments for the level of key genes and proteins. CONCLUSIONS By activating the smooth muscle contraction signaling pathway, restoring energy supply, modulating energy metabolism program and reducing fatty acid degradation, BXD effectively recovered GLP, mitigated the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic wastes in the stomach, which importantly contributes to its efficacy in treating SIGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Mingyu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Fei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Angran Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 101121, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Devavarapu PKV, Uppaluri KR, Nikhade VA, Palasamudram K, Sri Manjari K. Exploring the complexities of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: insights from genetic studies. Clin J Gastroenterol 2024; 17:383-395. [PMID: 38461165 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-024-01934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is an uncommon genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern that affects the muscles that line the bladder and intestines. The most common genes associated with MMIHS mutations are ACTG2, LMOD1, MYH11, MYL9, MYLK, and PDCL3. However, the complete genetic landscape of MMIHS still needs to be fully understood. The diagnosis of MMIHS can be challenging. However, advances in prenatal and diagnostic techniques, such as ultrasound and fetal urine analysis, have improved the ability to detect the syndrome early. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) and other diagnostic tests can also diagnose MMIHS. The management of MMIHS involves addressing severe intestinal dysmotility, which often necessitates total parenteral nutrition (TPN), which can lead to complications such as hepatotoxicity and nutritional deficiencies. Multivisceral and intestinal transplantation has emerged as therapeutic options, offering the potential for improved outcomes and enteral autonomy. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of MMIHS is crucial for personalized care. While the prognosis varies, timely interventions and careful monitoring enhance patient outcomes. Genetic studies have given us valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of MMIHS. These studies have identified mutations in genes involved in the development and function of smooth muscle cells. They have also shown that MMIHS is associated with defects in the signaling pathways that control muscle contraction. Continued research in the genetics of MMIHS holds promise for unraveling the complexities of MMIHS and improving the lives of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad K V Devavarapu
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
| | - Kalyan Ram Uppaluri
- GenepoweRx, Suit #2B, Plot No. 240, Nirvana, Road No. 36, Jawahar Colony, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500033, India
| | - Vrushabh Anil Nikhade
- KIT's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416234, India
- GenepoweRx, Suit #2B, Plot No. 240, Nirvana, Road No. 36, Jawahar Colony, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500033, India
| | - Kalyani Palasamudram
- GenepoweRx, Suit #2B, Plot No. 240, Nirvana, Road No. 36, Jawahar Colony, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500033, India
| | - Kavutharapu Sri Manjari
- GenepoweRx, Suit #2B, Plot No. 240, Nirvana, Road No. 36, Jawahar Colony, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500033, India.
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Ceron RH, Báez-Cruz FA, Palmer NJ, Carman PJ, Boczkowska M, Heuckeroth RO, Ostap EM, Dominguez R. Molecular mechanisms linking missense ACTG2 mutations to visceral myopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6615. [PMID: 38820162 PMCID: PMC11141634 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Visceral myopathy is a life-threatening disease characterized by muscle weakness in the bowel, bladder, and uterus. Mutations in smooth muscle γ-actin (ACTG2) are the most common cause of the disease, but the mechanisms by which the mutations alter muscle function are unknown. Here, we examined four prevalent ACTG2 mutations (R40C, R148C, R178C, and R257C) that cause different disease severity and are spread throughout the actin fold. R178C displayed premature degradation, R148C disrupted interactions with actin-binding proteins, R40C inhibited polymerization, and R257C destabilized filaments. Because these mutations are heterozygous, we also analyzed 50/50 mixtures with wild-type (WT) ACTG2. The WT/R40C mixture impaired filament nucleation by leiomodin 1, and WT/R257C produced filaments that were easily fragmented by smooth muscle myosin. Smooth muscle tropomyosin isoform Tpm1.4 partially rescued the defects of R40C and R257C. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of filaments formed by R40C and R257C revealed disrupted intersubunit contacts. The biochemical and structural properties of the mutants correlate with their genotype-specific disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Ceron
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Faviolla A. Báez-Cruz
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Palmer
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter J. Carman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E. Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Pappas CT, Mayfield RM, Dickerson AE, Mi-Mi L, Gregorio CC. Human disease-causing mutations result in loss of leiomodin 2 through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011279. [PMID: 38748723 PMCID: PMC11132695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The leiomodin (Lmod) family of actin-binding proteins play a critical role in muscle function, highlighted by the fact that mutations in all three family members (LMOD1-3) result in human myopathies. Mutations in the cardiac predominant isoform, LMOD2 lead to severe neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy. Most of the disease-causing mutations in the LMOD gene family are nonsense, or frameshift, mutations predicted to result in expression of truncated proteins. However, in nearly all cases of disease, little to no LMOD protein is expressed. We show here that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a cellular mechanism which eliminates mRNAs with premature termination codons, underlies loss of mutant protein from two independent LMOD2 disease-causing mutations. Furthermore, we generated steric-blocking oligonucleotides that obstruct deposition of the exon junction complex, preventing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of mutant LMOD2 transcripts, thereby restoring mutant protein expression. Our investigation lays the initial groundwork for potential therapeutic intervention in LMOD-linked myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ava E. Dickerson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
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9
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Larrinaga TM, Farman GP, Mayfield RM, Yuen M, Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Cooper ST, Pappas CT, Gregorio CC. Lmod2 is necessary for effective skeletal muscle contraction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1890. [PMID: 38478604 PMCID: PMC10936868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Muscle contraction is a regulated process driven by the sliding of actin-thin filaments over myosin-thick filaments. Lmod2 is an actin filament length regulator and essential for life since human mutations and complete loss of Lmod2 in mice lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and death. To study the little-known role of Lmod2 in skeletal muscle, we created a mouse model with Lmod2 expressed exclusively in the heart but absent in skeletal muscle. Loss of Lmod2 in skeletal muscle results in decreased force production in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Soleus muscle from rescued Lmod2 knockout mice have shorter thin filaments, increased Lmod3 levels, and present with a myosin fiber type switch from fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA to the slower MHC I isoform. Since Lmod2 regulates thin-filament length in slow-twitch but not fast-twitch skeletal muscle and force deficits were observed in both muscle types, this work demonstrates that Lmod2 regulates skeletal muscle contraction, independent of its role in thin-filament length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Gerrie P. Farman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michaela Yuen
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Children’s Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | - Sandra T. Cooper
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Children’s Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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10
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Chen CP. Syndromic and single gene disorders associated with fetal megacystis (I): Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS). Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 63:19-21. [PMID: 38216263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal megacystis has been reported to be associated with chromosomal abnormalities, megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS), obstructive uropathy, prune belly syndrome, cloacal anomalies, limb-body wall complex, amniotic band syndrome, anorectal malformations, VACTERL association (vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac malformations, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies and limb abnormalities) and fetal overgrowth syndrome such as Bechwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Sotos syndrome. This review provides an overview of syndromic and single gene disorders associated with fetal megacystis which is useful for genetic counseling at prenatal diagnosis of fetal megacystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Kajuluri LP, Lyu QR, Doja J, Kumar A, Wilson MP, Sgrizzi SR, Rezaeimanesh E, Miano JM, Morgan KG. Calponin 1 inhibits agonist-induced ERK activation and decreases calcium sensitization in vascular smooth muscle. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18025. [PMID: 38147352 PMCID: PMC10805486 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction and vascular tone are modulated by phosphorylation and multiple modifications of the thick filament, and thin filament regulation of SMC contraction has been reported to involve extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Previous studies in ferrets suggest that the actin-binding protein, calponin 1 (CNN1), acts as a scaffold linking protein kinase C (PKC), Raf, MEK and ERK, promoting PKC-dependent ERK activation. To gain further insight into this function of CNN1 in ERK activation and the regulation of SMC contractility in mice, we generated a novel Calponin 1 knockout mouse (Cnn1 KO) by a single base substitution in an intronic CArG box that preferentially abolishes expression of CNN1 in vascular SMCs. Using this new Cnn1 KO mouse, we show that ablation of CNN1 has two effects, depending on the cytosolic free calcium level: (1) in the presence of elevated intracellular calcium caused by agonist stimulation, Cnn1 KO mice display a reduced amplitude of stress and stiffness but an increase in agonist-induced ERK activation; and (2) during intracellular calcium depletion, in the presence of an agonist, Cnn1 KO mice exhibit increased duration of SM tone maintenance. Together, these results suggest that CNN1 plays an important and complex modulatory role in SMC contractile tone amplitude and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lova Prasadareddy Kajuluri
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Health SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General HospitalCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qing Rex Lyu
- Vascular Biology CenterMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Medical Research CenterChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Jaser Doja
- Vascular Biology CenterMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Vascular Biology CenterMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Samantha R. Sgrizzi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Health SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elika Rezaeimanesh
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Health SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Vascular Biology CenterMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kathleen G. Morgan
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Health SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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12
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Jia L, Wang W, Liang J, Niu S, Wang Y, Yang J, Li L, Wang G, Xu X, Mu L, Cheng K, Yang X, Wang Y, Luo H, Xia G, Ke Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Analyzing the cellular and molecular atlas of ovarian mesenchymal cells provides a strategy against female reproductive aging. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2818-2836. [PMID: 37460714 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian mesenchymal cells (oMCs) constitute a distinct microenvironment that supports folliculogenesis under physiological conditions. Supplementation of exogenous non-ovarian mesenchymal-related cells has been reported to be an efficient approach to improve ovarian functions. However, the development and cellular and molecular characteristics of endogenous oMCs remain largely unexplored. In this study, we surveyed the single-cell transcriptomic landscape to dissect the cellular and molecular changes associated with the aging of oMCs in mice. Our results showed that the oMCs were composed of five ovarian differentiated MC (odMC) populations and one ovarian mesenchymal progenitor (oMP) cell population. These cells could differentiate into various odMCs via an oMP-derived route to construct the ovarian stroma structures. Comparative analysis revealed that ovarian aging was associated with decreased quantity of oMP cells and reduced quality of odMCs. Based on the findings of bioinformatics analysis, we designed different strategies involving supplementation with young oMCs to examine their effects on female fertility and health. Our functional investigations revealed that oMCs supplementation prior to ovarian senescence was the optimal method to improve female fertility and extend the reproductive lifespan of aged females in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shudong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kaixin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuebing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haoshu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yuwen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Schultz LE, Colpan M, Smith GE, Mayfield RM, Larrinaga TM, Kostyukova AS, Gregorio CC. A nemaline myopathy-linked mutation inhibits the actin-regulatory functions of tropomodulin and leiomodin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315820120. [PMID: 37956287 PMCID: PMC10665800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315820120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly expressed protein in eukaryotic cells and is essential for numerous cellular processes. In particular, efficient striated muscle contraction is dependent upon the precise regulation of actin-based thin filament structure and function. Alterations in the lengths of actin-thin filaments can lead to the development of myopathies. Leiomodins and tropomodulins are members of an actin-binding protein family that fine-tune thin filament lengths, and their dysfunction is implicated in muscle diseases. An Lmod3 mutation [G326R] was previously identified in patients with nemaline myopathy (NM), a severe skeletal muscle disorder; this residue is conserved among Lmod and Tmod isoforms and resides within their homologous leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. We mutated this glycine to arginine in Lmod and Tmod to determine the physiological function of this residue and domain. This G-to-R substitution disrupts Lmod and Tmod's LRR domain structure, altering their binding interface with actin and destroying their abilities to regulate thin filament lengths. Additionally, this mutation renders Lmod3 nonfunctional in vivo. We found that one single amino acid is essential for folding of Lmod and Tmod LRR domains, and thus is essential for the opposing actin-regulatory functions of Lmod (filament elongation) and Tmod (filament shortening), revealing a mechanism underlying the development of NM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Mert Colpan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Garry E. Smith
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Alla S. Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY10029
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14
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He X, Dong K, Shen J, Hu G, Mintz JD, Atawia RT, Zhao J, Chen X, Caldwell RW, Xiang M, Stepp DW, Fulton DJ, Zhou J. The Long Noncoding RNA Cardiac Mesoderm Enhancer-Associated Noncoding RNA (Carmn) Is a Critical Regulator of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Contractile Function and Motility. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:71-87. [PMID: 37030336 PMCID: PMC10330198 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Visceral smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are an integral component of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that regulate GI motility. SMC contraction is regulated by posttranslational signaling and the state of differentiation. Impaired SMC contraction is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms regulating SMC-specific contractile gene expression, including the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), remain largely unexplored. Herein, we reveal a critical role of Carmn (cardiac mesoderm enhancer-associated noncoding RNA), an SMC-specific lncRNA, in regulating visceral SMC phenotype and contractility of the GI tract. METHODS Genotype-Tissue Expression and publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data sets from embryonic, adult human, and mouse GI tissues were interrogated to identify SMC-specific lncRNAs. The functional role of Carmn was investigated using novel green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in (KI) reporter/knock-out (KO) mice. Bulk RNA-seq and single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of colonic muscularis were used to investigate underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Unbiased in silico analyses and GFP expression patterns in Carmn GFP KI mice revealed that Carmn is highly expressed in GI SMCs in humans and mice. Premature lethality was observed in global Carmn KO and inducible SMC-specific KO mice due to GI pseudo-obstruction and severe distension of the GI tract, with dysmotility in cecum and colon segments. Histology, GI transit, and muscle myography analysis revealed severe dilation, significantly delayed GI transit, and impaired GI contractility in Carmn KO vs control mice. Bulk RNA-seq of GI muscularis revealed that loss of Carmn promotes SMC phenotypic switching, as evidenced by up-regulation of extracellular matrix genes and down-regulation of SMC contractile genes, including Mylk, a key regulator of SMC contraction. snRNA-seq further revealed SMC Carmn KO not only compromised myogenic motility by reducing contractile gene expression but also impaired neurogenic motility by disrupting cell-cell connectivity in the colonic muscularis. These findings may have translational significance, because silencing CARMN in human colonic SMCs significantly attenuated contractile gene expression, including MYLK, and decreased SMC contractility. Luciferase reporter assays showed that CARMN enhances the transactivation activity of the master regulator of SMC contractile phenotype, myocardin, thereby maintaining the GI SMC myogenic program. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Carmn is indispensable for maintaining GI SMC contractile function in mice and that loss of function of CARMN may contribute to human visceral myopathy. To our knowledge this is the first study showing an essential role of lncRNA in the regulation of visceral SMC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Immunology Center of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - James D Mintz
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Reem T Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiuxu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David J Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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15
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Geraghty RM, Orr S, Olinger E, Neatu R, Barroso-Gil M, Mabillard H, Consortium GER, Wilson I, Sayer JA. Use of whole genome sequencing to determine the genetic basis of visceral myopathies including Prune Belly syndrome. JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2023; 2:9. [PMID: 37288276 PMCID: PMC10241726 DOI: 10.1007/s44162-023-00012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives/aims The visceral myopathies (VM) are a group of disorders characterised by poorly contractile or acontractile smooth muscle. They manifest in both the GI and GU tracts, ranging from megacystis to Prune Belly syndrome. We aimed to apply a bespoke virtual genetic panel and describe novel variants associated with this condition using whole genome sequencing data within the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. Methods We screened the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project rare diseases database for patients with VM-related phenotypes. These patients were screened for sequence variants and copy number variants (CNV) in ACTG2, ACTA2, MYH11, MYLK, LMOD1, CHRM3, MYL9, FLNA and KNCMA1 by analysing whole genome sequencing data. The identified variants were analysed using variant effect predictor online tool, and any possible segregation in other family members and novel missense mutations was modelled using in silico tools. The VM cohort was also used to perform a genome-wide variant burden test in order to identify confirm gene associations in this cohort. Results We identified 76 patients with phenotypes consistent with a diagnosis of VM. The range of presentations included megacystis/microcolon hypoperistalsis syndrome, Prune Belly syndrome and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Of the patients in whom we identified heterozygous ACTG2 variants, 7 had likely pathogenic variants including 1 novel likely pathogenic allele. There were 4 patients in whom we identified a heterozygous MYH11 variant of uncertain significance which leads to a frameshift and a predicted protein elongation. We identified one family in whom we found a heterozygous variant of uncertain significance in KCNMA1 which in silico models predicted to be disease causing and may explain the VM phenotype seen. We did not find any CNV changes in known genes leading to VM-related disease phenotypes. In this phenotype selected cohort, ACTG2 is the largest monogenic cause of VM-related disease accounting for 9% of the cohort, supported by a variant burden test approach, which identified ACTG2 variants as the largest contributor to VM-related phenotypes. Conclusions VM are a group of disorders that are not easily classified and may be given different diagnostic labels depending on their phenotype. Molecular genetic analysis of these patients is valuable as it allows precise diagnosis and aids understanding of the underlying disease manifestations. We identified ACTG2 as the most frequent genetic cause of VM. We recommend a nomenclature change to 'autosomal dominant ACTG2 visceral myopathy' for patients with pathogenic variants in ACTG2 and associated VM phenotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44162-023-00012-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Geraghty
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Sarah Orr
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Eric Olinger
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Ruxandra Neatu
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Miguel Barroso-Gil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Holly Mabillard
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Genomics England Research Consortium
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
| | - Ian Wilson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
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16
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Viti F, Pramotton FM, Martufi M, Magrassi R, Pedemonte N, Nizzari M, Zanacchi FC, De Michele B, Alampi M, Zambito M, Santamaria G, Bajetto A, Sardar S, Tomati V, Gandullia P, Giampietro C, Florio T, Beltrame F, Vassalli M, Ceccherini I. Patient's dermal fibroblasts as disease markers for visceral myopathy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213355. [PMID: 36893487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Visceral myopathy (VSCM) is a rare genetic disease, orphan of pharmacological therapy. VSCM diagnosis is not always straightforward due to symptomatology similarities with mitochondrial or neuronal forms of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. The most prevalent form of VSCM is associates with variants in the gene ACTG2, encoding the protein gamma-2 actin. Overall, VSCM is a mechano-biological disorder, in which different genetic variants lead to similar alterations to the contractile phenotype of enteric smooth muscles, resulting in the emergence of life-threatening symptoms. In this work we analyzed the morpho-mechanical phenotype of human dermal fibroblasts from patients affected with VSCM, demonstrating that they retain a clear signature of the disease when compared with different controls. We evaluated several biophysical traits of fibroblasts, and we show that a measure of cellular traction forces can be used as a non-specific biomarker of the disease. We propose that a simple assay based on traction forces could be designed to provide a valuable support for clinical decision or pre-clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Viti
- Istituto di Biofisica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Micaela Pramotton
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, The Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Martufi
- Istituto di Biofisica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magrassi
- Istituto di Biofisica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Istituto di Biofisica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Benedetta De Michele
- Istituto di Biofisica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Alampi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Viale Causa, 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Zambito
- Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santamaria
- UOSD Laboratorio di Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Adriana Bajetto
- Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sabah Sardar
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield avenue, G128LT Glasgow, UK
| | - Valeria Tomati
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Gandullia
- UOC Pediatric Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, The Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Florio
- Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo rosanna benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Beltrame
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Viale Causa, 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield avenue, G128LT Glasgow, UK
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- UOSD Laboratorio di Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
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17
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Singh A, Poling HM, Chaturvedi P, Thorner K, Sundaram N, Kechele DO, Childs CJ, McCauley HA, Fisher GW, Brown NE, Spence JR, Wells JM, Helmrath MA. Transplanted human intestinal organoids: a resource for modeling human intestinal development. Development 2023; 150:dev201416. [PMID: 37070767 PMCID: PMC10259511 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into human intestinal organoids (HIOs) has served as a powerful means for creating complex three-dimensional intestinal structures. Owing to their diverse cell populations, transplantation into an animal host is supported with this system and allows the temporal formation of fully laminated structures, including crypt-villus architecture and smooth muscle layers that resemble native human intestine. Although the endpoint of HIO engraftment has been well described, here we aim to elucidate the developmental stages of HIO engraftment and establish whether it parallels fetal human intestinal development. We analyzed a time course of transplanted HIOs histologically at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-transplantation, and demonstrated that HIO maturation closely resembles key stages of fetal human intestinal development. We also utilized single-nuclear RNA sequencing to determine and track the emergence of distinct cell populations over time, and validated our transcriptomic data through in situ protein expression. These observations suggest that transplanted HIOs do indeed recapitulate early intestinal development, solidifying their value as a human intestinal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaljot Singh
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Holly M. Poling
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Konrad Thorner
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel O. Kechele
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heather A. McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Garrett W. Fisher
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicole E. Brown
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael A. Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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18
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Dong K, He X, Hu G, Yao Y, Zhou J. Coronary Artery Disease Risk Gene PRDM16 is Preferentially Expressed in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and a Potential Novel Regulator of Smooth Muscle Homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535461. [PMID: 37066230 PMCID: PMC10104006 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the primary contractile component of blood vessels and can undergo phenotypic switching from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype in vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). This process leads to decreased expression of SMC lineage genes and increased proliferative, migratory and secretory abilities that drive disease progression. Super-enhancers (SE) and occupied transcription factors are believed to drive expression of genes that maintain cell identify and homeostasis. The goal of this study is to identify novel regulator of VSMC homeostasis by screening for SE-regulated transcription factors in arterial tissues. Approach and Results We characterized human artery SEs by analyzing the enhancer histone mark H3K27ac ChIP-seq data of multiple arterial tissues. We unexpectedly discovered the transcription factor PRDM16, a GWAS identified CAD risk gene with previously well-documented roles in brown adipocytes but with an unknown function in vascular disease progression, is enriched with artery-specific SEs. Further analysis of public bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq datasets, as well as qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, demonstrated that PRDM16 is preferentially expressed in arterial tissues and in contractile VSMCs but not in visceral SMCs, and down-regulated in phenotypically modulated VSMCs. To explore the function of Prdm16 in vivo, we generated Prdm16 SMC-specific knockout mice and performed histological and bulk RNA-Seq analysis of aortic tissues. SMC-deficiency of Prdm16 does not affect the aortic morphology but significantly alters expression of many CAD risk genes and genes involved in VSMC phenotypic modulation. Specifically, Prdm16 negatively regulates the expression of Tgfb2 that encodes for an upstream ligand of TGF-β signaling pathway, potentially through binding to the promoter region of Tgfb2 . These transcriptomic changes likely disrupt VSMC homeostasis and predispose VSMCs to a disease state. Conclusions Our results suggest that the CAD risk gene PRDM16 is preferentially expressed in VSMCs and is a novel regulator of VSMC homeostasis. Future studies are warranted to investigate its role in VSMCs under pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis.
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Genome-wide parallelism underlies contemporary adaptation in urban lizards. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216789120. [PMID: 36634133 PMCID: PMC9934206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216789120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization drastically transforms landscapes, resulting in fragmentation, degradation, and the loss of local biodiversity. Yet, urban environments also offer opportunities to observe rapid evolutionary change in wild populations that survive and even thrive in these novel habitats. In many ways, cities represent replicated "natural experiments" in which geographically separated populations adaptively respond to similar selection pressures over rapid evolutionary timescales. Little is known, however, about the genetic basis of adaptive phenotypic differentiation in urban populations nor the extent to which phenotypic parallelism is reflected at the genomic level with signatures of parallel selection. Here, we analyzed the genomic underpinnings of parallel urban-associated phenotypic change in Anolis cristatellus, a small-bodied neotropical lizard found abundantly in both urbanized and forested environments. We show that phenotypic parallelism in response to parallel urban environmental change is underlain by genomic parallelism and identify candidate loci across the Anolis genome associated with this adaptive morphological divergence. Our findings point to polygenic selection on standing genetic variation as a key process to effectuate rapid morphological adaptation. Identified candidate loci represent several functions associated with skeletomuscular development, morphology, and human disease. Taken together, these results shed light on the genomic basis of complex morphological adaptations, provide insight into the role of contingency and determinism in adaptation to novel environments, and underscore the value of urban environments to address fundamental evolutionary questions.
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20
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Cai H, Xiao Y, Chen S, Lu Y, Du J, You Y, Zhu J, Zhou J, Cai W, Wang Y. Heterozygous Actg2 R257C mice mimic the phenotype of megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14472. [PMID: 36264152 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare and serious congenital disorder with poor outcomes, where a heterozygous missense mutation is present in the ACTG2 gene. Here, we aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of ACTG2 in MMIHS. METHODS A cohort with 20 patients with MMIHS was screened. Actg2R257C heterozygous mutant mice were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Gastrointestinal (GI) motility, voluntary urination, collagen gel contraction, and G-actin/F-actin analysis were performed. KEY RESULTS The R257C variant of ACTG2 most frequently occurred in patients with MMIHS and demonstrated the typical symptoms of MMIHS. Actg2R257C heterozygous mutant mice had dilated intestines and bladders. The functional assay showed a prolonged total time of GI transit and decreased urine spot area. Collagen gel contraction assay and G-actin/F-actin analysis indicated that mutant mice showed reduced area of contraction of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and impaired actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES A mouse model demonstrating MMIHS-like symptoms was generated. The Actg2R257C heterozygous variant impairs SMCs contraction by interfering with actin polymerization, leading to GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaying You
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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21
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Bianco F, Lattanzio G, Lorenzini L, Mazzoni M, Clavenzani P, Calzà L, Giardino L, Sternini C, Costanzini A, Bonora E, De Giorgio R. Enteric Neuromyopathies: Highlights on Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121849. [PMID: 36551277 PMCID: PMC9776039 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe gut motility disorders are characterized by the ineffective propulsion of intestinal contents. As a result, the patients develop disabling/distressful symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting along with altered bowel habits up to radiologically demonstrable intestinal sub-obstructive episodes. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a typical clinical phenotype of severe gut dysmotility. This syndrome occurs due to changes altering the morpho-functional integrity of the intrinsic (enteric) innervation and extrinsic nerve supply (hence neuropathy), the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (mesenchymopathy), and smooth muscle cells (myopathy). In the last years, several genes have been identified in different subsets of CIPO patients. The focus of this review is to cover the most recent update on enteric dysmotility related to CIPO, highlighting (a) forms with predominant underlying neuropathy, (b) forms with predominant myopathy, and (c) mitochondrial disorders with a clear gut dysfunction as part of their clinical phenotype. We will provide a thorough description of the genes that have been proven through recent evidence to cause neuro-(ICC)-myopathies leading to abnormal gut contractility patterns in CIPO. The discovery of susceptibility genes for this severe condition may pave the way for developing target therapies for enteric neuro-(ICC)-myopathies underlying CIPO and other forms of gut dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Lattanzio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Lorenzini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- IRET Foundation, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- IRET Foundation, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Catia Sternini
- UCLA/DDRC, Division of Digestive Diseases, Departments Medicine and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90001, USA
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (R.D.G.); Tel.: +39-051-2094761 (E.B.); +39-0532-236631 (R.D.G.)
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (R.D.G.); Tel.: +39-051-2094761 (E.B.); +39-0532-236631 (R.D.G.)
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22
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Li N, Song YM, Zhang XD, Zhao XS, He XY, Yu LF, Zou DW. Pseudoileus caused by primary visceral myopathy in a Han Chinese patient with a rare MYH11 mutation: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:12623-12630. [PMID: 36579105 PMCID: PMC9791514 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i34.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a syndrome of intestinal motor dysfunction caused by intestinal nerve, muscle, and/or Cajal stromal cell lesions. CIPO is a serious category of gastrointestinal dynamic dysfunction, which can eventually lead to the death of patients with intestinal failure. Due to considerable phenotypic heterogeneity, the estimated incidence of CIPO is 1/476190 and 1/416666 in men and women, respectively. According to the etiology, CIPO can be divided into idiopathic and secondary, of which the latter is the most common, often secondary to tumor, virus infection, connective tissue disease, neurological diseases, and endocrine diseases. Idiopathic CIPO in the intestinal tract is divided into visceral myopathy, neuropathy, and stromal cell lesions according to the location. Surgery is usually not recommended for CIPO, because it often does not benefit patients with CIPO, and postoperative intestinal obstruction is likely to occur, which may even worsen the condition.
CASE SUMMARY Here, we describe the case of a 43-year-old male Han Chinese patient with a 15-year history of recurrent abdominal distention with no clear cause. The results of physical, biochemical, and other relevant examinations showed no clear abnormalities. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) indicated a large duodenum, clear expansion of the intestinal lumen, and CIPO. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of the patient and his mother confirmed the diagnosis of primary familial visceral myopathy type 2 chronic pseudoileus with a rare heterozygous gene mutation in MYH11. This is the second reported case of CIPO with a heterozygous MYH11 [NM_001040113.1: c.5819delC (p.Pro1940Hisfs*91)] mutation.
CONCLUSION This case report indicates that physicians can perform routine clinical examinations, CT, and WES to achieve a diagnosis and treatment of CIPO in early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yi-Ming Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fenghua District People’s Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xian-Da Zhang
- Medical College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xue-Song Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Yi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Fen Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Duo-Wu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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23
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Liu Z, Ma Y, Hao L. Characterization of three novel cell lines derived from the brain of spotted sea bass: Focusing on cell markers and susceptibility toward iridoviruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:175-185. [PMID: 36028055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite tens of cell lines originating from fish brain tissue have been constructed, little is known about the definite cell types they belong to. Whether fish cell lines derived from the brain shares similar characteristics is not well-answered yet. Here, we constructed three cell lines designated as LMB-S, LMB-M, LMB-L using brain tissue of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Among them, LMB-L was identified as astroglia-like cells considering the high expression of GFAP, DCX, PTX, S100b, which are regarded as astrocyte-specific or astrocyte-associated cell markers. LMB-M exhibited smooth muscle-like features showing strong expression of LMOD1, SLAMP, M-cadherin, MGP, which are confirmed as muscle-restricted or myogenesis-involved cell markers. Although LMB-S was not definitely identified, it appeared an activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway. Besides the distinct expression profiles of cell markers, the three cell lines also presented differences in transfection efficiency and susceptibility to iridovirus infection. Relying on the established cell lines, a novel megalocytivirus, named LMIV (Lateolabrax maculatus iridovirus), was first isolated from diseased spotted sea bass. Genetic analysis of major capsid protein (MCP) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) manifested that LMIV was clearly distinguishable from other representative teleost iridoviruses. Further investigations revealed that LMIV could replicate most efficiently in LMB-L cells obtaining the highest viral load (2.16 × 1010 copy/mL). By contrast, LMB-S cells gave rise to the highest viral load up to 3.86 × 108 copy/mL, when the three cell lines were infected with MRV, a newly emerged ranavirus. Moreover, LMIV infection caused lots of cells to be detached from monolayers, generating adherent and non-adherent cells. An opposite expression profiling of type I IFN pathway-related genes (JAK1, STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, Mx1) was found between adherent and non-adherent cells. Combined with the analysis of MCP gene expression, it is speculated that inhibiting type I IFN pathway in non-adherent cells allowed the facilitation of virus duplication. Taken together, the present study broadens our understanding about the diversity of cell lines derived from fish brain tissue and screening cells more susceptible to virus is not only meaningful for the development of vaccine, but also provide clues for further clarification of cell-iridovirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China.
| | - Yanping Ma
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China
| | - Le Hao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China
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24
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Warthi G, Faulkner JL, Doja J, Ghanam AR, Gao P, Yang AC, Slivano OJ, Barris CT, Kress TC, Zawieja SD, Griffin SH, Xie X, Ashworth A, Christie CK, Bryant WB, Kumar A, Davis MJ, Long X, Gan L, de Chantemèle EJB, Lyu Q, Miano JM. Generation and Comparative Analysis of an Itga8-CreER T2 Mouse with Preferential Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:1084-1100. [PMID: 36424917 PMCID: PMC9681021 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
All current smooth muscle cell (SMC) Cre mice similarly recombine floxed alleles in vascular and visceral SMCs. Here, we present an Itga8-CreER T2 knock-in mouse and compare its activity with a Myh11-CreER T2 mouse. Both Cre drivers demonstrate equivalent recombination in vascular SMCs. However, Myh11-CreER T2 mice, but not Itga8-CreER T2 mice, display high activity in visceral SMC-containing tissues such as intestine, show early tamoxifen-independent activity, and produce high levels of CreERT2 protein. Whereas Myh11-CreER T2 -mediated knockout of serum response factor (Srf) causes a lethal intestinal phenotype precluding analysis of the vasculature, loss of Srf with Itga8-CreER T2 (Srf Itga8 ) yields viable mice with no evidence of intestinal pathology. Male and female Srf Itga8 mice exhibit vascular contractile incompetence, and angiotensin II causes elevated blood pressure in wild type, but not Srf Itga8 , male mice. These findings establish the Itga8-CreER T2 mouse as an alternative to existing SMC Cre mice for unfettered phenotyping of vascular SMCs following selective gene loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Warthi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Jessica L. Faulkner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Jaser Doja
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Amr R. Ghanam
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Pan Gao
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Allison C. Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Orazio J. Slivano
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Candee T. Barris
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Taylor C. Kress
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Scott D. Zawieja
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Susan H. Griffin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158
| | - Christine K. Christie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William B. Bryant
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Michael J. Davis
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | | | - Qing Lyu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Biomedical and Health Institute, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligence Technology, Chongqing, China 400714
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China 401147
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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25
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Tolkatchev D, Gregorio CC, Kostyukova AS. The role of leiomodin in actin dynamics: a new road or a secret gate. FEBS J 2022; 289:6119-6131. [PMID: 34273242 PMCID: PMC8761783 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leiomodin is an important emerging regulator of thin filaments. As novel molecular, cellular, animal model, and human data accumulate, the mechanisms of its action become clearer. Structural studies played a significant part in understanding the functional significance of leiomodin's interacting partners and functional domains. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the structural and cellular properties of leiomodin which has led to two proposed mechanisms of its function. Although it is known that leiomodin is essential for life, numerous domains within leiomodin remain unstudied and as such, we outline future directions for investigations that we predict will provide evidence that leiomodin is a multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Tolkatchev
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Alla S. Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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26
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Chen Y, Li R, Sun J, Li C, Xiao H, Chen S. Genome-Wide Population Structure and Selection Signatures of Yunling Goat Based on RAD-seq. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182401. [PMID: 36139261 PMCID: PMC9495202 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Goats are important domestic animals that provide meat, milk, fur, and other products for humans. The demand for these products has increased in recent years. Disease resistance among goat breeds is different, but the genetic basis of the differences in resistance to diseases is still unclear and needs to be further studied. In this study, many genes and pathways related to immunity and diseases were identified to be under positive selection between Yunling and Nubian goats using RAD-seq technology. This study on the selection signatures of Yunling goats provides the scientific basis and technical support for the breeding of domestic goats for disease resistance, which has important social and economic significance. Abstract Animal diseases impose a huge burden on the countries where diseases are endemic. Conventional control strategies of vaccines and veterinary drugs are to control diseases from a pharmaceutical perspective. Another alternative approach is using pre-existing genetic disease resistance or tolerance. We know that the Yunling goat is an excellent local breed from Yunnan, southwestern China, which has characteristics of strong disease resistance and remarkable adaptability. However, genetic information about the selection signatures of Yunling goats is limited. We reasoned that the genes underlying the observed difference in disease resistance might be identified by investigating selection signatures between two different goat breeds. Herein, we selected the Nubian goat as the reference group to perform the population structure and selection signature analysis by using RAD-seq technology. The results showed that two goat breeds were divided into two clusters, but there also existed gene flow. We used Fst (F-statistics) and π (pi/θπ) methods to carry out selection signature analysis. Eight selected regions and 91 candidate genes were identified, in which some genes such as DOK2, TIMM17A, MAVS, and DOCK8 related to disease and immunity and some genes such as SPEFI, CDC25B, and MIR103 were associated with reproduction. Four GO (Gene Ontology) terms (GO:0010591, GO:001601, GO:0038023, and GO:0017166) were associated with cell migration, signal transduction, and immune responses. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) signaling pathways were mainly associated with immune responses, inflammatory responses, and stress reactions. This study preliminarily revealed the genetic basis of strong disease resistance and adaptability of Yunling goats. It provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent genetic breeding of disease resistance of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Rong Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- College of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianshu Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Chunqing Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Heng Xiao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Shanyuan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18687122260
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27
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Chevalier NR. Physical organogenesis of the gut. Development 2022; 149:276365. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The gut has been a central subject of organogenesis since Caspar Friedrich Wolff’s seminal 1769 work ‘De Formatione Intestinorum’. Today, we are moving from a purely genetic understanding of cell specification to a model in which genetics codes for layers of physical–mechanical and electrical properties that drive organogenesis such that organ function and morphogenesis are deeply intertwined. This Review provides an up-to-date survey of the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical forces acting on the embryonic vertebrate gut during development and of their role in all aspects of intestinal morphogenesis: enteric nervous system formation, epithelium structuring, muscle orientation and differentiation, anisotropic growth and the development of myogenic and neurogenic motility. I outline numerous implications of this biomechanical perspective in the etiology and treatment of pathologies, such as short bowel syndrome, dysmotility, interstitial cells of Cajal-related disorders and Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7057 , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris , France
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28
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Fournier N, Fabre A. Smooth muscle motility disorder phenotypes: A systematic review of cases associated with seven pathogenic genes ( ACTG2, MYH11, FLNA, MYLK, RAD21, MYL9 and LMOD1). Intractable Rare Dis Res 2022; 11:113-119. [PMID: 36200034 PMCID: PMC9437995 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2022.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle disorders affecting both the intestine and the bladder have been known for a decade. However, the recent discovery of genes associated with these dysfunctions has led to the description of several clinical phenotypes. We performed a systematic review of all published cases involving seven genes with pathogenic variants, ACTG2, MYH11, FLNA, MYLK, RAD21, MYL9 and LMOD1, and included 28 articles describing 112 patients and 5 pregnancies terminated before birth. The most commonly described mutations involved ACTG2 (75/112, 67% of patients), MYH11 (14%) and FLNA (13%). Twenty-seven patients (28%) died at a median age of 14.5 months. Among the 76 patients for whom this information was available, 10 (13%) had isolated chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO), 17 (22%) had isolated megacystis, and 48 (63%) had combined CIPO and megacystis. The respective proportions of these phenotypes were 9%, 20% and 71% among the 56 patients with ACTG2 mutations, 20%, 20% and 60% among the 10 patients with MYH11 mutations and 50%, 50% and 0% among the 7 patients with FLNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninon Fournier
- APHM, Timone Enfant, Pediatric Multidisciplinary Department, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Fabre
- APHM, Timone Enfant, Pediatric Multidisciplinary Department, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
- Address correspondence to:Alexandre Fabre, Pediatric Multidisciplinary Department, Timone Enfant Hospital, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13005 Marseille, France. E-mail:
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29
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Khachigian LM, Black BL, Ferdinandy P, De Caterina R, Madonna R, Geng YJ. Transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, differentiation and senescence: Novel targets for therapy. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107091. [PMID: 35896140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) possess a unique cytoplasticity, regulated by transcriptional, translational and phenotypic transformation in response to a diverse range of extrinsic and intrinsic pathogenic factors. The mature, differentiated SMC phenotype is physiologically typified transcriptionally by expression of genes encoding "contractile" proteins, such as SMα-actin (ACTA2), SM-MHC (myosin-11) and SM22α (transgelin). When exposed to various pathological conditions (e.g., pro-atherogenic risk factors, hypertension), SMC undergo phenotypic modulation, a bioprocess enabling SMC to de-differentiate in immature stages or trans-differentiate into other cell phenotypes. As recent studies suggest, the process of SMC phenotypic transformation involves five distinct states characterized by different patterns of cell growth, differentiation, migration, matrix protein expression and declined contractility. These changes are mediated via the action of several transcriptional regulators, including myocardin and serum response factor. Conversely, other factors, including Kruppel-like factor 4 and nuclear factor-κB, can inhibit SMC differentiation and growth arrest, while factors such as yin yang-1, can promote SMC differentiation whilst inhibiting proliferation. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of regulatory mechanisms governing SMC phenotypic modulation. We propose the concept that transcription factors mediating this switching are important biomarkers and potential pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
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30
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Smith GE, Tolkatchev D, Risi C, Little M, Gregorio CC, Galkin VE, Kostyukova AS. Ca 2+ attenuates nucleation activity of leiomodin. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4358. [PMID: 35762710 PMCID: PMC9207750 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A transient increase in Ca2+ concentration in sarcomeres is essential for their proper function. Ca2+ drives striated muscle contraction via binding to the troponin complex of the thin filament to activate its interaction with the myosin thick filament. In addition to the troponin complex, the myosin essential light chain and myosin-binding protein C were also found to be Ca2+ sensitive. However, the effects of Ca2+ on the function of the tropomodulin family proteins involved in regulating thin filament formation have not yet been studied. Leiomodin, a member of the tropomodulin family, is an actin nucleator and thin filament elongator. Using pyrene-actin polymerization assay and transmission electron microscopy, we show that the actin nucleation activity of leiomodin is attenuated by Ca2+ . Using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the mostly disordered, negatively charged region of leiomodin located between its first two actin-binding sites binds Ca2+ . We propose that Ca2+ binding to leiomodin results in the attenuation of its nucleation activity. Our data provide further evidence regarding the role of Ca2+ as an ultimate regulator of the ensemble of sarcomeric proteins essential for muscle function. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Ca2+ fluctuations in striated muscle sarcomeres modulate contractile activity via binding to several distinct families of sarcomeric proteins. The effects of Ca2+ on the activity of leiomodin-an actin nucleator and thin filament length regulator-have remained unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Ca2+ binds directly to leiomodin and attenuates its actin nucleating activity. Our data emphasizes the ultimate role of Ca2+ in the regulation of the sarcomeric protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry E. Smith
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Dmitri Tolkatchev
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Cristina Risi
- Department of Physiological SciencesEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginiaUSA
| | - Madison Little
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research ProgramUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Vitold E. Galkin
- Department of Physiological SciencesEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginiaUSA
| | - Alla S. Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
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31
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Szikora S, Görög P, Mihály J. The Mechanisms of Thin Filament Assembly and Length Regulation in Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5306. [PMID: 35628117 PMCID: PMC9140763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin containing tropomyosin and troponin decorated thin filaments form one of the crucial components of the contractile apparatus in muscles. The thin filaments are organized into densely packed lattices interdigitated with myosin-based thick filaments. The crossbridge interactions between these myofilaments drive muscle contraction, and the degree of myofilament overlap is a key factor of contractile force determination. As such, the optimal length of the thin filaments is critical for efficient activity, therefore, this parameter is precisely controlled according to the workload of a given muscle. Thin filament length is thought to be regulated by two major, but only partially understood mechanisms: it is set by (i) factors that mediate the assembly of filaments from monomers and catalyze their elongation, and (ii) by factors that specify their length and uniformity. Mutations affecting these factors can alter the length of thin filaments, and in human cases, many of them are linked to debilitating diseases such as nemaline myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Szikora
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Péter Görög
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Mihály
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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32
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Yuen M, Worgan L, Iwanski J, Pappas CT, Joshi H, Churko JM, Arbuckle S, Kirk EP, Zhu Y, Roscioli T, Gregorio CC, Cooper ST. Neonatal-lethal dilated cardiomyopathy due to a homozygous LMOD2 donor splice-site variant. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:450-457. [PMID: 35082396 PMCID: PMC8989920 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by cardiac enlargement and impaired ventricular contractility leading to heart failure. A single report identified variants in leiomodin-2 (LMOD2) as a cause of neonatally-lethal DCM. Here, we describe two siblings with DCM who died shortly after birth due to heart failure. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous LMOD2 variant in both siblings, (GRCh38)chr7:g.123656237G > A; NM_207163.2:c.273 + 1G > A, ablating the donor 5' splice-site of intron-1. Pre-mRNA splicing studies and western blot analysis on cDNA derived from proband cardiac tissue, MyoD-transduced proband skin fibroblasts and HEK293 cells transfected with LMOD2 gene constructs established variant-associated absence of canonically spliced LMOD2 mRNA and full-length LMOD2 protein. Immunostaining of proband heart tissue unveiled abnormally short actin-thin filaments. Our data are consistent with LMOD2 c.273 + 1G > A abolishing/reducing LMOD2 transcript expression by: (1) variant-associated perturbation in initiation of transcription due to ablation of the intron-1 donor; and/or (2) degradation of aberrant LMOD2 transcripts (resulting from use of alternative transcription start-sites or cryptic splice-sites) by nonsense-mediated decay. LMOD2 expression is critical for life and the absence of LMOD2 is associated with thin filament shortening and severe cardiac contractile dysfunction. This study describes the first splice-site variant in LMOD2 and confirms the role of LMOD2 variants in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Yuen
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lisa Worgan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessika Iwanski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher T Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jared M Churko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Susan Arbuckle
- Department of Histopathology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick Genomics Laboratory, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra T Cooper
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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33
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Liu K, Lu L, Chen S, Gu B, Cai H, Wang Y, Cai W. Loss-of-function variants within LMOD1 actin-binding site 2 cause pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction by impairing protein stability and actin nucleation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22194. [PMID: 35170814 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The leiomodin1 (LMOD1) gene, encoding a potent actin nucleator, was recently reported as a potential pathogenic gene of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS, OMIM 619362). However, only a single patient has been reported to have LMOD1 mutations, and the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. Here, we described a male infant with LMOD1 mutations presenting typical symptoms of pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO) but without megacystis and microcolon. Two compound heterozygous missense variants (c.1106C>T, p.T369M; c.1262G>A, p.R421H) were identified, both affecting highly conserved amino acid residues within the second actin-binding site (ABS2) domain of LMOD1. Expression analysis showed that both variants resulted in significantly reduced protein amounts, especially for p.T369M, which was almost undetectable. The reduction was only partially rescued by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, indicating that there might be proteasome-independent pathways involved in the degradation of the mutant proteins. Molecular modeling showed that variant p.T369M impaired the local protein conformation of the ABS2 domain, while variant p.R421H directly impaired the intermolecular interaction between ABS2 and actin. Accordingly, both variants significantly damaged LMOD1-mediated actin nucleation. These findings provide further human genetic evidence supporting LMOD1 as a pathogenic gene underlying visceral myopathy including PIPO and MMIHS, strengthen the critical role of ABS2 domain in LMOD1-mediated actin nucleation, and moreover, reveal an unrecognized role of ABS2 in protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Liu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilin Gu
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Nham S, Nguyen ATM, Holland AJA. Paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction: a scoping review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2619-2632. [PMID: 35482095 PMCID: PMC9192403 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO) encompasses a group of rare disorders in which patients present with the clinical features of bowel obstruction in the absence of mechanical occlusion. The management of PIPO presents a challenge as evidence remains limited on available medical and surgical therapy. Parenteral nutrition is often the mainstay of therapy. Long-term therapy may culminate in life-threatening complications including intestinal failure-related liver disease, central line thrombosis and sepsis. Intestinal transplantation remains the only definitive cure in PIPO but is a complex and resource-limited solution associated with its own morbidity and mortality. We conducted a scoping review to present a contemporary summary of the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and complications of PIPO.Conclusion: PIPO represents a rare disorder that is difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat, with significant morbitity and mortality. The only known cure is intestinal transplantation. What is Known: • Paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare, heterogeneous disorder that confers a high rate of morbidity and mortality • Complications of paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction include chronic pain, small intestine bacterial overgrowth and malrotation. Other complications can occur related to its management, such as line infections with parenteral nutrition or cardiac side effects of prokinetic medications What is New: • Progress in medical and surgical therapy in recent years has led to improved patient outcomes • Enteral autonomy has been reported in most patients at as early as 1 month post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Nham
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW Australia
- South West Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander T. M. Nguyen
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW Australia
- South West Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- The Burns Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Burns Research Institute, Westmead, NSW Australia
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
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35
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Clinical and Pathological Features of Severe Gut Dysmotility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:9-17. [PMID: 36587142 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe gut motility disorders are characterized by ineffective propulsion of intestinal contents. As a result, patients often develop extremely uncomfortable symptoms, ranging from nausea and vomiting along with alterations of bowel habits, up to radiologically confirmed subobstructive episodes. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a typical clinical phenotype of severe gut dysmotility due to morphological and functional alterations of the intrinsic (enteric) innervation and extrinsic nerve supply (hence neuropathy), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) (mesenchymopathy), and smooth muscle cells (myopathy). In this chapter, we highlight some molecular mechanisms of CIPO and review the clinical phenotypes and the genetics of the different types of CIPO. Specifically, we will detail the role of some of the most representative genetic mutations involving RAD21, LIG3, and ACTG2 to provide a better understanding of CIPO and related underlying neuropathic or myopathic histopathological abnormalities. This knowledge may unveil targeted strategies to better manage patients with such severe disease.
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36
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Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: Is There a Connection with Gut Microbiota? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122549. [PMID: 34946150 PMCID: PMC8703706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by severe impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and its symptoms are suggestive of partial or complete intestinal obstruction in the absence of any lesion restricting the intestinal lumen. Diagnosis and therapy of CIPO patients still represent a significant challenge for clinicians, despite their efforts to improve diagnostic workup and treatment strategies for this disease. The purpose of this review is to better understand what is currently known about the relationship between CIPO patients and intestinal microbiota, with a focus on the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the intestinal endocrine system (IES) in intestinal motility, underling the importance of further studies to deeply understand the causes of gut motility dysfunction in these patients.
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37
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Bianco F, Lattanzio G, Lorenzini L, Diquigiovanni C, Mazzoni M, Clavenzani P, Calzà L, Giardino L, Sternini C, Bonora E, De Giorgio R. Novel understanding on genetic mechanisms of enteric neuropathies leading to severe gut dysmotility. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34818877 PMCID: PMC8636838 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the third division of the autonomic nervous system and the largest collection of neurons outside the central nervous system (CNS). The ENS has been referred to as “the brain-in-thegut” or “the second brain of the human body” because of its highly integrated neural circuits controlling a vast repertoire of gut functions, including absorption/secretion, splanchnic blood vessels, some immunological aspects, intestinal epithelial barrier, and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The latter function is the result of the ENS fine-tuning over smooth musculature, along with the contribution of other key cells, such as enteric glia (astrocyte-like cells supporting and contributing to neuronal activity), interstitial cells of Cajal (the pacemaker cells of the GI tract involved in neuromuscular transmission), and enteroendocrine cells (releasing bioactive substances, which affect gut physiology). Any noxa insult perturbing the ENS complexity may determine a neuropathy with variable degree of neuro-muscular dysfunction. In this review we aim to cover the most recent update on genetic mechanisms leading to enteric neuropathies ranging from Hirschsprung’s disease (characterized by lack of any enteric neurons in the gut wall) up to more generalized form of dysmotility such as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) with a significant reduction of enteric neurons. In this line, we will discuss the role of the RAD21 mutation, which we have demonstrated in a family whose affected members exhibited severe GI dysmotility. Other genes contributing to gut motility abnormalities will also be presented. In conclusion, the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in enteric neuropathy may unveil strategies to better manage patients with neurogenic gut dysmotility and pave the way to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catia Sternini
- UCLA/DDRC, Division of Digestive Diseases, Departments Medicine and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles CA.
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna.
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38
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Amici DR, Pinal-Fernandez I, Christopher-Stine L, Mammen AL, Mendillo ML. A network of core and subtype-specific gene expression programs in myositis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:887-898. [PMID: 34499219 PMCID: PMC8555743 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myositis comprises a heterogeneous group of skeletal muscle disorders which converge on chronic muscle inflammation and weakness. Our understanding of myositis pathogenesis is limited, and many myositis patients lack effective therapies. Using muscle biopsy transcriptome profiles from 119 myositis patients (spanning major clinical and serological disease subtypes) and 20 normal controls, we generated a co-expression network of 8101 dynamically regulated transcripts. This network organized the myositis transcriptome into a map of gene expression modules representing interrelated biological processes and disease signatures. Universally myositis-upregulated network modules included muscle regeneration, specific cytokine signatures, the acute phase response, and neutrophil degranulation. Universally myositis-suppressed pathways included a specific subset of myofilaments, the mitochondrial envelope, and nuclear isoforms of the anti-apoptotic humanin protein. Myositis subtype-specific modules included type 1 interferon signaling and titin (dermatomyositis), RNA processing (antisynthetase syndrome), and vasculogenesis (inclusion body myositis). Importantly, therapies exist to target influential proteins in many myositis-dysregulated modules, and nearly all modules contained understudied proteins and non-coding RNAs - many of which were extraordinarily dysregulated in myositis and may represent novel therapeutic targets. Finally, we apply our network to patient classification, finding that a deep learning algorithm trained on patient-level network "images" successfully assigned patients to clinical groups and further into molecular subclusters. Altogether, we provide a global resource to probe and contextualize differential gene expression in myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Amici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iago Pinal-Fernandez
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Christopher-Stine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Marc L Mendillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sioson VA, Kim M, Joo J. Challenges in delivery systems for CRISPR-based genome editing and opportunities of nanomedicine. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:217-233. [PMID: 34350049 PMCID: PMC8316527 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-based genome editing technology has opened extremely useful strategies in biological research and clinical therapeutics, thus attracting great attention with tremendous progress in the past decade. Despite its robust potential in personalized and precision medicine, the CRISPR-based gene editing has been limited by inefficient in vivo delivery to the target cells and by safety concerns of viral vectors for clinical setting. In this review, recent advances in tailored nanoparticles as a means of non-viral delivery vector for CRISPR/Cas systems are thoroughly discussed. Unique characteristics of the nanoparticles including controllable size, surface tunability, and low immune response lead considerable potential of CRISPR-based gene editing as a translational medicine. We will present an overall view on essential elements in CRISPR/Cas systems and the nanoparticle-based delivery carriers including advantages and challenges. Perspectives to advance the current limitations are also discussed toward bench-to-bedside translation in engineering aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Aaron Sioson
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Minjong Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
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No Evidence for the Involvement of Leiomodin-1 Antibodies in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070845. [PMID: 34357995 PMCID: PMC8308601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodding syndrome has been suggested to be triggered by neurotoxic leiomodin-1 auto-antibodies cross-reacting with Onchocerca volvulus. Here, we screened serum and CSF samples of persons with nodding syndrome and other forms of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) and African and European controls for leiomodin-1 antibodies by a cell-based assay (CBA) and Western blot (WB). These samples were also investigated for the presence of auto-antibodies cross-reacting with rat brain tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, IHC was used to detect the leiomodin-1 protein in post-mortem brain samples of persons with OAE who died. Leiomodin-1 antibodies were detected by CBA in 6/52 (12%) and by WB in 23/54 (43%) persons with OAE compared to in 14/61 (23%) (p = 0.113) and 23/54 (43%) (p = 0.479) of controls without epilepsy. Multivariable exact logistic regression did not show an association between O. volvulus infection or epilepsy status and the presence of leiomodin-1. Leiomodin-1 antibodies were not detected in 12 CSF samples from persons with OAE or in 16 CSF samples from persons with acute-onset neurological conditions, as well as not being detected in serum from European controls. Moreover, the leiomodin-1 protein was only detected in capillary walls in post-mortem brain tissues and not in brain cells. IHC on rat brain slides with serum samples from persons with OAE or controls from persons with or without O. volvulus infection revealed no specific staining pattern. In conclusion, our data do not support OAE to be an autoimmune disorder caused by leiomodin-1 antibodies.
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41
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Sun X, Feinberg MW. Vascular Endothelial Senescence: Pathobiological Insights, Emerging Long Noncoding RNA Targets, Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:693067. [PMID: 34220553 PMCID: PMC8242592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.693067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable form of cell cycle arrest in response to various stressors. While it serves as an endogenous pro-resolving mechanism, detrimental effects ensue when it is dysregulated. In this review, we introduce recent advances for cellular senescence and inflammaging, the underlying mechanisms for the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in tissues during aging, new knowledge learned from p16 reporter mice, and the development of machine learning algorithms in cellular senescence. We focus on pathobiological insights underlying cellular senescence of the vascular endothelium, a critical interface between blood and all tissues. Common causes and hallmarks of endothelial senescence are highlighted as well as recent advances in endothelial senescence. The regulation of cellular senescence involves multiple mechanistic layers involving chromatin, DNA, RNA, and protein levels. New targets are discussed including the roles of long noncoding RNAs in regulating endothelial cellular senescence. Emerging small molecules are highlighted that have anti-aging or anti-senescence effects in age-related diseases and impact homeostatic control of the vascular endothelium. Lastly, challenges and future directions are discussed including heterogeneity of endothelial cells and endothelial senescence, senescent markers and detection of senescent endothelial cells, evolutionary differences for immune surveillance in mice and humans, and long noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in attenuating cellular senescence. Accumulating studies indicate that cellular senescence is reversible. A better understanding of endothelial cellular senescence through lifestyle and pharmacological interventions holds promise to foster a new frontier in the management of cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases Through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Hashmi SK, Ceron RH, Heuckeroth RO. Visceral myopathy: clinical syndromes, genetics, pathophysiology, and fall of the cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G919-G935. [PMID: 33729000 PMCID: PMC8285581 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Visceral smooth muscle is a crucial component of the walls of hollow organs like the gut, bladder, and uterus. This specialized smooth muscle has unique properties that distinguish it from other muscle types and facilitate robust dilation and contraction. Visceral myopathies are diseases where severe visceral smooth muscle dysfunction prevents efficient movement of air and nutrients through the bowel, impairs bladder emptying, and affects normal uterine contraction and relaxation, particularly during pregnancy. Disease severity exists along a spectrum. The most debilitating defects cause highly dysfunctional bowel, reduced intrauterine colon growth (microcolon), and bladder-emptying defects requiring catheterization, a condition called megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS). People with MMIHS often die early in childhood. When the bowel is the main organ affected and microcolon is absent, the condition is known as myopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO). Visceral myopathies like MMIHS and myopathic CIPO are most commonly caused by mutations in contractile apparatus cytoskeletal proteins. Here, we review visceral myopathy-causing mutations and normal functions of these disease-associated proteins. We propose molecular, cellular, and tissue-level models that may explain clinical and histopathological features of visceral myopathy and hope these observations prompt new mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Khalid Hashmi
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,2Department of Bioengineering, The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Helen Ceron
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,3Department of Physiology, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Prathapan KM, King DE, Raghu VK, Ackerman K, Presel T, Yaworski JA, Ganoza A, Bond G, Sevilla WMA, Rudolph JA, Alissa F. Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome: A Case Series With Long-term Follow-up and Prolonged Survival. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:e81-e85. [PMID: 33264186 PMCID: PMC9124153 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe clinical characteristics, management, and outcome in a cohort of megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of MMIHS patients followed at a large transplant and intestinal rehabilitation center over a period of 17 years. RESULTS We identified 25 patients with MMIHS (68% girls, 13 transplanted). One transplanted and 1 nontransplanted patient were lost to follow-up. We estimated 100, 100, and 86% for 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival, respectively, with only 1 death. Of the 22 patients alive at the time of study (11 transplanted, 11 nontransplanted), median age was 9.2 years (range 2.7-22.9 years). Longest posttransplant follow-up was 16 years. Seventeen patients had available prenatal imaging reports; all showed distended bladder. Eight had genetic testing (5, ACTG2; 2, MYH11; 1, MYL9). Almost all patients had normal growth with median weight z-score -0.77 (interquartile range -1.39 to 0.26), height z score -1.2 (-2.04 to -0.48) and body mass index z-score 0.23 (-0.37 to 0.93) with no statistical difference between transplanted and nontransplanted patients. All nontransplanted patients were on parenteral nutrition with minimal/no feeds, and all except 1 of the transplanted patients were on full enteral feeds. Recent average bilirubin, INR, albumin, and creatinine fell within the reference ranges. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest single-center case series with the longest duration of follow-up for MMIHS patients. In the current era of improved intestinal rehabilitation and transplantation, MMIHS patients have excellent outcomes in survival, growth, and liver function. This observation contradicts previous reports and should alter counselling and management decisions in these patients at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Marangattu Prathapan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dale E. King
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vikram Kalathur Raghu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kimberly Ackerman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tracey Presel
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jane Anne Yaworski
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Armando Ganoza
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Liver Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Geoffrey Bond
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Liver Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wednesday Marie A. Sevilla
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeffrey A. Rudolph
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Feras Alissa
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Martire D, Garnier S, Sagnol S, Bourret A, Marchal S, Chauvet N, Guérin A, Forgues D, Berrebi D, Chardot C, Bellaiche M, Rendu J, Kalfa N, Faure S, de Santa Barbara P. Phenotypic switch of smooth muscle cells in paediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4028-4039. [PMID: 33656779 PMCID: PMC8051695 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth Muscle Cells (SMC) are unique amongst all muscle cells in their capacity to modulate their phenotype. Indeed, SMCs do not terminally differentiate but instead harbour a remarkable capacity to dedifferentiate, switching between a quiescent contractile state and a highly proliferative and migratory phenotype, a quality often associated to SMC dysfunction. However, phenotypic plasticity remains poorly examined in the field of gastroenterology in particular in pathologies in which gut motor activity is impaired. Here, we assessed SMC status in biopsies of infants with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) syndrome, a life-threatening intestinal motility disorder. We showed that CIPO-SMCs harbour a decreased level of contractile markers. This phenotype is accompanied by an increase in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) expression. We showed that this modulation occurs without origin-related differences in CIPO circular and longitudinal-derived SMCs. As we characterized PDGFRA as a marker of digestive mesenchymal progenitors during embryogenesis, our results suggest a phenotypic switch of the CIPO-SMC towards an undifferentiated stage. The development of CIPO-SMC culture and the characterization of SMC phenotypic switch should enable us to design therapeutic approaches to promote SMC differentiation in CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Martire
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Garnier
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Sagnol
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Annick Bourret
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Marchal
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Chauvet
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Guérin
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Forgues
- Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Bellaiche
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - John Rendu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, Biochimie Génétique et Moléculaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Kalfa
- Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Faure
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Functional Comparison between VP64-dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-VP192 CRISPR Activators in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010397. [PMID: 33401508 PMCID: PMC7795359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversal in the transcriptional status of desired genes has been exploited for multiple research, therapeutic, and biotechnological purposes. CRISPR/dCas9-based activators can activate transcriptionally silenced genes after being guided by gene-specific gRNA(s). Here, we performed a functional comparison between two such activators, VP64-dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-VP192, in human embryonic kidney cells by the concomitant targeting of POU5F1 and SOX2. We found 22- and 6-fold upregulations in the mRNA level of POU5F1 by dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. Likewise, SOX2 was up-regulated 4- and 2-fold using dCas9-VP192 and VP64dCas9VP64, respectively. For the POU5F1 protein level, we observed 3.7- and 2.2-fold increases with dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. Similarly, the SOX2 expression was 2.4- and 2-fold higher with dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. We also confirmed that activation only happened upon co-transfecting an activator plasmid with multiplex gRNA plasmid with a high specificity to the reference genes. Our data revealed that dCas9-VP192 is more efficient than VP64-dCas9-VP64 for activating reference genes.
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Matera I, Bordo D, Di Duca M, Lerone M, Santamaria G, Pongiglione M, Lezo A, Diamanti A, Spagnuolo MI, Pini Prato A, Alberti D, Mattioli G, Gandullia P, Ceccherini I. Novel ACTG2 variants disclose allelic heterogeneity and bi-allelic inheritance in pediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Clin Genet 2020; 99:430-436. [PMID: 33294969 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the ACTG2 gene, encoding a protein crucial for correct enteric muscle contraction, have been found in patients affected with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, either congenital or late-onset visceral myopathy, and megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. Here we report about ten pediatric and one adult patients, from nine families, carrying ACTG2 variants: four show novel still unpublished missense variants, including one that is apparently transmitted according to a recessive mode of inheritance. Four of the remaining five probands carry variants affecting arginine residues, that have already been associated with a severe phenotype. A de novo occurrence of the variants could be confirmed in six of these families. Since a genotype-phenotype correlation is affected by extrinsic factors, such as, diagnosis delay, quality of clinical management, and intra-familial variability, we have undertaken 3D molecular modeling to get further insights into the effects of the variants here described. The present findings and further ACTG2 testing of patients presenting with intestinal pseudo-obstruction, will improve our understanding of visceral myopathies, including implications in the prognosis and genetic counseling of this set of severe disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Matera
- UOSD Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Di Duca
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
| | - Margherita Lerone
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santamaria
- UOSD Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
| | - Marta Pongiglione
- UOC Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
| | - Antonella Lezo
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Children's Hospital Regina Margherita, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Diamanti
- UOS Nutrizione Artificiale, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Pini Prato
- UO Chirurgia Pediatrica, AON SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Daniele Alberti
- UO Chirurgia Pediatrica, ASST- Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gandullia
- UOC Gastroenterologia. IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- UOSD Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italia, Italy
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Putative Autoantigen Leiomodin-1 Is Expressed in the Human Brain and in the Membrane Fraction of Newly Formed Neurons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121036. [PMID: 33321732 PMCID: PMC7763904 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is a pediatric epilepsy disorder associated with Onchocerca volvulus infection, but the mechanism driving this relationship is unclear. One hypothesis proposes that parasite-induced immune responses cross-react with human leiomodin-1 resulting in immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, as leiomodin-1 expression and epitope availability in human neurons remains uncharacterized, the relevance of leiomodin-1 autoimmunity is unknown. Leiomodin-1 transcript expression was assessed in silico using publicly available ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing databases and in tissue by in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Abundance and subcellular localization were examined by cell fractionation and immunoblotting. Leiomodin-1 transcripts were expressed in cells of the CNS, including neurons and astrocytes. Protein was detectable from all brain regions examined as well as from representative cell lines and in vitro differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Leiomodin-1 was expressed on the membrane of newly formed neurons, but not neural progenitor cells or mature neurons. Importantly, leiomodin-1 antibodies were only toxic to cells expressing leiomodin-1 on the membrane. Our findings provide evidence that leiomodin-1 is expressed in human neurons and glia. Furthermore, we show membrane expression mediates leiomodin-1 antibody toxicity, suggesting these antibodies may play a role in pathogenesis.
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48
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Lmod3 promotes myoblast differentiation and proliferation via the AKT and ERK pathways. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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49
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Surd A, Gheban D, Mironescu A, Aldea C, Gocan H. Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome associated with cystic fibrosis and meconium peritonitis in a female neonate 4 days of age - case report and review of the literature. Med Pharm Rep 2020; 93:422-427. [PMID: 33225270 PMCID: PMC7664722 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) in a four days old female infant who presented with abdominal distension, bilious vomiting, massive hematuria and feeding intolerance which was first interpreted as Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS), referred to our department after iatrogenic gastric and colonic perforation. Berdon syndrome or MMIHS is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a massive enlarged bladder, distended abdomen, microcolon, functional obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, and malrotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Surd
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Gheban
- Pathology Department, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurel Mironescu
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Brasov, Romania
| | - Cornel Aldea
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horaţiu Gocan
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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50
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Kandler JL, Sklirou E, Woerner A, Walsh L, Cox E, Xue Y. Compound heterozygous loss of function variants in MYL9 in a child with megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1516. [PMID: 33031641 PMCID: PMC7667357 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacystis–microcolon–intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS), or “visceral myopathy,” is a severe early onset disorder characterized by impaired muscle contractility in the bladder and intestines. Five genes are linked to MMIHS: primarily ACTG2, but also LMOD1, MYH11, MYLK, and MYL9. Here we describe a three‐year‐old girl with bilateral hydronephrosis diagnosed at 20 weeks gestation and congenital mydriasis (both of which have been previously observed among individuals with MMIHS). A clinical diagnosis of MMIHS was made based upon the presence of megacystis, lack of urinary bladder peristalsis, and intestinal pseudo‐obstruction. After initial testing of ACTG2 was negative, further sequencing and deletion/duplication testing was performed on the LMOD1, MYH11,MYLK, and MYL9 genes. We identified two heterozygous loss of function variants in MYL9: an exon 4 deletion and a nine base pair deletion that removes the canonical splicing donor site at exon 2 (NM_006097.5:c.184+2_184+10del). Parental testing confirmed these variants to be in trans in our proband. To our knowledge, only one other individual with MMIHS has biallelic mutations in MYL9 (a homozygous deletion encompassing exon 4). We suggest MYL9 be targeted on genetic testing panels for MMIHS, smooth muscle myopathies, and cardiovascular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenia Sklirou
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Audrey Woerner
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie Walsh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yuan Xue
- Fulgent Genetics, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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