1
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Zeitler C, Leibinger M, Fischer D. Inhibition of tubulin detyrosination: a novel strategy to promote central nervous system regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2557-2558. [PMID: 38808979 PMCID: PMC11168501 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Zeitler
- Center of Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Leibinger
- Center of Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Center of Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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DiCesare SM, Ortega AJ, Collier GE, Daniel S, Thompson KN, McCoy MK, Posner BA, Hulleman JD. GSK3 inhibition reduces ECM production and prevents age-related macular degeneration-like pathology. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178050. [PMID: 39114980 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Malattia Leventinese/Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (ML/DHRD) is an age-related macular degeneration-like (AMD-like) retinal dystrophy caused by an autosomal dominant R345W mutation in the secreted glycoprotein, fibulin-3 (F3). To identify new small molecules that reduce F3 production in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells, we knocked-in a luminescent peptide tag (HiBiT) into the endogenous F3 locus that enabled simple, sensitive, and high-throughput detection of the protein. The GSK3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR), significantly reduced F3 burden (expression, secretion, and intracellular levels) in immortalized RPE and non-RPE cells. Low-level, long-term CHIR treatment promoted remodeling of the RPE extracellular matrix, reducing sub-RPE deposit-associated proteins (e.g., amelotin, complement component 3, collagen IV, and fibronectin), while increasing RPE differentiation factors (e.g., tyrosinase, and pigment epithelium-derived factor). In vivo, treatment of 8-month-old R345W+/+ knockin mice with CHIR (25 mg/kg i.p., 1 mo) was well tolerated and significantly reduced R345W F3-associated AMD-like basal laminar deposit number and size, thereby preventing the main pathological feature in these mice. This is an important demonstration of small molecule-based prevention of AMD-like pathology in ML/DHRD mice and may herald a rejuvenation of interest in GSK3 inhibition for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases, including potentially AMD itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M DiCesare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Antonio J Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gracen E Collier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Steffi Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Krista N Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa K McCoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John D Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Fu XQ, Zhan WR, Tian WY, Zeng PM, Luo ZG. Comparative transcriptomic profiling reveals a role for Olig1 in promoting axon regeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114514. [PMID: 39002126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The regenerative potential of injured axons displays considerable heterogeneity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we establish a method that can separate spinal motor neurons (spMNs) with low and high regenerative capacities and identify a set of transcripts revealing differential expression between two groups of neurons. Interestingly, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (Olig1), which regulates the differentiation of various neuronal progenitors, exhibits recurrent expression in spMNs with enhanced regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, overexpression of Olig1 (Olig1 OE) facilitates axonal regeneration in various models, and down-regulation or deletion of Olig1 exhibits an opposite effect. By analyzing the overlapped differentially expressed genes after expressing individual Olig factor and functional validation, we find that the role of Olig1 is at least partially through the neurite extension factor 1 (Nrsn1). We therefore identify Olig1 as an intrinsic factor that promotes regenerative capacity of injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wen-Rong Zhan
- School of Life Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei-Ya Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng-Ming Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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4
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Lukomska A, Frost MP, Theune WC, Xing J, Gupta M, Trakhtenberg EF. Nfe2l3 promotes neuroprotection and long-distance axon regeneration after injury in vivo. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114741. [PMID: 38395216 PMCID: PMC10981571 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 like (Nfe2l) gene family members 1-3 mediate cellular response to oxidative stress, including in the central nervous system (CNS). However, neuronal functions of Nfe2l3 are unknown. Here, we comparatively evaluated expression of Nfe2l1, Nfe2l2, and Nfe2l3 in singe cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq)-profiled cortical and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) CNS projection neurons, investigated whether Nfe2l3 regulates neuroprotection and axon regeneration after CNS injury in vivo, and characterized a gene network associated with Nfe2l3 in neurons. We showed that, Nfe2l3 expression transiently peaks in developing immature cortical and RGC projection neurons, but is nearly abolished in adult neurons and is not upregulated after injury. Furthermore, within the retina, Nfe2l3 is enriched in RGCs, primarily neonatally, and not upregulated in injured RGCs, whereas Nfe2l1 and Nfe2l2 are expressed robustly in other retinal cell types as well and are upregulated in injured RGCs. We also found that, expressing Nfe2l3 in injured RGCs through localized intralocular viral vector delivery promotes neuroprotection and long-distance axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in vivo. Moreover, Nfe2l3 provided a similar extent of neuroprotection and axon regeneration as viral vector-targeting of Pten and Klf9, which are prominent regulators of neuroprotection and long-distance axon regeneration. Finally, we bioinformatically characterized a gene network associated with Nfe2l3 in neurons, which predicted the association of Nfe2l3 with established mechanisms of neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Thus, Nfe2l3 is a novel neuroprotection and axon regeneration-promoting factor with a therapeutic potential for treating CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukomska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Mahit Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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5
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Zhang X, Duan X, Liu X. The role of kinases in peripheral nerve regeneration: mechanisms and implications. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1340845. [PMID: 38689881 PMCID: PMC11058862 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1340845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury disease is a prevalent traumatic condition in current medical practice. Despite the present treatment approaches, encompassing surgical sutures, autologous nerve or allograft nerve transplantation, tissue engineering techniques, and others, an effective clinical treatment method still needs to be discovered. Exploring novel treatment methods to improve peripheral nerve regeneration requires more effort in investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Many factors are associated with the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, including the cross-sectional area of the injured nerve, the length of the nerve gap defect, and various cellular and molecular factors such as Schwann cells, inflammation factors, kinases, and growth factors. As crucial mediators of cellular communication, kinases exert regulatory control over numerous signaling cascades, thereby participating in various vital biological processes, including peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. In this review, we examined diverse kinase classifications, distinct nerve injury types, and the intricate mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration. Then we stressed the significance of kinases in regulating autophagy, inflammatory response, apoptosis, cell cycle, oxidative processes, and other aspects in establishing conductive microenvironments for nerve tissue regeneration. Finally, we briefly discussed the functional roles of kinases in different types of cells involved in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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6
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Zhang J, Yang SG, Zhou FQ. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling in neural regeneration in vivo. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad075. [PMID: 38059848 PMCID: PMC11063957 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling plays important and broad roles in regulating neural development in vitro and in vivo. Here, we reviewed recent findings of GSK3-regulated axon regeneration in vivo in both the peripheral and central nervous systems and discussed a few controversial findings in the field. Overall, current evidence indicates that GSK3β signaling serves as an important downstream mediator of the PI3K-AKT pathway to regulate axon regeneration in parallel with the mTORC1 pathway. Specifically, the mTORC1 pathway supports axon regeneration mainly through its role in regulating cap-dependent protein translation, whereas GSK3β signaling might be involved in regulating N6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation-mediated, cap-independent protein translation. In addition, GSK3 signaling also plays a key role in reshaping the neuronal transcriptomic landscape during neural regeneration. Finally, we proposed some research directions to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory function of GSK3 signaling and discover novel GSK3 signaling-related therapeutic targets. Together, we hope to provide an updated and insightful overview of how GSK3 signaling regulates neural regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
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7
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Berardo A, Bacaglio CR, Báez BB, Sambuelli R, Sheikh KA, Lopez PHH. Blockade of Rho-associated kinase prevents inhibition of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves induced by anti-ganglioside antibodies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:895-899. [PMID: 37843226 PMCID: PMC10664126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are associated with delayed/poor clinical recovery in Guillain-Barrè syndrome, mostly related to halted axon regeneration. Cross-linking of cell surface gangliosides by anti-ganglioside antibodies triggers inhibition of nerve repair in in vitro and in vivo paradigms of axon regeneration. These effects involve the activation of the small GTPase RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways, which negatively modulate growth cone cytoskeleton, similarly to well stablished inhibitors of axon regeneration described so far. The aim of this work was to perform a proof of concept study to demonstrate the effectiveness of Y-27632, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of ROCK, in a mouse model of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves, where the passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody targeting gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was previously reported to exert a potent inhibitory effect on regeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Our results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of myelinated and unmyelinated axons to the pro-regenerative effect of Y-27632. Treatment with a total dosage of 9 mg/kg of Y-27632 resulted in a complete prevention of anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration of unmyelinated fibers to skin and the functional recovery of mechanical cutaneous sensitivity. In contrast, the same dose showed toxic effects on the regeneration of myelinated fibers. Interestingly, scale down of the dosage of Y-27632 to 5 mg/kg resulted in a significant although not complete recovery of regenerated myelinated axons exposed to anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody in the absence of toxicity in animals exposed to only Y-27632. Overall, these findings confirm the in vivo participation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways in the molecular mechanisms associated with the inhibition of axon regeneration induced by anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody. Our findings open the possibility of therapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting RhoA/Rock pathway in immune neuropathies associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and delayed or incomplete clinical recovery after injury in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Berardo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian R. Bacaglio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bárbara B. Báez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rubén Sambuelli
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kazim A. Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pablo H. H. Lopez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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DiCesare SM, Ortega AJ, Collier GE, Daniel S, Thompson KN, McCoy MK, Posner BA, Hulleman JD. GSK3 inhibition reduces ECM production and prevents age-related macular degeneration-like pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571757. [PMID: 38168310 PMCID: PMC10760106 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Malattia Leventinese/Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy (ML/DHRD) is an age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-like retinal dystrophy caused by an autosomal dominant R345W mutation in the secreted glycoprotein, fibulin-3 (F3). To identify new small molecules that reduce F3 production from retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells, we knocked-in a luminescent peptide tag (HiBiT) into the endogenous F3 locus which enabled simple, sensitive, and high throughput detection of the protein. The GSK3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR), significantly reduced F3 burden (expression, secretion, and intracellular levels) in immortalized RPE and non-RPE cells. Low-level, long-term CHIR treatment promoted remodeling of the RPE extracellular matrix (ECM), reducing sub-RPE deposit-associated proteins (e.g., amelotin, complement component 3, collagen IV, and fibronectin), while increasing RPE differentiation factors (e.g., tyrosinase, and pigment epithelium derived factor). In vivo, treatment of 8 mo R345W+/+ knockin mice with CHIR (25 mg/kg i.p., 1 mo) was well tolerated and significantly reduced R345W F3-associated AMD-like basal laminar deposit number and size, thereby preventing the main pathological feature in these mice. This is the first demonstration of small molecule-based prevention of AMD-like pathology in ML/DHRD mice and may herald a rejuvenation of interest in GSK3 inhibition for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including, potentially AMD itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. DiCesare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Antonio J. Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, 2001 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Gracen E. Collier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Steffi Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, 2001 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Krista N. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Melissa K. McCoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - John D. Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, 2001 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
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De Virgiliis F, Mueller F, Palmisano I, Chadwick JS, Luengo-Gutierrez L, Giarrizzo A, Yan Y, Danzi MC, Picon-Muñoz C, Zhou L, Kong G, Serger E, Hutson TH, Maldonado-Lasuncion I, Song Y, Scheiermann C, Brancaccio M, Di Giovanni S. The circadian clock time tunes axonal regeneration. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2153-2164.e4. [PMID: 37951214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injuries cause permanent neurological disability due to limited axonal regeneration. Injury-dependent and -independent mechanisms have provided important insight into neuronal regeneration, however, common denominators underpinning regeneration remain elusive. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic datasets associated with neuronal regenerative ability revealed circadian rhythms as the most significantly enriched pathway. Subsequently, we demonstrated that sensory neurons possess an endogenous clock and that their regenerative ability displays diurnal oscillations in a murine model of sciatic nerve injury. Consistently, transcriptomic analysis showed a time-of-day-dependent enrichment for processes associated with axonal regeneration and the circadian clock. Conditional deletion experiments demonstrated that Bmal1 is required for neuronal intrinsic circadian regeneration and target re-innervation. Lastly, lithium enhanced nerve regeneration in wild-type but not in clock-deficient mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that the molecular clock fine-tunes the regenerative ability of sensory neurons and propose compounds affecting clock pathways as a novel approach to nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Virgiliis
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Franziska Mueller
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica Sarah Chadwick
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Lucia Luengo-Gutierrez
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Angela Giarrizzo
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Yuyang Yan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Matt Christopher Danzi
- Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carmen Picon-Muñoz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Luming Zhou
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Guiping Kong
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Thomas Haynes Hutson
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ines Maldonado-Lasuncion
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Yayue Song
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marco Brancaccio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK.
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK.
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10
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Jiang J, Zhang L, Zou J, Liu J, Yang J, Jiang Q, Duan P, Jiang B. Phosphorylated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 play different roles in constitutively active Rheb-mediated retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2526-2534. [PMID: 37282486 PMCID: PMC10360084 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) is a small GTPase that activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Previous studies have shown that constitutively active Rheb can enhance the regeneration of sensory axons after spinal cord injury by activating downstream effectors of mTOR. S6K1 and 4E-BP1 are important downstream effectors of mTORC1. In this study, we investigated the role of Rheb/mTOR and its downstream effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1 in the protection of retinal ganglion cells. We transfected an optic nerve crush mouse model with adeno-associated viral 2-mediated constitutively active Rheb and observed the effects on retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration. We found that overexpression of constitutively active Rheb promoted survival of retinal ganglion cells in the acute (14 days) and chronic (21 and 42 days) stages of injury. We also found that either co-expression of the dominant-negative S6K1 mutant or the constitutively active 4E-BP1 mutant together with constitutively active Rheb markedly inhibited axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells. This suggests that mTORC1-mediated S6K1 activation and 4E-BP1 inhibition were necessary components for constitutively active Rheb-induced axon regeneration. However, only S6K1 activation, but not 4E-BP1 knockdown, induced axon regeneration when applied alone. Furthermore, S6K1 activation promoted the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury, whereas 4E-BP1 knockdown unexpectedly slightly decreased the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury. Overexpression of constitutively active 4E-BP1 increased the survival of retinal ganglion cells at 14 days post-injury. Likewise, co-expressing constitutively active Rheb and constitutively active 4E-BP1 markedly increased the survival of retinal ganglion cells compared with overexpression of constitutively active Rheb alone at 14 days post-injury. These findings indicate that functional 4E-BP1 and S6K1 are neuroprotective and that 4E-BP1 may exert protective effects through a pathway at least partially independent of Rheb/mTOR. Together, our results show that constitutively active Rheb promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells and axon regeneration through modulating S6K1 and 4E-BP1 activity. Phosphorylated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 promote axon regeneration but play an antagonistic role in the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peiyun Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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11
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Leibinger M, Zeitler C, Paulat M, Gobrecht P, Hilla A, Andreadaki A, Guthoff R, Fischer D. Inhibition of microtubule detyrosination by parthenolide facilitates functional CNS axon regeneration. eLife 2023; 12:RP88279. [PMID: 37846146 PMCID: PMC10581688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured axons in the central nervous system (CNS) usually fail to regenerate, causing permanent disabilities. However, the knockdown of Pten knockout or treatment of neurons with hyper-IL-6 (hIL-6) transforms neurons into a regenerative state, allowing them to regenerate axons in the injured optic nerve and spinal cord. Transneuronal delivery of hIL-6 to the injured brain stem neurons enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord injury. Here we demonstrate that the beneficial hIL-6 and Pten knockout effects on axon growth are limited by the induction of tubulin detyrosination in axonal growth cones. Hence, cotreatment with parthenolide, a compound blocking microtubule detyrosination, synergistically accelerates neurite growth of cultured murine CNS neurons and primary RGCs isolated from adult human eyes. Systemic application of the prodrug dimethylamino-parthenolide (DMAPT) facilitates axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve and spinal cord. Moreover, combinatorial treatment further improves hIL-6-induced axon regeneration and locomotor recovery after severe SCI. Thus, DMAPT facilitates functional CNS regeneration and reduces the limiting effects of pro-regenerative treatments, making it a promising drug candidate for treating CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leibinger
- Center for Pharmacology, Institute II, Medical Faculty and University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Charlotte Zeitler
- Center for Pharmacology, Institute II, Medical Faculty and University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Miriam Paulat
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Philipp Gobrecht
- Center for Pharmacology, Institute II, Medical Faculty and University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Alexander Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Center for Pharmacology, Institute II, Medical Faculty and University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
| | - Rainer Guthoff
- Eye Hospital, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Center for Pharmacology, Institute II, Medical Faculty and University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of BochumBochumGermany
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12
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Lukomska A, Theune WC, Xing J, Frost MP, Damania A, Gupta M, Trakhtenberg EF. Experimental gene expression of developmentally downregulated Crmp1, Crmp4, and Crmp5 promotes axon regeneration and retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve injury. Brain Res 2023; 1809:148368. [PMID: 37059258 PMCID: PMC10227878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (Crmps) play roles in neuronal development and axon growth. However, neuronal-specific roles of Crmp1, Crmp4, and Crmp5 in regeneration of injured central nervous system (CNS) axons in vivo are unclear. Here, we analyzed developmental and subtype-specific expression of Crmp genes in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), tested whether overexpressing Crmp1, Crmp4, or Crmp5 in RGCs through localized intralocular AAV2 delivery promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in vivo, and characterized developmental co-regulation of gene-concept networks associated with Crmps. We found that all Crmp genes are developmentally downregulated in RGCs during maturation. However, while Crmp1, Crmp2, and Crmp4 were expressed to a varying degree in most RGC subtypes, Crmp3 and Crmp5 were expressed only in a small subset of RGC subtypes. We then found that after optic nerve injury, Crmp1, Crmp4, and Crmp5 promote RGC axon regeneration to varying extents, with Crmp4 promoting the most axon regeneration and also localizing to axons. We also found that Crmp1 and Crmp4, but not Crmp5, promote RGC survival. Finally, we found that Crmp1, Crmp2, Crmp4, and Crmp5's ability to promote axon regeneration is associated with neurodevelopmental mechanisms, which control RGC's intrinsic axon growth capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukomska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ashiti Damania
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Mahit Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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13
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Decourt C, Schaeffer J, Blot B, Paccard A, Excoffier B, Pende M, Nawabi H, Belin S. The RSK2-RPS6 axis promotes axonal regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002044. [PMID: 37068088 PMCID: PMC10109519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike immature neurons and the ones from the peripheral nervous system (PNS), mature neurons from the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate after injury. In the past 15 years, tremendous progress has been made to identify molecules and pathways necessary for neuroprotection and/or axon regeneration after CNS injury. In most regenerative models, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6) is up-regulated in neurons, which is often associated with an activation of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. However, the exact contribution of posttranslational modifications of this ribosomal protein in CNS regeneration remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that RPS6 phosphorylation is essential for PNS and CNS regeneration in mice. We show that this phosphorylation is induced during the preconditioning effect in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and that it is controlled by the p90S6 kinase RSK2. Our results reveal that RSK2 controls the preconditioning effect and that the RSK2-RPS6 axis is key for this process, as well as for PNS regeneration. Finally, we demonstrate that RSK2 promotes CNS regeneration in the dorsal column, spinal cord synaptic plasticity, and target innervation leading to functional recovery. Our data establish the critical role of RPS6 phosphorylation controlled by RSK2 in CNS regeneration and give new insights into the mechanisms related to axon growth and circuit formation after traumatic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Decourt
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julia Schaeffer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Beatrice Blot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Paccard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blandine Excoffier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mario Pende
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephane Belin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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14
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Kiyota N, Namekata K, Nishijima E, Guo X, Kimura A, Harada C, Nakazawa T, Harada T. Effects of constitutively active K-Ras on axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2023; 799:137124. [PMID: 36780941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual disturbance after optic nerve injury is a serious problem. Attempts have been made to enhance the intrinsic ability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to regenerate their axons, and the importance of PI3K/Akt and RAF/MEK/ERK signal activation has been suggested. Since these signals are shared with oncogenic signaling cascades, in this study, we focused on a constitutively active form of K-Ras, K-RasV12, to determine if overexpression of this molecule could stimulate axon regeneration. We confirmed that K-RasV12 phosphorylated Akt and ERK in vitro. Intravitreal delivery of AAV2-K-RasV12 increased the number of surviving RGCs and promoted 1.0 mm of axon regeneration one week after optic nerve injury without inducing abnormal proliferative effects in the RGCs. In addition, AAV2-K-RasV12 induced robust RGC axon regeneration, reaching as far as approximately 2.5 mm from the injury site, in eight weeks. Our findings suggest that AAV2-K-RasV12 could provide a good model for speedy and efficient analysis of the mechanism underlying axon regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kiyota
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Euido Nishijima
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Axonal Regeneration: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123186. [PMID: 36551942 PMCID: PMC9775075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons in the peripheral nervous system have the ability to repair themselves after damage, whereas axons in the central nervous system are unable to do so. A common and important characteristic of damage to the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerves is the disruption of axonal regrowth. Interestingly, intrinsic growth factors play a significant role in the axonal regeneration of injured nerves. Various factors such as proteomic profile, microtubule stability, ribosomal location, and signalling pathways mark a line between the central and peripheral axons' capacity for self-renewal. Unfortunately, glial scar development, myelin-associated inhibitor molecules, lack of neurotrophic factors, and inflammatory reactions are among the factors that restrict axonal regeneration. Molecular pathways such as cAMP, MAPK, JAK/STAT, ATF3/CREB, BMP/SMAD, AKT/mTORC1/p70S6K, PI3K/AKT, GSK-3β/CLASP, BDNF/Trk, Ras/ERK, integrin/FAK, RhoA/ROCK/LIMK, and POSTN/integrin are activated after nerve injury and are considered significant players in axonal regeneration. In addition to the aforementioned pathways, growth factors, microRNAs, and astrocytes are also commendable participants in regeneration. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of each pathway along with key players that can be potentially valuable targets to help achieve quick axonal healing. We also identify the prospective targets that could help close knowledge gaps in the molecular pathways underlying regeneration and shed light on the creation of more powerful strategies to encourage axonal regeneration after nervous system injury.
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16
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Hottin C, Perron M, Roger JE. GSK3 Is a Central Player in Retinal Degenerative Diseases but a Challenging Therapeutic Target. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182898. [PMID: 36139472 PMCID: PMC9496697 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling processes and performs a wide range of biological functions in the nervous system. Due to its central role in numerous cellular processes involved in cell degeneration, a rising number of studies have highlighted the interest in developing therapeutics targeting GSK3 to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Although recent works strongly suggest that inhibiting GSK3 might also be a promising therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases, its full potential is still under-evaluated. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of GSK3 on the main cellular functions reported as deregulated during retinal degeneration, such as glucose homeostasis which is critical for photoreceptor survival, or oxidative stress, a major component of retinal degeneration. We also discuss the interest in targeting GSK3 for its beneficial effects on inflammation, for reducing neovascularization that occurs in some retinal dystrophies, or for cell-based therapy by enhancing Müller glia cell proliferation in diseased retina. Together, although GSK3 inhibitors hold promise as therapeutic agents, we highlight the complexity of targeting such a multitasked kinase and the need to increase our knowledge of the impact of reducing GSK3 activity on these multiple cellular pathways and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hottin
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Jérôme E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
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17
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Xu S, Wu Q, Zhang W, Liu T, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Chen X. Riluzole Promotes Neurite Growth in Rats after Spinal Cord Injury through the GSK-3β/CRMP-2 Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:569-575. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Qichao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xueming Chen
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University
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18
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Nieuwenhuis B, Eva R. Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1172-1182. [PMID: 34782551 PMCID: PMC8643051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous system. Axons in the central nervous system fail to regenerate, meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing consequences. In 2008, genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic nerve. PTEN is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase, a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP3 from PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate). Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase, and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through mTOR. More recently, additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative ability. This review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3, and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon growth. We briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability, and describe how these are affected by signaling through PI3-kinase. We highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP3 as a key reason for regenerative failure, and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous system. Finally, we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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The Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches of Diabetic Neuropathy in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169050. [PMID: 34445756 PMCID: PMC8396448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major retinal disease and a leading cause of blindness in the world. Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular disease that is associated with disturbances of the interdependent relationship of cells composed of the neurovascular units, i.e., neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells. An impairment of these neurovascular units causes both neuronal and vascular abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy. More specifically, neuronal abnormalities including neuronal cell death and axon degeneration are irreversible changes that are directly related to the vision reduction in diabetic patients. Thus, establishment of neuroprotective and regenerative therapies for diabetic neuropathy in the retina is an emergent task for preventing the blindness of patients with diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of the neuronal abnormalities in diabetic retina including glial abnormalities, neuronal cell death, and axon degeneration. The possible molecular cell death pathways and intrinsic survival and regenerative pathways are also described. In addition, therapeutic approaches for diabetic neuropathy in the retina both in vitro and in vivo are presented. This review should be helpful for providing clues to overcome the barriers for establishing neuroprotection and regeneration of diabetic neuropathy in the retina.
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20
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Hilla AM, Baehr A, Leibinger M, Andreadaki A, Fischer D. CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated entrapment of axons at the injury site compromises optic nerve regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016409118. [PMID: 34011605 PMCID: PMC8166183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016409118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative failure in the mammalian optic nerve is generally attributed to axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, an insufficient intrinsic regenerative capacity, and an extrinsic inhibitory environment. Here, we show that a chemoattractive CXCL12/CXCR4-dependent mechanism prevents the extension of growth-stimulated axons into the distal nerve. The chemokine CXCL12 is chemoattractive toward axonal growth cones in an inhibitory environment, and these effects are entirely abolished by the specific knockout of its receptor, CXCR4 (CXCR4-/-), in cultured regenerating RGCs. Notably, 8% of naïve RGCs express CXCL12 and transport the chemokine along their axons in the nerve. Thus, axotomy causes its release at the injury site. However, most osteopontin-positive α-RGCs, the main neuronal population that survives optic nerve injury, express CXCR4 instead. Thus, CXCL12-mediated attraction prevents growth-stimulated axons from regenerating distally in the nerve, indicated by axons returning to the lesion site. Accordingly, specific depletion of CXCR4 in RGC reduces aberrant axonal growth and enables long-distance regeneration. Likewise, CXCL12 knockout in RGCs fully mimics these CXCR4-/- effects. Thus, active CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated entrapment of regenerating axons to the injury site contributes to regenerative failure in the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Annemarie Baehr
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marco Leibinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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21
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Oshitari T. Understanding intrinsic survival and regenerative pathways through in vivo and in vitro studies: implications for optic nerve regeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1912595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oshitari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
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22
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Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041798. [PMID: 33670312 PMCID: PMC7918155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that various axonal organelles are important centers for organizing the molecular mechanisms and machinery required for growth cone development and axon extension, and these have recently been targeted to stimulate robust regeneration in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes recent literature highlighting a central role for organelles such as recycling endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes and the proteasome in developmental axon growth, and describes how these organelles can be targeted to promote axon regeneration after injury to the adult CNS. This review also examines the connections between these organelles in developing and regenerating axons, and finally discusses the molecular mechanisms within the axon that are required for successful axon growth.
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23
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Transneuronal delivery of hyper-interleukin-6 enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord injury in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:391. [PMID: 33452250 PMCID: PMC7810685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes severe and permanent disabilities due to the regenerative failure of severed axons. Here we report significant locomotor recovery of both hindlimbs after a complete spinal cord crush. This is achieved by the unilateral transduction of cortical motoneurons with an AAV expressing hyper-IL-6 (hIL-6), a potent designer cytokine stimulating JAK/STAT3 signaling and axon regeneration. We find collaterals of these AAV-transduced motoneurons projecting to serotonergic neurons in both sides of the raphe nuclei. Hence, the transduction of cortical neurons facilitates the axonal transport and release of hIL-6 at innervated neurons in the brain stem. Therefore, this transneuronal delivery of hIL-6 promotes the regeneration of corticospinal and raphespinal fibers after injury, with the latter being essential for hIL-6-induced functional recovery. Thus, transneuronal delivery enables regenerative stimulation of neurons in the deep brain stem that are otherwise challenging to access, yet highly relevant for functional recovery after SCI.
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24
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Liu C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Saijilafu. The intrinsic axon regenerative properties of mature neurons after injury. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1-9. [PMID: 33258872 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of nerve injuries occur in the world each year. Axon regeneration is a very critical process for the restoration of the injured nervous system's function. However, the precise molecular mechanism or signaling cascades that control axon regeneration are not clearly understood, especially in mammals. Therefore, there is almost no ideal treatment method to repair the nervous system's injury until now. Mammalian axonal regeneration requires multiple signaling pathways to coordinately regulate gene expression in soma and assembly of the cytoskeleton protein in the growth cone. A better understanding of their molecular mechanisms, such as axon regeneration regulatory signaling cascades, will be helpful in developing new treatment strategies for promoting axon regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on describing these regeneration-associated signaling cascades, which regulate axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jinlian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yaodong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Boyin Zhang
- Orthopedics Surgery Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China
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25
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Cui L, Zheng J, Zhao Q, Chen JR, Liu H, Peng G, Wu Y, Chen C, He Q, Shi H, Yin S, Friedman RA, Chen Y, Guan MX. Mutations of MAP1B encoding a microtubule-associated phosphoprotein cause sensorineural hearing loss. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136046. [PMID: 33268592 PMCID: PMC7714412 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology underlying spiral ganglion cell defect–induced deafness remains elusive. Using the whole exome sequencing approach, in combination with functional assays and a mouse disease model, we identified the potentially novel deafness-causative MAP1B gene encoding a highly conserved microtubule-associated protein. Three novel heterozygous MAP1B mutations (c.4198A>G, p.1400S>G; c.2768T>C, p.923I>T; c.5512T>C, p.1838F>L) were cosegregated with autosomal dominant inheritance of nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss in 3 unrelated Chinese families. Here, we show that MAP1B is highly expressed in the spiral ganglion neurons in the mouse cochlea. Using otic sensory neuron–like cells, generated by pluripotent stem cells from patients carrying the MAP1B mutation and control subject, we demonstrated that the p.1400S>G mutation caused the reduced levels and deficient phosphorylation of MAP1B, which are involved in the microtubule stability and dynamics. Strikingly, otic sensory neuron–like cells exhibited disturbed dynamics of microtubules, axonal elongation, and defects in electrophysiological properties. Dysfunctions of these derived otic sensory neuron–like cells were rescued by genetically correcting MAP1B mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Involvement of MAP1B in hearing was confirmed by audiometric evaluation of Map1b heterozygous KO mice. These mutant mice displayed late-onset progressive sensorineural hearing loss that was more pronounced in the high frequencies. The spiral ganglion neurons isolated from Map1b mutant mice exhibited the deficient phosphorylation and disturbed dynamics of microtubules. Map1b deficiency yielded defects in the morphology and electrophysiology of spiral ganglion neurons, but it did not affect the morphologies of cochlea in mice. Therefore, our data demonstrate that dysfunctions of spiral ganglion neurons induced by MAP1B deficiency caused hearing loss. Dysfunctions of spiral ganglion neurons caused by Map1b deficiency leads to sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Cui
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and.,Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and.,Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and
| | | | - Guanghua Peng
- Deaprtment of Otorhinolaryngology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital
| | - Chao Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and
| | | | - Haosong Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shankai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rick A Friedman
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla California, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and.,Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital.,Institute of Genetics and.,Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Otolaryngology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla California, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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26
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Liu WL, Chiang FT, Kao JTW, Chiou SH, Lin HL. GSK3 modulation in acute lung injury, myocarditis and polycystic kidney disease-related aneurysm. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118798. [PMID: 32693109 PMCID: PMC7368652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GSK3 are involved in different physical and pathological conditions and inflammatory regulated by macrophages contribute to significant mechanism. Infection stimuli may modulate GSK3 activity and influence host cell adaption, immune cells infiltration or cytokine expressions. To further address the role of GSK3 modulation in macrophages, the signal transduction of three major organs challenged by endotoxin, virus and genetic inherited factors are briefly introduced (lung injury, myocarditis and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease). As a result of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of GSK3 in different microenvironments and stages of macrophages (M1/M2), the rational resolution should be considered by adequately GSK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Center For Innovation, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tien Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juliana Tze-Wah Kao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Liang Lin
- Center For Innovation, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Fund Managing, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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27
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Nakamura F, Ohshima T, Goshima Y. Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins: Their Biological Functions and Pathophysiology in Neuronal Development and Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:188. [PMID: 32655376 PMCID: PMC7325199 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs), which consist of five homologous cytosolic proteins, are one of the major phosphoproteins in the developing nervous system. The prominent feature of the CRMP family proteins is a new class of microtubule-associated proteins that play important roles in the whole process of developing the nervous system, such as axon guidance, synapse maturation, cell migration, and even in adult brain function. The CRMP C-terminal region is subjected to posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, which, in turn, regulates the interaction between the CRMPs and various kinds of proteins including receptors, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins, and motor proteins. The gene-knockout of the CRMP family proteins produces different phenotypes, thereby showing distinct roles of all CRMP family proteins. Also, the phenotypic analysis of a non-phosphorylated form of CRMP2-knockin mouse model, and studies of pharmacological responses to CRMP-related drugs suggest that the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process plays a pivotal role in pathophysiology in neuronal development, regeneration, and neurodegenerative disorders, thus showing CRMPs as promising target molecules for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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28
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Ding XW, Li R, Geetha T, Tao YX, Babu JR. Nerve growth factor in metabolic complications and Alzheimer's disease: Physiology and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165858. [PMID: 32531260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, obesity and metabolic complications as well as neurological disorders are becoming more prevalent, with huge economic burdens on both societies and families. New therapeutics are urgently needed. Nerve growth factor (NGF), first discovered in 1950s, is a neurotrophic factor involved in regulating cell proliferation, growth, survival, and apoptosis in both central and peripheral nervous systems. NGF and its precursor, proNGF, bind to TrkA and p75 receptors and initiate protein phosphorylation cascades, resulting in changes of cellular functions, and are associated with obesity, diabetes and its complications, and Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we summarize changes in NGF levels in metabolic and neuronal disorders, the signal transduction initiated by NGF and proNGF, the physiological and pathophysiological relevance, and therapeutic potential in treating chronic metabolic diseases and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rongzi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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29
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Rodriguez L, Joly S, Mdzomba JB, Pernet V. Tau Gene Deletion does not Influence Axonal Regeneration and Retinal Neuron Survival in the Injured Mouse Visual System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4100. [PMID: 32521826 PMCID: PMC7312378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that the microtubule-associated protein Tau may influence retinal neuron survival and axonal regeneration after optic nerve injury. To test this hypothesis, the density of retinal ganglion cells was evaluated by immunostaining retinal flat-mounts for RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) two weeks after optic nerve micro-crush lesion in Tau-deprived (Tau knock-out (KO)) and wild-type (WT) mice. Axon growth was determined on longitudinal sections of optic nerves after anterograde tracing. Our results showed that the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells and growing axons did not significantly vary between WT and Tau KO animals. Moreover, sustained activation of the neuronal growth program with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) resulted in a similar increase in surviving neurons and in growing axons in WT and Tau KO mice. Taken together, our data suggest that Tau does not influence axonal regeneration or neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Département d’ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (L.R.); (S.J.); (J.B.M.)
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30
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Yang SG, Li CP, Peng XQ, Teng ZQ, Liu CM, Zhou FQ. Strategies to Promote Long-Distance Optic Nerve Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:119. [PMID: 32477071 PMCID: PMC7240020 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the central nervous system (CNS) often die after optic nerve injury and surviving RGCs fail to regenerate their axons, eventually resulting in irreversible vision loss. Manipulation of a diverse group of genes can significantly boost optic nerve regeneration of mature RGCs by reactivating developmental-like growth programs or suppressing growth inhibitory pathways. By injury of the vision pathway near their brain targets, a few studies have shown that regenerated RGC axons could form functional synapses with targeted neurons but exhibited poor neural conduction or partial functional recovery. Therefore, the functional restoration of eye-to-brain pathways remains a greatly challenging issue. Here, we review recent advances in long-distance optic nerve regeneration and the subsequent reconnecting to central targets. By summarizing our current strategies for promoting functional recovery, we hope to provide potential insights into future exploration in vision reformation after neural injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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31
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Levin E, Leibinger M, Gobrecht P, Hilla A, Andreadaki A, Fischer D. Muscle LIM Protein Is Expressed in the Injured Adult CNS and Promotes Axon Regeneration. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1021-1032.e6. [PMID: 30673598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle LIM protein (MLP) has long been regarded as a muscle-specific protein. Here, we report that MLP expression is induced in adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) upon axotomy, and its expression is correlated with their ability to regenerate injured axons. Specific knockdown of MLP in RGCs compromises axon regeneration, while overexpression in vivo facilitates optic nerve regeneration and regrowth of sensory neurons without affecting neuronal survival. MLP accumulates in the cell body, the nucleus, and in axonal growth cones, which are significantly enlarged by its overexpression. Only the MLP fraction in growth cones is relevant for promoting axon extension. Additional data suggest that MLP acts as an actin cross-linker, thereby facilitating filopodia formation and increasing growth cone motility. Thus, MLP-mediated effects on actin could become a therapeutic strategy for promoting nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Levin
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Leibinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Gobrecht
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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32
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Lucci C, Mesquita-Ribeiro R, Rathbone A, Dajas-Bailador F. Spatiotemporal regulation of GSK3β levels by miRNA-26a controls axon development in cortical neurons. Development 2020; 147:dev.180232. [PMID: 31964775 PMCID: PMC7033742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both the establishment of neuronal polarity and axonal growth are crucial steps in the development of the nervous system. The local translation of mRNAs in the axon provides precise regulation of protein expression, and is now known to participate in axon development, pathfinding and synaptic formation and function. We have investigated the role of miR-26a in early stage mouse primary cortical neuron development. We show that micro-RNA-26a-5p (miR-26a) is highly expressed in neuronal cultures, and regulates both neuronal polarity and axon growth. Using compartmentalised microfluidic neuronal cultures, we identified a local role for miR-26a in the axon, where the repression of local synthesis of GSK3β controls axon development and growth. Removal of this repression in the axon triggers local translation of GSK3β protein and subsequent transport to the soma, where it can impact axonal growth. These results demonstrate how the axonal miR-26a can regulate local protein translation in the axon to facilitate retrograde communication to the soma and amplify neuronal responses, in a mechanism that influences axon development. Highlighted Article: Axonal miR-26a can regulate GSK3β translation in the axon to promote retrograde communication to the soma in a mechanism that modulates axon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Lucci
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Raquel Mesquita-Ribeiro
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Alex Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Federico Dajas-Bailador
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
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33
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Lithium for schizophrenia: supporting evidence from a 12-year, nationwide health insurance database and from Akt1-deficient mouse and cellular models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:647. [PMID: 31959776 PMCID: PMC6971245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests AKT1 and DRD2-AKT-GSK3 signaling involvement in schizophrenia. AKT1 activity is also required for lithium, a GSK3 inhibitor, to modulate mood-related behaviors. Notably, GSK3 inhibitor significantly alleviates behavioral deficits in Akt1−/− female mice, whereas typical/atypical antipsychotics have no effect. In agreement with adjunctive therapy with lithium in treating schizophrenia, our data mining indicated that the average utilization rates of lithium in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2002 to 2013 are 10.9% and 6.63% in inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia, respectively. Given that lithium is commonly used in clinical practice, it is of great interest to evaluate the effect of lithium on alleviating Akt1-related deficits. Taking advantage of Akt1+/− mice to mimic genetic deficiency in patients, behavioral impairments were replicated in female Akt1+/− mice but were alleviated by subchronic lithium treatment for 13 days. Lithium also effectively alleviated the observed reduction in phosphorylated GSK3α/β expression in the brains of Akt1+/− mice. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt expression using an Akt1/2 inhibitor significantly reduced neurite length in P19 cells and primary hippocampal cell cultures, which was also ameliorated by lithium. Collectively, our findings implied the therapeutic potential of lithium and the importance of the AKT1-GSK3 signaling pathway.
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34
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Vargas EJM, Matamoros AJ, Qiu J, Jan CH, Wang Q, Gorczyca D, Han TW, Weissman JS, Jan YN, Banerjee S, Song Y. The microtubule regulator ringer functions downstream from the RNA repair/splicing pathway to promote axon regeneration. Genes Dev 2020; 34:194-208. [PMID: 31919191 PMCID: PMC7000917 DOI: 10.1101/gad.331330.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Vargas et al. set out to elucidate the downstream effectors of the Rtca-mediated RNA repair/splicing pathway. Using genome-wide transcriptome analysis, the authors demonstrate that the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP) ringer functions downstream from and is suppressed by Rtca via Xbp1-dependent transcription. Ringer cell-autonomously promotes axon regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous system. Promoting axon regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous system is of clinical importance in neural injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Both pro- and antiregeneration factors are being identified. We previously reported that the Rtca mediated RNA repair/splicing pathway restricts axon regeneration by inhibiting the nonconventional splicing of Xbp1 mRNA under cellular stress. However, the downstream effectors remain unknown. Here, through transcriptome profiling, we show that the tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP) ringmaker/ringer is dramatically increased in Rtca-deficient Drosophila sensory neurons, which is dependent on Xbp1. Ringer is expressed in sensory neurons before and after injury, and is cell-autonomously required for axon regeneration. While loss of ringer abolishes the regeneration enhancement in Rtca mutants, its overexpression is sufficient to promote regeneration both in the peripheral and central nervous system. Ringer maintains microtubule stability/dynamics with the microtubule-associated protein futsch/MAP1B, which is also required for axon regeneration. Furthermore, ringer lies downstream from and is negatively regulated by the microtubule-associated deacetylase HDAC6, which functions as a regeneration inhibitor. Taken together, our findings suggest that ringer acts as a hub for microtubule regulators that relays cellular status information, such as cellular stress, to the integrity of microtubules in order to instruct neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest J Monahan Vargas
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Matamoros
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jingyun Qiu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Calvin H Jan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David Gorczyca
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Tina W Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Yuanquan Song
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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35
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Chiha W, Bartlett CA, Petratos S, Fitzgerald M, Harvey AR. Intravitreal application of AAV-BDNF or mutant AAV-CRMP2 protects retinal ganglion cells and stabilizes axons and myelin after partial optic nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113167. [PMID: 31904385 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secondary degeneration following an initial injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in increased tissue loss and is associated with increasing functional impairment. Unilateral partial dorsal transection of the adult rat optic nerve (ON) has proved to be a useful experimental model in which to study factors that contribute to secondary degenerative events. Using this injury model, we here quantified the protective effects of intravitreally administered bi-cistronic adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vectors encoding either brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or a mutant, phospho-resistant, version of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2T555A) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), their axons, and associated myelin. To test for potential synergistic interactions, some animals received combined injections of both vectors. Three months post-injury, all treatments maintained RGC numbers in central retina, but only AAV2-BDNF significantly protected ventrally located RGCs exclusively vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Behaviourally, treatments that involved AAV2-BDNF significantly restored the number of smooth-pursuit phases of optokinetic nystagmus. While all therapeutic regimens preserved axonal density and proportions of typical complexes, including heminodes and single nodes, BDNF treatments were generally more effective in maintaining the length of the node of Ranvier in myelin surrounding ventral ON axons after injury. Both AAV2-BDNF and AAV2-CRMP2T555A prevented injury-induced changes in G-ratio and overall myelin thickness, but only AAV2-BDNF administration protected against large-scale myelin decompaction in ventral ON. In summary, in a model of secondary CNS degeneration, both BDNF and CRMP2T555A vectors were neuroprotective, however different efficacies were observed for these overexpressed proteins in the retina and ON, suggesting disparate cellular and molecular targets driving responses for neural repair. The potential use of these vectors to treat other CNS injuries and pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Chiha
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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36
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Lin28 Signaling Supports Mammalian PNS and CNS Axon Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2540-2552.e6. [PMID: 30184489 PMCID: PMC6173831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins Lin28a/b regulate cellular growth and tissue regeneration. Here, we investigated the role of Lin28 in the control of axon regeneration in postmitotic neurons. We find that Lin28a/b are both necessary and sufficient for supporting axon regeneration in mature sensory neurons through their regulatory partners, let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs). More importantly, overexpression of Lin28a in mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) produces robust and sustained optic nerve regeneration. Additionally, combined overexpression of Lin28a and downregulation of Pten in RGCs act additively to promote optic nerve regeneration, potentially by reducing the backward turning of regenerating RGC axons. Our findings not only reveal a vital role of Lin28 signaling in regulating mammalian axon regeneration but also identify a signaling pathway that can promote axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Axon regeneration in the mammalian CNS is a challenge. Wang et al. show that the Lin28/let-7 axis plays an important role in governing mammalian axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. More importantly, overexpression of Lin28a induces robust and sustained axon regeneration in the CNS.
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37
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Ishikawa Y, Okada M, Honda A, Ito Y, Tamada A, Endo N, Igarashi M. Phosphorylation sites of microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP 1B) are involved in axon growth and regeneration. Mol Brain 2019; 12:93. [PMID: 31711525 PMCID: PMC6849251 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth cone is a specialized structure that forms at the tip of extending axons in developing and regenerating neurons. This structure is essential for accurate synaptogenesis at developmental stages, and is also involved in plasticity-dependent synaptogenesis and axon regeneration in the mature brain. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms utilized by growth cones is indispensable to understanding neuronal network formation and rearrangement. Phosphorylation is the most important and commonly utilized protein modification in signal transduction. We previously identified microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP 1B) as the most frequently phosphorylated protein among ~ 1200 phosphorylated proteins. MAP 1B has more than 10 phosphorylation sites that were present more than 50 times among these 1200 proteins. Here, we produced phospho-specific antibodies against phosphorylated serines at positions 25 and 1201 of MAP 1B that specifically recognize growing axons both in cultured neurons and in vivo in various regions of the embryonic brain. Following sciatic nerve injury, immunoreactivity with each antibody increased compared to the sham operated group. Experiments with transected and sutured nerves revealed that regenerating axons were specifically recognized by these antibodies. These results suggest that these MAP 1B phosphorylation sites are specifically involved in axon growth and that phospho-specific antibodies against MAP 1B are useful markers of growing/regenerating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ishikawa
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayasu Okada
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Trans-disciplinary Research Programs, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuko Honda
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ito
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamada
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Trans-disciplinary Research Programs, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. .,Trans-disciplinary Research Programs, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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38
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Cao Q, Meng T, Man J, Peng D, Chen H, Xiang Q, Su Z, Zhang Q, Huang Y. aFGF Promotes Neurite Growth by Regulating GSK3β-CRMP2 Signaling Pathway in Cortical Neurons Damaged by Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:97-109. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Man
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Cell Biology Department and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Cell Biology Department and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Cell Biology Department and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Cell Biology Department and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Cell Biology Department and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Leibinger M, Hilla AM, Andreadaki A, Fischer D. GSK3-CRMP2 signaling mediates axonal regeneration induced by Pten knockout. Commun Biol 2019; 2:318. [PMID: 31453382 PMCID: PMC6707209 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockout of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN-/-) is neuroprotective and promotes axon regeneration in mature neurons. Elevation of mTOR activity in injured neurons has been proposed as the primary underlying mechanism. Here we demonstrate that PTEN-/- also abrogates the inhibitory activity of GSK3 on collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Moreover, maintenance of GSK3 activity in Gsk3S/A knockin mice significantly compromised PTEN-/--mediated optic nerve regeneration as well as the activity of CRMP2, and to a lesser extent, mTOR. These GSK3S/A mediated negative effects on regeneration were rescued by viral expression of constitutively active CRMP2T/A, despite decreased mTOR activation. Gsk3S/A knockin or CRMP2 inhibition also decreased PTEN-/- mediated neurite growth of RGCs in culture and disinhibition towards CNS myelin. Thus, the GSK3/CRMP2 pathway is essential for PTEN-/- mediated axon regeneration. These new mechanistic insights may help to find novel strategies to promote axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leibinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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40
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Effects of siRNA-Mediated Knockdown of GSK3β on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Neurite/Axon Growth. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090956. [PMID: 31443508 PMCID: PMC6769828 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are contradictory reports on the role of the serine/threonine kinase isoform glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) after injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Some report that GSK3 activity promotes axonal growth or myelin disinhibition, whilst others report that GSK3 activity prevents axon regeneration. In this study, we sought to clarify if suppression of GSK3β alone and in combination with the cellular-stress-induced factor RTP801 (also known as REDD1: regulated in development and DNA damage response protein), using translationally relevant siRNAs, promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and neurite outgrowth/axon regeneration. Adult mixed retinal cell cultures, prepared from rats at five days after optic nerve crush (ONC) to activate retinal glia, were treated with siRNA to GSK3β (siGSK3β) alone or in combination with siRTP801 and RGC survival and neurite outgrowth were quantified in the presence and absence of Rapamycin or inhibitory Nogo-A peptides. In in vivo experiments, either siGSK3β alone or in combination with siRTP801 were intravitreally injected every eight days after ONC and RGC survival and axon regeneration was assessed at 24 days. Optimal doses of siGSK3β alone promoted significant RGC survival, increasing the number of RGC with neurites without affecting neurite length, an effect that was sensitive to Rapamycin. In addition, knockdown of GSK3β overcame Nogo-A-mediated neurite growth inhibition. Knockdown of GSK3β after ONC in vivo enhanced RGC survival but not axon number or length, without potentiating glial activation. Knockdown of RTP801 increased both RGC survival and axon regeneration, whilst the combined knockdown of GSK3β and RTP801 significantly increased RGC survival, neurite outgrowth, and axon regeneration over and above that observed for siGSK3β or siRTP801 alone. These results suggest that GSK3β suppression promotes RGC survival and axon initiation whilst, when in combination with RTP801, it also enhanced disinhibited axon elongation.
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41
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Berry M, Ahmed Z, Logan A. Return of function after CNS axon regeneration: Lessons from injury-responsive intrinsically photosensitive and alpha retinal ganglion cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 71:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Kondo S, Takahashi K, Kinoshita Y, Nagai J, Wakatsuki S, Araki T, Goshima Y, Ohshima T. Genetic inhibition of CRMP2 phosphorylation at serine 522 promotes axonal regeneration after optic nerve injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7188. [PMID: 31076621 PMCID: PMC6510754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration occurs in various neurological diseases and traumatic nerve injury, and axonal regeneration is restricted by inhibitory factors in the central nervous system. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) are activated by one of those inhibitors, and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is phosphorylated by both kinases. We previously developed a CRMP2 knock-in (CRMP2 KI) mouse line, in which CRMP2 phosphorylation at Ser 522 is inhibited. Because CRMP2 KI mice showed promotion of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury, we hypothesized that CRMP2 KI mice would show higher axonal regeneration after optic nerve injury. In this study, we first show that depolymerization of microtubules after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury was suppressed in CRMP2 KI mice. Loss of retinal ganglia cells was also reduced after ONC. We found that protein level of GAP43, a marker of regenerative axons, was higher in the optic nerve from CRMP2KI than that from wild type 4 weeks after of ONC. We further observed increased numbers of axons labeled by tracer in the optic nerve after ONC in CRMP2 KI mice. These results suggest that inhibition of phosphorylation of CRMP2 suppresses axonal degeneration and promotes axonal regeneration after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kondo
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Jun Nagai
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-11 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-11 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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43
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Sun G, Qu S, Wang S, Shao Y, Sun J. Taurine attenuates acrylamide-induced axonal and myelinated damage through the Akt/GSK3β-dependent pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 32:2058738418805322. [PMID: 30354842 PMCID: PMC6202743 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418805322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR), formed during the Maillard reaction induced by high temperature
in food processing, is one of the main causes of neurodegenerative diseases.
Taurine, a free intracellular β-amino acid, is characterized by many functions,
including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This
promotes its application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this
study, the neuroprotective effects of taurine against ACR-induced neurotoxicity
and the potential underlying mechanisms were explored. Rats were intoxicated
with ACR and injected with taurine in different groups for totally 2 weeks
between January and July 2017. Electron microscopic analysis was used to observe
the changes in tissues of the rats. Meanwhile, the levels of proteins including
p-Akt, p-GSK3β, SIM312, and MBP were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the
GSK3β phosphorylation in taurine-treated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) with ACR was
examined in the presence of the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206. The analysis of
behavioral performances and electron micrographs indicated that taurine
treatment significantly attenuated the toxic manifestations induced by ACR and
stimulated the growth of axons and the medullary sheath, which was associated
with the activation of the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Mechanistically, it was
found that taurine activated GSK3β, leading to significant recovery of the
damage in ACR-induced sciatic nerves. Furthermore, MK-2206, an inhibitor of Akt,
was applied in DRG cells, suggesting that taurine-induced GSK3β phosphorylation
was Akt dependent. Our findings demonstrated that taurine attenuated ACR-induced
neuropathy in vivo, in an Akt/GSK3β-dependent manner. This confirmed the
treatment with taurine to be a novel strategy against ACR-induced
neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian
Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuxian Qu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian
Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian
Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingsong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian
Medical University, Liaoning, China
- Jingsong Sun, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning 116011, China.
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44
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Curcio M, Bradke F. Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System: Facing the Challenges from the Inside. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:495-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After an injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), lesioned axons fail to regenerate. This failure to regenerate contrasts with axons’ remarkable potential to grow during embryonic development and after an injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several intracellular mechanisms—including cytoskeletal dynamics, axonal transport and trafficking, signaling and transcription of regenerative programs, and epigenetic modifications—control axon regeneration. In this review, we describe how manipulation of intrinsic mechanisms elicits a regenerative response in different organisms and how strategies are implemented to form the basis of a future regenerative treatment after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;,
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;,
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45
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Petrova V, Eva R. The Virtuous Cycle of Axon Growth: Axonal Transport of Growth-Promoting Machinery as an Intrinsic Determinant of Axon Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:898-925. [PMID: 29989351 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the brain and spinal cord has devastating consequences because adult central nervous system (CNS) axons fail to regenerate. Injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a better prognosis, because adult PNS neurons support robust axon regeneration over long distances. CNS axons have some regenerative capacity during development, but this is lost with maturity. Two reasons for the failure of CNS regeneration are extrinsic inhibitory molecules, and a weak intrinsic capacity for growth. Extrinsic inhibitory molecules have been well characterized, but less is known about the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms which prevent axon re-growth. Key signaling pathways and genetic/epigenetic factors have been identified which can enhance regenerative capacity, but the precise cellular mechanisms mediating their actions have not been characterized. Recent studies suggest that an important prerequisite for regeneration is an efficient supply of growth-promoting machinery to the axon; however, this appears to be lacking from non-regenerative axons in the adult CNS. In the first part of this review, we summarize the evidence linking axon transport to axon regeneration. We discuss the developmental decline in axon regeneration capacity in the CNS, and comment on how this is paralleled by a similar decline in the selective axonal transport of regeneration-associated receptors such as integrins and growth factor receptors. In the second part, we discuss the mechanisms regulating selective polarized transport within neurons, how these relate to the intrinsic control of axon regeneration, and whether they can be targeted to enhance regenerative capacity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Petrova
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
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46
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Hilla AM, Fischer D. Studying the Role of Microglia in Neurodegeneration and Axonal Regeneration in the murine Visual System. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2979. [PMID: 34395779 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in the maintenance of the physiologic state. They constantly survey their environment for pathologic alterations associated with injury or diseases. For decades, researchers have investigated the role of microglia under different pathologic conditions, using approaches aiming to inhibit or eliminate these phagocytic cells. However, until recently, methods have failed to achieve complete depletion. Moreover, treatments often affected other cells, making unequivocal conclusions from these studies difficult. Recently, we have shown that inhibition of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) by oral treatment with PLX5622 containing chow enables complete depletion of retinal microglia and almost complete microglia depletion in the optic nerve without affecting peripheral macrophages or other cells. Using this approach, we investigated the role of microglia in neuroprotection in the retina and axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve under different conditions. Thus, this efficient, reliable and easy to use protocol presented here will enable researchers to unequivocally study the contribution of microglia on neurodegeneration and axon regeneration. This protocol can be also easily expanded to other paradigms of acute and chronic injury or diseases in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Girouard MP, Bueno M, Julian V, Drake S, Byrne AB, Fournier AE. The Molecular Interplay between Axon Degeneration and Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:978-990. [PMID: 30022605 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons face a series of morphological and molecular changes following trauma and in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. In neurons capable of mounting a spontaneous regenerative response, including invertebrate neurons and mammalian neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), axons regenerate from the proximal side of the injury and degenerate on the distal side. Studies of Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS /Ola) mice have revealed that a level of coordination between the processes of axon regeneration and degeneration occurs during successful repair. Here, we explore how shared cellular and molecular pathways that regulate both axon regeneration and degeneration coordinate the two distinct outcomes in the proximal and distal axon segments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Girouard
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mardja Bueno
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Victoria Julian
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Sienna Drake
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexandra B Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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48
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Inami Y, Omura M, Kubota K, Konishi Y. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 reduces extension of the axonal leading process by destabilizing microtubules in cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1690:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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49
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Murillo B, Mendes Sousa M. Neuronal Intrinsic Regenerative Capacity: The Impact of Microtubule Organization and Axonal Transport. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:952-959. [PMID: 29738096 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the adult vertebrate central nervous system, axons generally fail to regenerate. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons are able to form a growth cone and regenerate upon lesion. Among the multiple intrinsic mechanisms leading to the formation of a new growth cone and to successful axon regrowth, cytoskeleton organization and dynamics is central. Here we discuss how multiple pathways that define the regenerative capacity converge into the regulation of the axonal microtubule cytoskeleton and transport. We further explore the use of dorsal root ganglion neurons as a model to study the neuronal regenerative ability. Finally, we address some of the unanswered questions in the field, including the mechanisms by which axonal transport might be modulated by injury, and the relationship between microtubule organization, dynamics, and axonal transport. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Murillo
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
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50
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Kath C, Goni-Oliver P, Müller R, Schultz C, Haucke V, Eickholt B, Schmoranzer J. PTEN suppresses axon outgrowth by down-regulating the level of detyrosinated microtubules. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193257. [PMID: 29617365 PMCID: PMC5884485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the phospholipid phosphatase and tumor suppressor PTEN leads to excessive polarized cell growth during directed cell migration and neurite outgrowth. These processes require the precise regulation of both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. While PTEN is known to regulate actin dynamics through phospholipid modulation, whether and how PTEN regulates microtubule dynamics is unknown. Here, we show that depletion of PTEN leads to elevated levels of stable and post-translationally modified (detyrosinated) microtubules in fibroblasts and developing neurons. Further, PTEN depletion enhanced axon outgrowth, which was rescued by reducing the level of detyrosinated microtubules. These data demonstrate a novel role of PTEN in regulating the microtubule cytoskeleton. They further show a novel function of detyrosinated microtubules in axon outgrowth. Specifically, PTEN suppresses axon outgrowth by down-regulating the level of detyrosinated microtubules. Our results suggest that PTEN's role in preventing excessive cell growth in cancerous and neurodevelopmental phenotypes is partially exerted by stabilization and detyrosination of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kath
- Charité –Universtiätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Charité –Universtiätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
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