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Twentyman J, Emerman M, Ohainle M. Capsid-dependent lentiviral restrictions. J Virol 2024; 98:e0030824. [PMID: 38497663 PMCID: PMC11019884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00308-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral proteins inhibit primate lentiviruses and other retroviruses by targeting many features of the viral life cycle. The lentiviral capsid protein and the assembled viral core are known to be inhibited through multiple, directly acting antiviral proteins. Several phenotypes, including those known as Lv1 through Lv5, have been described as cell type-specific blocks to infection against some but not all primate lentiviruses. Here we review important features of known capsid-targeting blocks to infection together with several blocks to infection for which the genes responsible for the inhibition still remain to be identified. We outline the features of these blocks as well as how current methodologies are now well suited to find these antiviral genes and solve these long-standing mysteries in the HIV and retrovirology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Twentyman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Molly Ohainle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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2
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Ode H, Saito A, Washizaki A, Seki Y, Yoshida T, Harada S, Ishii H, Shioda T, Yasutomi Y, Matano T, Miura T, Akari H, Iwatani Y. Development of a novel Macaque-Tropic HIV-1 adapted to cynomolgus macaques. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36205476 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1mt) variants have been developed to establish preferable primate models that are advantageous in understanding HIV-1 infection pathogenesis and in assessing the preclinical efficacy of novel prevention/treatment strategies. We previously reported that a CXCR4-tropic HIV-1mt, MN4Rh-3, efficiently replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cynomolgus macaques homozygous for TRIMCyp (CMsTC). However, the CMsTC challenged with MN4Rh-3 displayed low viral loads during the acute infection phase and subsequently exhibited short-term viremia. These virological phenotypes in vivo differed from those observed in most HIV-1-infected people. Therefore, further development of the HIV-1mt variant was needed. In this study, we first reconstructed the MN4Rh-3 clone to produce a CCR5-tropic HIV-1mt, AS38. In addition, serial in vivo passages allowed us to produce a highly adapted AS38-derived virus that exhibits high viral loads (up to approximately 106 copies ml-1) during the acute infection phase and prolonged periods of persistent viremia (lasting approximately 16 weeks postinfection) upon infection of CMsTC. Whole-genome sequencing of the viral genomes demonstrated that the emergence of a unique 15-nt deletion within the vif gene was associated with in vivo adaptation. The deletion resulted in a significant increase in Vpr protein expression but did not affect Vif-mediated antagonism of antiretroviral APOBEC3s, suggesting that Vpr is important for HIV-1mt adaptation to CMsTC. In summary, we developed a novel CCR5-tropic HIV-1mt that can induce high peak viral loads and long-term viremia and exhibits increased Vpr expression in CMsTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ode
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan (A. S.), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (A. W.); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Y.S. and T.Y.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan (A. S.), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (A. W.); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Y.S. and T.Y.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Seki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan (A. S.), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (A. W.); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Y.S. and T.Y.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan (A. S.), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (A. W.); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Y.S. and T.Y.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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3
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Toccafondi E, Lener D, Negroni M. HIV-1 Capsid Core: A Bullet to the Heart of the Target Cell. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652486. [PMID: 33868211 PMCID: PMC8046902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of the intracellular phase of retroviral infection is the release of the viral capsid core in the cytoplasm. This structure contains the viral genetic material that will be reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome of infected cells. Up to recent times, the role of the capsid core was considered essentially to protect this genetic material during the earlier phases of this process. However, increasing evidence demonstrates that the permanence inside the cell of the capsid as an intact, or almost intact, structure is longer than thought. This suggests its involvement in more aspects of the infectious cycle than previously foreseen, particularly in the steps of viral genomic material translocation into the nucleus and in the phases preceding integration. During the trip across the infected cell, many host factors are brought to interact with the capsid, some possessing antiviral properties, others, serving as viral cofactors. All these interactions rely on the properties of the unique component of the capsid core, the capsid protein CA. Likely, the drawback of ensuring these multiple functions is the extreme genetic fragility that has been shown to characterize this protein. Here, we recapitulate the busy agenda of an HIV-1 capsid in the infectious process, in particular in the light of the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Lener
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Negroni
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Capsid Lattice Destabilization Leads to Premature Loss of the Viral Genome and Integrase Enzyme during HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.00984-20. [PMID: 33115869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00984-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) consisting of a dimeric viral genome and associated proteins, together constituting the viral core. Upon entry into target cells, the viral core undergoes a process termed uncoating, during which CA molecules are shed from the lattice. Although the timing and degree of uncoating are important for reverse transcription and integration, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains unclear. Using complementary approaches, we assessed the impact of core destabilization on the intrinsic stability of the CA lattice in vitro and fates of viral core components in infected cells. We found that substitutions in CA can impact the intrinsic stability of the CA lattice in vitro in the absence of vRNPs, which mirrored findings from an assessment of CA stability in virions. Altering CA stability tended to increase the propensity to form morphologically aberrant particles, in which the vRNPs were mislocalized between the CA lattice and the viral lipid envelope. Importantly, destabilization of the CA lattice led to premature dissociation of CA from vRNPs in target cells, which was accompanied by proteasomal-independent losses of the viral genome and integrase enzyme. Overall, our studies show that the CA lattice protects the vRNP from untimely degradation in target cells and provide the mechanistic basis of how CA stability influences reverse transcription.IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral RNA genome and the associated viral enzymes and proteins, together constituting the viral core. Upon infection of a new cell, viral cores are released into the cytoplasm where they undergo a process termed "uncoating," i.e., shedding of CA molecules from the conical lattice. Although proper and timely uncoating has been shown to be important for reverse transcription, the molecular mechanisms that link these two events remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that destabilization of the CA lattice leads to premature dissociation of CA from viral cores, which exposes the viral genome and the integrase enzyme for degradation in target cells. Thus, our studies demonstrate that the CA lattice protects the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes from untimely degradation in target cells and provide the first causal link between how CA stability affects reverse transcription.
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Cell Type-Dependent Escape of Capsid Inhibitors by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01338-20. [PMID: 32907979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the result of the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes (SIVcpzPtt). The related subspecies Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii is the host of a similar virus, SIVcpzPts, which did not spread to humans. We tested these viruses with small-molecule capsid inhibitors (PF57, PF74, and GS-CA1) that interact with a binding groove in the capsid that is also used by CPSF6. While HIV-1 was sensitive to capsid inhibitors in cell lines, human macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), SIVcpzPtt was resistant in rhesus FRhL-2 cells and human PBMCs but was sensitive to PF74 in human HOS and HeLa cells. SIVcpzPts was insensitive to PF74 in FRhL-2 cells, HeLa cells, PBMCs, and macrophages but was inhibited by PF74 in HOS cells. A truncated version of CPSF6 (CPSF6-358) inhibited SIVcpzPtt and HIV-1, while in contrast, SIVcpzPts was resistant to CPSF6-358. Homology modeling of HIV-1, SIVcpzPtt, and SIVcpzPts capsids and binding energy estimates suggest that these three viruses bind similarly to the host proteins cyclophilin A (CYPA) and CPSF6 as well as the capsid inhibitor PF74. Cyclosporine treatment, mutation of the CYPA-binding loop in the capsid, or CYPA knockout eliminated the resistance of SIVcpzPts to PF74 in HeLa cells. These experiments revealed that the antiviral capacity of PF74 is controlled by CYPA in a virus- and cell type-specific manner. Our data indicate that SIVcpz viruses can use infection pathways that escape the antiviral activity of PF74. We further suggest that the antiviral activity of PF74 capsid inhibitors depends on cellular cofactors.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 originated from SIVcpzPtt but not from the related virus SIVcpzPts, and thus, it is important to describe molecular infection by SIVcpzPts in human cells to understand the zoonosis of SIVs. Pharmacological HIV-1 capsid inhibitors (e.g., PF74) bind a capsid groove that is also a binding site for the cellular protein CPSF6. SIVcpzPts was resistant to PF74 in HeLa cells but sensitive in HOS cells, thus indicating cell line-specific resistance. Both SIVcpz viruses showed resistance to PF74 in human PBMCs. Modulating the presence of cyclophilin A or its binding to capsid in HeLa cells overcame SIVcpzPts resistance to PF74. These results indicate that early cytoplasmic infection events of SIVcpzPts may differ between cell types and affect, in an unknown manner, the antiviral activity of capsid inhibitors. Thus, capsid inhibitors depend on the activity or interaction of currently uncharacterized cellular factors.
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6
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Elliott JL, Eschbach JE, Koneru PC, Li W, Puray-Chavez M, Townsend D, Lawson DQ, Engelman AN, Kvaratskhelia M, Kutluay SB. Integrase-RNA interactions underscore the critical role of integrase in HIV-1 virion morphogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:54311. [PMID: 32960169 PMCID: PMC7671690 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) alterations, referred to as class II substitutions, exhibit pleiotropic effects during virus replication. However, the underlying mechanism for the class II phenotype is not known. Here we demonstrate that all tested class II IN substitutions compromised IN-RNA binding in virions by one of the three distinct mechanisms: (i) markedly reducing IN levels thus precluding the formation of IN complexes with viral RNA; (ii) adversely affecting functional IN multimerization and consequently impairing IN binding to viral RNA; and (iii) directly compromising IN-RNA interactions without substantially affecting IN levels or functional IN multimerization. Inhibition of IN-RNA interactions resulted in the mislocalization of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes outside the capsid lattice, which led to premature degradation of the viral genome and IN in target cells. Collectively, our studies uncover causal mechanisms for the class II phenotype and highlight an essential role of IN-RNA interactions for accurate virion maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Elliott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Jenna E Eschbach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Pratibha C Koneru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Dana Townsend
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Dana Q Lawson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Sebla B Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
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7
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Chiramel AI, Meyerson NR, McNally KL, Broeckel RM, Montoya VR, Méndez-Solís O, Robertson SJ, Sturdevant GL, Lubick KJ, Nair V, Youseff BH, Ireland RM, Bosio CM, Kim K, Luban J, Hirsch VM, Taylor RT, Bouamr F, Sawyer SL, Best SM. TRIM5α Restricts Flavivirus Replication by Targeting the Viral Protease for Proteasomal Degradation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3269-3283.e6. [PMID: 31189110 PMCID: PMC8666140 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) is a cellular antiviral restriction factor that prevents early events in retrovirus replication. The activity of TRIM5α is thought to be limited to retroviruses as a result of highly specific interactions with capsid lattices. In contrast to this current understanding, we show that both human and rhesus macaque TRIM5α suppress replication of specific flaviviruses. Multiple viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis complex are sensitive to TRIM5α-dependent restriction, but mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever, dengue, and Zika viruses, are resistant. TRIM5α suppresses replication by binding to the viral protease NS2B/3 to promote its K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Importantly, TRIM5α contributes to the antiviral function of IFN-I against sensitive flaviviruses in human cells. Thus, TRIM5α possesses remarkable plasticity in the recognition of diverse virus families, with the potential to influence human susceptibility to emerging flaviviruses of global concern. The antiviral activity of TRIM5α is thought to be limited to retroviruses as a result of highly specific interactions with capsid lattices. Here, Chiramel et al. demonstrate that TRIM5α restricts replication of specific flaviviruses by binding and degrading the viral protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash I Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Nicholas R Meyerson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Rebecca M Broeckel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vanessa R Montoya
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Omayra Méndez-Solís
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kirk J Lubick
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research Technology Branch, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brian H Youseff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Robin M Ireland
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyusik Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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8
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Anderson-Daniels J, Singh PK, Sowd GA, Li W, Engelman AN, Aiken C. Dominant Negative MA-CA Fusion Protein Is Incorporated into HIV-1 Cores and Inhibits Nuclear Entry of Viral Preintegration Complexes. J Virol 2019; 93:e01118-19. [PMID: 31413124 PMCID: PMC6803256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01118-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle maturation is a critical step in the HIV-1 replication cycle that requires proteolytic cleavage of the Gag polyprotein into its constitutive proteins: the matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6 proteins. The accurate and efficient cleavage of Gag is essential for virion infectivity; inhibitors of the viral protease are potent antivirals, and substitutions in Gag that prevent its cleavage result in reduced HIV-1 infectivity. In a previous study, a mutation inhibiting cleavage at the MA-CA junction was observed to potently inhibit virus infection: incorporation of small amounts of uncleaved MA-CA protein into HIV-1 particles inhibited infectivity by ∼95%, and the resulting viral particles exhibited aberrant capsids. Here we report a detailed mechanistic analysis of HIV-1 particles bearing uncleaved MA-CA protein. We show that the particles contain stable cores and can efficiently saturate host restriction by TRIMCyp in target cells. We further show that MA-CA associates with CA in particles without detectably affecting the formation of intermolecular CA interfaces. Incorporation of MA-CA did not markedly affect reverse transcription in infected cells, but nuclear entry was impaired and integration targeting was altered. Additionally, results from mutational analysis of Gag revealed that membrane-binding elements of MA contribute to the antiviral activity of uncleaved MA-CA protein. Our results suggest that small amounts of partially processed Gag subunits coassemble with CA during virion maturation, resulting in impaired capsid functions.IMPORTANCE To become infectious, newly formed HIV-1 particles undergo a process of maturation in which the viral polyproteins are cleaved into smaller components. A previous study demonstrated that inclusion of even small quantities of an uncleavable mutant Gag polyprotein results in a strong reduction in virus infectivity. Here we show that the mechanism of transdominant inhibition by uncleavable Gag involves inhibition of nuclear entry and alteration of viral integration sites. Additionally, the results of mutational analysis suggest that the membrane-binding activity of Gag is a major requirement for the antiviral activity. These results further define the antiviral mechanism of uncleavable Gag, which may be useful for exploiting this effect to develop new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Anderson-Daniels
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Sowd
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Ramalingam VV, Subramanian S, Fletcher GJ, Rupali P, Varghese G, Pulimood S, Jeyaseelan L, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G, Kannangai R. Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and human immunodeficiency virus-2 capsid amino acid variants with human tripartite motif 5α protein SPRY domain and its association with pathogenesis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:574-583. [PMID: 32436883 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The sequence variation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid region may influence and alter the susceptibility to human tripartite motif 5α protein (huTRIM5α). Materials and Methods Molecular docking was carried out with huTRIM5α SPRY domain by the use of ClusPro and Hex docking program for HIV-1 and HIV-2 capsid sequences. Results The sequence analysis on HIV-1 and HIV-2 capsid gag gene identified 35 (19.7%) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HIV-1 and 8 (4.5%) SNPs in HIV-2. The variations observed in the HIV-2 capsid region were significantly lower than HIV-1 (P < 0.001). The molecular docking analysis showed that HIV-1 wild type used V1 loop, while HIV-2 used V3 loop of huTRIM5α for interaction. HIV-1 with A116T SNP and HIV-2 with V81A SNP use V3 and V1 loop of huTRIM5α for interaction respectively. The reduced huTRIM5α inhibition may lead to a faster progression of disease among HIV-1-infected individuals. However, in case of HIV-2, increased inhibition by huTRIM5α slows down the disease progression. Conclusion Polymorphisms in the capsid protein with both HIV-1- and HIV-2-monoinfected individuals showed the difference in the docking energy from the wild type. This is the first study which documents the difference in the usage of loop between the two HIV types for interaction with huTRIM5α. Variations in the capsid protein result in alteration in the binding to the restriction factor huTRIM5α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suganya Subramanian
- Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G John Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priscilla Rupali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Susanne Pulimood
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O. Restriction of HIV-1 and other retroviruses by TRIM5. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:546-556. [PMID: 31312031 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins - known as restriction factors - which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite motif protein family - TRIM5α and TRIMCyp - were identified in 2004 as restriction factors that recognize and inactivate the capsid shell that surrounds and protects the incoming retroviral core. Research on these TRIM5 proteins has uncovered a novel mode of non-self recognition that protects against cross-species transmission of retroviruses. Our developing understanding of the mechanism of TRIM5 restriction underscores the concept that core uncoating and reverse transcription of the viral genome are coordinated processes rather than discrete steps of the post-entry pathway of retrovirus replication. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction, highlight recent advances and discuss implications for the development of capsid-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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11
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Expression Cloning of Host Factors Required for the HCV Replication Cycle. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30593625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Like most viruses, HCV depends of a number of factors encoded by its host cell to execute its replication cycle and create. Expression cloning is one of several possible approaches that have been employed to identify novel host factors essential for the HCV replication cycle. It involves generation of a cDNA library from a cell type with a desired trait (such as ability to bind E2 or being susceptible to HCV infection), expression of that library in a different cell type missing the trait of interest, and selection for cell clones that have acquired that trait through expression of a specific cDNA. This chapter describes an expression cloning approach similar to the one that was used to identify the tight junction component claudin-1 as an essential HCV cell entry factor.
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Rojas VK, Park IW. Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in the HIV-1 Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122984. [PMID: 31248071 PMCID: PMC6628307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the major protein degradation process in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, including alteration of cellular location, modulation of protein activity, and regulation of protein interaction, it is reasonable to suggest that the infecting HIV-1 and the invaded hosts exploit the UPS in a contest for survival and proliferation. However, to date, regulation of the HIV-1 life cycle has been mainly explained by the stage-specific expression of HIV-1 viral genes, not by elimination processes of the synthesized proteins after completion of their duties in the infected cells, which is also quintessential for understanding the molecular processes of the virus life cycle and thereby HIV-1 pathogenesis. In fact, several previous publications have indicated that the UPS plays a critical role in the regulation of the proteasomal degradation of viral and cellular counterparts at every step of the HIV-1 life cycle, from the virus entry to release of the assembled virus particles, which is integral for the regulation of survival and proliferation of the infecting HIV-1 and to replication restriction of the invading virus in the host. However, it is unknown whether and how these individual events taking place at different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle are orchestrated as an overall strategy to overcome the restrictions conferred by the host cells. Thus, in this review, we overview the interplay between HIV-1 viral and cellular proteins for restrictions/competitions for proliferation of the virus in the infected cell, which could open a new avenue for the development of therapeutics against HIV-1 via targeting a specific step of the proteasome degradation pathway during the HIV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Goetze RW, Kim DH, Schinazi RF, Kim B. A CRISPR/Cas9 approach reveals that the polymerase activity of DNA polymerase β is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in dividing and nondividing cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14016-14025. [PMID: 28684413 PMCID: PMC5572920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus integration into the host genome relies on several host enzymes, potentially including DNA polymerase β (Pol β). However, whether human Pol β is essential for lentivirus replication in human cells is unclear. Here, we abolished DNA polymerase β (Pol β) expression by targeting its DNA polymerase domain with CRISPR/Cas9 in human monocytic THP-1 cells to investigate the role of Pol β in HIV-1 transduction in both dividing and nondividing macrophage stages of THP-1 cells. Pol β-knock-out was confirmed by enhanced sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA damage. Of note, nuclear extracts from Pol β-knock-out THP-1 cells prepared from both dividing and nondividing stages displayed significantly reduced capability to repair the gapped HIV-1 integration intermediate DNA substrate in a biochemical simulation. However, nuclear extract from both dividing and nondividing stages of the Pol β-KO cells had detectable gap repair activity, suggesting that other host DNA polymerases also repair gapped HIV-1 DNA, particularly in dividing cells. Next, when we compared transduction using HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus in control and Pol β-KO cells, the loss of the Pol β expression did not affect transduction efficiency of these lentiviruses in both dividing and nondividing stages. Finally, the gap repair assay indicated that limited cellular dNTP pools, but not Pol β expression, are a primary factor for HIV-1 DNA gap repair, particularly in nondividing cells. These data support the idea that Pol β polymerase activity is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in both dividing and nondividing stages of human cells targeted by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Goetze
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Baek Kim
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,; School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.
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Allosteric HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Lead to Premature Degradation of the Viral RNA Genome and Integrase in Target Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00821-17. [PMID: 28615207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00821-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that inhibition of HIV-1 integrase (IN) binding to the viral RNA genome by allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) or through mutations within IN yields aberrant particles in which the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) are eccentrically localized outside the capsid lattice. These particles are noninfectious and are blocked at an early reverse transcription stage in target cells. However, the basis of this reverse transcription defect is unknown. Here, we show that the viral RNA genome and IN from ALLINI-treated virions are prematurely degraded in target cells, whereas reverse transcriptase remains active and stably associated with the capsid lattice. The aberrantly shaped cores in ALLINI-treated particles can efficiently saturate and be degraded by a restricting TRIM5 protein, indicating that they are still composed of capsid proteins arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Notably, the fates of viral core components follow a similar pattern in cells infected with eccentric particles generated by mutations within IN that inhibit its binding to the viral RNA genome. We propose that IN-RNA interactions allow packaging of both the viral RNA genome and IN within the protective capsid lattice to ensure subsequent reverse transcription and productive infection in target cells. Conversely, disruption of these interactions by ALLINIs or mutations in IN leads to premature degradation of both the viral RNA genome and IN, as well as the spatial separation of reverse transcriptase from the viral genome during early steps of infection.IMPORTANCE Recent evidence indicates that HIV-1 integrase (IN) plays a key role during particle maturation by binding to the viral RNA genome. Inhibition of IN-RNA interactions yields aberrant particles with the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) eccentrically localized outside the conical capsid lattice. Although these particles contain all of the components necessary for reverse transcription, they are blocked at an early reverse transcription stage in target cells. To explain the basis of this defect, we tracked the fates of multiple viral components in infected cells. Here, we show that the viral RNA genome and IN in eccentric particles are prematurely degraded, whereas reverse transcriptase remains active and stably associated within the capsid lattice. We propose that IN-RNA interactions ensure the packaging of both vRNPs and IN within the protective capsid cores to facilitate subsequent reverse transcription and productive infection in target cells.
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16
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Geis FK, Galla M, Hoffmann D, Kuehle J, Zychlinski D, Maetzig T, Schott JW, Schwarzer A, Goffinet C, Goff SP, Schambach A. Potent and reversible lentiviral vector restriction in murine induced pluripotent stem cells. Retrovirology 2017; 14:34. [PMID: 28569216 PMCID: PMC5452410 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retroviral vectors are derived from wild-type retroviruses, can be used to study retrovirus-host interactions and are effective tools in gene and cell therapy. However, numerous cell types are resistant or less permissive to retrovirus infection due to the presence of active defense mechanisms, or the absence of important cellular host co-factors. In contrast to multipotent stem cells, pluripotent stem cells (PSC) have potential to differentiate into all three germ layers. Much remains to be elucidated in the field of anti-viral immunity in stem cells, especially in PSC. Results In this study, we report that transduction with HIV-1-based, lentiviral vectors (LV) is impaired in murine PSC. Analyses of early retroviral events in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) revealed that the restriction is independent of envelope choice and does not affect reverse transcription, but perturbs nuclear entry and proviral integration. Proteasomal inhibition by MG132 could not circumvent the restriction. However, prevention of cyclophilin A (CypA) binding to the HIV-1 capsid via use of either a CypA inhibitor (cyclosporine A) or CypA-independent capsid mutants improved transduction. In addition, application of higher vector doses also increased transduction. Our data revealed a CypA mediated restriction in iPSC, which was acquired during reprogramming, associated with pluripotency and relieved upon subsequent differentiation. Conclusions We showed that murine PSC and iPSC are less susceptible to LV. The block observed in iPSC was CypA-dependent and resulted in reduced nuclear entry of viral DNA and proviral integration. Our study helps to improve transduction of murine pluripotent cells with HIV-1-based vectors and contributes to our understanding of retrovirus-host interactions in PSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0358-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska K Geis
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Kuehle
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Zychlinski
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Maetzig
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane W Schott
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Schwarzer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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RNA-Associated Early-Stage Antiviral Factor Is a Major Component of Lv2 Restriction. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01228-16. [PMID: 28275184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01228-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in human cells is restricted at early postentry steps by host inhibitory factors. We previously described and characterized an early-phase restriction of HIV-1 and -2 replication in human cell lines, primary macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The restriction was termed lentiviral restriction 2 (Lv2). The viral determinants of Lv2 susceptibility mapped to the HIV-2 envelope (Env) and capsid (CA). We subsequently reported a whole-genome small interfering RNA screening for factors involved in HIV that identified RNA-associated early-stage antiviral factor (REAF). Using HIV-2 chimeras of susceptible and nonsusceptible viruses, we show here that REAF is a major component of the previously described Lv2 restriction. Further studies of the viral CA demonstrate that the CA mutation I73V (previously called I207V), a potent determinant for HIV-2, is a weak determinant of susceptibility for HIV-1. More potent CA determinants for HIV-1 REAF restriction were identified at P38A, N74D, G89V, and G94D. These results firmly establish that in HIV-1, CA is a strong determinant of susceptibility to Lv2/REAF. Similar to HIV-2, HIV-1 Env can rescue sensitive CAs from restriction. We conclude that REAF is a major component of the previously described Lv2 restriction.IMPORTANCE Measures taken by the host cell to combat infection drive the evolution of pathogens to counteract or sidestep them. The study of such virus-host conflicts can point to possible weaknesses in the arsenal of viruses and may lead to the rational design of antiviral agents. Here we describe our discovery that the host restriction factor REAF fulfills the same criteria previously used to describe lentiviral restriction (Lv2). We show that, like the HIV-2 CA, the CA of HIV-1 is a strong determinant of Lv2/REAF susceptibility. We illustrate how HIV counteracts Lv2/REAF by using an envelope with alternative routes of entry into cells.
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The Envelope Gene of Transmitted HIV-1 Resists a Late Interferon Gamma-Induced Block. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02254-16. [PMID: 28100611 PMCID: PMC5355616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02254-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) signaling engenders an antiviral state that likely plays an important role in constraining HIV-1 transmission and contributes to defining subsequent AIDS pathogenesis. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) also induces an antiviral state but is often primarily considered to be an immunomodulatory cytokine. We report that IFN-γ stimulation can induce an antiviral state that can be both distinct from that of type I interferon and can potently inhibit HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells and a number of human cell lines. Strikingly, we find that transmitted/founder (TF) HIV-1 viruses can resist a late block that is induced by type II IFN, and the use of chimeric IFN-γ-sensitive/resistant viruses indicates that interferon resistance maps to the env gene. Simultaneously, in vitro evolution also revealed that just a single amino acid substitution in the envelope can confer substantial resistance to IFN-mediated inhibition. Thus, the env gene of transmitted HIV-1 confers resistance to a late block that is phenotypically distinct from blocks previously described to be resisted by env and is therefore mediated by unknown IFN-γ-stimulated factor(s) in human CD4+ T cells and cell lines. This important unidentified block could play a key role in constraining HIV-1 transmission. IMPORTANCE The human immune system can hinder invading pathogens through interferon (IFN) signaling. One consequence of this signaling is that cells enter an antiviral state, increasing the levels of hundreds of defenses that can inhibit the replication and spread of viruses. The majority of HIV-1 infections result from a single virus particle (the transmitted/founder) that makes it past these defenses and colonizes the host. Thus, the founder virus is hypothesized to be a relatively interferon-resistant entity. Here, we show that certain HIV-1 envelope genes have the unanticipated ability to resist specific human defenses mediated by different types of interferons. Strikingly, the envelope gene from a founder HIV-1 virus is far better at evading these defenses than the corresponding gene from a common HIV-1 lab strain. Thus, these defenses could play a role in constraining the transmission of HIV-1 and may select for transmitted viruses that are resistant to this IFN-mediated inhibition.
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Characterization of two distinct early post-entry blocks to HIV-1 in common marmoset lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37489. [PMID: 27876849 PMCID: PMC5120322 DOI: 10.1038/srep37489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, primate lentiviruses infect humans and several Old World monkeys and apes. However, to date, lentiviruses infecting New World monkeys have not been described. We studied the susceptibility of common marmoset cells to HIV-1 infection and observed the presence of post-entry blocks to the early phase of HIV-1 infection in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and a B lymphocytic cell line (B-LCL). The blocks present in these cells are dominant and phenotypically different from each other. In PBLs, the block occurs at the level of reverse transcription, reducing the accumulation of early and late transcripts, similar to the block imposed by TRIM5α. However, we have found that marmoset TRIM5α does not block HIV-1. In contrast, the restriction factor present in B-LCLs blocks HIV-1 replication at a later step, after nuclear entry, and inhibits integration. Additionally, we have identified an HIV-1 capsid mutant, N74D, that is able to escape the restriction in the marmoset B-LCLs. Our results suggest that the factors responsible for the blocks present in marmoset PBLs and B-LCLs are different. We propose the existence of at least two new restriction factors able to block HIV-1 infection in marmoset lymphocytes.
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Boyd DF, Sharma A, Humes D, Cheng-Mayer C, Overbaugh J. Adapting SHIVs In Vivo Selects for Envelope-Mediated Interferon-α Resistance. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005727. [PMID: 27399306 PMCID: PMC4939950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are able to establish persistent infection in their respective hosts despite a potent type-I interferon (IFN-I) response following transmission. A number of IFN-I-induced host factors that are able to inhibit lentiviral replication in vitro have been identified, and these studies suggest a role for IFN-induced factors as barriers to cross-species transmission. However, the ability of these factors to inhibit viral replication in vivo has not been well characterized, nor have the viral determinants that contribute to evasion or antagonism of the host IFN-I response. In this study, we hypothesized that the host IFN-I response serves as a strong selective pressure in the context of SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) infection of macaques and sought to identify the viral determinants that contribute to IFN-I resistance. We assessed the ability of SHIVs encoding HIV-1 sequences adapted by serial passage in macaques versus SHIVs encoding HIV sequences isolated directly from infected individuals to replicate in the presence of IFNα in macaque lymphocytes. We demonstrate that passage in macaques selects for IFNα resistant viruses that have higher replication kinetics and increased envelope content. SHIVs that encode HIV-1 sequences derived directly from infected humans were sensitive to IFNα -induced inhibition whereas SHIVs obtained after passage in macaques were not. This evolutionary process was directly observed in viruses that were serially passaged during the first few months of infection-a time when the IFNα response is high. Differences in IFNα sensitivity mapped to HIV-1 envelope and were associated with increased envelope levels despite similar mRNA expression, suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism. These studies highlight critical differences in IFNα sensitivity between HIV-1 sequences in infected people and those used in SHIV models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Boyd
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amit Sharma
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Masroori N, Merindol N, Berthoux L. The interferon-induced antiviral protein PML (TRIM19) promotes the restriction and transcriptional silencing of lentiviruses in a context-specific, isoform-specific fashion. Retrovirology 2016; 13:19. [PMID: 27000403 PMCID: PMC4802722 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, a type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced gene product and a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, modulates the transcriptional activity of viruses belonging to various families. Whether PML has an impact on the replication of HIV-1 has not been fully addressed, but recent studies point to its possible involvement in the restriction of HIV-1 in human cells and in the maintenance of transcriptional latency in human cell lines in which HIV-1 is constitutively repressed. We investigated further the restriction of HIV-1 and a related lentivirus, SIVmac, by PML in murine cells and in a lymphocytic human cell line. In particular, we studied the relevance of PML to IFN-I-mediated inhibition and the role of individual human isoforms. Results We demonstrate that both human PML (hPML) and murine PML (mPML) inhibit the early post-entry stages of the replication of HIV-1 and a related lentivirus, SIVmac. In addition, HIV-1 was transcriptionally silenced by mPML and by hPML isoforms I, II, IV and VI in MEFs. This PML-mediated transcriptional repression was attenuated in presence of the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA. In contrast, depletion of PML had no effect on HIV-1 gene expression in a human T cell line. PML was found to contribute to the inhibition of HIV-1 by IFN-I. Specifically, IFN-α and IFN-β treatments of MEFs enhanced the PML-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 early replication stages. Conclusions We show that PML can inhibit HIV-1 and other lentiviruses as part of the IFN-I-mediated response. The restriction takes place at two distinct steps, i.e. reverse transcription and transcription, and in an isoform-specific, cellular context-specific fashion. Our results support a model in which PML activates innate immune antilentiviral effectors. These data are relevant to the development of latency reversal-inducing pharmacological agents, since PML was previously proposed as a pharmacological target for such inhibitors. This study also has implications for the development of murine models of HIV-1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0253-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Masroori
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology and BioMed Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Natacha Merindol
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology and BioMed Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology and BioMed Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.
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Portilho DM, Fernandez J, Ringeard M, Machado AK, Boulay A, Mayer M, Müller-Trutwin M, Beignon AS, Kirchhoff F, Nisole S, Arhel NJ. Endogenous TRIM5α Function Is Regulated by SUMOylation and Nuclear Sequestration for Efficient Innate Sensing in Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 14:355-69. [PMID: 26748714 PMCID: PMC4713866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During retroviral infection, viral capsids are subject to restriction by the cellular factor TRIM5α. Here, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) derived from human and non-human primate species lack efficient TRIM5α-mediated retroviral restriction. In DCs, endogenous TRIM5α accumulates in nuclear bodies (NB) that partly co-localize with Cajal bodies in a SUMOylation-dependent manner. Nuclear sequestration of TRIM5α allowed potent induction of type I interferon (IFN) responses during infection, mediated by sensing of reverse transcribed DNA by cGAS. Overexpression of TRIM5α or treatment with the SUMOylation inhibitor ginkgolic acid (GA) resulted in enforced cytoplasmic TRIM5α expression and restored efficient viral restriction but abrogated type I IFN production following infection. Our results suggest that there is an evolutionary trade-off specific to DCs in which restriction is minimized to maximize sensing. TRIM5α regulation via SUMOylation-dependent nuclear sequestration adds to our understanding of how restriction factors are regulated. Primate dendritic cells (DCs) lack efficient TRIM5α-mediated retroviral restriction In DCs TRIM5α is sequestered in the nucleus in a SUMOylation-dependent manner TRIM5α nuclear sequestration allows DC sensing of retroviral DNA by cGAS
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora M Portilho
- INSERM U941, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Fernandez
- INSERM U941, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Anthony K Machado
- INSERM U941, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Aude Boulay
- INSERM U941, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Martha Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- CEA-iMETI/Division of Immuno-Virology, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie J Arhel
- INSERM U941, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France.
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The KT Jeang Retrovirology prize 2015: Paul Bieniasz. Retrovirology 2015; 12:84. [PMID: 26438335 PMCID: PMC4595249 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Douam F, Gaska JM, Winer BY, Ding Q, von Schaewen M, Ploss A. Genetic Dissection of the Host Tropism of Human-Tropic Pathogens. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 49:21-45. [PMID: 26407032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although the host multitropism of some pathogens has rendered their manipulation possible in animal models, the human-restricted tropism of numerous viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites has seriously hampered our understanding of these pathogens. Hence, uncovering the genetic basis underlying the narrow tropism of such pathogens is critical for understanding their mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. Moreover, such genetic dissection is essential for the generation of permissive animal models that can serve as critical tools for the development of therapeutics or vaccines against challenging human pathogens. In this review, we describe different experimental approaches utilized to uncover the genetic foundation regulating pathogen host tropism as well as their relevance for studying the tropism of several important human pathogens. Finally, we discuss the current and future uses of this knowledge for generating genetically modified animal models permissive for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Jenna M Gaska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
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25
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Jung U, Urak K, Veillette M, Nepveu-Traversy MÉ, Pham QT, Hamel S, Rossi JJ, Berthoux L. Preclinical Assessment of Mutant Human TRIM5α as an Anti-HIV-1 Transgene. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:664-79. [PMID: 26076730 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current HIV-1 gene therapy approaches aim at stopping the viral life cycle at its earliest steps, such as entry or immediate postentry events. Among the most widely adopted strategies are CCR5 downregulation/knockout and the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, the long-term efficacy and side effects are still unclear. TRIM5α is an interferon-stimulated restriction factor that can intercept incoming retroviruses within one hour of cytosolic entry and potently inhibit the infectivity of restriction-sensitive viruses. The human TRIM5α (TRIM5αhu) generally does not efficiently target HIV-1, but point mutations in its capsid-binding domain can confer anti-HIV-1 activity. Although the mechanisms by which TRIM5αhu mutants inhibit HIV-1 are relatively well understood, their characterization as potential transgenes for gene therapy is lacking. Additionally, previous reports of general immune activation by overexpression of TRIM5α have hindered its broad adoption as a potential transgene. Here we demonstrate the ability of the R332G-R335G TRIM5αhu mutant to efficiently restrict highly divergent HIV-1 strains, including Group O, as well as clinical isolates bearing cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape mutations. R332G-R335G TRIM5αhu efficiently protected human lymphocytes against HIV-1 infection, even when expressed at relatively low levels following lentiviral transduction. Most importantly, under these conditions Rhesus macaque TRIM5α (TRIM5αRh) and TRIM5αhu (wild-type or mutated) had no major effects on the NF-κB pathway. Transgenic TRIM5α did not modulate the kinetics of IκBα, JunB, and TNFAIP3 expression following TNF-α treatment. Finally, we show that human lymphocytes expressing R332G-R335G TRIM5αhu have clear survival advantages over unmodified parental cells in the presence of pathogenic, replication-competent HIV-1. These results support the relevance of R332G-R335G and other mutants of TRIM5αhu as candidate effectors for HIV-1 gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jung
- 1 Division of Molecular & Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Kevin Urak
- 1 Division of Molecular & Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Maxime Veillette
- 2 Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | | | - Quang Toan Pham
- 2 Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Sophie Hamel
- 2 Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - John J Rossi
- 1 Division of Molecular & Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte, California.,3 Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- 2 Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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Pizzato M, McCauley SM, Neagu MR, Pertel T, Firrito C, Ziglio S, Dauphin A, Zufferey M, Berthoux L, Luban J. Lv4 Is a Capsid-Specific Antiviral Activity in Human Blood Cells That Restricts Viruses of the SIVMAC/SIVSM/HIV-2 Lineage Prior to Integration. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005050. [PMID: 26181333 PMCID: PMC4504712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 and SIVMAC are AIDS-causing, zoonotic lentiviruses that jumped to humans and rhesus macaques, respectively, from SIVSM-bearing sooty mangabey monkeys. Cross-species transmission events such as these sometimes necessitate virus adaptation to species-specific, host restriction factors such as TRIM5. Here, a new human restriction activity is described that blocks viruses of the SIVSM/SIVMAC/HIV-2 lineage. Human T, B, and myeloid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells were 4 to >100-fold less transducible by VSV G-pseudotyped SIVMAC, HIV-2, or SIVSM than by HIV-1. In contrast, transduction of six epithelial cell lines was equivalent to that by HIV-1. Substitution of HIV-1 CA with the SIVMAC or HIV-2 CA was sufficient to reduce HIV-1 transduction to the level of the respective vectors. Among such CA chimeras there was a general trend such that CAs from epidemic HIV-2 Group A and B isolates were the most infectious on human T cells, CA from a 1° sooty mangabey isolate was the least infectious, and non-epidemic HIV-2 Group D, E, F, and G CAs were in the middle. The CA-specific decrease in infectivity was observed with either HIV-1, HIV-2, ecotropic MLV, or ALV Env pseudotypes, indicating that it was independent of the virus entry pathway. As2O3, a drug that suppresses TRIM5-mediated restriction, increased human blood cell transduction by SIVMAC but not by HIV-1. Nonetheless, elimination of TRIM5 restriction activity did not rescue SIVMAC transduction. Also, in contrast to TRIM5-mediated restriction, the SIVMAC CA-specific block occurred after completion of reverse transcription and the formation of 2-LTR circles, but before establishment of the provirus. Transduction efficiency in heterokaryons generated by fusing epithelial cells with T cells resembled that in the T cells, indicative of a dominant-acting SIVMAC restriction activity in the latter. These results suggest that the nucleus of human blood cells possesses a restriction factor specific for the CA of HIV-2/SIVMAC/SIVSM and that cross-species transmission of SIVSM to human T cells necessitated adaptation of HIV-2 to this putative restriction factor. HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two lentiviruses that cause AIDS in humans, are members of a family of such viruses that infect African primates. HIV-1 is a zoonosis that was transmitted to humans from chimpanzees. HIV-2 was transmitted to humans from sooty mangabey monkeys. In several documented cases of cross-species transmission of lentiviruses it has been shown that replication of the virus in the new host species necessitated that the virus adapt to species-specific antiviral factors in the host. Here we report that human blood cells possess an antiviral activity that exhibits specificity for viruses of the HIV-2/SIVMAC/SIVSM lineage, with restriction being greatest for SIVSM and the least for epidemic HIV-2. Here we show that this dominant-acting, antiviral activity is specific for the capsid and blocks the virus after it enters the nucleus. The evidence suggests that, in order to jump from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans, the capsid of these viruses changed in order to adapt to this antiviral activity. In keeping with the practice concerning anti-lentiviral activities we propose to call this new antiviral activity Lv4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha R. Neagu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Firrito
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serena Ziglio
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Zufferey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, University of Québec, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Jain S, Trivett MT, Ayala VI, Ohlen C, Ott DE. African green monkey TRIM5α restriction in simian immunodeficiency virus-specific rhesus macaque effector CD4 T cells enhances their survival and antiviral function. J Virol 2015; 89:4449-56. [PMID: 25653448 PMCID: PMC4442388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03598-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expression of xenogeneic TRIM5α proteins can restrict infection in various retrovirus/host cell pairings. Previously, we have shown that African green monkey TRIM5α (AgmTRIM5α) potently restricts both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIV(mac239)) replication in a transformed human T-cell line (L. V. Coren, et al., Retrovirology 12:11, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12977-015-0137-9). To assess AgmTRIM5α restriction in primary cells, we transduced AgmTRIM5α into primary rhesus macaque CD4 T cells and infected them with SIV(mac239). Experiments with T-cell clones revealed that AgmTRIM5α could reproducibly restrict SIV(mac239) replication, and that this restriction synergizes with an intrinsic resistance to infection present in some CD4 T-cell clones. AgmTRIM5α transduction of virus-specific CD4 T-cell clones increased and prolonged their ability to suppress SIV spread in CD4 target cells. This increased antiviral function was strongly linked to decreased viral replication in the AgmTRIM5α-expressing effectors, consistent with restriction preventing the virus-induced cytopathogenicity that disables effector function. Taken together, our data show that AgmTRIM5α restriction, although not absolute, reduces SIV replication in primary rhesus CD4 T cells which, in turn, increases their antiviral function. These results support prior in vivo data indicating that the contribution of virus-specific CD4 T-cell effectors to viral control is limited due to infection. IMPORTANCE The potential of effector CD4 T cells to immunologically modulate SIV/HIV infection likely is limited by their susceptibility to infection and subsequent inactivation or elimination. Here, we show that AgmTRIM5α expression inhibits SIV spread in primary effector CD4 T cells in vitro. Importantly, protection of effector CD4 T cells by AgmTRIM5α markedly enhanced their antiviral function by delaying SIV infection, thereby extending their viability despite the presence of virus. Our in vitro data support prior in vivo HIV-1 studies suggesting that the antiviral CD4 effector response is impaired due to infection and subsequent cytopathogenicity. The ability of AgmTRIM5α expression to restrict SIV infection in primary rhesus effector CD4 T cells now opens an opportunity to use the SIV/rhesus macaque model to further elucidate the potential and scope of anti-AIDS virus effector CD4 T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor I Ayala
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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28
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Coren LV, Trivett MT, Jain S, Ayala VI, Del Prete GQ, Ohlen C, Ott DE. Potent restriction of HIV-1 and SIVmac239 replication by African green monkey TRIM5α. Retrovirology 2015; 12:11. [PMID: 25809491 PMCID: PMC4348108 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TRIM5α protein is a principal restriction factor that contributes to an HIV-1 replication block in rhesus macaque CD4+ T cells by preventing reverse transcription. HIV-1 restriction is induced in human CD4+ T cells by expression of rhesus TRIM5α as well as those of other old world monkeys. While TRIM5α restriction has been extensively studied in single-round infection assays, fewer studies have examined restriction after extended viral replication. RESULTS To examine TRIM5α restriction of replication, we studied the ability of TRIM5α proteins from African green monkey (AgmTRIM5α) and gorilla (gorTRIM5α) to restrict HIV-1 and SIVmac239 replication. These xenogeneic TRIM5α genes were transduced into human Jurkat-CCR5 cells (JR5), which were then exposed to HIV-1 or SIVmac239. In our single-round infection assays, AgmTRIM5α showed a relatively modest 4- to 10-fold restriction of HIV-1 and SIVmac239, while gorTRIM5α produced a 2- and 3-fold restriction of HIV-1 and SIVmac239, respectively, consistent with the majority of previously published single-round studies. To assess the impact of these modest effects on infection, we tested restriction in replication systems initiated with either cell-free or cell-to-cell challenges. AgmTRIM5α powerfully restricted both HIV-1 and SIVmac239 replication 14 days after cell-free infection, with a ≥ 3-log effect. Moreover, expression of AgmTRIM5α restricted HIV-1 and SIVmac239 replication by 2-logs when co-cultured with infected JR5 cells for 12 days. In contrast, neither expression of gorTRIM5α nor rhesus TRIM5α induced significant resistance when co-cultured with infected cells. Follow up experiments showed that the observed differences between replication and infection were not due to assembly defects as xenogeneic TRIM5α expression had no effect on either virion production or specific infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AgmTRIM5α has a much greater effect on extended replication than on any single infection event, suggesting that AgmTRIM5α restriction acts cumulatively, building up over many rounds of replication. Furthermore, AgmTRIM5α was able to potently restrict both HIV-1 and SIV replication in a cell-to-cell infection challenge. Thus, AgmTRIM5α is unique among the TRIM5α species tested to date, being able to restrict even at the high multiplicities of infection presented by mixed culture with nonrestrictive infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori V Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Victor I Ayala
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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Esteva MJ, Affranchino JL, González SA. Lentiviral Gag assembly analyzed through the functional characterization of chimeric simian immunodeficiency viruses expressing different domains of the feline immunodeficiency virus capsid protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114299. [PMID: 25462889 PMCID: PMC4252113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the functional relationship between the capsid (CA) domains of the Gag polyproteins of simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses (SIV and FIV, respectively), we constructed chimeric SIVs in which the CA-coding region was partially or totally replaced by the equivalent region of the FIV CA. The phenotypic characterization of the chimeras allowed us to group them into three categories: the chimeric viruses that, while being assembly-competent, exhibit a virion-associated unstable FIV CA; a second group represented only by the chimeric SIV carrying the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the FIV CA which proved to be assembly-defective; and a third group constituted by the chimeric viruses that produce virions exhibiting a mature and stable FIV CA protein, and which incorporate the envelope glycoprotein and contain wild-type levels of viral genome RNA and reverse transcriptase. Further analysis of the latter group of chimeric SIVs demonstrated that they are non-infectious due to a post-entry impairment, such as uncoating of the viral core, reverse transcription or nuclear import of the preintegration complex. Furthermore, we show here that the carboxyl-terminus domain (CTD) of the FIV CA has an intrinsic ability to dimerize in vitro and form high-molecular-weight oligomers, which, together with our finding that the FIV CA-CTD is sufficient to confer assembly competence to the resulting chimeric SIV Gag polyprotein, provides evidence that the CA-CTD exhibits more functional plasticity than the CA-NTD. Taken together, our results provide relevant information on the biological relationship between the CA proteins of primate and nonprimate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Esteva
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José L. Affranchino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia A. González
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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30
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Restriction of HIV-1 by rhesus TRIM5α is governed by alpha helices in the Linker2 region. J Virol 2014; 88:8911-23. [PMID: 24872590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01134-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED TRIM5α proteins are a potent barrier to the cross-species transmission of retroviruses. TRIM5α proteins exhibit an ability to self-associate at many levels, ultimately leading to the formation of protein assemblies with hexagonal symmetry in vitro and cytoplasmic assemblies when expressed in cells. However, the role of these assemblies in restriction, the determinants that mediate their formation, and the organization of TRIM5α molecules within these assemblies have remained unclear. Here we show that α-helical elements within the Linker2 region of rhesus macaque TRIM5α govern the ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies in cells and restrict HIV-1 infection. Mutations that reduce α-helix formation by the Linker2 region disrupt assembly and restriction. More importantly, mutations that enhance the α-helical content of the Linker2 region, relative to the wild-type protein, also exhibit an increased ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies and restrict HIV-1 infection. Molecular modeling of the TRIM5α dimer suggests a model in which α-helical elements within the Linker2 region dock to α-helices of the coiled-coil domain, likely establishing proper orientation and spacing of protein domains necessary for assembly and restriction. Collectively, these studies provide critical insight into the determinants governing TRIM5α assembly and restriction and demonstrate that the antiviral potency of TRIM5α proteins can be significantly increased without altering the affinity of SPRY/capsid binding. IMPORTANCE Many members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins act as restriction factors that directly inhibit viral infection and activate innate immune signaling pathways. Another common feature of TRIM proteins is the ability to form protein assemblies in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. However, the determinants in TRIM proteins required for assembly and the degree to which assembly affects TRIM protein function have been poorly understood. Here we show that alpha helices in the Linker2 (L2) region of rhesus TRIM5α govern assembly and restriction of HIV-1 infection. Helix-disrupting mutations disrupt the assembly and restriction of HIV-1, while helix-stabilizing mutations enhance assembly and restriction relative to the wild-type protein. Circular dichroism analysis suggests that that the formation of this helical structure is supported by intermolecular interactions with the coiled-coil (CC) domain in the CCL2 dimer. These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which the antiviral activity of TRIM5α proteins can be regulated and provide detailed insight into the assembly determinants of TRIM family proteins.
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Ambrose Z, Aiken C. HIV-1 uncoating: connection to nuclear entry and regulation by host proteins. Virology 2014; 454-455:371-9. [PMID: 24559861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The RNA genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is enclosed by a capsid shell that dissociates within the cell in a multistep process known as uncoating, which influences completion of reverse transcription of the viral genome. Double-stranded viral DNA is imported into the nucleus for integration into the host genome, a hallmark of retroviral infection. Reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and integration are coordinated by a capsid uncoating process that is regulated by cellular proteins. Although uncoating is not well understood, recent studies have revealed insights into the process, particularly with respect to nuclear import pathways and protection of the viral genome from DNA sensors. Understanding uncoating will be valuable toward developing novel antiretroviral therapies for HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandrea Ambrose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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32
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Chan E, Towers GJ, Qasim W. Gene therapy strategies to exploit TRIM derived restriction factors against HIV-1. Viruses 2014; 6:243-63. [PMID: 24424502 PMCID: PMC3917441 DOI: 10.3390/v6010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction factors are a collection of antiviral proteins that form an important aspect of the innate immune system. Their constitutive expression allows immediate response to viral infection, ahead of other innate or adaptive immune responses. We review the molecular mechanism of restriction for four categories of restriction factors; TRIM5, tetherin, APOBEC3G and SAMHD1 and go on to consider how the TRIM5 and TRIMCyp proteins in particular, show promise for exploitation using gene therapy strategies. Such approaches could form an important alternative to current anti-HIV-1 drug regimens, especially if combined with strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs. Autologous CD4+ T cells or their haematopoietic stem cell precursors engineered to express TRIMCyp restriction factors, and provided in a single therapeutic intervention could then be used to restore functional immunity with a pool of cells protected against HIV. We consider the challenges ahead and consider how early clinical phase testing may best be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Chan
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Greg J Towers
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Simeon RL, Chen Z. A screen for genetic suppressor elements of hepatitis C virus identifies a supercharged protein inhibitor of viral replication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84022. [PMID: 24391867 PMCID: PMC3877138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic suppressor elements (GSEs) are biomolecules derived from a gene or genome of interest that act as transdominant inhibitors of biological functions presumably by disruption of critical biological interfaces. We exploited a cell death reporter cell line for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, n4mBid, to develop an iterative selection/enrichment strategy for the identification of anti-HCV GSEs. Using this approach, a library of fragments of an HCV genome was screened for sequences that suppress HCV infection. A 244 amino acid gene fragment, B1, was strongly enriched after 5 rounds of selection. B1 derives from a single-base frameshift of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) which was used as a filler during fragment cloning. B1 has a very high net positive charge of 43 at neutral pH and a high charge-to-mass (kDa) ratio of 1.5. We show that B1 expression specifically inhibits HCV replication. In addition, five highly positively charged B1 fragments produced from progressive truncation at the C-terminus all retain the ability to inhibit HCV, suggesting that a high positive charge, rather than a particular motif in B1, likely accounts for B1's anti-HCV activity. Another supercharged protein, +36GFP, was also found to strongly inhibit HCV replication when added to cells at the time of infection. This study reports a new methodology for HCV inhibitor screening and points to the anti-HCV potential of positively charged proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudo L. Simeon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Assisted evolution enables HIV-1 to overcome a high TRIM5α-imposed genetic barrier to rhesus macaque tropism. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003667. [PMID: 24086139 PMCID: PMC3784476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversification of antiretroviral factors during host evolution has erected formidable barriers to cross-species retrovirus transmission. This phenomenon likely protects humans from infection by many modern retroviruses, but it has also impaired the development of primate models of HIV-1 infection. Indeed, rhesus macaques are resistant to HIV-1, in part due to restriction imposed by the TRIM5α protein (rhTRIM5α). Initially, we attempted to derive rhTRIM5α-resistant HIV-1 strains using two strategies. First, HIV-1 was passaged in engineered human cells expressing rhTRIM5α. Second, a library of randomly mutagenized capsid protein (CA) sequences was screened for mutations that reduced rhTRIM5α sensitivity. Both approaches identified several individual mutations in CA that reduced rhTRIM5α sensitivity. However, neither approach yielded mutants that were fully resistant, perhaps because the locations of the mutations suggested that TRIM5α recognizes multiple determinants on the capsid surface. Moreover, even though additive effects of various CA mutations on HIV-1 resistance to rhTRIM5α were observed, combinations that gave full resistance were highly detrimental to fitness. Therefore, we employed an ‘assisted evolution’ approach in which individual CA mutations that reduced rhTRIM5α sensitivity without fitness penalties were randomly assorted in a library of viral clones containing synthetic CA sequences. Subsequent passage of the viral library in rhTRIM5α-expressing cells resulted in the selection of individual viral species that were fully fit and resistant to rhTRIM5α. These viruses encoded combinations of five mutations in CA that conferred complete or near complete resistance to the disruptive effects of rhTRIM5α on incoming viral cores, by abolishing recognition of the viral capsid. Importantly, HIV-1 variants encoding these CA substitutions and SIVmac239 Vif replicated efficiently in primary rhesus macaque lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that rhTRIM5α is difficult to but not impossible to evade, and doing so should facilitate the development of primate models of HIV-1 infection. Retroviruses such as HIV-1 often exhibit limited capacity to infect species other than their natural hosts. This phenomenon is partly due to the existence of antiviral proteins that protect against infection by viruses that have not adapted to a particular species. For example, the resistance of rhesus macaques, the monkey species most commonly used in medical research, to HIV-1 infection is partly attributable to the vulnerability of HIV-1 to TRIM5α. Rhesus macaque TRIM5α (rhTRIM5α) blocks HIV-1 infection by recognition of the viral capsid following its entry into the cell, and it has proven difficult to derive HIV-1 strains that are resistant to rhTRIM5α. However, by devising an ‘assisted evolution’ approach, we identified particular combinations of mutations that render HIV-1 resistant to rhTRIM5α. These mutations enable HIV-1 to evade rhTRIM5α by abolishing recognition of the capsid. Notably, introduction of rhTRIM5α-resistant capsids into an HIV-1 that was also engineered to avoid the rhesus macaque APOBEC3 antiviral proteins, allowed efficient HIV-1 replication in rhesus macaque lymphocytes. These discoveries have the potential to advance the development of rhesus macaque models of HIV-1 infection.
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Sanz-Ramos M, Stoye JP. Capsid-binding retrovirus restriction factors: discovery, restriction specificity and implications for the development of novel therapeutics. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2587-2598. [PMID: 24026671 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection has been highly successful, and numerous combinational treatments are currently available. However, the risk of the emergence of resistance and the toxic effects associated with prolonged use of antiretroviral therapies have emphasized the need to consider alternative approaches. One possible area of investigation is provided by the properties of restriction factors, cellular proteins that protect organisms against retroviral infection. Many show potent viral inhibition. Here, we describe the discovery, properties and possible therapeutic uses of the group of restriction factors known to interact with the capsid core of incoming retroviruses. This group comprises Fv1, TRIM5α and TRIMCypA: proteins that all act shortly after virus entry into the target cell and block virus replication at different stages prior to integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome. They have different origins and specificities, but share general structural features required for restriction, with an N-terminal multimerization domain and a C-terminal capsid-binding domain. Their overall efficacy makes it reasonable to ask whether they might provide a framework for developing novel antiretroviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz-Ramos
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jonathan P Stoye
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Saito A, Akari H. Macaque-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1: breaking out of the host restriction factors. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:187. [PMID: 23847610 PMCID: PMC3705164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque monkeys serve as important animal models for understanding the pathogenesis of lentiviral infections. Since human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hardly replicates in macaque cells, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or chimeric viruses between HIV-1 and SIV (SHIV) have been used as challenge viruses in this research field. These viruses, however, are genetically distant from HIV-1. Therefore, in order to evaluate the efficacy of anti-HIV-1 drugs and vaccines in macaques, the development of a macaque-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1mt) having the ability to replicate efficiently in macaques has long been desired. Recent studies have demonstrated that host restriction factors, such as APOBEC3 family and TRIM5, impose a strong barrier against HIV-1 replication in macaque cells. By evading these restriction factors, others and we have succeeded in developing an HIV-1mt that is able to replicate in macaques. In this review, we have attempted to shed light on the role of host factors that affect the susceptibility of macaques to HIV-1mt infection, especially by focusing on TRIM5-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan ; Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention Chiyoda-ku, Japan
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Misra A, Thippeshappa R, Kimata JT. Macaques as model hosts for studies of HIV-1 infection. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:176. [PMID: 23825473 PMCID: PMC3695370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the host range of primate lentiviruses is in part determined by their ability to counteract innate restriction factors that are effectors of the type 1 interferon (IFN-1) response. For human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in vitro experiments have shown that its tropism may be narrow and limited to humans and chimpanzees because its replication in other non-human primate species is hindered by factors such as TRIM5α (tripartite motif 5 alpha), APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3), and tetherin. Based on these data, it has been hypothesized that primate lentiviruses will infect and replicate in a new species if they are able to counteract and evade suppression by the IFN-1 response. Several studies have tested whether engineering HIV-1 recombinants with minimal amounts of simian immunodeficiency virus sequences would enable replication in CD4+ T cells of non-natural hosts such as Asian macaques and proposed that infection of these macaque species could be used to study transmission and pathogenesis. Indeed, infection of macaques with these viruses revealed that Vif-mediated counteraction of APOBEC3G function is central to cross-species tropism but that other IFN-induced factors may also play important roles in controlling replication. Further studies of these macaque models of infection with HIV-1 derivatives could provide valuable insights into the interaction of lentiviruses and the innate immune response and how lentiviruses adapt and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Misra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
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Retrovirus restriction by TRIM5 proteins requires recognition of only a small fraction of viral capsid subunits. J Virol 2013; 87:9271-8. [PMID: 23785198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00713-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host restriction factors TRIM5α and TRIMCyp potently inhibit retrovirus infection by binding to the incoming retrovirus capsid. TRIM5 proteins are dimeric, and their association with the viral capsid appears to be enhanced by avidity effects owing to formation of higher-order oligomeric complexes. We examined the stoichiometric requirement for TRIM5 functional recognition by quantifying the efficiencies of restriction of HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles containing various proportions of restriction-sensitive and -insensitive CA subunits. Both TRIMCyp and TRIM5α inhibited infection of retrovirus particles containing as little as 25% of the restriction-sensitive CA protein. Accordingly, we also observed efficient binding of TRIMCyp in vitro to capsid assemblies containing as little as one-fourth wild-type CA protein. Paradoxically, the ability of HIV-1 particles to abrogate TRIMCyp restriction in trans was more strongly dependent on the fraction of wild-type CA than was restriction of infection. Collectively, our results indicate that TRIM5 restriction factors bind to retroviral capsids in a highly cooperative manner and suggest that TRIM5 can engage a capsid lattice containing a minimum of three or fewer recognizable subunits per hexamer. Our study supports a model in which localized binding of TRIM5 to the viral capsid nucleates rapid polymerization of a TRIM5 lattice on the capsid surface.
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Wunderlich S, Haase A, Merkert S, Beier J, Schwanke K, Schambach A, Glage S, Göhring G, Curnow EC, Martin U. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from a cynomolgus monkey using a polycistronic simian immunodeficiency virus-based vector, differentiation toward functional cardiomyocytes, and generation of stably expressing reporter lines. Cell Reprogram 2013. [PMID: 23194451 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a novel cell source for regenerative therapies. Many emerging iPSC-based therapeutic concepts will require preclinical evaluation in suitable large animal models. Among the large animal species frequently used in preclinical efficacy and safety studies, macaques show the highest similarities to humans at physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. We have generated iPSCs from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) as a segue to regenerative therapy model development in this species. Because typical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors show poor transduction of simian cells, a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based vector was chosen for efficient transduction of cynomolgus skin fibroblasts. A corresponding polycistronic vector with codon-optimized reprogramming factors was constructed for reprogramming. Growth characteristics as well as cell and colony morphology of the resulting cynomolgus iPSCs (cyiPSCs) were demonstrated to be almost identical to cynomolgus embryonic stem cells (cyESCs), and cyiPSCs expressed typical pluripotency markers including OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. Furthermore, differentiation in vivo and in vitro into derivatives of all three germ layers, as well as generation of functional cardiomyocytes, could be demonstrated. Finally, a highly efficient technique for generation of transgenic cyiPSC clones with stable reporter expression in undifferentiated cells as well as differentiated transgenic cyiPSC progeny was developed to enable cell tracking in recipient animals. In conclusion, our data indicate that cyiPSCs represent a valuable cell source for establishment of macaque-based allogeneic and autologous preclinical cell transplantation models for various fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wunderlich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Zack JA, Kim SG, Vatakis DN. HIV restriction in quiescent CD4⁺ T cells. Retrovirology 2013; 10:37. [PMID: 23557201 PMCID: PMC3626626 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in quiescent CD4+ T cells has been an area of active investigation. Early studies have suggested that this T cell subset is refractory to infection by the virus. Subsequently it was demonstrated that quiescent cells could be infected at low levels; nevertheless these observations supported the earlier assertions of debilitating defects in the viral life cycle. This phenomenon raised hopes that identification of the block in quiescent cells could lead to the development of new therapies against HIV. As limiting levels of raw cellular factors such as nucleotides did not account for the block to infection, a number of groups pursued the identification of cellular proteins whose presence or absence may impact the permissiveness of quiescent T cells to HIV infection. A series of studies in the past few years have identified a number of host factors implicated in the block to infection. In this review, we will present the progress made, other avenues of investigation and the potential impact these studies have in the development of more effective therapies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ohmine S, Singh RD, Marks DL, Meyer MA, Pagano RE, Ikeda Y. Viral attachment induces rapid recruitment of an innate immune sensor (TRIM5α) to the plasma membrane. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:414-24. [PMID: 23548691 DOI: 10.1159/000346963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α (tripartite motif 5α) acts as a pattern recognition receptor specific for the retrovirus capsid lattice and blocks infection by HIV-1 immediately after entry. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this rapid recognition of viral components remain elusive. Here, we analyzed the influence of viral exposure on TRIM5α. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and lipid flotation assays revealed rapid recruitment of a TRIM5α subpopulation to the plasma membrane (PM) upon exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 viral-like particles (VLPs), but not to envelope (Env)-less HIV-1 VLPs. TRIM5α signals were frequently colocalized with those of HIV-1 capsid at the PM. Exposure to HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 vectors also triggered translocation of endogenous TRIM5α to lipid microdomains within human T cells. Similarly, clustering of lipid microdomains by a glycosphingolipid stereoisomer resulted in rapid TRIM5α recruitment to the PM. Of note, recruitment of endogenous rhesus TRIM5α to the PM prior to HIV-1 infection significantly increased the potency of viral restriction. Our data therefore suggest the importance of TRIM5α recruitment to the PM for TRIM5α-mediated innate immune sensing and restriction of retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiga Ohmine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kutluay SB, Perez-Caballero D, Bieniasz PD. Fates of retroviral core components during unrestricted and TRIM5-restricted infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003214. [PMID: 23505372 PMCID: PMC3591316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5 proteins can restrict retroviral infection soon after delivery of the viral core into the cytoplasm. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TRIM5α inhibits infection have been elusive, in part due to the difficulty of developing and executing biochemical assays that examine this stage of the retroviral life cycle. Prevailing models suggest that TRIM5α causes premature disassembly of retroviral capsids and/or degradation of capsids by proteasomes, but whether one of these events leads to the other is unclear. Furthermore, how TRIM5α affects the essential components of the viral core, other than capsid, is unknown. To address these questions, we devised a biochemical assay in which the fate of multiple components of retroviral cores during infection can be determined. We utilized cells that can be efficiently infected by VSV-G-pseudotyped retroviruses, and fractionated the cytosolic proteins on linear gradients following synchronized infection. The fates of capsid and integrase proteins, as well as viral genomic RNA and reverse transcription products were then monitored. We found that components of MLV and HIV-1 cores formed a large complex under non-restrictive conditions. In contrast, when MLV infection was restricted by human TRIM5α, the integrase protein and reverse transcription products were lost from infected cells, while capsid and viral RNA were both solubilized. Similarly, when HIV-1 infection was restricted by rhesus TRIM5α or owl monkey TRIMCyp, the integrase protein and reverse transcription products were lost. However, viral RNA was also lost, and high levels of preexisting soluble CA prevented the determination of whether CA was solubilized. Notably, proteasome inhibition blocked all of the aforementioned biochemical consequences of TRIM5α-mediated restriction but had no effect on its antiviral potency. Together, our results show how TRIM5α affects various retroviral core components and indicate that proteasomes are required for TRIM5α-induced core disruption but not for TRIM5α-induced restriction. The TRIM5 proteins found in primates are inhibitors of retroviral infection that act soon after delivery of the viral core into the cytoplasm. It has been difficult to elucidate how TRIM5 proteins work, because techniques that can be applied to this step of the viral life cycle are cumbersome. We developed an experimental approach in which we can monitor TRIM5-induced changes in the viral core at early times after infection, when TRIM5 exerts its effects. Specifically, we monitored the fate of the viral capsid protein, the integrase enzyme and the viral genome. We show that TRIM5 induces disassembly of each of these core components, and while some core components simply dissociate, others are degraded. These dissociation and degradation events all appear to be dependent on the activity of the proteasome. However, we also find that each of these TRIM5-induced effects events are not necessary for inhibition. The assay developed herein provides important insight into the mechanism of TRIM5α restriction and can, in principle, be applied to other important processes that occur at this point in the retrovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebla B. Kutluay
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Perez-Caballero
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Veillette M, Bichel K, Pawlica P, Freund SMV, Plourde MB, Pham QT, Reyes-Moreno C, James LC, Berthoux L. The V86M mutation in HIV-1 capsid confers resistance to TRIM5α by abrogation of cyclophilin A-dependent restriction and enhancement of viral nuclear import. Retrovirology 2013; 10:25. [PMID: 23448277 PMCID: PMC3598646 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 is inhibited early after entry into cells expressing some simian orthologues of the tripartite motif protein family member TRIM5α. Mutants of the human orthologue (TRIM5αhu) can also provide protection against HIV-1. The host protein cyclophilin A (CypA) binds incoming HIV-1 capsid (CA) proteins and enhances early stages of HIV-1 replication by unknown mechanisms. On the other hand, the CA-CypA interaction is known to increase HIV-1 susceptibility to restriction by TRIM5α. Previously, the mutation V86M in the CypA-binding loop of HIV-1 CA was found to be selected upon serial passaging of HIV-1 in cells expressing Rhesus macaque TRIM5α (TRIM5αrh). The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze whether V86M CA allows HIV-1 to escape mutants of TRIM5αhu, and (ii) to characterize the role of CypA in the resistance to TRIM5α conferred by V86M. Results We find that in single-cycle HIV-1 vector transduction experiments, V86M confers partial resistance against R332G-R335G TRIM5αhu and other TRIM5αhu variable 1 region mutants previously isolated in mutagenic screens. However, V86M HIV-1 does not seem to be resistant to R332G-R335G TRIM5αhu in a spreading infection context. Strikingly, restriction of V86M HIV-1 vectors by TRIM5αhu mutants is mostly insensitive to the presence of CypA in infected cells. NMR experiments reveal that V86M alters CypA interactions with, and isomerisation of CA. On the other hand, V86M does not affect the CypA-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication in permissive human cells. Finally, qPCR experiments show that V86M increases HIV-1 transport to the nucleus of cells expressing restrictive TRIM5α. Conclusions Our study shows that V86M de-couples the two functions associated with CA-CypA binding, i.e. the enhancement of restriction by TRIM5α and the enhancement of HIV-1 replication in permissive human cells. V86M enhances the early stages of HIV-1 replication in restrictive cells by improving nuclear import. In summary, our data suggest that HIV-1 escapes restriction by TRIM5α through the selective disruption of CypA-dependent, TRIM5α-mediated inhibition of nuclear import. However, V86M does not seem to relieve restriction of a spreading HIV-1 infection by TRIM5αhu mutants, underscoring context-specific restriction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Veillette
- Department of Medical Biology, Laboratory of retrovirology and GROEM, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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TRIM22 inhibits influenza A virus infection by targeting the viral nucleoprotein for degradation. J Virol 2013; 87:4523-33. [PMID: 23408607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02548-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein superfamily members are emerging as important effectors of the innate immune response against viral infections. In particular, TRIM22 was reported to exert antiviral activity against RNA viruses, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), encephalomyocarditis virus (ECMV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We demonstrate here, for the first time, that TRIM22 is upregulated by influenza A virus (IAV) infection at both mRNA and protein levels in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Conversely, TRIM22 potently restricted IAV replication, in that prevention of TRIM22 expression by means of short hairpin RNA led to a 10-fold enhancement of IAV replication in these cells. Depletion of TRIM22 also reduced the anti-IAV activity of alpha interferon (IFN-α), suggesting that TRIM22 is an important IFN-stimulated gene that is required for maximal suppression of IAV by type I IFN. Furthermore, the IAV infectious titer decreased up to 100-fold in MDCK cells expressing exogenous human TRIM22. Restriction of IAV replication was accounted for by the interaction between TRIM22 and the viral nucleoprotein (NP), resulting in its polyubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. Thus, TRIM22 represents a novel restriction factor upregulated upon IAV infection that curtails its replicative capacity in epithelial cells.
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Pham QT, Veillette M, Brandariz-Nuñez A, Pawlica P, Thibert-Lefebvre C, Chandonnet N, Diaz-Griffero F, Berthoux L. A novel aminoacid determinant of HIV-1 restriction in the TRIM5α variable 1 region isolated in a random mutagenic screen. Virus Res 2013; 173:306-314. [PMID: 23357295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived antiretroviral transgenes are of great biomedical interest and are actively pursued. HIV-1 is efficiently inhibited at post-entry, pre-integration replication stages by point mutations in the variable region 1 (v1) of the human restriction factor TRIM5α. Here we use a mutated megaprimer approach to create a mutant library of TRIM5αHu v1 and to isolate a mutation at Gly330 (G330E) that inhibits transduction of an HIV-1 vector as efficiently as the previously described mutants at positions Arg332 and Arg335. As was the case for these other mutations, modification of the local v1 charge toward increased acidity was key to inhibiting HIV-1. G330E TRIM5αHu also disrupted replication-competent HIV-1 propagation in a human T cell line. Interestingly, G330E did not enhance restriction of HIV-1 when combined with mutations at Arg332 or Arg335. Accordingly, the triple mutant G330E-R332G-R335G bound purified recombinant HIV-1 capsid tubes less efficiently than the double mutant R332G-R335G did. In a structural model of the TRIM5αHu PRYSPRY domain, the addition of G330E to the double mutant R332G-R335G caused extensive changes to the capsid-binding surface, which may explain why the triple mutant was no more restrictive than the double mutant. The HIV-1 inhibitory potential of Gly330 mutants was not predicted by examination of natural TRIM5α orthologs that are known to strongly inhibit HIV-1. This work underlines the potential of random mutagenesis to isolate novel variants of human proteins with antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Toan Pham
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park-Price Center 501, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paulina Pawlica
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Caroline Thibert-Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Nadia Chandonnet
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park-Price Center 501, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, CP500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
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Fletcher AJ, Towers GJ. Inhibition of retroviral replication by members of the TRIM protein family. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 371:29-66. [PMID: 23686231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TRIM protein family is emerging as a central component of mammalian antiviral innate immunity. Beginning with the identification of TRIM5α as a mammalian post-entry restriction factor against retroviruses, to the repeated observation that many TRIMs ubiquitinate and regulate signaling pathways, the past decade has witnessed an intense research effort to understand how TRIM proteins influence immunity. The list of viral families targeted directly or indirectly by TRIM proteins has grown to include adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, picornaviruses, flaviviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, herpesviruses, rhabdoviruses and arenaviruses. We have come to appreciate how, through intense bouts of positive selection, some TRIM genes have been honed into species-specific restriction factors. Similarly, in the case of TRIMCyp, we are beginning to understand how viruses too have mutated to evade restriction, suggesting that TRIM and viruses have coevolved for millions of years of primate evolution. Recently, TRIM5α returned to the limelight when it was shown to trigger the expression of antiviral genes upon recognition of an incoming virus, a paradigm shift that demonstrated that restriction factors make excellent pathogen sensors. However, it remains unclear how many of ~100 human TRIM genes are antiviral, despite the expression of many of these genes being upregulated by interferon and upon viral infection. TRIM proteins do not conform to one type of antiviral mechanism, reflecting the diversity of viruses they target. Moreover, the cofactors of restriction remain largely enigmatic. The control of retroviral replication remains an important medical subject and provides a useful backdrop for reviewing how TRIM proteins act to repress viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fletcher
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College, London, UK.
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Zheng YH, Jeang KT, Tokunaga K. Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction. Retrovirology 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 23254112 PMCID: PMC3549941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex genome structures with three categories of viral genes: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. Over time, we have gained increasing understanding of the lentivirus life cycle from studying host factors that support virus replication. Similarly, studies on host restriction factors that inhibit viral replication have also made significant contributions to our knowledge. Here, we review recent progress on the rapidly growing field of restriction factors, focusing on the antiretroviral activities of APOBEC3G, TRIM5, tetherin, SAMHD1, MOV10, and cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), and the counter-activities of Vif, Vpu, Vpr, Vpx, and Nef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Yi Z, Yuan Z, Rice CM, MacDonald MR. Flavivirus replication complex assembly revealed by DNAJC14 functional mapping. J Virol 2012; 86:11815-32. [PMID: 22915803 PMCID: PMC3486285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01022-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAJC14 is an Hsp40 family member that broadly modulates flavivirus replication. The mechanism by which DNAJC14 stoichiometrically participates in flavivirus replication complex (RC) formation is unknown; both reduced and elevated levels result in replication inhibition. Using yellow fever virus (YFV), we demonstrate that DNAJC14 redistributes and clusters with YFV nonstructural proteins via a transmembrane domain and a newly identified membrane-binding domain (MBD), which both mediate targeting to detergent-resistant membranes. Furthermore, the RC and DNAJC14 reside as part of a protein interaction network that remains after 1% Triton solubilization. Mutagenesis studies demonstrate that entry into this protein interaction network requires the DNAJC14 C-terminal self-interaction domain. Fusion of the DNAJC14 MBD and self-interaction domain with another Hsp40 family protein is sufficient to confer YFV-inhibitory activity. Our findings support a novel model of DNAJC14 action that includes specific membrane targeting of both DNAJC14 and YFV replication proteins, the formation of protein interactions, and a microdomain-specific chaperone event leading to RC formation. This process alters the properties of the RC membrane and results in the formation of a protein scaffold that maintains the RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret R. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The immediate events in HIV-1 infection following fusion of HIV-1 particles with the target cells are poorly defined and difficult to study. It is generally thought that the viral capsid undergoes a disassembly process that has broadly been referred to as uncoating. The recent identification of species-specific host restriction factors that target the viral capsid has sparked new interest in retroviral uncoating. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have used purified HIV-1 cores to study HIV-1 uncoating in vitro. This review summarizes the recent literature relevant to HIV-1 uncoating with a specific emphasis on viral and cellular factors that may regulate capsid stability. SUMMARY Uncoating of the viral core is a key step in the infection of HIV-1 that is highly sensitive to alterations in capsid stability. The uncoating step of HIV-1 infection may thus represent an attractive target for the development of novel antiretroviral therapies.
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Danielson CM, Cianci GC, Hope TJ. Recruitment and dynamics of proteasome association with rhTRIM5α cytoplasmic complexes during HIV-1 infection. Traffic 2012; 13:1206-17. [PMID: 22624877 PMCID: PMC3760259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A variety of proteins have been identified that restrict infection by different viruses. One such restriction factor is the rhesus macaque variant of TRIM5α (rhTRIM5α), which potently blocks infection by HIV-1. The block to infection mediated by rhTRIM5α occurs early after entry into the host cell, generally prior to reverse transcription. However, proteasome inhibitors reveal an intermediate step of restriction in which virus can complete reverse transcription, but still fails to infect the cell. While proteasome inhibitors have been a useful tool in understanding how restriction takes place, the role of the proteasome itself during restriction has not yet been examined. Here, we characterize the interaction of rhTRIM5α and incoming virions with the proteasome. We show that proteasomes localize to rhTRIM5α cytoplasmic bodies, and this localization is more evident when the activity of the proteasome is inhibited pharmacologically. We also show that restricted virus associates with complexes of proteasomes and rhTRIM5α, suggesting that rhTRIM5α utilizes the proteasome during restriction. Finally, live cell imaging experiments reveal that virus associates with proteasomes, and proteasome inhibition affects the duration of association. Taken together, these studies implicate the proteasome as playing a functional role during rhTRIM5α restriction of incoming virions.
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