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Latif‐Hernandez A, Yang T, Butler RR, Losada PM, Minhas PS, White H, Tran KC, Liu H, Simmons DA, Langness V, Andreasson KI, Wyss‐Coray T, Longo FM. A TrkB and TrkC partial agonist restores deficits in synaptic function and promotes activity-dependent synaptic and microglial transcriptomic changes in a late-stage Alzheimer's mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4434-4460. [PMID: 38779814 PMCID: PMC11247716 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) and C (TrkC) receptor signaling promotes synaptic plasticity and interacts with pathways affected by amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity. Upregulating TrkB/C signaling could reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related degenerative signaling, memory loss, and synaptic dysfunction. METHODS PTX-BD10-2 (BD10-2), a small molecule TrkB/C receptor partial agonist, was orally administered to aged London/Swedish-APP mutant mice (APPL/S) and wild-type controls. Effects on memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) were assessed using electrophysiology, behavioral studies, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS In APPL/S mice, BD10-2 treatment improved memory and LTP deficits. This was accompanied by normalized phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and AMPA-type glutamate receptors containing the subunit GluA1; enhanced activity-dependent recruitment of synaptic proteins; and increased excitatory synapse number. BD10-2 also had potentially favorable effects on LTP-dependent complement pathway and synaptic gene transcription. DISCUSSION BD10-2 prevented APPL/S/Aβ-associated memory and LTP deficits, reduced abnormalities in synapse-related signaling and activity-dependent transcription of synaptic genes, and bolstered transcriptional changes associated with microglial immune response. HIGHLIGHTS Small molecule modulation of tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) and C (TrkC) restores long-term potentiation (LTP) and behavior in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Modulation of TrkB and TrkC regulates synaptic activity-dependent transcription. TrkB and TrkC receptors are candidate targets for translational therapeutics. Electrophysiology combined with transcriptomics elucidates synaptic restoration. LTP identifies neuron and microglia AD-relevant human-mouse co-expression modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Latif‐Hernandez
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert R. Butler
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patricia Moran Losada
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paras S. Minhas
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Halle White
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kevin C. Tran
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Harry Liu
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Danielle A. Simmons
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vanessa Langness
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony Wyss‐Coray
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- The Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain ResilienceStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Frank M. Longo
- Department of Neurology & Neurological SciencesStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective efficacy of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator PT150 in the rotenone mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:320-334. [PMID: 38960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Upon completion of rotenone dosing, mice were orally treated at day 15 with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Casey P McDermott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Mohammadi A, Mohammadi M, Almasi‐Dooghaee M, Mirmosayyeb O. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305322. [PMID: 38917167 PMCID: PMC11198755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a clinical indicator of peripheral inflammation that is easily accessible. It is worth noting that the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles has been linked to inflammation and immune dysregulation. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to comprehensively evaluate the existing body of research concerning the NLR in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHOD We conducted a comprehensive online search and included studies that evaluated the NLR in 1) patients with AD or MCI and 2) healthy control (HC) participants. We also pooled mean and standard deviation (SD) data for each group. RESULTS Ultimately, 12 studies encompassed 1,309 individuals diagnosed with AD with mean NLR levels of 2.68, 1,929 individuals with MCI with mean NLR levels of 2.42, and 2,064 HC with mean NLR levels of 2.06 were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean NLR was 0.59 higher in AD patients compared to HC participants (mean difference (MD) = 0.59 [0.38; 0.80]). Similarly, the mean NLR was higher in AD than MCI patients (MD = 0.23 [0.13; 0.33]). Additionally, the mean NLR was higher in individuals with MCI compared to HC participants (MD = 0.37 [0.22; 0.52]). In the subgroup meta-analysis based on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), AD patients with lower MMSE scores (using a cut-off of 20) exhibited significantly higher mean NLR (3.10 vs. 2.70, with a p-value for subgroup differences < 0.01). CONCLUSION The NLR, which serves as a marker of peripheral inflammation, shows increased levels in individuals with AD and MCI compared to HC participants. Furthermore, our study indicates that NLR levels are significantly higher in AD than MCI. Additionally, our novel finding suggests significantly higher NLR levels among AD patients with more severe cognitive decline compared to AD patients with less severe cognitive decline. So, it can be concluded that the higher cognitive decline in humans is accompanied by higher NLR levels. Further longitudinal researches are needed to explore more details about the relationship between inflammation and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynaz Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Almasi‐Dooghaee
- Neurology Department, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Barber AJ, Del Genio CL, Swain AB, Pizzi EM, Watson SC, Tapiavala VN, Zanazzi GJ, Gaur AB. Age, sex and Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study of 3xTg-AD mice reveals sex-specific disease trajectories and inflammatory responses mirrored in postmortem brains from Alzheimer's patients. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:134. [PMID: 38909241 PMCID: PMC11193202 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and sex are major risk factors for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Compared to men, women experience worse neuropathological burden and cognitive decline despite living longer with the disease. Similarly, male 3xTg-AD mice, developed to model Alzheimer's disease, no longer consistently exhibit standard Alzheimer's neuropathology yet experience higher rates of mortality - providing a unique opportunity to further elucidate this dichotomy. We hypothesized that sex differences in the biological aging process yield distinct pathological and molecular Alzheimer's disease signatures in males and females, which could be harnessed for therapeutic and biomarker development. METHODS We aged male and female, 3xTg-AD and B6129 control mice across their respective lifespans (n = 3-8 mice per sex, strain, and age group) and longitudinally assessed neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, markers of hepatic inflammation, splenic mass and morphology, as well as plasma cytokine levels. We conducted RNA sequencing analysis on bulk brain tissue and examined differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 3xTg-AD and B6129 samples and across ages in each sex. We also examined DEGs between clinical Alzheimer's and control parahippocampal gyrus brain tissue samples from the Mount Sinai Brain Bank study in each sex. RESULTS 3xTg-AD females significantly outlived 3xTg-AD males and exhibited progressive Alzheimer's neuropathology, while 3xTg-AD males demonstrated progressive hepatic inflammation, splenomegaly, circulating inflammatory proteins, and minimal Alzheimer's neuropathological hallmarks. Instead, 3xTg-AD males experienced an accelerated upregulation of immune-related gene expression in the brain relative to females. Our clinical investigations revealed that individuals with Alzheimer's disease develop similar sex-specific alterations in neuronal and immune function. In diseased males of both species, we observed greater upregulation of complement-related gene expression, and lipopolysaccharide was predicted as the top upstream regulator of DEGs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that chronic inflammation and complement activation are associated with increased mortality, indicating that age-related changes in immune response contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer's disease trajectories. We provide evidence that aging and transgene-driven disease progression trigger a widespread inflammatory response in 3xTg-AD males, which mimics the impact of lipopolysaccharide stimulation despite the absence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Barber
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Carmen L Del Genio
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Pizzi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - George J Zanazzi
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Arti B Gaur
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Garton T, Gadani SP, Gill AJ, Calabresi PA. Neurodegeneration and demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00372-6. [PMID: 38889714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) is an immune-initiated neurodegenerative condition that lacks effective therapies. Although peripheral immune infiltration is a hallmark of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), PMS is associated with chronic, tissue-restricted inflammation and disease-associated reactive glial states. The effector functions of disease-associated microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells are beginning to be defined, and recent studies have made significant progress in uncovering their pathologic implications. In this review, we discuss the immune-glia interactions that underlie demyelination, failed remyelination, and neurodegeneration with a focus on PMS. We highlight the common and divergent immune mechanisms by which glial cells acquire disease-associated phenotypes. Finally, we discuss recent advances that have revealed promising novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of PMS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garton
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sachin P Gadani
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589261. [PMID: 38659796 PMCID: PMC11042181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, immediately followed by oral treatment with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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7
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Yu Y, Chen R, Mao K, Deng M, Li Z. The Role of Glial Cells in Synaptic Dysfunction: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms. Aging Dis 2024; 15:459-479. [PMID: 37548934 PMCID: PMC10917533 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that impacts a substantial number of individuals globally. Despite its widespread prevalence, there is currently no cure for AD. It is widely acknowledged that normal synaptic function holds a key role in memory, cognitive abilities, and the interneuronal transfer of information. As AD advances, symptoms including synaptic impairment, decreased synaptic density, and cognitive decline become increasingly noticeable. The importance of glial cells in the formation of synapses, the growth of neurons, brain maturation, and safeguarding the microenvironment of the central nervous system is well recognized. However, during AD progression, overactive glial cells can cause synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and abnormal neuroinflammation. Both neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction are present in the early stages of AD. Therefore, focusing on the changes in glia-synapse communication could provide insights into the mechanisms behind AD. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the role of various glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, in regulating synaptic dysfunction. This may offer a new perspective on investigating the underlying mechanisms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kaiyue Mao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Maoyan Deng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China.
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Nimmo J, Byrne R, Daskoulidou N, Watkins L, Carpanini S, Zelek W, Morgan B. The complement system in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:387-412. [PMID: 38505993 PMCID: PMC10958133 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Complement is an important component of innate immune defence against pathogens and crucial for efficient immune complex disposal. These core protective activities are dependent in large part on properly regulated complement-mediated inflammation. Dysregulated complement activation, often driven by persistence of activating triggers, is a cause of pathological inflammation in numerous diseases, including neurological diseases. Increasingly, this has become apparent not only in well-recognized neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis but also in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases where inflammation was previously either ignored or dismissed as a secondary event. There is now a large and rapidly growing body of evidence implicating complement in neurological diseases that cannot be comprehensively addressed in a brief review. Here, we will focus on neurodegenerative diseases, including not only the 'classical' neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but also two other neurological diseases where neurodegeneration is a neglected feature and complement is implicated, namely, schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder with many mechanistic features of neurodegeneration, and multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disorder where neurodegeneration is a major cause of progressive decline. We will discuss the evidence implicating complement as a driver of pathology in these diverse diseases and address briefly the potential and pitfalls of anti-complement drug therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Nimmo
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Robert A.J. Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Lewis M. Watkins
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Sarah M. Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
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Lv Z, Chen L, Chen P, Peng H, Rong Y, Hong W, Zhou Q, Li N, Li B, Paolicelli RC, Zhan Y. Clearance of β-amyloid and synapses by the optogenetic depolarization of microglia is complement selective. Neuron 2024; 112:740-754.e7. [PMID: 38295790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia actively monitor the neighboring brain microenvironments and constantly contact synapses with their unique ramified processes. In neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia undergo morphological and functional alterations. Whether the direct manipulation of microglia can selectively or concurrently modulate synaptic function and the response to disease-associated factors remains elusive. Here, we employ optogenetic methods to stimulate microglia in vitro and in vivo. Membrane depolarization rapidly changes microglia morphology and leads to enhanced phagocytosis. We found that the optogenetic stimulation of microglia can efficiently promote β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance in the brain parenchyma, but it can also enhance synapse elimination. Importantly, the inhibition of C1q selectively prevents synapse loss induced by microglia depolarization but does not affect Aβ clearance. Our data reveal independent microglia-mediated phagocytosis pathways toward Aβ and synapses. Our results also shed light on a synergistic strategy of depolarizing microglia and inhibiting complement functions for the clearance of Aβ while sparing synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Lv
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huipai Peng
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boxing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Yang Zhan
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Batista AF, Khan KA, Papavergi MT, Lemere CA. The Importance of Complement-Mediated Immune Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:817. [PMID: 38255891 PMCID: PMC10815224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of our innate immune system, the complement system is responsible for our defense against pathogens. The complement cascade has complex roles in the central nervous system (CNS), most of what we know about it stems from its role in brain development. However, in recent years, numerous reports have implicated the classical complement cascade in both brain development and decline. More specifically, complement dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. Synapse loss is one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD and correlates with memory impairment. Throughout the course of AD progression, synapses are tagged with complement proteins and are consequently removed by microglia that express complement receptors. Notably, astrocytes are also capable of secreting signals that induce the expression of complement proteins in the CNS. Both astrocytes and microglia are implicated in neuroinflammation, another hallmark of AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of previously known and newly established roles for the complement cascade in the CNS and we explore how complement interactions with microglia, astrocytes, and other risk factors such as TREM2 and ApoE4 modulate the processes of neurodegeneration in both amyloid and tau models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Batista
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Khyrul A. Khan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
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Lavrentaki V, Kousaxidis A, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Koutsopoulos K, Nicolaou I. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of indazole carboxamides of N-substituted pyrrole derivatives as soybean lipoxygenase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8. [PMID: 38145424 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we attempted to develop a novel class of compounds against lipoxygenase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes implicated in a series of inflammatory diseases. Given the absence of appropriate human 5-lipoxygenase crystallographic data, solved soybean lipoxygenase-1 and -3 structures were used as a template to generate an accurate pharmacophore model which was further used for virtual screening purposes. Eight compounds (1-8) have been derived from the in-house library consisting of N-substituted pyrroles conjugated with 5- or 6-indazole moieties through a carboxamide linker. This study led to the discovery of hit molecule 8 bearing a naphthyl group with the IC50 value of 22 μM according to soybean lipoxygenase in vitro assay. Isosteric replacement of naphthyl ring with quinoline moieties and reduction of carbonyl carboxamide group resulted in compounds 9-12 and 13, respectively. Compound 12 demonstrated the most promising enzyme inhibition. In addition, compounds 8 and 12 were found to reduce the carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo by 52.6 and 49.8%, respectively. In view of the encouraging outcomes concerning their notable in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, compounds 8 and 12 could be further optimized for the discovery of novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in future. A structure-based 3D pharmacophore model was used in the virtual screening of in-house library to discover novel potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Kousaxidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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Barber AJ, del Genio CL, Swain AB, Pizzi EM, Watson SC, Tapiavala VN, Zanazzi GJ, Gaur AB. Age, Sex and Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study of 3xTg-AD mice reveals sex-specific disease trajectories and inflammatory responses mirrored in postmortem brains from Alzheimer's patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.23.573209. [PMID: 38187539 PMCID: PMC10769453 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Aging and sex are major risk factors for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Compared to men, women are not only nearly twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's, but they also experience worse neuropathological burden and cognitive decline despite living longer with the disease. It remains unclear how and when sex differences in biological aging emerge and contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that these differences lead to distinct pathological and molecular Alzheimer's disease signatures in males and females, which could be harnessed for therapeutic and biomarker development. Methods We aged male and female, 3xTg-AD and B6129 (WT) control mice across their respective lifespans while longitudinally collecting brain, liver, spleen, and plasma samples (n=3-8 mice per sex, strain, and age group). We performed histological analyses on all tissues and assessed neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, markers of hepatic inflammation, as well as splenic mass and morphology. Additionally, we measured concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the plasma. We conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis on bulk brain tissue and examined differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 3xTg-AD and WT samples and across ages in each sex. We also examined DEGs between clinical Alzheimer's and control parahippocampal gyrus brain tissue samples from the Mount Sinai Brain Bank (MSBB) study in each sex. Results 3xTg-AD females significantly outlived 3xTg-AD males and exhibited progressive Alzheimer's neuropathology, while 3xTg-AD males demonstrated progressive hepatic inflammation, splenomegaly, circulating inflammatory proteins, and next to no Alzheimer's neuropathological hallmarks. Instead, 3xTg-AD males experienced an accelerated upregulation of immune-related gene expression in the brain relative to females, further suggesting distinct inflammatory disease trajectories between the sexes. Clinical investigations revealed that 3xTg-AD brain aging phenotypes are not an artifact of the animal model, and individuals with Alzheimer's disease develop similar sex-specific alterations in canonical pathways related to neuronal signaling and immune function. Interestingly, we observed greater upregulation of complement-related gene expression, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was predicted as the top upstream regulator of DEGs in diseased males of both species. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that chronic inflammation and complement activation are associated with increased mortality, revealing that age-related changes in immune response act as a primary driver of sex differences in Alzheimer's disease trajectories. We propose a model of disease pathogenesis in 3xTg-AD males in which aging and transgene-driven disease progression trigger an inflammatory response, mimicking the effects of LPS stimulation despite the absence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J. Barber
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Carmen L. del Genio
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Pizzi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - George J. Zanazzi
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Arti B. Gaur
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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13
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Wright AL, Konen LM, Mockett BG, Morris GP, Singh A, Burbano LE, Milham L, Hoang M, Zinn R, Chesworth R, Tan RP, Royle GA, Clark I, Petrou S, Abraham WC, Vissel B. The Q/R editing site of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit acts as an epigenetic switch regulating dendritic spines, neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:65. [PMID: 37759260 PMCID: PMC10537207 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA editing at the Q/R site of GluA2 occurs with ~99% efficiency in the healthy brain, so that the majority of AMPARs contain GluA2(R) instead of the exonically encoded GluA2(Q). Reduced Q/R site editing infcreases AMPA receptor calcium permeability and leads to dendritic spine loss, neurodegeneration, seizures and learning impairments. Furthermore, GluA2 Q/R site editing is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD), raising the possibility that unedited GluA2(Q)-containing AMPARs contribute to synapse loss and neurodegeneration in AD. If true, then inhibiting expression of unedited GluA2(Q), while maintaining expression of GluA2(R), may be a novel strategy of preventing synapse loss and neurodegeneration in AD. METHODS We engineered mice with the 'edited' arginine codon (CGG) in place of the unedited glutamine codon (CAG) at position 607 of the Gria2 gene. We crossbred this line with the J20 mouse model of AD and conducted anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural assays to determine the impact of eliminating unedited GluA2(Q) expression on AD-related phenotypes. RESULTS Eliminating unedited GluA2(Q) expression in AD mice prevented dendritic spine loss and hippocampal CA1 neurodegeneration as well as improved working and reference memory in the radial arm maze. These phenotypes were improved independently of Aβ pathology and ongoing seizure susceptibility. Surprisingly, our data also revealed increased spine density in non-AD mice with exonically encoded GluA2(R) as compared to their wild-type littermates, suggesting an unexpected and previously unknown role for unedited GluA2(Q) in regulating dendritic spines. CONCLUSION The Q/R editing site of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 may act as an epigenetic switch that regulates dendritic spines, neurodegeneration and memory deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Wright
- St Vincent's Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Rural Medicine, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M Konen
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gary P Morris
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lisseth Estefania Burbano
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Luke Milham
- St Vincent's Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Raphael Zinn
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- Chronic Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gordon A Royle
- Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau DHB, Otahuhu, Auckland, 1062, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ian Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Latif-Hernandez A, Yang T, Raymond-Butler R, Losada PM, Minhas P, White H, Tran KC, Liu H, Simmons DA, Langness V, Andreasson K, Wyss-Coray T, Longo FM. A TrkB and TrkC partial agonist restores deficits in synaptic function and promotes activity-dependent synaptic and microglial transcriptomic changes in a late-stage Alzheimer's mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.558138. [PMID: 37781573 PMCID: PMC10541128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction TrkB and TrkC receptor signaling promotes synaptic plasticity and interacts with pathways affected by amyloid-β (Aβ)-toxicity. Upregulating TrkB/C signaling could reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related degenerative signaling, memory loss, and synaptic dysfunction. Methods PTX-BD10-2 (BD10-2), a small molecule TrkB/C receptor partial agonist, was orally administered to aged London/Swedish-APP mutant mice (APP L/S ) and wild-type controls (WT). Effects on memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) were assessed using electrophysiology, behavioral studies, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, and RNA-sequencing. Results Memory and LTP deficits in APP L/S mice were attenuated by treatment with BD10-2. BD10-2 prevented aberrant AKT, CaMKII, and GLUA1 phosphorylation, and enhanced activity-dependent recruitment of synaptic proteins. BD10-2 also had potentially favorable effects on LTP-dependent complement pathway and synaptic gene transcription. Conclusions BD10-2 prevented APP L/S /Aβ-associated memory and LTP deficits, reduced abnormalities in synapse-related signaling and activity-dependent transcription of synaptic genes, and bolstered transcriptional changes associated with microglial immune response.
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Yao Y, Chang Y, Li S, Zhu J, Wu Y, Jiang X, Li L, Liu R, Ma R, Li G. Complement C3a Receptor Antagonist Alleviates Tau Pathology and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits in P301S Mice. Brain Res Bull 2023:110685. [PMID: 37330021 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Human tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are a major class of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular deposition of pathological hyperphosphorylated forms of Tau protein. Complement system is composed of many proteins, which form a complex regulatory network to modulate the immune activity in the brain. Emerging studies have demonstrated a critical role of complement C3a receptor (C3aR) in the development of tauopathy and AD. The underlying mechanisms by which C3aR activation mediates tau hyperphosphorylation in tauopathies, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we observed that the expression of C3aR is upregulated in the brains of P301S mice - a mouse model of tauopathy and AD. Pharmacologic blockade of C3aR ameliorates synaptic integrity and reduced tau hyperphosphorylation in P301S mice. Besides, the administration of C3aR antagonist (C3aRA: SB 290157) improved spatial memory as tested in the Morris water maze. Moreover, C3a receptor antagonist inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation by regulating p35/CDK5 signaling. In summary, results suggest that the C3aR plays an essential role in the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and behavioral deficits in P301S mice. C3aR could be a feasible therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathy disorders, including AD. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmin Chang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ruitian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Reiss AB, Muhieddine D, Jacob B, Mesbah M, Pinkhasov A, Gomolin IH, Stecker MM, Wisniewski T, De Leon J. Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: The Search for a Breakthrough. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1084. [PMID: 37374288 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
As the search for modalities to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made slow progress, research has now turned to innovative pathways involving neural and peripheral inflammation and neuro-regeneration. Widely used AD treatments provide only symptomatic relief without changing the disease course. The recently FDA-approved anti-amyloid drugs, aducanumab and lecanemab, have demonstrated unclear real-world efficacy with a substantial side effect profile. Interest is growing in targeting the early stages of AD before irreversible pathologic changes so that cognitive function and neuronal viability can be preserved. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental feature of AD that involves complex relationships among cerebral immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could be altered pharmacologically by AD therapy. Here, we provide an overview of the manipulations attempted in pre-clinical experiments. These include inhibition of microglial receptors, attenuation of inflammation and enhancement of toxin-clearing autophagy. In addition, modulation of the microbiome-brain-gut axis, dietary changes, and increased mental and physical exercise are under evaluation as ways to optimize brain health. As the scientific and medical communities work together, new solutions may be on the horizon to slow or halt AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Dalia Muhieddine
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Berlin Jacob
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Michael Mesbah
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Aaron Pinkhasov
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Irving H Gomolin
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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Daskoulidou N, Shaw B, Torvell M, Watkins L, Cope EL, Carpanini SM, Allen ND, Morgan BP. Complement receptor 1 is expressed on brain cells and in the human brain. Glia 2023; 71:1522-1535. [PMID: 36825534 PMCID: PMC10953339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have highlighted the importance of the complement cascade in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Complement receptor 1 (CR1; CD35) is among the top GWAS hits. The long variant of CR1 is associated with increased risk for AD; however, roles of CR1 in brain health and disease are poorly understood. A critical confounder is that brain expression of CR1 is controversial; failure to demonstrate brain expression has provoked the suggestion that peripherally expressed CR1 influences AD risk. We took a multi-pronged approach to establish whether CR1 is expressed in brain. Expression of CR1 at the protein and mRNA level was assessed in human microglial lines, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia from two sources and brain tissue from AD and control donors. CR1 protein was detected in microglial lines and iPSC-derived microglia expressing different CR1 variants when immunostained with a validated panel of CR1-specific antibodies; cell extracts were positive for CR1 protein and mRNA. CR1 protein was detected in control and AD brains, co-localizing with astrocytes and microglia, and expression was significantly increased in AD compared to controls. CR1 mRNA expression was detected in all AD and control brain samples tested; expression was significantly increased in AD. The data unequivocally demonstrate that the CR1 transcript and protein are expressed in human microglia ex vivo and on microglia and astrocytes in situ in the human brain; the findings support the hypothesis that CR1 variants affect AD risk by directly impacting glial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany Shaw
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lewis Watkins
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Emma L. Cope
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Nicholas D. Allen
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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18
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Guo ZH, Khattak S, Rauf MA, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, Razak S, Yang CY, Wu DD, Ji XY. Role of Nanomedicine-Based Therapeutics in the Treatment of CNS Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031283. [PMID: 36770950 PMCID: PMC9921752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases, are a public health priority and demand a strong scientific response. Various therapy procedures have been used in the past, but their therapeutic value has been insufficient. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is two of the barriers that protect the central nervous system (CNS), but are the main barriers to medicine delivery into the CNS for treating CNS disorders, such as brain tumors, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Nanotechnology-based medicinal approaches deliver valuable cargos targeting molecular and cellular processes with greater safety, efficacy, and specificity than traditional approaches. CNS diseases include a wide range of brain ailments connected to short- and long-term disability. They affect millions of people worldwide and are anticipated to become more common in the coming years. Nanotechnology-based brain therapy could solve the BBB problem. This review analyzes nanomedicine's role in medication delivery; immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy are combined with nanomedicines to treat CNS disorders. We also evaluated nanotechnology-based approaches for CNS disease amelioration, with the intention of stimulating the immune system by delivering medications across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Kaifeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 54 East Caizhengting St., Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N. Alomary
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufyan Razak
- Dow Medical College, John Hopkins Medical Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Yang
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
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19
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Jansen IE, van der Lee SJ, Gomez-Fonseca D, de Rojas I, Dalmasso MC, Grenier-Boley B, Zettergren A, Mishra A, Ali M, Andrade V, Bellenguez C, Kleineidam L, Küçükali F, Sung YJ, Tesí N, Vromen EM, Wightman DP, Alcolea D, Alegret M, Alvarez I, Amouyel P, Athanasiu L, Bahrami S, Bailly H, Belbin O, Bergh S, Bertram L, Biessels GJ, Blennow K, Blesa R, Boada M, Boland A, Buerger K, Carracedo Á, Cervera-Carles L, Chene G, Claassen JAHR, Debette S, Deleuze JF, de Deyn PP, Diehl-Schmid J, Djurovic S, Dols-Icardo O, Dufouil C, Duron E, Düzel E, Fladby T, Fortea J, Frölich L, García-González P, Garcia-Martinez M, Giegling I, Goldhardt O, Gobom J, Grimmer T, Haapasalo A, Hampel H, Hanon O, Hausner L, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Helisalmi S, Heneka MT, Hernández I, Herukka SK, Holstege H, Jarholm J, Kern S, Knapskog AB, Koivisto AM, Kornhuber J, Kuulasmaa T, Lage C, Laske C, Leinonen V, Lewczuk P, Lleó A, de Munain AL, Lopez-Garcia S, Maier W, Marquié M, Mol MO, Montrreal L, Moreno F, Moreno-Grau S, Nicolas G, Nöthen MM, Orellana A, Pålhaugen L, Papma JM, Pasquier F, Perneczky R, Peters O, Pijnenburg YAL, Popp J, Posthuma D, Pozueta A, Priller J, Puerta R, Quintela I, Ramakers I, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Rujescu D, Saltvedt I, Sanchez-Juan P, Scheltens P, Scherbaum N, Schmid M, Schneider A, Selbæk G, Selnes P, Shadrin A, Skoog I, Soininen H, Tárraga L, Teipel S, Tijms B, Tsolaki M, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Dongen J, van Swieten JC, Vandenberghe R, Vidal JS, Visser PJ, Vogelgsang J, Waern M, Wagner M, Wiltfang J, Wittens MMJ, Zetterberg H, Zulaica M, van Duijn CM, Bjerke M, Engelborghs S, Jessen F, Teunissen CE, Pastor P, Hiltunen M, Ingelsson M, Andreassen OA, Clarimón J, Sleegers K, Ruiz A, Ramirez A, Cruchaga C, Lambert JC, van der Flier W. Genome-wide meta-analysis for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:821-842. [PMID: 36066633 PMCID: PMC9547780 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect core features of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) more directly than clinical diagnosis. Initiated by the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), the largest collaborative effort on genetics underlying CSF biomarkers was established, including 31 cohorts with a total of 13,116 individuals (discovery n = 8074; replication n = 5042 individuals). Besides the APOE locus, novel associations with two other well-established AD risk loci were observed; CR1 was shown a locus for Aβ42 and BIN1 for pTau. GMNC and C16orf95 were further identified as loci for pTau, of which the latter is novel. Clustering methods exploring the influence of all known AD risk loci on the CSF protein levels, revealed 4 biological categories suggesting multiple Aβ42 and pTau related biological pathways involved in the etiology of AD. In functional follow-up analyses, GMNC and C16orf95 both associated with lateral ventricular volume, implying an overlap in genetic etiology for tau levels and brain ventricular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Jansen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Human Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Duber Gomez-Fonseca
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carolina Dalmasso
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Neurosciences and Complex Systems Unit (ENyS), CONICET, Hospital El Cruce, National University A. Jauretche (UNAJ), Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE / Labex DISTALZ - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aniket Mishra
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Victor Andrade
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE / Labex DISTALZ - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Niccolo Tesí
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Human Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M Vromen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Wightman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Memory Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Fundació per a la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE / Labex DISTALZ - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henri Bailly
- Université Paris Cité, EA4468, Maladie d'Alzheimer, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Belbin
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sverre Bergh
- The Research-Centre for Age-Related Functional Decline and Disease, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rafael Blesa
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Katharina Buerger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-CIBERER-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera-Carles
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geneviève Chene
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Department of Geriatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Debette
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 2115, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Peter Paul de Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Hospital, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, NORMENT Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carole Dufouil
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Pôle de Santé Publique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Juan Fortea
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo García-González
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Martinez
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Institute for Research "Marques de Valdecilla" (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ina Giegling
- Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Goldhardt
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Johan Gobom
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harald Hampel
- Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Neurology Business Group, Eisai Inc, 100 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Olivier Hanon
- Université Paris Cité, EA4468, Maladie d'Alzheimer, F-75013 Paris, France
- Service gériatrie, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherches Ile de France-Broca, AP-HP, Hôpital Broca, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Human Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Jarholm
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Silke Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anne M Koivisto
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carmen Lage
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Institute for Research "Marques de Valdecilla" (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Atlantic Fellow at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI) -, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alberto Lleó
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, Donostia, Spain
- Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- University of The Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sara Lopez-Garcia
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Institute for Research "Marques de Valdecilla" (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merel O Mol
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Montrreal
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, Donostia, Spain
- Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gael Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lene Pålhaugen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE / Labex DISTALZ - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Robert Perneczky
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich and University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pozueta
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Institute for Research "Marques de Valdecilla" (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josef Priller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Puerta
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Quintela
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inez Ramakers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychologie, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eloy Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Institute for Research "Marques de Valdecilla" (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatrics, St Olav Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Selnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Betty Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Greece
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Dongen
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter J Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Margda Waern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Psychosis Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Medical Science Department, iBiMED, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mandy M J Wittens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miren Zulaica
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, Donostia, Spain
- Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neurochemistry Lab, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pau Pastor
- Unit of Neurodegenerative diseases, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE / Labex DISTALZ - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Wiesje van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Fields JA, Swinton M, Sundermann EE, Scrivens N, Vallee KAJ, Moore DJ. Complement component 3 and complement factor H protein levels are altered in brain tissues from people with human immunodeficiency virus: A pilot study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:981937. [PMID: 36118688 PMCID: PMC9472593 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.981937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) continue to suffer from dysfunction of the central nervous system, as evidenced by HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), despite antiretroviral therapy and suppressed viral loads. As PWH live longer they may also be at risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its precursor, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The complement system is associated with deposition of AD-related proteins such as beta amyloid (Aβ), neuroinflammation, and neurological dysfunction in PWH. Complement component 3 (C3) is a key protagonist in the complement cascade and complement factor H (CFH) is an antagonist of C3 activity. We investigated the relationship between C3 and CFH levels in the brain and Aβ plaques and neurological dysfunction in 22 PWH. We analyzed by immunoblot C3 and CFH protein levels in frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellum (CB) brain specimens from PWH previously characterized for Aβ plaque deposition. C3 and CFH protein levels were then correlated with specific cognitive domains. C3 protein levels in the FC were significantly increased in brains with Aβ plaques and in brains with HAND compared to controls. In the CB, C3 levels trended higher in brains with Aβ plaques. Overall C3 protein levels were significantly higher in the FC compared to the CB, but the opposite was true for CFH, having significantly higher levels of CFH protein in the CB compared to the FC. However, only CFH in the FC showed significant correlations with specific domains, executive function and motor performance. These findings corroborate previous results showing that complement system proteins are associated with HAND and AD neuropathogenesis.
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21
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Saez-Calveras N, Stuve O. The role of the complement system in Multiple Sclerosis: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970486. [PMID: 36032156 PMCID: PMC9399629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has been involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, we evaluated the possible role of complement activation in multiple sclerosis (MS) with a focus in progressive MS, where the disease pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated and treatment options are limited. The evidence for the involvement of the complement system in the white matter plaques and gray matter lesions of MS stems from immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem MS brains, in vivo serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies, and animal models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Complement knock-out studies in these animal models have revealed that this system may have a “double-edge sword” effect in MS. On the one hand, complement proteins may aid in promoting the clearance of myelin degradation products and other debris through myeloid cell-mediated phagocytosis. On the other, its aberrant activation may lead to demyelination at the rim of progressive MS white matter lesions as well as synapse loss in the gray matter. The complement system may also interact with known risk factors of MS, including as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection, and perpetuate the activation of CNS self-reactive B cell populations. With the mounting evidence for the involvement of complement in MS, the development of complement modulating therapies for this condition is appealing. Herein, we also reviewed the pharmacological complement inhibitors that have been tested in MS animal models as well as in clinical trials for other neurologic diseases. The potential use of these agents, such as the C5-binding antibody eculizumab in MS will require a detailed understanding of the role of the different complement effectors in this disease and the development of better CNS delivery strategies for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saez-Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve,
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22
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Papagiouvannis G, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Tziona P, Gavalas A, Kourounakis PN, Rekka EA. Gabapentin Antioxidant Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective
Potency. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666211210161922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
The aim of this work is to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of
novel gabapentin derivatives, which could be proven useful as neuroprotective agents.
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide.
Due to its multi-factorial character, no effective treatment has been obtained yet. In this direction,
the multi-targeting compounds approach could be useful for the development of novel, more effective
drugs against AD. Oxidative stress and inflammation are highly involved in the progression of neurodegeneration,
while gabapentin has been investigated for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in AD.
Objective:
In this work, derivatives of cinnamic acid, Trolox, and 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
amidated with gabapentin methyl ester were designed and studied. Compounds with these structural characteristics
are expected to act in various biochemical pathways, affecting neurodegenerative processes.
Methods:
The designed compounds were synthesized with classical amidation methods, purified by flash
column chromatography, and identified spectrometrically (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). Their purity was
determined by CHN elemental analysis. They were tested in vitro for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory
properties and for their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase. Their in vivo antiinflammatory
activity was also tested.
Results:
Molecules that incorporated antioxidant moiety possessed inhibitory activity against rat microsomal
membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative protein glycation, as well as radical scavenging activity.
Moreover, most of them presented moderate inhibition towards lipoxygenase (up to 51% at 100μΜ)
and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) (IC50 up to 274μΜ) activities. Finally, all synthesized compounds presented
in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing carrageenan-induced rat paw edema up to 53%, and
some of them could inhibit cyclooxygenase significantly.
Conclusion:
These results indicate that the designed compounds could be proven useful as multitargeting
molecules against AD since they affect various biochemical pathways associated with neurodegeneration.
Thus, more effective drugs can be obtained, and the possible adverse effects of drug combinations
can be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
| | | | - Paraskevi Tziona
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Antonios Gavalas
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panos N. Kourounakis
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleni A. Rekka
- Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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23
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Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Favorable Cellular Target to Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6052932. [PMID: 35693110 PMCID: PMC9184163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6052932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells serve as molecular sensors of the brain that play a role in physiological and pathological conditions. Under normal physiology, microglia are primarily responsible for regulating central nervous system homeostasis through the phagocytic clearance of redundant protein aggregates, apoptotic cells, damaged neurons, and synapses. Furthermore, microglial cells can promote and mitigate amyloid β phagocytosis and tau phosphorylation. Dysregulation of the microglial programming alters cellular morphology, molecular signaling, and secretory inflammatory molecules that contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, microglia are considered primary sources of inflammatory molecules and can induce or regulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Interestingly, in AD, microglia play a double-edged role in disease progression; for instance, the detrimental microglial effects increase in AD while microglial beneficiary mechanisms are jeopardized. Depending on the disease stages, microglial cells are expressed differently, which may open new avenues for AD therapy. However, the disease-related role of microglial cells and their receptors in the AD brain remain unclear. Therefore, this review represents the role of microglial cells and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Rauf A, Badoni H, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Rahman MM, Painuli S, Semwal P, Wilairatana P, Mubarak MS. Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103194. [PMID: 35630670 PMCID: PMC9146652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of neurons and glial cells consisting of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Entry of any foreign pathogen activates the glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and overactivation of these cells triggers the release of various neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1β (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), among others. Various studies have shown the role of neuroinflammatory markers in the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These markers also trigger the formation of various other factors responsible for causing several neuronal diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemia, and several others. This comprehensive review aims to reveal the mechanism of neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), which could cause different neurodegenerative disorders. Important NMs may represent pathophysiologic processes leading to the generation of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, various molecular alterations related to neurodegenerative diseases are discussed. Identifying these NMs may assist in the early diagnosis and detection of therapeutic targets for treating various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Himani Badoni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun 248006, India;
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed To Be University), Dehradun 248002, India;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
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25
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Huang LT, Zhang CP, Wang YB, Wang JH. Association of Peripheral Blood Cell Profile With Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888946. [PMID: 35601620 PMCID: PMC9120416 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and immune dysfunction play significant roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementia. Changes in peripheral blood cell profiles are a common manifestation of inflammation and immune dysfunction and have been reported in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We systematically evaluated the association of peripheral blood cell counts and indices with AD or MCI through a meta-analysis. Methods We electronically searched sources to identify all case–control trials comparing peripheral blood cell counts and/or lymphocyte subsets between patients with AD or MCI and healthy controls (HCs). Meta-analyses were used to estimate the between-group standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 36 studies involving 2,339 AD patients, 608 MCI patients, and 8,352 HCs were included. AD patients had significantly decreased lymphocyte counts (SMD −0.345, 95% CI [−0.545, −0.146], P = 0.001) and significantly increased leukocyte counts (0.140 [0.039, 0.241], P = 0.006), neutrophil counts (0.309 [0.185, 0.434], P = 0.01), and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (0.644 [0.310, 0.978], P < 0.001) compared to HCs. Similarly, significantly increased leukocyte counts (0.392 [0.206, 0.579], P < 0.001), NLR (0.579 [0.310, 0.847], P < 0.001), and neutrophil counts (0.248 [0.121, 0.376], P < 0.001) were found in MCI patients compared with HCs. A significantly decreased percentage of B lymphocytes (−1.511 [−2.775, −0.248], P = 0.019) and CD8+ T cells (−0.760 [−1.460, −0.061], P = 0.033) and a significantly increased CD4/CD8 ratio (0.615 [0.074, 1.156], P = 0.026) were observed in AD patients compared to HCs. Furthermore, significant changes in hemoglobin level and platelet distribution width were found in patients with AD or MCI compared with HCs. However, no significant difference was found between AD or MCI patients and HCs in terms of platelet counts, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, and CD4+ T, CD3+ T, or natural killer cell counts. Conclusion Changes in peripheral blood cell profiles, particularly involving leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and CD8+ T cell counts, as well as the NLR and the CD4/CD8 ratio, are closely associated with AD. The diagnostic relevance of these profiles should be investigated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-Pu Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Bing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Bing Wang
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Jia-He Wang
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26
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Lewandowski CT, Laham MS, Thatcher GR. Remembering your A, B, C's: Alzheimer's disease and ABCA1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:995-1018. [PMID: 35530134 PMCID: PMC9072248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is central to cholesterol mobilization. Reduced ABCA1 expression or activity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders. Therapeutic approaches to boost ABCA1 activity have yet to be translated successfully to the clinic. The risk factors for AD development and progression, including comorbid disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlight the intersection of cholesterol transport and inflammation. Upregulation of ABCA1 can positively impact APOE lipidation, insulin sensitivity, peripheral vascular and blood–brain barrier integrity, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Various strategies towards ABCA1-boosting compounds have been described, with a bias toward nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) agonists. These agonists display beneficial preclinical effects; however, important side effects have limited development. In particular, ligands that bind liver X receptor (LXR), the primary NHR that controls ABCA1 expression, have shown positive effects in AD mouse models; however, lipogenesis and unwanted increases in triglyceride production are often observed. The longstanding approach, focusing on LXRβ vs. LXRα selectivity, is over-simplistic and has failed. Novel approaches such as phenotypic screening may lead to small molecule NHR modulators that elevate ABCA1 function without inducing lipogenesis and are clinically translatable.
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27
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The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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28
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Noble K, Brown L, Elvis P, Lang H. Cochlear Immune Response in Presbyacusis: a Focus on Dysregulation of Macrophage Activity. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:1-16. [PMID: 34642854 PMCID: PMC8782976 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, or presbyacusis, is a prominent chronic degenerative disorder that affects many older people. Based on presbyacusis pathology, the degeneration occurs in both sensory and non-sensory cells, along with changes in the cochlear microenvironment. The progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is associated with an altered microenvironment that reflects chronic inflammatory signaling. Under these conditions, resident and recruited immune cells, such as microglia/macrophages, have aberrant activity that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neural cell degeneration. Recently, researchers identified and characterized macrophages in human cochleae (including those from older donors). Along with the age-related changes in cochlear macrophages in animal models, these studies revealed that macrophages, an underappreciated group of immune cells, may play a critical role in maintaining the functional integrity of the cochlea. Although several studies deciphered the molecular mechanisms that regulate microglia/macrophage dysfunction in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, limited studies have assessed the mechanisms underlying macrophage dysfunction in aged cochleae. In this review, we highlight the age-related changes in cochlear macrophage activities in mouse and human temporal bones. We focus on how complement dysregulation and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome could affect macrophage activity in the aged peripheral auditory system. By understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these regulatory systems, we may uncover therapeutic strategies to treat presbyacusis and other forms of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyaria Noble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Akouos, Inc, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - LaShardai Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SD, 29733, USA
| | - Phillip Elvis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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29
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Erdogan MA, Kirazlar M, Yigitturk G, Erbas O. Digoxin Exhibits Neuroprotective Properties in a Rat Model of Dementia. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1290-1298. [PMID: 35064518 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is by far the most common cause of cognitive impairment in older adults. Current treatments are entirely focused on the symptoms of AD. A complex etiology for AD has been proposed recently, in which AD leads in elevated levels of inflammation. We previously studied digoxin's involvement in the sporadic-AD intracerebroventricular (ICV)-streptozotocin (STZ) animal model due to its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective characteristics. 18 adult sprague-dawley rats were split into three groups: control (n = 6), STZ + Saline (n = 6), and STZ + Digoxin (n = 6). Twelve AD-induced rats were split into two groups using stereotaxy five days after STZ injection (3 mg/kg) into both lateral ventricles: one group got digoxin (0.1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for three weeks, while the other group received saline. Following treatment, each subject was subjected to a passive avoidance learning (PAL) test, followed by brain tissue harvesting. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) were measured in the brain, and neurons were counted using Cresyl violet staining in cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis-3 (CA3) cornu ammonis (CA3). ICV-STZ significantly shortened PAL latency, increased brain TNF-α levels, decreased brain ChAT activity, and decreased hippocampus neuron number. On the other hand, digoxin significantly reduced all of these STZ-induced deleterious effects. Digoxin significantly rescued rats from memory loss caused by ICV-STZ by decreasing hippocampal cell death, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic deficiency. These findings suggest that digoxin may be beneficial in treating cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Alper Erdogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kirazlar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Yigitturk
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Fighting fire with fire: the immune system might be key in our fight against Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1261-1283. [PMID: 35032668 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown and no disease-modifying treatment exists. Emerging evidence supports the concept that the immune system has a key role in AD pathogenesis. This awareness leads to the idea that specific parts of the immune system must be engaged to ward off the disease. Immunotherapy has dramatically improved the management of several previously untreatable cancers and could hold similar promise as a novel therapy for treating AD. However, before potent immunotherapies can be rationally designed as treatment against AD, we need to fully understand the dynamic interplay between AD and the different parts of our immune system. Accordingly, here we review the most important aspects of both the innate and adaptive immune system in relation to AD pathology. Teaser: Emerging results support the concept that Alzheimer's disease is affected by the inability of the immune system to contain the pathology of the brain. Here, we discuss how we can engage our immune system to fight this devastating disease.
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31
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McFarland KN, Chakrabarty P. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: a Key Player in the Transition Between Homeostasis and Pathogenesis. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:186-208. [PMID: 35286658 PMCID: PMC9130399 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation accompanies the development of proteinopathy in the brains of Alzheimer's dementia patients. Evolving from the long-held viewpoint that immune activation triggers the pathological trajectory in Alzheimer's disease, there is accumulating evidence now that microglial activation is neither pro-amyloidogenic nor just a simple reactive process to the proteinopathy. Preclinical studies highlight an interesting aspect of immunity, i.e., spurring immune system activity may be beneficial under certain circumstances. Indeed, a dynamic evolving relationship between different activation states of the immune system and its neuronal neighbors is thought to regulate overall brain organ health in both healthy aging and progression of Alzheimer's dementia. A new premise evolving from genome, transcriptome, and proteome data is that there might be at least two major phases of immune activation that accompany the pathological trajectory in Alzheimer's disease. Though activation on a chronic scale will certainly lead to neurodegeneration, this emerging knowledge of a potential beneficial aspect of immune activation allows us to form holistic insights into when, where, and how much immune system activity would need to be tuned to impact the Alzheimer's neurodegenerative cascade. Even with the trove of recently emerging -omics data from patients and preclinical models, how microglial phenotypes are functionally related to the transition of a healthy aging brain towards progressive degenerative state remains unknown. A deeper understanding of the synergism between microglial functional states and brain organ health could help us discover newer interventions and therapies that enable us to address the current paucity of disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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32
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Kouki MA, Pritchard AB, Alder JE, Crean S. Do Periodontal Pathogens or Associated Virulence Factors Have a Deleterious Effect on the Blood-Brain Barrier, Contributing to Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:957-973. [PMID: 34897087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a highly selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), that regulates the exchange and homeostasis of bloodborne molecules, excluding xenobiotics. This barrier forms the first line of defense by prohibiting pathogens from crossing to the CNS. Aging and chronic exposure of the BBB to pathogens renders it permeable, and this may give rise to pathology in the CNS such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Researchers have linked pathogens associated with periodontitis to neuroinflammation and AD-like pathology in vivo and in vitro. Although the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria has been linked to AD in several clinical studies as DNA and virulence factors were confirmed in brain samples of human AD subjects, the mechanism by which the bacteria traverse to the brain and potentially influences neuropathology is unknown. In this review, we present current knowledge about the association between periodontitis and AD, the mechanism whereby periodontal pathogens might provoke neuroinflammation and how periodontal pathogens could affect the BBB. We suggest future studies, with emphasis on the use of human in vitro models of cells associated with the BBB to unravel the pathway of entry for these bacteria to the CNS and to reveal the molecular and cellular pathways involved in initiating the AD-like pathology. In conclusion, evidence demonstrate that bacteria associated with periodontitis and their virulence factors are capable of inflecting damage to the BBB and have a role in giving rise to pathology similar to that found in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Ammar Kouki
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Anna Barlach Pritchard
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jane Elizabeth Alder
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - StJohn Crean
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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33
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The Potential Role of Cytokines and Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102790. [PMID: 34685770 PMCID: PMC8534363 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prominent neurodegenerative diseases, which impairs cognitive function in afflicted individuals. AD results in gradual decay of neuronal function as a consequence of diverse degenerating events. Several neuroimmune players (such as cytokines and growth factors that are key players in maintaining CNS homeostasis) turn aberrant during crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immunities. This aberrance underlies neuroinflammation and drives neuronal cells toward apoptotic decline. Neuroinflammation involves microglial activation and has been shown to exacerbate AD. This review attempted to elucidate the role of cytokines, growth factors, and associated mechanisms implicated in the course of AD, especially with neuroinflammation. We also evaluated the propensities and specific mechanism(s) of cytokines and growth factors impacting neuron upon apoptotic decline and further shed light on the availability and accessibility of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus in AD pathophysiology. The pathogenic and the protective roles of macrophage migration and inhibitory factors, neurotrophic factors, hematopoietic-related growth factors, TAU phosphorylation, advanced glycation end products, complement system, and glial cells in AD and neuropsychiatric pathology were also discussed. Taken together, the emerging roles of these factors in AD pathology emphasize the importance of building novel strategies for an effective therapeutic/neuropsychiatric management of AD in clinics.
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34
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Siddiqui A, Shah Z, Jahan RN, Othman I, Kumari Y. Mechanistic role of boswellic acids in Alzheimer's disease: Emphasis on anti-inflammatory properties. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112250. [PMID: 34607104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The resin/gum of Boswellia species belonging to the family of Burseraceae is a naturally occurring mixture of bioactive compounds, which was traditionally used as a folk medicine to treat conditions like chronic inflammation. Several research studies have also explored its' therapeutic potential against multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main chemical constituents of this gum include boswellic acids (BAs) like 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β boswellic acid (AKBA) that possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in AD. It is also involved in inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cholinergic pathway and improve choline levels as well as its binding with nicotinic receptors to produce anti-inflammatory effects. Multiple shreds of evidence have demonstrated that BAs modulate key molecular targets and signalling pathways like 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, Nrf2, NF-kB, cholinergic, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles formation (NFTs) that are involved in AD progression. The present review focuses on the possible mechanistic therapeutic role of BAs in modulating the 5-LOX/COX pathway in arachidonic acid metabolism, activating Nrf2 through binding of ARE, inhibiting NF-kB and AChE activity. In addition, an inhibition of amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation in AD by BAs is also discussed in this review. We have also highlighted that BAs possess beneficial effects in AD by targeting multiple molecular pathways and makes it an emerging drug candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Siddiqui
- Neurological disorder and aging research group (NDA), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zahoor Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo 43614, OH, USA
| | - Rao Nargis Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neurological disorder and aging research group (NDA), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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35
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Woo E, Sansing LH, Arnsten AFT, Datta D. Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes. CHRONIC STRESS 2021; 5:24705470211029254. [PMID: 34485797 PMCID: PMC8408896 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211029254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress causes loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a recently evolved brain region that provides top-down regulation of thought, action, and emotion. PFC neurons generate top-down goals through recurrent excitatory connections on spines. This persistent firing is the foundation for higher cognition, including working memory, and abstract thought. However, exposure to acute uncontrollable stress drives high levels of catecholamine release in the PFC, which activates feedforward calcium-cAMP signaling pathways to open nearby potassium channels, rapidly weakening synaptic connectivity to reduce persistent firing. Chronic stress exposures can further exacerbate these signaling events leading to loss of spines and resulting in marked cognitive impairment. In this review, we discuss how stress signaling mechanisms can lead to spine loss, including changes to BDNF-mTORC1 signaling, calcium homeostasis, actin dynamics, and mitochondrial actions that engage glial removal of spines through inflammatory signaling. Stress signaling events may be amplified in PFC spines due to cAMP magnification of internal calcium release. As PFC dendritic spine loss is a feature of many cognitive disorders, understanding how stress affects the structure and function of the PFC will help to inform strategies for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
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36
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The complement cascade in the regulation of neuroinflammation, nociceptive sensitization, and pain. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101085. [PMID: 34411562 PMCID: PMC8446806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a key component of the innate immune system that is rapidly recruited through a cascade of enzymatic reactions to enable the recognition and clearance of pathogens and promote tissue repair. Despite its well-understood role in immunology, recent studies have highlighted new and unexpected roles of the complement cascade in neuroimmune interaction and in the regulation of neuronal processes during development, aging, and in disease states. Complement signaling is particularly important in directing neuronal responses to tissue injury, neurotrauma, and nerve lesions. Under physiological conditions, complement-dependent changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic strength, and neurite remodeling promote nerve regeneration, tissue repair, and healing. However, in a variety of pathologies, dysregulation of the complement cascade leads to chronic inflammation, persistent pain, and neural dysfunction. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the multifaceted cross-communication that takes place between the complement system and neurons. In particular, we focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which complement signaling regulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in the nociceptive pathways involved in pain processing in both health and disease. Finally, we discuss the future of this rapidly growing field and what we believe to be the significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.
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37
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Shinjyo N, Kagaya W, Pekna M. Interaction Between the Complement System and Infectious Agents - A Potential Mechanistic Link to Neurodegeneration and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:710390. [PMID: 34408631 PMCID: PMC8365172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.710390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune system, complement plays a critical role in the elimination of pathogens and mobilization of cellular immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), many complement proteins are locally produced and regulate nervous system development and physiological processes such as neural plasticity. However, aberrant complement activation has been implicated in neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease. There is a growing list of pathogens that have been shown to interact with the complement system in the brain but the short- and long-term consequences of infection-induced complement activation for neuronal functioning are largely elusive. Available evidence suggests that the infection-induced complement activation could be protective or harmful, depending on the context. Here we summarize how various infectious agents, including bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus spp.), viruses (e.g., HIV and measles virus), fungi (e.g., Candida spp.), parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.), and prion proteins activate and manipulate the complement system in the CNS. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which the interaction between the infectious agents and the complement system can play a role in neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Kagaya
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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38
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Mortada I, Farah R, Nabha S, Ojcius DM, Fares Y, Almawi WY, Sadier NS. Immunotherapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654739. [PMID: 34163421 PMCID: PMC8215715 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are mostly symptomatic without affecting the underlying cause of disease. Emerging evidence supports a potential role for immunotherapy in the management of disease progression. Numerous reports raise the exciting prospect that either the immune system or its derivative components could be harnessed to fight the misfolded and aggregated proteins that accumulate in several neurodegenerative diseases. Passive and active vaccinations using monoclonal antibodies and specific antigens that induce adaptive immune responses are currently under evaluation for their potential use in the development of immunotherapies. In this review, we aim to shed light on prominent immunotherapeutic strategies being developed to fight neuroinflammation-induced neurodegeneration, with a focus on innovative immunotherapies such as vaccination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mortada
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raymond Farah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Najwane Said Sadier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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40
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Byrne RAJ, Torvell M, Daskoulidou N, Fathalla D, Kokkali E, Carpanini SM, Morgan BP. Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Mouse C1q: Characterisation and Development of a Quantitative ELISA for Mouse C1q. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4323-4336. [PMID: 34002346 PMCID: PMC8487419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified roles for complement in synaptic pruning, both physiological during development and pathological in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These reports suggest that C1q initiates complement activation on synapses and C3 fragments then tag them for removal by microglia. There is an urgent need to characterise these processes in rodent AD models; this requires the development of reagents and methods for detection and quantification of rodent C1q in fluids and pathological tissues. These will enable better evaluation of the role of C1q in disease and its value as disease biomarker. We describe the generation in C1q-deficient mice of novel monoclonal antibodies against mouse and rat C1q that enabled development of a sensitive, specific, and quantitative ELISA for mouse and rat C1q capable of measuring C1q in biological fluids and tissue extracts. Serum C1q levels were measured in wild-type (WT), C1q knockout (KO), C3 KO, C7 KO, Crry KO, and 3xTg and APPNL-G-F AD model mice through ageing. C1q levels significantly decreased in WT, APPNL-G-F, and C7 KO mice with ageing. C1q levels were reduced in APPNL-G-F compared to WT at all ages and in 3xTg at 12 months; C3 KO and C7 KO, but not Crry KO mice, also demonstrated significantly lower C1q levels compared to matched WT. In brain homogenates, C1q levels increased with age in both WT and APPNL-G-F mice. This robust and adaptable assay for quantification of mouse and rat C1q provides a vital tool for investigating the expression of C1q in rodent models of AD and other complement-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A J Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Dina Fathalla
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Eirini Kokkali
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK
| | - Sarah M Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK. .,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK.
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Hashiguchi D, Campos HC, Wuo-Silva R, Faber J, Gomes da Silva S, Coppi AA, Arida RM, Longo BM. Resistance Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load and Modulates Inflammatory Responses in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1525-1539. [PMID: 31958083 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also has an association with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of this disease. Physical exercise has emerged as an alternative treatment for pathological impairment in AD. In light of this evidence, together with the fact that the hippocampus is one of the first structures to be affected in AD, we analyzed hippocampal changes in Aβ load, inflammatory responses, and locomotor activity in transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model for AD submitted to a resistance exercise (RE) program. One month after the start of the RE program, the locomotor hyperactivity related to AD behavior was reduced and microglia recruitment was increased, which in turn may have contributed to the decrease in the volume of Aβ plaques. In addition, the RE program restored the levels of IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6 cytokines to control levels. Our study indicates that RE has beneficial effects on the locomotor behavior, amyloid burden, and inflammation of AD pathology and can therefore be used as a therapy to improve the clinical symptoms and neurophysiological alterations in AD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use a resistance exercise program in transgenic AD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Hashiguchi
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Correia Campos
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Laboratório de Neuroengenharia e Neurocognição, Depto. Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé, Fundação Cristiano Varella (FCV), Muriaé - MG, Brazil.,Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS. Muriaé - MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Al Mamun A, Behl T, Mansouri RA, Aloqbi AA, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Ashraf GM. Exploring Potential of Alkaloidal Phytochemicals Targeting Neuroinflammatory Signaling of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:357-366. [PMID: 32473620 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200531151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is marked by cognitive dysfunctions and the existence of neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been observed that a persistent immune response in the brain has appeared as another neuropathological hallmark in AD. The sustained activation of the microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, and other immune cells has been shown to aggravate both tau and amyloid pathology and may consider as a connection in the AD pathogenesis. However, the basic mechanisms that link immune responses in the pathogenesis of AD are unclear until now since the process of neuroinflammation can have either a harmful or favorable effect on AD, according to the phase of the disease. Numerous researches recommend that nutritional fruits, as well as vegetables, possess neurodefensive properties against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation and aging. Moreover, these effects are controlled by diverse phytochemical compounds that are found in plants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, as well as other beneficial actions. In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat the neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rasha A Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646901. [PMID: 33815092 PMCID: PMC8012500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sokolova D, Childs T, Hong S. Insight into the role of phosphatidylserine in complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Fac Rev 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 33718936 PMCID: PMC7946395 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an integral role in the brain. Synaptic pruning, a fundamental process in developmental circuit refinement, is partially mediated by neuroimmune signalling at the synapse. In particular, microglia, the major tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, and the classical complement cascade, an innate immune pathway that aids in the clearance of unwanted material, have been implicated in mediating synapse elimination. Emerging data suggest that improper signalling of the innate immune pathway at the synapse leads to pathological synapse loss in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Now the key questions are whether synapses are targeted by complement and, if so, which synapses are vulnerable to elimination. Here, we review recent work implicating C1q, the initiator of the classical complement cascade, and surrounding glia as mediators of synapse loss. We examine how synapses could undergo apoptosis-like pathways in the Alzheimer brain, which may lead to the externalisation of phosphatidylserine on synapses. Finally, we discuss potential roles for microglia and astrocytes in this 'synaptic apoptosis'. Critical insight into neuroimmune regulatory pathways on synapses will be key to developing effective targets against pathological synapse loss in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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45
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Delgado A, Cholevas C, Theoharides TC. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and beneficial action of luteolin. Biofactors 2021; 47:207-217. [PMID: 33615581 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), already the world's most common form of dementia, is projected to continue increasing in prevalence over the next several decades. The current lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of AD has hampered the development of effective treatments. Historically, AD research has been predicated on the amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH), which attributes disease progression to the build-up of amyloid protein. However, multiple clinical studies of drugs interfering with ACH have failed to show any benefit demonstrating that AD etiology is more complex than previously thought. Here we review the current literature on the emerging key role of neuroinflammation, especially activation of microglia, in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we provide compelling evidence that certain flavonoids, especially luteolin formulated in olive pomace oil together with hydroxytyrosol, offers a reasonable prophylactic treatment approach due to its many beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Delgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos Cholevas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Piccioni G, Mango D, Saidi A, Corbo M, Nisticò R. Targeting Microglia-Synapse Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052342. [PMID: 33652870 PMCID: PMC7956551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of microglia in the brain, with particular attention to synaptic plasticity in health and disease. We present evidence that ramified microglia, classically believed to be "resting" (i.e., inactive), are instead strongly implicated in dynamic and plastic processes. Indeed, there is an intimate relationship between microglia and neurons at synapses which modulates activity-dependent functional and structural plasticity through the release of cytokines and growth factors. These roles are indispensable to brain development and cognitive function. Therefore, approaches aimed at maintaining the ramified state of microglia might be critical to ensure normal synaptic plasticity and cognition. On the other hand, inflammatory signals associated with Alzheimer's disease are able to modify the ramified morphology of microglia, thus leading to synapse loss and dysfunction, as well as cognitive impairment. In this context, we highlight microglial TREM2 and CSF1R as emerging targets for disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Piccioni
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V.Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Dalila Mango
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Amira Saidi
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V.Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, 20144 Milan, Italy;
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.N.)
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Morgan BP, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. An "Outside-In" and "Inside-Out" Consideration of Complement in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Lessons From Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600656. [PMID: 33488361 PMCID: PMC7817777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. Space-Dependent Glia-Neuron Interplay in the Hippocampus of Transgenic Models of β-Amyloid Deposition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9441. [PMID: 33322419 PMCID: PMC7763751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on the description and discussion of the alterations of astrocytes and microglia interplay in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is an age-related neurodegenerative pathology with a slowly progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive functions. One of AD's histopathological hallmarks is the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Long regarded as a non-specific, mere consequence of AD pathology, activation of microglia and astrocytes is now considered a key factor in both initiation and progression of the disease, and suppression of astrogliosis exacerbates neuropathology. Reactive astrocytes and microglia overexpress many cytokines, chemokines, and signaling molecules that activate or damage neighboring cells and their mutual interplay can result in virtuous/vicious cycles which differ in different brain regions. Heterogeneity of glia, either between or within a particular brain region, is likely to be relevant in healthy conditions and disease processes. Differential crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus can be responsible for the differential sensitivity of the two areas to insults. Understanding the spatial differences and roles of glia will allow us to assess how these interactions can influence the state and progression of the disease, and will be critical for identifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
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49
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Boon BDC, Bulk M, Jonker AJ, Morrema THJ, van den Berg E, Popovic M, Walter J, Kumar S, van der Lee SJ, Holstege H, Zhu X, Van Nostrand WE, Natté R, van der Weerd L, Bouwman FH, van de Berg WDJ, Rozemuller AJM, Hoozemans JJM. The coarse-grained plaque: a divergent Aβ plaque-type in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:811-830. [PMID: 32926214 PMCID: PMC7666300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits, which come in myriad morphologies with varying clinical relevance. Previously, we observed an atypical Aβ deposit, referred to as the coarse-grained plaque. In this study, we evaluate the plaque's association with clinical disease and perform in-depth immunohistochemical and morphological characterization. The coarse-grained plaque, a relatively large (Ø ≈ 80 µm) deposit, characterized as having multiple cores and Aβ-devoid pores, was prominent in the neocortex. The plaque was semi-quantitatively scored in the middle frontal gyrus of Aβ-positive cases (n = 74), including non-demented cases (n = 15), early-onset (EO)AD (n = 38), and late-onset (LO)AD cases (n = 21). The coarse-grained plaque was only observed in cases with clinical dementia and more frequently present in EOAD compared to LOAD. This plaque was associated with a homozygous APOE ε4 status and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In-depth characterization was done by studying the coarse-grained plaque's neuritic component (pTau, APP, PrPC), Aβ isoform composition (Aβ40, Aβ42, AβN3pE, pSer8Aβ), its neuroinflammatory component (C4b, CD68, MHC-II, GFAP), and its vascular attribution (laminin, collagen IV, norrin). The plaque was compared to the classic cored plaque, cotton wool plaque, and CAA. Similar to CAA but different from classic cored plaques, the coarse-grained plaque was predominantly composed of Aβ40. Furthermore, the coarse-grained plaque was distinctly associated with both intense neuroinflammation and vascular (capillary) pathology. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and 3D analysis revealed for most coarse-grained plaques a particular Aβ40 shell structure and a direct relation with vessels. Based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics, we conclude that the coarse-grained plaque is a divergent Aβ plaque-type associated with EOAD. Differences in Aβ processing and aggregation, neuroinflammatory response, and vascular clearance may presumably underlie the difference between coarse-grained plaques and other Aβ deposits. Disentangling specific Aβ deposits between AD subgroups may be important in the search for disease-mechanistic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baayla D C Boon
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Allert J Jonker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjado H J Morrema
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van den Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Popovic
- Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Remco Natté
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Gavriilaki M, Kimiskidis VK, Gavriilaki E. Precision Medicine in Neurology: The Inspirational Paradigm of Complement Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E341. [PMID: 33114553 PMCID: PMC7693884 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has emerged as a central element of healthcare science. Complement, a component of innate immunity known for centuries, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous incurable neurological diseases, emerging as a potential therapeutic target and predictive biomarker. In parallel, the innovative application of the first complement inhibitor in clinical practice as an approved treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) related with specific antibodies raised hope for the implementation of personalized therapies in detrimental neurological diseases. A thorough literature search was conducted through May 2020 at MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases based on medical terms (MeSH)" complement system proteins" and "neurologic disease". Complement's role in pathophysiology, monitoring of disease activity and therapy has been investigated in MG, multiple sclerosis, NMOSD, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Huntington disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, stroke, and epilepsy. Given the complexity of complement diagnostics and therapeutics, this state-of-the-art review aims to provide a brief description of the complement system for the neurologist, an overview of novel complement inhibitors and updates of complement studies in a wide range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavriilaki
- Postgraduate Course, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasilios K. Kimiskidis
- Postgraduate Course, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department-BMT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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