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Beaulieu M. Oxidative status: A general but overlooked indicator of welfare across animal species? Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300205. [PMID: 38837433 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Because of their ubiquity, plasticity, and direct effects on the nervous system, markers of oxidative status may be of great value to assess animal welfare across species and conditions in the wild. However, welfare biologists have not yet seized this opportunity, possibly because the validity of these markers as welfare indicators remains questionable. A validation process was, therefore, performed here using a meta-analytical approach considering three conditions assumed to impair the welfare of animals. With very few exceptions, two of the four considered markers consistently varied across these negatively-valenced conditions. By highlighting the current underrepresentation of markers of oxidative status in animal welfare studies, and by concretely illustrating that some of these markers can consistently reflect negative affective states, this article aims to encourage biologists to include these physiological markers in their toolbox to better measure, monitor, and perhaps also improve the welfare of animals in their natural habitat.
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Ondrejcak T, Klyubin I, Hu NW, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Rodriguez BJ, Rowan MJ. Rapidly reversible persistent long-term potentiation inhibition by patient-derived brain tau and amyloid ß proteins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230234. [PMID: 38853565 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
How the two pathognomonic proteins of Alzheimer's disease (AD); amyloid ß (Aß) and tau, cause synaptic failure remains enigmatic. Certain synthetic and recombinant forms of these proteins are known to act concurrently to acutely inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we examined the effect of early amyloidosis on the acute disruptive action of synaptotoxic tau prepared from recombinant protein and tau in patient-derived aqueous brain extracts. We also explored the persistence of the inhibition of LTP by different synaptotoxic tau preparations. A single intracerebral injection of aggregates of recombinant human tau that had been prepared by either sonication of fibrils (SτAs) or disulfide bond formation (oTau) rapidly and persistently inhibited LTP in rat hippocampus. The threshold for the acute inhibitory effect of oTau was lowered in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic rats. A single injection of synaptotoxic tau-containing AD or Pick's disease brain extracts also inhibited LTP, for over two weeks. Remarkably, the persistent disruption of synaptic plasticity by patient-derived brain tau was rapidly reversed by a single intracerebral injection of different anti-tau monoclonal antibodies, including one directed to a specific human tau amino acid sequence. We conclude that patient-derived LTP-disrupting tau species persist in the brain for weeks, maintaining their neuroactivity often in concert with Aß. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ondrejcak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Igor Klyubin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Neng-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue , Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiancheng Zhang
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael J Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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Guo J, Cao Y, Zhang T, Xu C, Liu Z, Li W, Wang Q. Multisensory Fusion Training and 7, 8-Dihydroxyflavone Improve Amyloid-β-Induced Cognitive Impairment, Anxiety, and Depression-Like Behavior in Mice Through Multiple Mechanisms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1247-1270. [PMID: 38883414 PMCID: PMC11180438 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s459891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in the role of physical activity in patients with of Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly regarding its impact of cognitive function, gut microbiota, metabolites, and neurotrophic factors. Objective To investigate the impact of multisensory fusion training (MSFT) combined with 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) on the behavioral characteristics, protein expression, microbiome, and serum metabolome using the AD model in mice induced with amyloid-β (Aβ). Methods We assessed cognitive ability, anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in Aβ mice using behavioral measures. Western blotting was employed to detect the expression of relevant proteins. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were used to analyze changes in the intestinal microbial composition and serum metabolic profile, respectively, of Aβ mice. Results The behavioral outcomes indicated that a 4-week intervention combining DHF and MSFT yielded remarkable improvements in cognitive function and reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviors in Aβ mice. In the hippocampus of Aβ mice, the combined intervention increased the levels of BDNF, VGF, PSD-95, Nrf2, p-GSK3β and p-CREB proteins. Analyses of sequence and metabolomic data revealed that Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae were remarkably more abundant following the combined intervention, influencing the expression of specific metabolites directly linked to the maintenance of neuronal and neurobehavioral functions. These metabolites play a crucial role in vital processes, such as amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neurotransmitter metabolism in mice. Conclusion Our study highlighted that MSFT combined with DHF improves cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression-like behavior in Aβ mice through multiple mechanisms, and further validated the correlation between the gut microbiome and serum metabolome. These findings open up a promising avenue for future investigations into potential treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Guo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzi Cao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuang Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyi Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, NBU Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Anwar MM, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Exploring the Significance of Microglial Phenotypes and Morphological Diversity in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets. Immunol Invest 2024:1-56. [PMID: 38836373 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2358446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Studying various microglial phenotypes and their functions in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial due to the intricate nature of their phenomics and their vital immunological role. Microglia undergo substantial phenomic changes, encompassing morphological, transcriptional, and functional aspects, resulting in distinct cell types with diverse structures, functions, properties, and implications. The traditional classification of microglia as ramified, M1 (proinflammatory), or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes is overly simplistic, failing to capture the wide range of recently identified microglial phenotypes in various brain regions affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Altered and activated microglial phenotypes deviating from the typical ramified structure are significant features of many neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding the precise role of each microglial phenotype is intricate and sometimes contradictory. This review specifically focuses on elucidating recent modifications in microglial phenotypes within neurodegenerative diseases. Recognizing the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in diseased states can unveil novel therapeutic strategies for targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the exploration of the use of healthy isolated microglia to mitigate disease progression has provided an innovative perspective. In conclusion, this review discusses the dynamic landscape of mysterious microglial phenotypes, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding to pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Ramos TL, de Sousa Fernandes MS, da Silva Fidélis DE, Jurema Santos GC, Albuquerque RB, Ferreira DJS, de Souza RF, Badicu G, Yagin FH, Yagin B, Alwhaibi RM, Souto FO, Lagranha CJ. The impact of enriched environments on cerebral oxidative balance in rodents: a systematic review of environmental variability effects. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1366747. [PMID: 38665291 PMCID: PMC11043487 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1366747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present review aimed to systematically summarize the impacts of environmental enrichment (EE) on cerebral oxidative balance in rodents exposed to normal and unfavorable environmental conditions. Methods In this systematic review, four databases were used: PubMed (830 articles), Scopus (126 articles), Embase (127 articles), and Science Direct (794 articles). Eligibility criteria were applied based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) strategy to reduce the risk of bias. The searches were carried out by two independent researchers; in case of disagreement, a third participant was requested. After the selection and inclusion of articles, data related to sample characteristics and the EE protocol (time of exposure to EE, number of animals, and size of the environment) were extracted, as well as data related to brain tissues and biomarkers of oxidative balance, including carbonyls, malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine, oxygen-reactive species, and glutathione (reduced/oxidized). Results A total of 1,877 articles were found in the four databases, of which 16 studies were included in this systematic review. The results showed that different EE protocols were able to produce a global increase in antioxidant capacity, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, which are the main factors for the neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS) subjected to unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, it was possible to notice a slowdown in neural dysfunction associated with oxidative damage, especially in the prefrontal structure in mice. Discussion In conclusion, EE protocols were determined to be valid tools for improving oxidative balance in the CNS. The global decrease in oxidative stress biomarkers indicates refinement in reactive oxygen species detoxification, triggering an improvement in the antioxidant network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lacerda Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Débora Eduarda da Silva Fidélis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Renata B. Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Burak Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Reem M. Alwhaibi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Claúdia Jacques Lagranha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Atividade Física e Plasticidade Fenotípica, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Mohd Sahini SN, Mohd Nor Hazalin NA, Srikumar BN, Jayasingh Chellammal HS, Surindar Singh GK. Environmental enrichment improves cognitive function, learning, memory and anxiety-related behaviours in rodent models of dementia: Implications for future study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 208:107880. [PMID: 38103676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a process of brain stimulation by modifying the surroundings, for example, by changing the sensory, social, or physical conditions. Rodents have been used in such experimental strategies through exposure to diverse physical, social, and exploration conditions. The present study conducted an extensive analysis of the existing literature surrounding the impact of EE on dementia rodent models. The review emphasised the two principal aspects that are very closely related to dementia: cognitive function (learning and memory) as well as psychological factors (anxiety-related behaviours such as phobias and unrealistic worries). Also highlighted were the mechanisms involved in the rodent models of dementia showing EE effects. Two search engines, PubMed and Science Direct, were used for data collection using the following keywords: environmental enrichment, dementia, rodent model, cognitive performance, and anxiety-related behaviour. Fifty-five articles were chosen depending on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The rodent models with dementia demonstrated improved learning and memory in the form of hampered inflammatory responses, enhanced neuronal plasticity, and sustained neuronal activity. EE housing also prevented memory impairment through the prevention of amyloid beta (Aβ) seeding formation, an early stage of Aβ plaque formation. The rodents subjected to EE were observed to present increased exploratory activity and exert less anxiety-related behaviour, compared to those in standard housing. However, some studies have proposed that EE intervention through exercise would be too mild to counteract the anxiety-related behaviour and risk assessment behaviour deficits in the Alzheimer's disease rodent model. Future studies should be conducted on old-aged rodents and the duration of EE exposure that would elicit the greatest benefits since the existing studies have been conducted on a range of ages and EE durations. In summary, EE had a considerable effect on dementia rodent models, with the most evident being improved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norhafizah Mohd Sahini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Outpatient Pharmacy Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqmar Mohd Nor Hazalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMiSE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bettadapura N Srikumar
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560029, India
| | - Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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de Andrade Santos FO, Passos AA, Arida RM, Teixeira-Machado L. Effectiveness of Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function in Animal Models of Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2024; 11:998-1012. [PMID: 39044511 PMCID: PMC11266263 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2024.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among common cause of dementia. Complementary therapies, such as resistance exercise (RE), have been proposed as an alternative for the treatment of AD. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of RE on the cognitive function of AD animal models and their physiological mechanisms. METHODS This review was submitted to PROSPERO (CRD42019131266) and was done according to PRISMA checklist. Four databases were used in the search: MEDLINE/PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar. We used SYRCLE and CAMAREDES to assess the risk of bias and methodological quality. We calculated the standardized mean difference using 95% confidence intervals and considered the random effects model and p < 0.05 to determine significance. KEY FINDINGS A total of 1,807 studies were founded, and after the selection process, only 11 studies were included in this review and 8 studies were included for meta-analysis. Four studies applied RE before AD induction, 7 studies applied RE after AD induction or in the AD condition. All studies included 550 adult and older animals weighing 25-280g. Our analysis revealed that RE had a positive effect on memory in AD animal models but did not show a significant impact on anxiety. CONCLUSION RE performed four or six weeks, more than three days a week, had a significant protective effect on memory. The included studies had a high risk of bias and moderate methodological quality. Therefore, RE can be a potential strategy for preventing cognitive decline in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O de Andrade Santos
- Ricardo Mario Arida, Physiology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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Terstege DJ, Epp JR. Parvalbumin as a sex-specific target in Alzheimer's disease research - A mini-review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105370. [PMID: 37619647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and both the incidence of this disease and its associated cognitive decline disproportionally effect women. While the etiology of AD is unknown, recent work has demonstrated that the balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity across the brain may serve as a strong predictor of cognitive impairments in AD. Across the cortex, the most prominent source of inhibitory signalling is from a class of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV+). In this mini-review, the impacts of sex- and age-related factors on the function of PV+ neurons are examined within the context of vulnerability to AD pathology. These primary factors of influence include changes in brain metabolism, circulating sex hormone levels, and inflammatory response. In addition to positing the increased vulnerability of PV+ neurons to dysfunction in AD, this mini-review highlights the critical importance of presenting sex stratified data in the study of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Terstege
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Epp
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Bozkurt S, Lannin NA, Mychasiuk R, Semple BD. Environmental modifications to rehabilitate social behavior deficits after acquired brain injury: What is the evidence? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105278. [PMID: 37295762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Social behavior deficits are a common, debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury and stroke, particularly when sustained during childhood. Numerous factors influence the manifestation of social problems after acquired brain injuries, raising the question of whether environmental manipulations can minimize or prevent such deficits. Here, we examine both clinical and preclinical evidence addressing this question, with a particular focus on environmental enrichment paradigms and differing housing conditions. We aimed to understand whether environmental manipulations can ameliorate injury-induced social behavior deficits. In summary, promising data from experimental models supports a beneficial role of environmental enrichment on social behavior. However, limited studies have considered social outcomes in the chronic setting, and few studies have addressed the social context specifically as an important component of the post-injury environment. Clinically, limited high-caliber evidence supports the use of specific interventions for social deficits after acquired brain injuries. An improved understanding of how the post-injury environment interacts with the injured brain, particularly during development, is needed to validate the implementation of rehabilitative interventions that involve manipulating an individuals' environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bozkurt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Allied Health (Occupational Therapy), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Pham AQ, Dore K. Novel approaches to increase synaptic resilience as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:84-92. [PMID: 35370089 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of brains with Alzheimer's disease pathology are obtained from patients that were cognitively normal, suggesting that differences within the brains of these individuals made them resilient to the disease. Here, we describe recent approaches that specifically increase synaptic resilience, as loss of synapses is considered to be the first change in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. We start by discussing studies showing benefit from increased expression of neurotrophic factors and protective genes. Methods that effectively make dendritic spines stronger, specifically by acting through actin network proteins, scaffolding proteins and inhibition of phosphatases are described next. Importantly, the therapeutic strategies presented in this review tackle Alzheimer's disease not by targeting plaques and tangles, but instead by making synapses resilient to the pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease, which has tremendous potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Pham
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, UCSD, La Jolla 92093, United States
| | - Kim Dore
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, UCSD, La Jolla 92093, United States.
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Salgado Carrazoni G, Souto das Neves BH, Dos Santos Soares M, Ramires Lima K, Mello-Carpes PB. Starting maternal exercise, unlike reducing the intensity of exercise during pregnancy, prevents memory deficits in female offspring subject to maternal deprivation. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148337. [PMID: 36963478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) leads to long-lasting memory deficits. Conversely, maternal exercise could potently modify the offspring's cellular machinery. Here, we tested whether starting to run or reducing the intensity of running during pregnancy can protect prepubertal female offspring against MD-induced memory deficits. Female rats were divided into different groups submitted or not to MD: one started to run before pregnancy and reduced the intensity during the pregnancy (PGE); another started to run at the beginning of pregnancy (GE); and, finally, a control group (CT) was not submitted to exercise. All the rats but those of the CT ran on a treadmill until the delivery day (PND 0). Subsequently, MD was performed from PND 1 to 10. We assessed object recognition (OR) and spatial memory (SM) of female offspring after weaning (PND22, pre-pubertal stage). MD caused OR memory deficit; GE female offspring did not present this deficit, but PGE did. Both PGE and GE alone enhanced offspring spatial learning, but their combination with MD impaired it. MD promoted hippocampal lipid peroxidation increase, which both PGE and GE prevented. Total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus was higher in both MD-exercised groups compared to all others. Although the antioxidant effects of exercise were similar in both MD exercise groups, we observed better results in the memory tests in the GE group than in the PGE group. These results suggest that starting to exercise during pregnancy is better than reducing the exercise intensity during pregnancy to prevent MD-induced memory deficits in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Marisele Dos Santos Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
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Saheb M, Khodadadegan MA, Sahab Negah S, Saburi E, Hajali V. Effect of a combined program of running exercise and environmental enrichment on memory function and neurogenesis markers in amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer-like model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1400-1408. [PMID: 37970437 PMCID: PMC10634047 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.70269.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives It is urgent to develop non-pharmacological interventions or multifactor combination approaches to combat Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effect of exercise (EX) combined with environmental enrichment (EE) on behavioral phenotypes and neurogenesis markers in an Alzheimer-like rat model was investigated. Materials and Methods The groups consisted of AD, sham-operated, AD+EX, AD+EE, and AD+EX+EE. AD was produced by injection of amyloid-beta (1-42, 6 µg) intrahippocampally, and a daily treadmill for 3 consecutive weeks was used for EX animals. EE was a large cage (50× 50× 50 cm) containing differently shaped objects. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM), and a shuttle box was used to evaluate inhibitory avoidance memory. RT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of early neurogenesis markers, DCX, and Sox2 within the hippocampus. Results Pretreatment with exercise and EE, both individually and in combination, could provide protection from memory impairments in AD rats. Combined treatment led to a significantly more pronounced improvement in memory deficits of AD rats than either paradigm alone. Combination therapy with exercise and EE could also reverse the passive avoidance memory impairment and hippocampal DCX expression of AD rats to the control levels. Conclusion These data suggest that exercise in combination with cognitive engagement can provide a non-pharmacological and multidomain policy that may prevent or delay AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Saheb
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saburi
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Hajali
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Combined long-term enriched environment and caffeine supplementation improve memory function in C57Bl6 mice. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:269-281. [PMID: 35676374 PMCID: PMC9958139 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity has been associated with healthy brain aging, reflected by beneficial effects on cognition and learning and memory. Nutritional supplements such as caffeine have been shown to act as cognitive enhancers and may possess neuroprotective properties. Interestingly, caffeine also improves athletic capabilities and is widely used by athletes because of its performance-enhancing effect, while information on potential additive beneficial effects of physical activity and caffeine on cognitive performance is scarce. In the present study, the effects of caffeine supplementation in combination with prolonged physical and cognitive stimulation in the form of the enriched environment (EE) housing for a duration of 4 months were analyzed. We demonstrate that caffeine supplementation together with prolonged environmental enrichment led to enhanced memory function, resulting in improved recognition and spatial working memory in behavioral paradigms such as the novel object recognition task or the Morris water maze in C57Bl6 wild-type mice. Mice housed under EE conditions showed increased gene expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. The present findings underscore the potential impact of continuous physical activity in the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and may offer new options for combinatorial approaches.
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14
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Nassar A, Kodi T, Satarker S, Chowdari Gurram P, Upadhya D, SM F, Mudgal J, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic MicroRNAs and Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244111. [PMID: 36552875 PMCID: PMC9776935 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to the altered morphology, gene expression, and function of astrocytes. Astrocytes, in collaboration with numerous microRNAs, regulate brain cholesterol levels as well as glutamatergic and inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to general brain homeostasis. Neural electrical activity, synaptic plasticity processes, learning, and memory are dependent on the astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Here, we review the involvement of astrocytic microRNAs that potentially regulate cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction between astrocytic microRNAs and long non-coding RNA and transcription factors specific to astrocytes also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, astrocytic microRNAs arise as a promising target, as AD conditions are a worldwide public health problem. This review examines novel therapeutic strategies to target astrocyte dysfunction in AD, such as lipid nanodiscs, engineered G protein-coupled receptors, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Kodi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fayaz SM
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
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15
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The effect of combination pretreatment of donepezil and environmental enrichment on memory deficits in amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer-like rat model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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de Almeida EJR, Ibrahim HJ, Chitolina Schetinger MR, de Andrade CM, Cardoso AM. Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3221-3240. [PMID: 35962936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to being one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are known for their immune functions and have multiple reactive phenotypes related to the types of stages involving neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the state of activation of microglia in the CNS, it can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this context, AD is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, formation of fibrillar tangles of tau protein, and loss of neurons due to neurotoxic activation of microglia. However, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cortical regions, spinal cord, and brain stem, which occurs by microglial activation, contributing to the neuroinflammatory process. In this aspect, the activation of microglia in both pathologies triggers high levels of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, and causes the neuroinflammatory process of the diseases. Thus, physical exercise is pointed out as neuroprotective, as it can act to strengthen neurogenesis and reduce the inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review addresses the neuroprotective effect of microglia after different types of physical exercise protocols and evaluates the activity and effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters and mechanisms of AD and PD. This review will discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise through microglia activation with neuroprotective activity and the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Room 121, Veterinary Hospital Building, Avenue Roraima No. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Physical Education From Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences From Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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17
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Pre-Exposure to Environmental Enrichment Protects against Learning and Memory Deficits Caused by Infrasound Exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6208872. [PMID: 35620581 PMCID: PMC9129996 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6208872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the development of industrialization in recent years, infrasound has become an important component of public noise. To date, diverse studies have revealed the negative effects of infrasound on the central nervous system (CNS), especially the learning and memory ability. It is widely reported that environmental enrichment (EE) ameliorates the learning and memory deficits in different models of brain injury. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the possible benefits of pre-exposure to EE in preventing functional deficits following infrasound exposure and their related mechanism. Adult male rats were given enriched or standard housing for 30 days. Following enrichment, the rats were exposed to 16 Hz, 130 dB infrasound for 14 days, and then their learning and memory ability was assessed. Changes to neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus were also detected. Our results showed that the infrasound-induced deficit in learning and memory was attenuated significantly in EE pre-exposed rats. Pre-exposure to EE could induce a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant properties in the hippocampus. Moreover, pre-exposure to EE also exerted antiapoptosis functions by upregulating the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) level and downregulating the P53 level in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that EE is neuroprotective when applied before infrasound exposure, resulting in an improved learning and memory ability by enhancing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis capacities.
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18
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Effects of Involuntary and Voluntary Exercise in Combination with Acousto-Optic Stimulation on Adult Neurogenesis in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3254-3279. [PMID: 35297012 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-factor intervention, such as physical exercise and auditory and visual stimulation, plays a positive role on the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the therapeutic effects of single-factor intervention are limited. The beneficial effects of these multifactor combinations on AD and its molecular mechanism have yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of multifactor intervention, voluntary wheel exercise, and involuntary treadmill running in combination with acousto-optic stimulation, on adult neurogenesis and behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of AD. We found that 4 weeks of multifactor intervention can significantly increase the production of newborn cells (BrdU+ cells) and immature neurons (DCX+ cells) in the hippocampus and lateral ventricle of Aβ oligomer-induced mice. Importantly, the multifactor intervention could promote BrdU+ cells to differentiate into neurons (BrdU+ DCX+ cells or BrdU+ NeuN+ cells) and astrocytes (BrdU+GFAP+ cells) in the hippocampus and ameliorate Aβ oligomer-induced cognitive impairment and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice evaluated by novel object recognition, Morris water maze tests, elevated zero maze, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test, respectively. Moreover, multifactor intervention could lead to an increase in the protein levels of PSD-95, SYP, DCX, NeuN, GFAP, Bcl-2, BDNF, TrkB, and pSer473-Akt and a decrease in the protein levels of BAX and caspase-9 in the hippocampal lysates of Aβ oligomer-induced mice. Furthermore, sequencing analysis of serum metabolites revealed that aberrantly expressed metabolites modulated by multifactor intervention were highly enriched in the biological process associated with keeping neurons functioning and neurobehavioral function. Additionally, the intervention-mediated serum metabolites mainly participated in glutamate metabolism, glucose metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mice. Our findings suggest the potential of multifactor intervention as a non-invasive therapeutic strategy for AD to anti-Aβ oligomer neurotoxicity.
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19
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Kim CK, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Recent Neurotherapeutic Strategies to Promote Healthy Brain Aging: Are we there yet? Aging Dis 2022; 13:175-214. [PMID: 35111369 PMCID: PMC8782556 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the global exponential increase in population ageing, there is an urgent unmet need to develop reliable strategies to slow down and delay the ageing process. Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in our contemporary society and represent a major socio-economic burden. There are several controversial factors that are thought to play a causal role in brain ageing which are continuously being examined in experimental models. Among them are oxidative stress and brain inflammation which are empirical to brain ageing. Although some candidate drugs have been developed which reduce the ageing phenotype, their clinical translation is limited. There are several strategies currently in development to improve brain ageing. These include strategies such as caloric restriction, ketogenic diet, promotion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, removal of senescent cells, 'young blood' transfusions, enhancement of adult neurogenesis, stem cell therapy, vascular risk reduction, and non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies. Several studies have shown that these strategies can not only improve brain ageing by attenuating age-related neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but also maintain cognitive function in a variety of pre-clinical experimental murine models. However, clinical evidence is limited and many of these strategies are awaiting findings from large-scale clinical trials which are nascent in the current literature. Further studies are needed to determine their long-term efficacy and lack of adverse effects in various tissues and organs to gain a greater understanding of their potential beneficial effects on brain ageing and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Enduring glucocorticoid-evoked exacerbation of synaptic plasticity disruption in male rats modelling early Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2170-2179. [PMID: 34188184 PMCID: PMC8505492 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a likely proximate cause of subtle cognitive impairment in early Alzheimer's disease. Soluble oligomers are the most synaptotoxic forms of amyloid ß-protein (Aß) and mediate synaptic plasticity disruption in Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. Because the presence and extent of cortisol excess in prodromal Alzheimer's disease predicts the onset of cognitive symptoms we hypothesised that corticosteroids would exacerbate the inhibition of hippocampal synaptic long-term potentiation in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In a longitudinal experimental design using freely behaving pre-plaque McGill-R-Thy1-APP male rats, three injections of corticosterone or the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone profoundly disrupted long-term potentiation induced by strong conditioning stimulation for at least 2 months. The same treatments had a transient or no detectible detrimental effect on synaptic plasticity in wild-type littermates. Moreover, corticosterone-mediated cognitive dysfunction, as assessed in a novel object recognition test, was more persistent in the transgenic animals. Evidence for the involvement of pro-inflammatory mechanisms was provided by the ability of the selective the NOD-leucine rich repeat and pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibitor Mcc950 to reverse the synaptic plasticity deficit in corticosterone-treated transgenic animals. The marked prolongation of the synaptic plasticity disrupting effects of brief corticosteroid excess substantiates a causal role for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in early Alzheimer's disease.
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21
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Lima KR, Schmidt HL, Daré LR, Soares CB, Lopes LF, Carpes FP, Mello-Carpes PB. Concurrent exercise does not prevent recognition memory deficits induced by beta-amyloid in rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 243:113631. [PMID: 34715093 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease affects thousands of people worldwide. Alternatives aiming to prevent the disease or reduce its symptoms include different physical exercise configurations. Here we investigate the potential of concurrent exercise to prevent recognition memory deficits in an Alzheimer's disease-like model induced by the hippocampal beta-amyloid (Aβ) injection in Wistar rats. We demonstrate that the concurrent exercise, which included running and strength exercises performed in the same exercise session, is ineffective in preventing recognition memory deficits in the Aβ rats. Besides, higher levels of reactive oxygen species were found in the concurrent exercise group's hippocampus. The running exercise administrated alone prevented recognition memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Helen Lidiane Schmidt
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rossi Daré
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bitencourt Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Freitas Lopes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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22
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An enriched environment prevents cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer's disease model by enhancing the secretion of exosomal microRNA-146a from the choroid plexus. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100149. [PMID: 34589894 PMCID: PMC8474441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the extensive deposition of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We previously found that preserved function of astrocytes is associated with cognitively normal subjects with AD pathology. Here we show that an enriched environment (EE) can prevent cognitive impairment in AD model mice by ameliorating astrocytic inflammation and increasing synaptic density in the subiculum area of the hippocampus. In AD model mice treated with an EE, increased levels of microRNA (miR)-146a and down-regulation of NF-κB were observed in the hippocampus. In addition, increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were seen in serum from mice exposed to an EE. In vitro, enhanced miR-146a expression was observed in exosomes derived from the choroid plexus (CP) after IFN-γ treatment. In further in vitro experiments, we transfected miR-146a into Aβ/lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory astrocytes and showed that miR-146a ameliorated astrocytic inflammation by down-regulating tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and NF-κB. The present study indicates that following an EE, exosomal miR-146a derived from the CP cells is a key factor in ameliorating astrocytic inflammation, leading to synaptogenesis and correction of cognitive impairment. An enriched environment (EE) prevented the cognitive impairment in 5 × FAD mice. An EE inhibited astrocytic inflammation and increased miR-146a in hippocampus. An EE increased the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in serum. IFN-γ increased the secretion of exosomal miR-146a from cultured choroid plexus. Transfection of miR-146a down-regulated NF-κB in cultured astrocytes.
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Reid JK, Kuipers HF. She Doesn't Even Go Here: The Role of Inflammatory Astrocytes in CNS Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:704884. [PMID: 34539348 PMCID: PMC8446364 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.704884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte heterogeneity is a rapidly evolving field driven by innovative techniques. Inflammatory astrocytes, one of the first described subtypes of reactive astrocytes, are present in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and may play a role in their pathogenesis. Moreover, genetic and therapeutic targeting of these astrocytes ameliorates disease in several models, providing support for advancing the development of astrocyte-specific disease modifying therapies. This review aims to explore the methods and challenges of identifying inflammatory astrocytes, the role these astrocytes play in neurological disorders, and future directions in the field of astrocyte heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kelsey Reid
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hedwich Fardau Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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24
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Soares CB, Daré LR, Lima KR, Lopes LF, Santos AGD, Schimidt HL, Carpes FP, Lloret A, Viña J, Mello-Carpes PB. Multicomponent Training Prevents Memory Deficit Related to Amyloid-β Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:143-154. [PMID: 34275902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide in the brain, leading to early oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. It has been suggested that physical exercise could be beneficial in preventing AD, but studies with multicomponent training are scanty. OBJECTIVE Verify the effects of multicomponent exercise training to prevent deficits in recognition memory related to Aβ neurotoxicity. METHODS We subjected Wistar rats to multicomponent training (including aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise and cognitive exercise) and then infused amyloid-β peptide into their hippocampus. RESULTS We show that long-term multicomponent training prevents the amyloid-β-associated neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. It reduces hippocampal lipid peroxidation, restores antioxidant capacity, and increases glutathione levels, finally preventing recognition memory deficits. CONCLUSION Multicomponent training avoids memory deficits related to amyloid-β neurotoxicity on an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Rossi Daré
- Federal University of Pampa, campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Viña
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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25
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Pusic KM, Kraig RP, Pusic AD. IFNγ-stimulated dendritic cell extracellular vesicles can be nasally administered to the brain and enter oligodendrocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255778. [PMID: 34388189 PMCID: PMC8363003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles secreted from IFNγ-stimulated rat dendritic cells (referred to here as IFNγ-DC-EVs) contain miRNAs which promote myelination (including but not limited to miR-219), and preferentially enter oligodendrocytes in brain slice cultures. IFNγ-DC-EVs also increase myelination when nasally administered to naïve rats. While we can infer that these extracellular vesicles enter the CNS from functional studies, here we demonstrate biodistribution throughout the brain after nasal delivery by way of imaging studies. After nasal administration, Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs were detected 30 minutes later throughout the brain and the cervical spinal cord. We next examined cellular uptake of IFNγ-DC-EVs by transfecting IFNγ-DC-EVs with mCherry mRNA prior to nasal administration. mCherry-positive cells were found along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain to the brainstem. These cells morphologically resembled oligodendrocytes, and indeed cell-specific co-staining for neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes showed that mcherry positive cells were predominantly oligodendrocytes. This is in keeping with our prior in vitro results showing that IFNγ-DC-EVs are preferentially taken up by oligodendrocytes, and to a lesser extent, microglia. To confirm that IFNγ-DC-EVs delivered cargo to oligodendrocytes, we quantified protein levels of miR-219 mRNA targets expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and found significantly reduced expression. Finally, we compared intranasal versus intravenous delivery of Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs. Though labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs entered the CNS via both routes, we found that nasal delivery more specifically targeted the CNS with less accumulation in the liver. Taken together, these data show that intranasal administration is an effective route for delivery of IFNγ-DC-EVs to the CNS, and provides additional support for their development as an EV-based neurotherapeutic that, for the first time, targets oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Aya D. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Mercerón-Martínez D, Ibaceta-González C, Salazar C, Almaguer-Melian W, Bergado-Rosado JA, Palacios AG. Alzheimer’s Disease, Neural Plasticity, and Functional Recovery. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S37-S50. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and devastating neurodegenerative condition worldwide, characterized by the aggregation of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau protein, and is accompanied by a progressive loss of learning and memory. A healthy nervous system is endowed with synaptic plasticity, among others neural plasticity mechanisms, allowing structural and physiological adaptations to changes in the environment. This neural plasticity modification sustains learning and memory, and behavioral changes and is severely affected by pathological and aging conditions, leading to cognitive deterioration. This article reviews critical aspects of AD neurodegeneration as well as therapeutic approaches that restore neural plasticity to provide functional recoveries, including environmental enrichment, physical exercise, transcranial stimulation, neurotrophin involvement, and direct electrical stimulation of the amygdala. In addition, we report recent behavioral results in Octodon degus, a promising natural model for the study of AD that naturally reproduces the neuropathological alterations observed in AD patients during normal aging, including neuronal toxicity, deterioration of neural plasticity, and the decline of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daymara Mercerón-Martínez
- Experimental Electrophysiology Lab, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana City, Cuba
| | | | - Claudia Salazar
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - William Almaguer-Melian
- Experimental Electrophysiology Lab, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana City, Cuba
| | | | - Adrian G. Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Abstract
An environmental enrichment (EE) cage consisting of a broad living area and various stimulators triggers social, cognitive, and physical activities. EE has been utilized in a wide range of neurological and non-neurological studies. However, the details of the environmental enrichment protocol were not well described in these studies. This has resulted in uncertainty and inconsistency in methodology, which may thus fail to replicate environmental enrichment effects, influencing the study outcome. Here we describe the basic guidelines and present an easy-to-follow protocol for environmental enrichment in rat models. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Environmental enrichment housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teh Rasyidah Ismail
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Clinical Laboratory Science Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christina Gertrude Yap
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Narendra Pamidi
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Duggan MR, Parikh V. Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113207. [PMID: 33640394 PMCID: PMC8005490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, it is relevant to consider the factors and mechanisms that might facilitate an individual's resiliency to such deficits. Growing evidence suggests a preeminent role of microglia, the prime mediator of innate immunity within the central nervous system. Human and animal investigations suggest aberrant microglial functioning and neuroinflammation are not only characteristic of the aged brain, but also might contribute to age-related dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for microglia in maintaining brain homeostasis and cognitive functioning in aging. Moreover, we propose an integrated, mechanistic model that postulates an individual's resiliency to cognitive decline afforded by MLFs might be mediated by the mitigation of aberrant microglia activation in aging, and subsequent suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
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29
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Hashiguchi D, Campos HC, Wuo-Silva R, Faber J, Gomes da Silva S, Coppi AA, Arida RM, Longo BM. Resistance Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load and Modulates Inflammatory Responses in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1525-1539. [PMID: 31958083 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also has an association with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of this disease. Physical exercise has emerged as an alternative treatment for pathological impairment in AD. In light of this evidence, together with the fact that the hippocampus is one of the first structures to be affected in AD, we analyzed hippocampal changes in Aβ load, inflammatory responses, and locomotor activity in transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model for AD submitted to a resistance exercise (RE) program. One month after the start of the RE program, the locomotor hyperactivity related to AD behavior was reduced and microglia recruitment was increased, which in turn may have contributed to the decrease in the volume of Aβ plaques. In addition, the RE program restored the levels of IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6 cytokines to control levels. Our study indicates that RE has beneficial effects on the locomotor behavior, amyloid burden, and inflammation of AD pathology and can therefore be used as a therapy to improve the clinical symptoms and neurophysiological alterations in AD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use a resistance exercise program in transgenic AD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Hashiguchi
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Correia Campos
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Laboratório de Neuroengenharia e Neurocognição, Depto. Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé, Fundação Cristiano Varella (FCV), Muriaé - MG, Brazil.,Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS. Muriaé - MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Depto. Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084052. [PMID: 33919972 PMCID: PMC8070923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy has increased, particularly in developed countries, due to medical advances and increased prosperity, age-related neurological diseases and mental health disorders have become more prevalent health issues, reducing the well-being and quality of life of sufferers and their families. In recent decades, due to reduced work-related levels of physical activity, and key research insights, prescribing adequate exercise has become an innovative strategy to prevent or delay the onset of these pathologies and has been demonstrated to have therapeutic benefits when used as a sole or combination treatment. Recent evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are related to several underlying mechanisms related to muscle–brain, liver–brain and gut–brain crosstalk. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the most relevant current knowledge of the impact of exercise on mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, and to highlight the established and potential underlying mechanisms involved in exercise–brain communication and their benefits for physiology and brain function.
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31
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Karoglu-Eravsar ET, Tuz-Sasik MU, Adams MM. Environmental enrichment applied with sensory components prevents age-related decline in synaptic dynamics: Evidence from the zebrafish model organism. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111346. [PMID: 33838219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Progression of cognitive decline with or without neurodegeneration varies among elderly subjects. The main aim of the current study was to illuminate the molecular mechanisms that promote and retain successful aging in the context of factors such as environment and gender, both of which alter the resilience of the aging brain. Environmental enrichment (EE) is one intervention that may lead to the maintenance of cognitive processing at older ages in both humans and animal subjects. EE is easily applied to different model organisms, including zebrafish, which show similar age-related molecular and behavioral changes as humans. Global changes in cellular and synaptic markers with respect to age, gender and 4-weeks of EE applied with sensory stimulation were investigated using the zebrafish model organism. Results indicated that EE increases brain weight in an age-dependent manner without affecting general body parameters like body mass index (BMI). Age-related declines in the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits and a post-mitotic neuronal marker were observed and short-term EE prevents these changes in aged animals, as well as elevates levels of the inhibitory scaffolding protein, gephyrin. Gender-driven alterations were observed in the levels of the glutamate receptor subunits. Oxidative stress markers were significantly increased in the old animals, while exposure to EE did not alter this pattern. These data suggest that EE with sensory stimulation exerts its effects mainly on age-related changes in synaptic dynamics, which likely increase brain resilience through specific cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Tugce Karoglu-Eravsar
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melek Umay Tuz-Sasik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michelle M Adams
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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32
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Gui L, Luo Z, Shan W, Zuo Z. Role of Sox2 in Learning, Memory, and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:727. [PMID: 33805206 PMCID: PMC8064339 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant clinical issue. Its neuropathogenesis has not been clearly identified and effective interventions for clinical use to reduce POCD have not been established. This study was designed to determine whether environmental enrichment (EE) or cognitive enrichment (CE) reduces POCD and whether sex-determining region Y-box-2 regulated by sirtuin 1, plays a role in the effect. Eighteen-month-old male mice were subjected to right-common-carotid-artery exposure under sevoflurane anesthesia. Some of them stayed in cages with EE or CE after the surgery. Learning and memory of mice were tested by a Barnes maze and fear conditioning, starting 2 weeks after the surgery. Sex-determining region Y-box-2 (Sox2) in the brain was silenced by small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Immunofluorescent staining was used to quantify Sox2-positive cells. Surgery reduced Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus (64 ± 9 cells vs. 91 ± 9 cells in control group, n = 6, p < 0.001) and impaired learning and memory (time to identify target box one day after training sessions in the Barnes maze test: 132 ± 53 s vs. 79 ± 53 s in control group, n = 10, p = 0.040). EE or CE applied after surgery attenuated this reduction of Sox2 cells and POCD. Surgery reduced sirtuin 1 activity and CE attenuated this reduction. Resveratrol, a sirtuin 1 activator, attenuated POCD and surgery-induced decrease of Sox2-positive cells. Silencing shRNA reduced the Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus and impaired learning and memory in mice without surgery. These results suggest a role of Sox2 in learning, memory, and POCD. EE and CE attenuated POCD via maintaining Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
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33
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Ji W, Liu K, Zhao G, Wu F, Jiang Y, Hou L, Zhang M, Mao L. Electrochemical Sensing of Ascorbate as an Index of Neuroprotection from Seizure Activity by Physical Exercise in Freely Moving Rats. ACS Sens 2021; 6:546-552. [PMID: 33346640 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) has been drawing increasing attention to prevent and alleviate neural damage of brain diseases; however, in vivo sensing of the neuroprotection ability of PE remains a challenge. Here, we find that ascorbate can be used as a small molecular index for neuroprotective function of PE and the neuroprotection ability of PE can thus be in vivo monitored with an online electrochemical system (OECS) in freely moving animals. With the OECS as the sensing system, we find that the concentration of ascorbate in the microdialysate from the striatum increases greatly in kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure rats and reaches twice the basal level (i.e., 214.4 ± 32.7%, p < 0.001, n = 4) at a time point 90 min after KA microinjection. Such an increase of ascorbate is obviously attenuated (i.e., 153.6 ± 23.9% of the basal level, p < 0.05, n = 3) after PE, showing the neuroprotective activity of PE. This finding is believed to be significant in providing chemical insight into the neuroprotection ability of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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34
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Chamaa F, Darwish B, Nahas Z, Al-Chaer ED, Saadé NE, Abou-Kheir W. Long-term stimulation of the anteromedial thalamus increases hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial reference memory in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113114. [PMID: 33417991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown positive clinical results in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous work from our group showed that a single session of DBS to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMN) in awake rats, increased proliferation of stem/progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. We thought to examine the effect of single versus multiple sessions of DBS to the AMN in modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Rats received unilateral single session, multiple sessions or no electrical stimulation (sham) in the right AMN. Rats received 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections and were followed over a period of 1 week or 4 weeks. Single session of electrical stimulation induced a 1.9-fold increase in the number of proliferating BrdU positive cells after one week from stimulation and a 1.8-fold increase at four weeks post stimulation, both in the ipsilateral DG. As for multiple sessions of stimulation, they induced a 3- fold increase that extended to the contralateral DG after 4 weeks from stimulation. Spatial reference memory was tested in the Y-maze test by examining novel arm exploration. Both single and multiple sessions of stimulation prompted an increase in novel arm exploration at week 4, while only the multiple sessions of stimulation had this effect starting from week 1. This study demonstrates that sustained activation of the AMN boosts neurogenesis and improves spatial reference memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Darwish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Nahas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elie D Al-Chaer
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nayef E Saadé
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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35
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Pusic KM, Won L, Kraig RP, Pusic AD. Environmental Enrichment and Its Benefits for Migraine: Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles as an Effective Mimetic. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 3:215-225. [PMID: 34337600 PMCID: PMC8321388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment produces beneficial effects in the brain at genetic, molecular, cellular and behavior levels, and has long been studied as a therapeutic intervention for a wide variety of neurological disorders. However, the complexity of applying a robust environmental enrichment paradigm makes clinical use difficult. Accordingly, there has been increased interest in developing environmental enrichment mimetics, also known as enviromimetics. Here we review the benefits of environmental enrichment for migraine treatment, and discuss the potential of using extracellular vesicles derived from interferon gamma-stimulated dendritic cells as an effective mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Myriam Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637-1470, USA
| | - Lisa Won
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637-1470, USA
| | - Richard Paul Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637-1470, USA
| | - Aya Darinka Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637-1470, USA
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36
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Appropriate exercise level attenuates gut dysbiosis and valeric acid increase to improve neuroplasticity and cognitive function after surgery in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7167-7187. [PMID: 34663905 PMCID: PMC8873004 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) affects the outcome of millions of patients each year. Aging is a risk factor for POCD. Here, we showed that surgery induced learning and memory dysfunction in adult mice. Transplantation of feces from surgery mice but not from control mice led to learning and memory impairment in non-surgery mice. Low intensity exercise improved learning and memory in surgery mice. Exercise attenuated surgery-induced neuroinflammation and decrease of gut microbiota diversity. These exercise effects were present in non-exercise mice receiving feces from exercise mice. Exercise reduced valeric acid, a gut microbiota product, in the blood. Valeric acid worsened neuroinflammation, learning and memory in exercise mice with surgery. The downstream effects of exercise included attenuating growth factor decrease, maintaining astrocytes in the A2 phenotypical form possibly via decreasing C3 signaling and improving neuroplasticity. Similar to these results from adult mice, exercise attenuated learning and memory impairment in old mice with surgery. Old mice receiving feces from old exercise mice had better learning and memory than those receiving control old mouse feces. Surgery increased blood valeric acid. Valeric acid blocked exercise effects on learning and memory in old surgery mice. Exercise stabilized gut microbiota, reduced neuroinflammation, attenuated growth factor decrease and preserved neuroplasticity in old mice with surgery. These results provide direct evidence that gut microbiota alteration contributes to POCD development. Valeric acid is a mediator for this effect and a potential target for brain health. Low intensity exercise stabilizes gut microbiota in the presence of insult, such as surgery.
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37
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Strength training or green tea prevent memory deficits in a β-amyloid peptide-mediated Alzheimer's disease model. Exp Gerontol 2020; 143:111186. [PMID: 33279659 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant supplementation and physical exercise have been discussed as strategies to minimize neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the neuroprotective effects of strength exercise (StrEx) and green tea (GT) supplementation, combined or not, on memory impairments induced by β-amyloid characterizing an AD-like condition in rats. Wistar rats were submitted to 8 weeks of StrEx, GT supplementation, or StrEx and GT combined. AD-like condition was induced by injection of Aβ (25-35) in the hippocampus. We evaluate object recognition (OR) and social recognition (SR) memory, and removed the rats' hippocampus for biochemical analysis. StrEx improved OR and SR. StrEx combined with GT improved OR and did not improve SR. GT reduced antioxidant capacity and improved acetylcholinesterase activity. Both strength exercise and green tea are neuroprotective against impairments resultant of β-amyloid, but benefits do not add up when the two interventions are associated.
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38
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Octodon degus: a natural model of multimorbidity for ageing research. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101204. [PMID: 33152453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrating the multifactorial processes co-occurring in both physiological and pathological human conditions still remains one of the main challenges in translational investigation. Moreover, the impact of age-associated disorders has increased, which underlines the urgent need to find a feasible model that could help in the development of successful therapies. In this sense, the Octodon degus has been indicated as a 'natural' model in many biomedical areas, especially in ageing. This rodent shows complex social interactions and high sensitiveness to early-stressful events, which have been used to investigate neurodevelopmental processes. Interestingly, a high genetic similarity with some key proteins implicated in human diseases, such as apolipoprotein-E, β-amyloid or insulin, has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the fact that this animal is diurnal has provided important contribution in the field of circadian biology. Concerning age-related diseases, this rodent could be a good model of multimorbidity since it naturally develops cognitive decline, neurodegenerative histopathological hallmarks, visual degeneration, type II diabetes, endocrinological and metabolic dysfunctions, neoplasias and kidneys alterations. In this review we have collected and summarized the studies performed on the Octodon degus through the years that support its use as a model for biomedical research, with a special focus on ageing.
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39
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Wu XR, Zhang Y, Liu XD, Han WB, Xu NJ, Sun S. EphB2 mediates social isolation-induced memory forgetting. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:389. [PMID: 33168800 PMCID: PMC7653962 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation in adolescence leads to lasting deficits, including emotional and cognitive dysregulation. It remains unclear, however, how social isolation affects certain processes of memory and what molecular mechanisms are involved. In this study, we found that social isolation during the post-weaning period resulted in forgetting of the long-term fear memory, which was attributable to the downregulation of synaptic function in the hippocampal CA1 region mediated by EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase which involves in the glutamate receptor multiprotein complex. Viral-mediated EphB2 knockdown in CA1 mimicked the memory defects in group-housed mice, whereas restoration of EphB2 by either viral overexpression or resocialization reversed the memory decline in isolated mice. Taken together, our finding indicates that social isolation gives rise to memory forgetting by disrupting EphB2-mediated synaptic plasticity, which may provide a potential target for preventing memory loss caused by social isolation or loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rong Wu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Dong Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Wu-Bo Han
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Suya Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Pritchett-Corning KR. Environmental Complexity and Research Outcomes. ILAR J 2020; 60:239-251. [PMID: 32559304 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental complexity is an experimental paradigm as well as a potential part of animals' everyday housing experiences. In experimental uses, researchers add complexity to stimulate brain development, delay degenerative brain changes, elicit more naturalistic behaviors, and test learning and memory. Complexity can exacerbate or mitigate behavioral problems, give animals a sense of control, and allow for expression of highly driven, species-typical behaviors that can improve animal welfare. Complex environments should be designed thoughtfully with the animal's natural behaviors in mind, reported faithfully in the literature, and evaluated carefully for unexpected effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Pritchett-Corning
- Office of Animal Resources, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Keymoradzadeh A, Hedayati Ch M, Abedinzade M, Gazor R, Rostampour M, Taleghani BK. Enriched environment effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced spatial learning, memory impairment and hippocampal inflammatory cytokine levels in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112814. [PMID: 32707137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation is responsible for cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the enriched environment (EE) effect on learning and memory impairment as well as on pro-inflammatory cytokines changes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS injection (1 mg/kg/i.p, days 1, 3, 5, and 7) was used to develop the animal model of neuro-inflammation. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the experiment and randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) sham (S), 2) sham + enriched environment (SE), 3) LPS (L), and 4) LPS + EE (LE). Two different housing conditions, including standard environment (SE) and enriched environment, were used. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to examine animals learning and memory. IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α levels were measured in the brain using ELISA. We found that LPS significantly impaired learning and memory (p < 0.05) in the MWM task, but EE could significantly improve learning and memory impairment (p < 0.05). IL-1 and IL-10 levels dramatically increased in the LPS group (P < 0.05), whereas EE could decrease and increase IL-1β and IL-10 values in the LPS + EE group (P < 0.05), respectively. TNF-α levels were traced but had not detectable values in the hippocampus. Thus, we can conclude that EE has healing effects on LPS induced neuro-inflammation and can improve learning and memory deficit; however, further studies are needed to support the findings of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Keymoradzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmood Abedinzade
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Rohollah Gazor
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostampour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Khakpour Taleghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Dare LR, Garcia A, Soares CB, Lopes L, Neves BHS, Dias DV, Mello-Carpes PB. The Reversal of Memory Deficits in an Alzheimer's Disease Model Using Physical and Cognitive Exercise. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:152. [PMID: 32973471 PMCID: PMC7471627 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the world, accounting for 50–75% of cases. Currently, there is limited treatment for AD. The current pharmacological therapy minimizes symptom progression but does not reverse brain damage. Studies focused on nonpharmacological treatment for AD have been developed to act on brain plasticity and minimize the neurotoxicity caused by the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. Using a neurotoxicity model induced by Aβ in rats, the present study shows that physical (PE) and cognitive exercise (CE) reverse recognition memory deficits (with a prominent effect of long-term object recognition memory), decrease hippocampal lipid peroxidation, restore the acetylcholinesterase activity altered by Aβ neurotoxicity, and seems to reverse, at least partially, hippocampal tissue disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia R Dare
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Garcia
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Caroline B Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Luiza Lopes
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur S Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Daniel V Dias
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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Gabriel P, Mastracchio TA, Bordner K, Jeffrey R. Impact of enriched environment during adolescence on adult social behavior, hippocampal synaptic density and dopamine D2 receptor expression in rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 226:113133. [PMID: 32795458 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is one experimental manipulation that induces changes in the brain. However, it is important to distinguish between physical and social components of enrichment. To this end we established four groups of rats reared in different enriched environments during the adolescent period. Our results indicate heightened social memory and increased spine density in dentate gyrus specifically in socially enriched animals. Physical enrichment increased spine density in CA1. Dopamine D2 receptor expression in hippocampus was decreased across all enrichment conditions. Altogether, our results demonstrate differing effects of physical and social enrichment, supporting an important role for environment in synaptogenesis, behavior, and dopaminergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gabriel
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | - Kelly Bordner
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Rachel Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven CT, USA.
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Wang T, Jian Z, Baskys A, Yang J, Li J, Guo H, Hei Y, Xian P, He Z, Li Z, Li N, Long Q. MSC-derived exosomes protect against oxidative stress-induced skin injury via adaptive regulation of the NRF2 defense system. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120264. [PMID: 32791387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major cause of skin injury induced by damaging stimuli such as UV radiation. Currently, owing to their immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo), as a nanotherapeutic agent, have attracted considerable attention. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of MSC-Exo on oxidative injury in H2O2-stimulated epidermal keratinocytes and UV-irradiated wild type and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) knocked down cell and animal models. Our findings showed that MSC-Exo treatment reduced reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, aberrant calcium signaling, and mitochondrial changes in H2O2-stimulated keratinocytes or UV-irradiated mice skin. Exosome therapy also improved antioxidant capacities shown by increased ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase activities in oxidative stress-induced cell and skin injury. In addition, it alleviated cellular and histological responses to inflammation and oxidation in cell or animal models. Furthermore, the NRF2 signaling pathway was involved in the antioxidation activity of MSC-Exo, while Nrf2 knockdown attenuated the antioxidant capacities of MSC-Exo in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that these effects are partially mediated by the NRF2 signaling pathway. These results indicate that MSC-Exo can repair oxidative stress-induced skin injury via adaptive regulation of the NRF2 defense system. Thus, MSC-Exo may be used as a potential dermatological nanotherapeutic agent for treating oxidative stress-induced skin diseases or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Zhe Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.17 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Andrius Baskys
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China; Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Junle Yang
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Jianying Li
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Hua Guo
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Yue Hei
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.17 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Panpan Xian
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Zhongzheng He
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Namiao Li
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Qianfa Long
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China.
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Queen NJ, Hassan QN, Cao L. Improvements to Healthspan Through Environmental Enrichment and Lifestyle Interventions: Where Are We Now? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:605. [PMID: 32655354 PMCID: PMC7325954 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is an experimental paradigm that is used to explore how a complex, stimulating environment can impact overall health. In laboratory animal experiments, EE housing conditions typically include larger-than-standard cages, abundant bedding, running wheels, mazes, toys, and shelters which are rearranged regularly to further increase stimulation. EE has been shown to improve multiple aspects of health, including but not limited to metabolism, learning and cognition, anxiety and depression, and immunocompetence. Recent advances in lifespan have led some researchers to consider aging as a risk factor for disease. As such, there is a pressing need to understand the processes by which healthspan can be increased. The natural and predictable changes during aging can be reversed or decreased through EE and its underlying mechanisms. Here, we review the use of EE in laboratory animals to understand mechanisms involved in aging, and comment on relative areas of strength and weakness in the current literature. We additionally address current efforts toward applying EE-like lifestyle interventions to human health to extend healthspan. Although increasing lifespan is a clear goal of medical research, improving the quality of this added time also deserves significant attention. Despite hurdles in translating experimental results toward clinical application, we argue there is great potential in using features of EE toward improving human healthy life expectancy or healthspan, especially in the context of increased global longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Quais N. Hassan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Prabhu GS, K G Rao M, Rai KS. Hippocampal neural cell degeneration and memory deficit in high-fat diet-induced postnatal obese rats- exploring the comparable benefits of choline and DHA or environmental enrichment. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:1066-1077. [PMID: 32498586 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1773819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Childhood obesity increases risk for neural dysfunctions causing learning and memory deficits. The objective of the study is to identify the effects of high fat diet-induced obesity in postnatal period on serum lipids, memory and neural cell survival in hippocampus and compare the role of choline and DHA or environmental enrichment in attenuating the alterationsMaterials and methods: 21 day postnatal male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned as Normal control [NC] fed normal chow diet, Obesity-induced [OB] fed high fat diet, Obesity-induced fed choline & DHA [OB + CHO + DHA], Obesity-induced environmental enrichment [OB + EE] [n = 8/group]. Memory was assessed using radial arm maze. Subsequently blood was collected for serum lipid analysis and rats were euthanized. 5 µm hippocampal sections were processed for cresyl-violet stain. Surviving neural cells were counted using 100 µm scale.Results: Memory errors were significantly higher [p < 0.001, 0.01] in OB compared to same in NC rats. Mean number of surviving neural cells in hippocampus of OB was significantly lesser [p < 0.01] compared to same in NC. Interventions in OB + CHO + DHA and OB + EE significantly attenuated [p < 0.01] memory errors and number of surviving neural cells in hippocampus [CA1, CA3 and DG] compared to same in OB. Moreover, hippocampal neural cell survival was found to be inversely related to serum lipid profile in OB group and was attenuated in OB + CHO + DHA and OB + EE rats.Conclusions: High fat diet-induced postnatal obesity in rats causes CA1/CA3 hippocampal neuro-degeneration and memory deficits. Supplementation of choline and DHA in obese rats attenuates these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri S Prabhu
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College [Manipal campus], Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohandas K G Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College [Manipal campus], Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiranmai S Rai
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College [Manipal campus], Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Rossi Daré L, Garcia A, Neves BH, Mello-Carpes PB. One physical exercise session promotes recognition learning in rats with cognitive deficits related to amyloid beta neurotoxicity. Brain Res 2020; 1744:146918. [PMID: 32485172 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative pathological process that causes memory loss and cognitive impairment. One of the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is the amyloid-β protein aggregation on the brain. The regular practice of physical exercise is a consolidated strategy on the prevention of cognitive deficits; however, little is known about the effects of acute exercise on memory. We hypothesize that one physical exercise session could act as a modulator of learning. Here we investigated the effects of one single session of running (aerobic) or strength (anaerobic) exercise on memory deficits related to neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-β. Male Wistar rats were submitted to stereotaxic surgery to intrahippocampal infusion of amyloid-β protein or saline (control). Ten days after the surgery the rats were submitted to the object recognition (OR) memory task. Immediately after the OR learning session, some rats were submitted to one treadmill running or strength exercise session. Then, the animals were submitted to memory tests 24 h, 7, and 14 days after the OR learning. We demonstrated that one physical exercise session, both aerobic as anaerobic, performed after learning improves learning and memory, promoting memory persistence in control rats and memory consolidation in rats submitted to amyloid-β neurotoxicity model. Notably, the effects of the aerobic exercise session seem to be more prominent, since they also reflect in an improvement of object discrimination index for 7 days in control animals. We verified that the mechanisms involved in the effects of aerobic exercise include the dopaminergic system activation. The mechanisms involved in the anaerobic exercise effects seem to be others since no alterations on hippocampal dopamine or noradrenaline levels were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rossi Daré
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Garcia
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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48
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Chang LYL, Ardiles AO, Tapia-Rojas C, Araya J, Inestrosa NC, Palacios AG, Acosta ML. Evidence of Synaptic and Neurochemical Remodeling in the Retina of Aging Degus. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:161. [PMID: 32256305 PMCID: PMC7095275 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides is regarded as the hallmark of neurodegenerative alterations in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In the eye, accumulation of Aβ peptides has also been suggested to be a trigger of retinal neurodegenerative mechanisms. Some pathological aspects associated with Aβ levels in the brain are synaptic dysfunction, neurochemical remodeling and glial activation, but these changes have not been established in the retina of animals with Aβ accumulation. We have employed the Octodon degus in which Aβ peptides accumulated in the brain and retina as a function of age. This current study investigated microglial morphology, expression of PSD95, synaptophysin, Iba-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the retina of juvenile, young and adult degus using immunolabeling methods. Neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were detected using immunogold labeling and glutamate receptor subunits were quantified using Western blotting. There was an age-related increase in presynaptic and a decrease in post-synaptic retinal proteins in the retinal plexiform layers. Immunolabeling showed changes in microglial morphology characteristic of intermediate stages of activation around the optic nerve head (ONH) and decreasing activation toward the peripheral retina. Neurotransmitter expression pattern changed at juvenile ages but was similar in adults. Collectively, the results suggest that microglial activation, synaptic remodeling and neurotransmitter changes may be consequent to, or parallel to Aβ peptide and phosphorylated tau accumulation in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Y-L Chang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquin Araya
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
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Morè L, Lauterborn JC, Papaleo F, Brambilla R. Enhancing cognition through pharmacological and environmental interventions: Examples from preclinical models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:28-45. [PMID: 30981451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of environmental and pharmacological treatments to enhance cognition with special regards to neurodevelopmental related disorders and aging. How the environment influences brain structure and function, and the interactions between rearing conditions and gene expression, are fundamental questions that are still poorly understood. We propose a model that can explain some of the discrepancies in findings for effects of environmental enrichment on outcome measures. Evidence of a direct causal correlation of nootropics and treatments that enhanced cognition also will be presented, and possible molecular mechanisms that include neurotrophin signaling and downstream pathways underlying these processes are discussed. Finally we review recent findings achieved with a wide set of behavioral and cognitive tasks that have translational validity to humans, and should be useful for future work on devising appropriate therapies. As will be discussed, the collective findings suggest that a combinational therapeutic approach of environmental enrichment and nootropics could be particularly successful for improving learning and memory in both developmental disorders and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Morè
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2XT, Preston, UK.
| | - Julie C Lauterborn
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, UK.
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50
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Menezes J, Souto das Neves BH, Gonçalves R, Benetti F, Mello-Carpes PB. Maternal deprivation impairs memory and cognitive flexibility, effect that is avoided by environmental enrichment. Behav Brain Res 2020; 381:112468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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