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Guo C, Sachithanandham J, Zhong W, Craney M, Villano J, Pekosz A, Gould SJ. Antigen-display exosomes provide adjuvant-free protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease at nanogram levels of spike protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574272. [PMID: 38328234 PMCID: PMC10849639 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
As the only bionormal nanovesicle, exosomes have high potential as a nanovesicle for delivering vaccines and therapeutics. We show here that the loading of type-1 membrane proteins into the exosome membrane is induced by exosome membrane anchor domains, EMADs, that maximize protein delivery to the plasma membrane, minimize protein sorting to other compartments, and direct proteins into exosome membranes. Using SARS-CoV-2 spike as an example and EMAD13 as our most effective exosome membrane anchor, we show that cells expressing a spike-EMAD13 fusion protein produced exosomes that carry dense arrays of spike trimers on 50% of all exosomes. Moreover, we find that immunization with spike-EMAD13 exosomes induced strong neutralizing antibody responses and protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 disease at doses of just 0.5-5 ng of spike protein, without adjuvant, demonstrating that antigen-display exosomes are particularly immunogenic, with important implications for both structural and expression-dependent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Morgan Craney
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jason Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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2
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Liu ZL, Chen HH, Zheng LL, Sun LP, Shi L. Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:198. [PMID: 37169756 PMCID: PMC10175505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 173.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process regulated by various pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. With the advances in molecular and cellular biology, various biomolecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion factors involved in tumor angiogenesis has gradually been elucidated. Targeted therapeutic research based on these molecules has driven anti-angiogenic treatment to become a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. The most widely used anti-angiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. However, the clinical benefit of this modality has still been limited due to several defects such as adverse events, acquired drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and lack of validated biomarkers, which impel further research on mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, the development of multiple drugs and the combination therapy to figure out how to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we broadly summarize various signaling pathways in tumor angiogenesis and discuss the development and current challenges of anti-angiogenic therapy. We also propose several new promising approaches to improve anti-angiogenic efficacy and provide a perspective for the development and research of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Yang J, Tabuchi Y, Katsuki R, Taki M. bioTCIs: Middle-to-Macro Biomolecular Targeted Covalent Inhibitors Possessing Both Semi-Permanent Drug Action and Stringent Target Specificity as Potential Antibody Replacements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3525. [PMID: 36834935 PMCID: PMC9968108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting immuno-modulatory targets such as checkpoint proteins, chemokines, and cytokines have made significant impact in several areas, including cancer, inflammatory disease, and infection. However, antibodies are complex biologics with well-known limitations, including high cost for development and production, immunogenicity, a limited shelf-life because of aggregation, denaturation, and fragmentation of the large protein. Drug modalities such as peptides and nucleic acid aptamers showing high-affinity and highly selective interaction with the target protein have been proposed alternatives to therapeutic antibodies. The fundamental limitation of short in vivo half-life has prevented the wide acceptance of these alternatives. Covalent drugs, also known as targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), form permanent bonds to target proteins and, in theory, eternally exert the drug action, circumventing the pharmacokinetic limitation of other antibody alternatives. The TCI drug platform, too, has been slow in gaining acceptance because of its potential prolonged side-effect from off-target covalent binding. To avoid the potential risks of irreversible adverse drug effects from off-target conjugation, the TCI modality is broadening from the conventional small molecules to larger biomolecules possessing desirable properties (e.g., hydrolysis resistance, drug-action reversal, unique pharmacokinetics, stringent target specificity, and inhibition of protein-protein interactions). Here, we review the historical development of the TCI made of bio-oligomers/polymers (i.e., peptide-, protein-, or nucleic-acid-type) obtained by rational design and combinatorial screening. The structural optimization of the reactive warheads and incorporation into the targeted biomolecules enabling a highly selective covalent interaction between the TCI and the target protein is discussed. Through this review, we hope to highlight the middle to macro-molecular TCI platform as a realistic replacement for the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of GI Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 068-8638, Japan
| | - Yudai Tabuchi
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
| | - Riku Katsuki
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Science, UEC, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
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4
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Victor AA, Putri YM. Pro re nata versus fixed aflibercept regimen for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Retina Vitreous 2022; 8:67. [PMID: 36138445 PMCID: PMC9503225 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-022-00416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflibercept is a relatively new anti-VEGF used to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of pro re nata (PRN) and fixed regimen (bimonthly) of aflibercept injection for neovascular AMD on visual outcomes at 12 months of follow-up. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, EBSCOHost, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Number of injections, number of hospital visit, mean change of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean change of central macular thickness (CMT), and adverse effects of the included studies were evaluated. Meta-analysis were performed using Review Manager 5.4. RESULTS Four studies were selected for meta-analyses synthesis (3 RCT, 1 retrospective study). A total of 197 eyes in PRN group and 241 eyes in the fixed group. All four studies favored fixed regimen with standardized mean difference of 0.56 (95% CI 0.36-0.75, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in CMT between both group with SMD of 0.17 (95% CI - 0.14-0.48, I2 = 26%, p = 0.28). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis shows that bimonthly injection of aflibercept for neovascular AMD is superior compared to PRN injection, shown by better improvement in BCVA at 12 months follow-up. However, high risk of bias downgrade the certainty of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Arus Victor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yan Martha Putri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Heparin-binding VEGFR1 variants as long-acting VEGF inhibitors for treatment of intraocular neovascular disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1921252118. [PMID: 34006633 PMCID: PMC8166142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921252118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is a key feature of ischemic retinal diseases and the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), all leading causes of severe vision loss. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have transformed the treatment of these disorders. Millions of patients have been treated with these drugs worldwide. However, in real-life clinical settings, many patients do not experience the same degree of benefit observed in clinical trials, in part because they receive fewer anti-VEGF injections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and identify novel long-acting VEGF inhibitors. We hypothesized that binding to heparan-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in the vitreous, and possibly other ocular structures, may be a strategy to promote intraocular retention, ultimately leading to a reduced burden of intravitreal injections. We designed a series of VEGF receptor 1 variants and identified some with strong heparin-binding characteristics and ability to bind to vitreous matrix. Our data indicate that some of our variants have longer duration and greater efficacy in animal models of intraocular neovascularization than current standard of care. Our study represents a systematic attempt to exploit the functional diversity associated with heparin affinity of a VEGF receptor.
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Shibuya K, Muto O, Yoshida Y, Taguchi D, Shimazu K, Fukuda K, Ono F, Nomura K, Shibata H. Clinical efficacy and safety of second line and salvage aflibercept for advanced colorectal cancer in Akita prefecture. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:295-304. [PMID: 33889280 PMCID: PMC8040061 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i4.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis inhibitors (AIs) combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy is a promising treatment for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Aflibercept (AFL) is an option for second-line treatment of CRC, according to the ‘VELOUR’ trial. Currently, we can choose from three AIs, including bevacizumab, ramucirumab, and AFL. Different AIs can be used in subsequent treatment because of their distinctive mechanisms of action. We addressed the uncertainty regarding AFL efficacy and safety in heavily-treated patients by comparing outcomes of survival treatment with second-line treatment.
AIM To determine and compare the efficacy and safety profiles of AFL in the second-line and salvage therapy settings.
METHODS Clinical data of 41 patients with advanced CRC who received intravenous AFL combined with the folinic acid-fluorouracil-irinotecan (FOLFIRI) regimen were collected retrospectively from six institutions in Japan, for the period from May 2017 to March 2019. Patient characteristics collected included age, sex, tumor location, RAS and RAF status, metastatic sites, number of previous treatment cycles, therapeutic response, adverse events, duration of previous AI treatment, and survival time. The end points were time to AFL treatment failure (aTTF) and median survival time post-AFL (aMST). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the efficacy and safety in the second-line setting with those of the salvage therapy setting, which was defined as the days since the end of second-line therapy.
RESULTS All 41 patients who received AFL + FOLFIRI for advanced CRC had metastatic or unresectable cancer. Twenty-two patients received AFL in the second-line setting and nineteen in the salvage therapy setting. The patient characteristics were similar in the two groups, except for two factors. The median duration of the previous AI administration was shorter in the second-line patients compared with that in the salvage therapy patients (144 d vs 323 d, P = 0.006). In the second-line and salvage therapy groups, the objective response rates were 11% and 0%, respectively (P = 0.50), and the disease control rates were 53% and 50%, respectively (P = 1.00). In the second-line and salvage therapy groups, the aTTF (123 d vs 71 d, respectively), aMST (673 d vs 396 d, respectively), and incidence of adverse events of grade 3 [8 (36%) vs 9 (47%)] were not significantly different between the two groups.
CONCLUSION AFL can be used to treat advanced CRC patients, with a similar safety and efficacy in the salvage therapy setting as in the second-line setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Yoshida
- Department ofClinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takahashi
- Department ofGastroenterological Surgery, Nakadori General Hospital, Akita 010-8577, Japan
| | - Kengo Shibuya
- Department ofGastroenterology, Akita Kousei Medical, Akita 010-0948, Japan
| | - Osamu Muto
- Department ofMedical Oncology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita 010-1495, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshida
- Department ofMedical Oncology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita 010-1495, Japan
| | - Daiki Taguchi
- Department ofClinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shimazu
- Department ofClinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Department ofClinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Fuminori Ono
- Department ofSurgery, Omagari Kousei Medical Center, Akita 014-0027, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nomura
- Department ofEnvironmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department ofClinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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7
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Marinec PS, Landgraf KE, Uppalapati M, Chen G, Xie D, Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Petriello A, Deshayes K, Kent SBH, Ault-Riche D, Sidhu SS. A Non-immunogenic Bivalent d-Protein Potently Inhibits Retinal Vascularization and Tumor Growth. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:548-556. [PMID: 33621466 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a general approach to engineering multivalent d-proteins with antibody-like activities in vivo. Mirror-image phage display and structure-guided design were utilized to create a d-protein that uses receptor mimicry to antagonize vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Selections against the d-protein form of VEGF-A using phage-displayed libraries of two different domain scaffolds yielded two proteins that bound distinct receptor interaction sites on VEGF-A. X-ray crystal structures of the d-protein/VEGF-A complexes were used to guide affinity maturation and to construct a heterodimeric d-protein VEGF-A antagonist with picomolar activity. The d-protein VEGF-A antagonist prevented vascular leakage in a rabbit eye model of wet age-related macular degeneration and slowed tumor growth in the MC38 syngeneic mouse tumor model with efficacies comparable to those of approved antibody drugs, and in contrast with antibodies, the d-protein was non-immunogenic during treatment and following subcutaneous immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Marinec
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
| | - Kyle E. Landgraf
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
| | - Maruti Uppalapati
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Daniel Xie
- Chinese Peptide Company, H angzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone, China 310018
| | - Qiyang Jiang
- Viva Biotech, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Viva Biotech, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Kurt Deshayes
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
| | | | - Dana Ault-Riche
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Incline Village, Nevada 89451, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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8
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Jin KT, Chen B, Liu YY, Lan HUR, Yan JP. Monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:83. [PMID: 33522929 PMCID: PMC7851946 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Besides common therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, have been an advent in CRC treatment. The immunotherapy approaches try to elicit patients` immune responses against tumor cells to eradicate the tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are two branches of cancer immunotherapy. MAbs demonstrate the great ability to completely recognize cancer cell-surface receptors and blockade proliferative or inhibitory pathways. On the other hand, T cell activation by genetically engineered CAR receptor via the TCR/CD3 and costimulatory domains can induce potent immune responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Both of these approaches have beneficial anti-tumor effects on CRC. Herein, we review the different mAbs against various pathways and their applications in clinical trials, the different types of CAR-T cells, various specific CAR-T cells against TAAs, and their clinical use in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - H Uan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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9
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Zhang C, Yan Q, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Nanoenabled Tumor Oxygenation Strategies for Overcoming Hypoxia-Associated Immunosuppression. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:277-294. [PMID: 35014284 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, which initiates or strengthens innate immune responses to attack cancer cells, has shown great promise in cancer treatment. However, low immune response impacted by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a key challenge, which has been found related to tumor hypoxia. Recently, nanomaterial systems are proving to be excellent platforms for tumor oxygenation, which can reverse hypoxia-associated immunosuppression, strengthen the systemic antitumor immune responses, and thus afford a striking abscopal effect to clear metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we would like to survey recent progress in utilizing nanomaterials for tumor oxygenation through approaches such as in situ O2 generation, O2 delivery, tumor vasculature normalization, and mitochondrial-respiration inhibition. Their effects on tumor hypoxia-associated immunosuppression are highlighted. We also discuss the ongoing challenges and how to further improve the clinical prospect of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinglong Yan
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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10
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Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Ooki A, Wakatsuki T, Kamiimabeppu D, Sato T, Nakayama I, Ogura M, Takahari D, Chin K, Yamaguchi K. Early hypertension and neutropenia are predictors of treatment efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients administered FOLFIRI and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors as second-line chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2021; 10:615-625. [PMID: 33347731 PMCID: PMC7877370 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, Bevacizumab (BEV), ramucirumab (RAM), and aflibercept (AFL), are widely used for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients who are treated with second-line chemotherapy. The difference in outcome between the three drugs has not been evaluated. In contrast to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors have few candidate predictors of efficacy. METHODS Consecutive mCRC patients who were treated with second-line chemotherapy were retrospectively enrolled. Overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety were assessed. Subgroup analyses of prognostic and predictive efficacy markers were performed. RESULTS A total of 119 (41.2%), 107 (37.0%), and 63 patients (21.8%) were treated with FOLFIRI +BEV, RAM, or AFL, respectively. ORR, PFS, and OS showed no significant differences between three groups. However, the frequency of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) in the FOLFIRI +AFL group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.001). Patients with grade 3 or 4 AEs, especially hypertension and neutropenia within the first four cycles of treatment had significantly longer PFS and OS than those without AEs, irrespective of treatment with VEGF inhibitors (p < 0.001). PFS in patients without prior BEV exposure was also significantly longer than that in patients with prior BEV exposure (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Chemotherapeutic efficacy did not differ between the groups. Grade 3 or 4 AEs within the first four cycles of treatment and prior BEV exposure may be an effective predictor of treatment efficacy in mCRC patients administered VEGF inhibitors as second-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Osumi
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Ooki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Takeru Wakatsuki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Daisaku Kamiimabeppu
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Taro Sato
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Izuma Nakayama
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Takahari
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
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11
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Sawaisorn P, Atjanasuppat K, Anurathapan U, Chutipongtanate S, Hongeng S. Strategies to Improve Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapies for Neuroblastoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040753. [PMID: 33322408 PMCID: PMC7768386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are among the curative immunotherapeutic approaches that exploit the antigen specificity and cytotoxicity function of potent immune cells against cancers. Neuroblastomas, the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumors with diverse characteristics, could be a promising candidate for using CAR therapies. Several methods harness CAR-modified cells in neuroblastoma to increase therapeutic efficiency, although the assessment has been less successful. Regarding the improvement of CARs, various trials have been launched to overcome insufficient capacity. However, the reasons behind the inadequate response against neuroblastoma of CAR-modified cells are still not well understood. It is essential to update the present state of comprehension of CARs to improve the efficiency of CAR therapies. This review summarizes the crucial features of CARs and their design for neuroblastoma, discusses challenges that impact the outcomes of the immunotherapeutic competence, and focuses on devising strategies currently being investigated to improve the efficacy of CARs for neuroblastoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piamsiri Sawaisorn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (K.A.); (U.A.)
| | - Korakot Atjanasuppat
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (K.A.); (U.A.)
| | - Usanarat Anurathapan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (K.A.); (U.A.)
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (K.A.); (U.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.H.)
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12
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Peleli M, Moustakas A, Papapetropoulos A. Endothelial-Tumor Cell Interaction in Brain and CNS Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7371. [PMID: 33036204 PMCID: PMC7582718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma and other brain or CNS malignancies (like neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma) are difficult to treat and are characterized by excessive vascularization that favors further tumor growth. Since the mean overall survival of these types of diseases is low, the finding of new therapeutic approaches is imperative. In this review, we discuss the importance of the interaction between the endothelium and the tumor cells in brain and CNS malignancies. The different mechanisms of formation of new vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients are discussed. We also describe how the tumor cells (TC) alter the endothelial cell (EC) physiology in a way that favors tumorigenesis. In particular, mechanisms of EC-TC interaction are described such as (a) communication using secreted growth factors (i.e., VEGF, TGF-β), (b) intercellular communication through gap junctions (i.e., Cx43), and (c) indirect interaction via intermediate cell types (pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and immune cells). At the signaling level, we outline the role of important mediators, like the gasotransmitter nitric oxide and different types of reactive oxygen species and the systems producing them. Finally, we briefly discuss the current antiangiogenic therapies used against brain and CNS tumors and the potential of new pharmacological interventions that target the EC-TC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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13
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Seo EJ, Choi JA, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Aflibercept ameliorates retinal pericyte loss and restores perfusion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001278. [PMID: 33077473 PMCID: PMC7574888 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are used worldwide for advanced-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR). In contrast, apart from blood glucose control, there are no specific treatments that can limit the progression of early-stage DR that starts with pericyte loss and the destruction of the blood-retinal barrier. Here, we examined the efficacy of aflibercept, a potent anti-VEGF agent, against early-DR pathologies in a murine model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS STZ was intraperitoneally administered in 8-week-old C57BL/6N male mice. After 4 weeks, the mice were divided into aflibercept-treated and saline-treated groups. Eight weeks after the STZ injection, vascular permeability/leakage was measured with fluorescein angiography in live mice. At 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the STZ injection, the eyes were enucleated, flat-mounted, and stained for platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β to assess pericyte abundance, CD45 to assess leukocyte recruitment, and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran to assess perfusion. VEGF levels were quantified in each group. The effects of aflibercept on pericyte number, perfusion status, and leukocyte recruitment/accumulation on mice with diabetes retina were evaluated. RESULTS Our murine model successfully replicated the salient pathologies of DR such as pericytes loss, hyperpermeability, and perfusion blockage. Interestingly, numerous leukocytes and leukocyte clumps were found in diabetic retinal capillaries, especially in the non-perfused border area of the retina, suggesting a possible mechanism for non-perfusion and related pericyte damage. Treatment with aflibercept in mice with diabetes inhibited the upregulation of VEGF and the associated adhesion molecules while reducing the defects in perfusion. Aflibercept also attenuated pericyte loss in the diabetic retina. CONCLUSION VEGF inhibition through aflibercept treatment decreased leukocyte recruitment and aggregation, perfusion blockage, retinal hypoperfusion, and hyperpermeability in mice with diabetes and ultimately attenuated pericyte loss. Our findings suggest that anti-VEGF strategies may prove useful as possible therapies for limiting the progression of early-stage DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoi Jong Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
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14
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Chen YM, Qi S, Perrino S, Hashimoto M, Brodt P. Targeting the IGF-Axis for Cancer Therapy: Development and Validation of an IGF-Trap as a Potential Drug. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051098. [PMID: 32365498 PMCID: PMC7290707 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis was implicated in cancer progression and identified as a clinically important therapeutic target. Several IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) targeting drugs including humanized monoclonal antibodies have advanced to phase II/III clinical trials, but to date, have not progressed to clinical use, due, at least in part, to interference with insulin receptor signaling and compensatory signaling by the insulin receptor (IR) isoform A that can bind IGF-II and initiate mitogenic signaling. Here we briefly review the current state of IGF-targeting biologicals, discuss some factors that may be responsible for their poor performance in the clinic and outline the stepwise bioengineering and validation of an IGF-Trap—a novel anti-cancer therapeutic that could bypass these limitations. The IGF-Trap is a heterotetramer, consisting of the entire extracellular domain of the IGF-IR fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. It binds human IGF-I and IGF-II with a three-log higher affinity than insulin and could inhibit IGF-IR driven cellular functions such as survival, proliferation and invasion in multiple carcinoma cell models in vitro. In vivo, the IGF-Trap has favorable pharmacokinetic properties and could markedly reduce metastatic outgrowth of colon and lung carcinoma cells in the liver, outperforming IGF-IR and ligand-binding monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, IGF-Trap dose-response profiles correlate with their bio-availability profiles, as measured by the IGF kinase receptor-activation (KIRA) assay, providing a novel, surrogate biomarker for drug efficacy. Our studies identify the IGF-Trap as a potent, safe, anti-cancer therapeutic that could overcome some of the obstacles encountered by IGF-targeting biologicals that have already been evaluated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhsuan Michely Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shu Qi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Perrino
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934
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15
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Rodríguez-Remírez M, Del Puerto-Nevado L, Fernández Aceñero MJ, Ebrahimi-Nik H, Cruz-Ramos M, García-García L, Solanes S, Baños N, Molina-Roldán E, García-Foncillas J, Cebrián A. Strong Antitumor Activity of Bevacizumab and Aflibercept in Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: In-Depth Preclinical Study. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:50-62. [PMID: 31030198 DOI: 10.1159/000500591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and very aggressive tumor. It has been greatly understudied, and very little is known about optimal treatment strategy for patients with this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs could be a therapeutic alternative for these tumors with a poor prognosis. METHODS We have developed 2 xenograft models using either human cell line derived from lung (H460) or from colon (COLO320) NEC to assess the effect of 2 antiangiogenic drugs, aflibercept and bevacizumab, on tumor growth and their pathological characteristics. Additionally, tumors were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining and proteins were measured with Western blot and ELISA. RESULTS Both aflibercept and bevacizumab showed significant antitumor activity (p < 0.001). In the H460 model, aflibercept resulted in 94% tumor growth inhibition (TGI) and bevacizumab treatment resulted in 72.2% TGI. Similarly, in the COLO320 model, aflibercept and bevacizumab resulted in 89.3 and 84% TGI, respectively. Moreover, antitumor activity occurs early after treatment initiation. Using Tumor Control Index score, which address the kinetics of tumor growth in a way comparable to the methods used in human clinical studies, we confirmed that both drugs inhibit significantly tumor growth. When tumor stabilization was evaluated, aflibercept shows higher ability to stabilize NEC tumors than bevacizumab. CONCLUSION Results derived from this study strongly support anti-VEGF therapies, especially aflibercept, as a novel therapeutic option in NECs. Further studies are necessary, but our observations encourage the evaluation of antiangiogenics in clinical trials combined with standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Remírez
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Del Puerto-Nevado
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Fernández Aceñero
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Anatomía Patològica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hakimeh Ebrahimi-Nik
- Department of Immunology, The Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlid Cruz-Ramos
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-García
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Solanes
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Baños
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina-Roldán
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Anatomía Patològica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Division of Translational Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain,
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16
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Kuczynski EA, Vermeulen PB, Pezzella F, Kerbel RS, Reynolds AR. Vessel co-option in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:469-493. [PMID: 30816337 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
All solid tumours require a vascular supply in order to progress. Although the ability to induce angiogenesis (new blood vessel growth) has long been regarded as essential to this purpose, thus far, anti-angiogenic therapies have shown only modest efficacy in patients. Importantly, overshadowed by the literature on tumour angiogenesis is a long-standing, but continually emerging, body of research indicating that tumours can grow instead by hijacking pre-existing blood vessels of the surrounding nonmalignant tissue. This process, termed vessel co-option, is a frequently overlooked mechanism of tumour vascularization that can influence disease progression, metastasis and response to treatment. In this Review, we describe the evidence that tumours located at numerous anatomical sites can exploit vessel co-option. We also discuss the proposed molecular mechanisms involved and the multifaceted implications of vessel co-option for patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kuczynski
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK. .,Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- HistoGeneX, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals St Augustinus, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.,Tumour Biology Team, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Francesco Pezzella
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew R Reynolds
- Tumour Biology Team, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. .,Oncology Translational Medicine Unit, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common and deadly malignancy mostly observed in children. Evolution of therapeutic options for NB led to the addition of immunotherapeutic modalities to the previously recruited chemotherapeutic options. Molecular studies of the NB cells resulted in the discovery of many tumor-associated genes and antigens such as MYCN gene and GD2. MYCN gene and GD2 surface antigen are two of the most practical discoveries regarding immunotherapy of neuroblastoma. The GD2 antigen has been targeted in many animal and human studies including Phase III clinical trials. Even though these antigens have changed the face of pediatric neuroblastoma, they do not take as much credit in immunotherapy of adult-onset neuroblastoma. Monoclonal antibodies have been designed to detect this antigen on the surface of NB tumor cells. Despite bettering the outcomes for NB patients, current therapies still fail in many cases. Studies are underway to discover more specific tumor-associated antigens and more effective treatment options. In the current narrative, immunotherapy of NB - from emerging of this therapeutic backbone in NB to the latest discoveries regarding this malignancy - has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Jabbari
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hanaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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18
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Sun X, Niu S, Zhang Z, Wang A, Yang C, Guo Z, Hao Y, Li X, Wang X. Aurora kinase inhibitor VX‑680 suppresses the proliferation and migration of HUVECs and angiogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3841-3847. [PMID: 30816538 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis serves a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. VX‑680, a potent inhibitor targeting the Aurora kinase family, is widely used in the inhibition of tumor progression. However, the effect of VX‑680 on angiogenesis remains unknown. The present study identified that VX‑680 inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and promoted HUVEC apoptosis by inducing the cleavage of PARP and caspase‑3. VX‑680 also markedly decreased the migration and tube formation of HUVECs in a dose‑dependent manner. In addition, VX‑680 significantly suppressed the formation of blood vessels in a dose‑dependent manner confirmed by a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo. Furthermore, VX‑680 inhibited the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and phosphorylated RAC‑α serine/threonine‑protein kinase in HUVECs. These results suggested that VX‑680 suppressed angiogenesis and may be a potential novel anti‑angiogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Shishi Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Anyan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Chengyuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zichan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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19
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Experimental and computational analyses reveal dynamics of tumor vessel cooption and optimal treatment strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2662-2671. [PMID: 30700544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818322116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooption of the host vasculature is a strategy that some cancers use to sustain tumor progression without-or before-angiogenesis or in response to antiangiogenic therapy. Facilitated by certain growth factors, cooption can mediate tumor infiltration and confer resistance to antiangiogenic drugs. Unfortunately, this mode of tumor progression is difficult to target because the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we analyzed the dynamics of vessel cooption during tumor progression and in response to antiangiogenic treatment in gliomas and brain metastases. We followed tumor evolution during escape from antiangiogenic treatment as cancer cells coopted, and apparently mechanically compressed, host vessels. To gain deeper understanding, we developed a mathematical model, which incorporated compression of coopted vessels, resulting in hypoxia and formation of new vessels by angiogenesis. Even if antiangiogenic therapy can block such secondary angiogenesis, the tumor can sustain itself by coopting existing vessels. Hence, tumor progression can only be stopped by combination therapies that judiciously block both angiogenesis and cooption. Furthermore, the model suggests that sequential blockade is likely to be more beneficial than simultaneous blockade.
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20
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Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of bevacizumab, endostar and apatinib in transgenic and human lung cancer xenograftzebrafish model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15837. [PMID: 30367145 PMCID: PMC6203857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer has driven the development of novel targeted therapies. Vascular endothelial growth factor is the most potent force in mediating tumor angiogenesis, and many angiogenesis inhibitors have been developed for oncology treatment. We performed a study to characterize the efficacy, safety and tumor suppression of three lung cancer related anti-angiogenic drugs (bevacizumab, endostar and apatinib) using transgenic zebrafish embryo and human lung cancer xenotransplantation model. All three drugs demonstrated remarkable angiogenesis and tumor inhibition effect in the zebrafish model, within the nonlethal dose range. Endostar and bevacizumab showed competitive anti-tumor efficacy. The anti-tumor performance of apatinib was hamstrung by its elevated toxicity at 35 °C. The addition of pemetrexed to anti-angiogenesis therapy had no obvious additional benefit in tumors.
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21
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Jiang C, Huang YH, Lu JB, Yang YZ, Rao HL, Zhang B, He WZ, Xia LP. Perivascular cell coverage of intratumoral vasculature is a predictor for bevacizumab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3589-3597. [PMID: 30271207 PMCID: PMC6149904 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s172261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor vessels supported by perivascular cells have been implicated in the failure of some anti-angiogenic agents. The relationship between perivascular cell coverage (PC) and bevacizumab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) was analyzed. Patients and methods A total of 284 consecutive mCRC patients who received first-line chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab from 2007-2014 in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center were analyzed. Immunohistochemical double-stain for the perivascular cell marker alpha-smooth muscle actin and endothelial cell (cluster of differentiation 31) was performed to characterize the intratumoral microvascular density. Multispectral image capturing and computerized image analyses were used to quantify the microvessels supported by the perivascular cells. The patients were divided into high and low PC group according to a median cutoff value of 0.55. Results No significant differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were noted between the high and low PC group. In the low PC group, the patients with bevacizumab treatment had favorable OS (P=0.03), but without PFS benefit. In the high PC group, neither OS nor PFS was significantly different between the B+C and C subgroup. Tumors with perineural invasion had high PC (P=0.03). Conclusion The data showed that a low PC value could be a predictor for bevacizumab benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jiang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yu-Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lan Rao
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wen-Zhuo He
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China,
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China,
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22
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Haney S, Konen J, Marcus AI, Bazhenov M. The complex ecosystem in non small cell lung cancer invasion. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006131. [PMID: 29795571 PMCID: PMC5991406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tumors are characterized by genetic instability, producing an assortment of genetic variants of tumor cells called subclones. These tumors and their surrounding environments form complex multi-cellular ecosystems, where subclones compete for resources and cooperate to perform multiple tasks, including cancer invasion. Our recent empirical studies revealed existence of such distinct phenotypes of cancer cells, leaders and followers, in lung cancer. These two cellular subclones exchange a complex array of extracellular signals demonstrating a symbiotic relationship at the cellular level. Here, we develop a computational model of the microenvironment of the lung cancer ecosystem to explore how the interactions between subclones can advance or inhibit invasion. We found that, due to the complexity of the ecosystem, invasion may have very different dynamics characterized by the different levels of aggressiveness. By altering the signaling environment, we could alter the ecological relationship between the cell types and the overall ecosystem development. Competition between leader and follower cell populations (defined by the limited amount of resources), positive feedback within the leader cell population (controlled by the focal adhesion kinase and fibronectin signaling), and impact of the follower cells to the leaders (represented by yet undetermined proliferation signal) all had major effects on the outcome of the collective dynamics. Specifically, our analysis revealed a class of tumors (defined by the strengths of fibronectin signaling and competition) that are particularly sensitive to manipulations of the signaling environment. These tumors can undergo irreversible changes to the tumor ecosystem that outlast the manipulations of feedbacks and have a profound impact on invasive potential. Our study predicts a complex division of labor between cancer cell subclones and suggests new treatment strategies targeting signaling within the tumor ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Haney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America,* E-mail:
| | - Jessica Konen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adam I. Marcus
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Donnem T, Reynolds AR, Kuczynski EA, Gatter K, Vermeulen PB, Kerbel RS, Harris AL, Pezzella F. Non-angiogenic tumours and their influence on cancer biology. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:323-336. [PMID: 29520090 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumours need a blood supply, and a large body of evidence has previously suggested that they can grow only if they induce the development of new blood vessels, a process known as tumour angiogenesis. On the basis of this hypothesis, it was proposed that anti-angiogenic drugs should be able to suppress the growth of all solid tumours. However, clinical experience with anti-angiogenic agents has shown that this is not always the case. Reports of tumours growing without the formation of new vessels can be found in the literature dating back to the 1800s, yet no formal recognition, description and demonstration of their special biological status was made until recently. In 1996, we formally recognized and described non-angiogenic tumours in lungs where the only blood vessels present were those originating from normal lung tissue. This is far from an isolated scenario, as non-angiogenic tumour growth has now been observed in tumours of many different organs in both humans and preclinical animal models. In this Opinion article, we summarize how these tumours were discovered and discuss what we know so far about their biology and the potential implications of this knowledge for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Donnem
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Andrew R Reynolds
- Tumour Biology Team, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Oncology Translational Medicine Unit, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Kuczynski
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin Gatter
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Tumour Biology Team, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA, Hospitals St Augustinus, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
- HistoGeneX, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford University Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Pezzella
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Lyophilization: Process Design, Robustness, and Risk Management. CHALLENGES IN PROTEIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90603-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Chen Q, Xu L, Chen J, Yang Z, Liang C, Yang Y, Liu Z. Tumor vasculature normalization by orally fed erlotinib to modulate the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cancer nanomedicine and immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2017; 148:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xuesong D, Wei X, Heng L, Xiao C, Shunan W, Yu G, Weiguo Z. Evaluation of neovascularization patterns in an orthotopic rat glioma model with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Acta Radiol 2017; 58:1138-1146. [PMID: 27956462 DOI: 10.1177/0284185116681038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been proved useful in evaluating glioma angiogenesis, but the utility in evaluating neovascularization patterns has not been reported. Purpose To evaluate in vivo real-time glioma neovascularization patterns by measuring glioma perfusion quantitatively using DCE-MRI. Material and Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish C6 orthotopic glioma model and underwent MRI and pathology detections. As MRI and pathology were performed at six time points (i.e. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 days) post transplantation, neovascularization patterns were evaluated via DCE-MRI. Results Four neovascularization patterns were observed in glioma tissues. Sprout angiogenesis and intussusceptive microvascular growth located inside tumor, while vascular co-option and vascular mimicry were found in the tumor margin and necrotic area, respectively. Sprout angiogenesis and intussusceptive microvascular growth increased with Ktrans, Kep, and Vp inside tumor tissue. In addition, Kep and Vp were positively correlated with sprout angiogenesis and intussusceptive microvascular growth. Vascular co-option was decreased at 12 and 16 days post transplantation and correlated negatively with Ktrans and Kep detected in the glioma margin, respectively. Changes of vascular mimicry showed no significant statistical difference at the six time points. Conclusion Our results indicate that DCE-MRI can evaluate neovascularization patterns in a glioma model. Furthermore, DCE-MRI could be an imaging biomarker for guidance of antiangiogenic treatments in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Xuesong
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xue Wei
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liu Heng
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wang Shunan
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhang Weiguo
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Targeting of Tumor Neovasculature with GrB/VEGF 121, a Novel Cytotoxic Fusion Protein. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030042. [PMID: 28714916 PMCID: PMC5618300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical process in numerous diseases, and intervention in neovascularization has therapeutic value in several disease settings, including ocular diseases, arthritis, and in tumor progression and metastatic spread. Various vascular targeting agents have been developed, including those that inhibit growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, blocking antibodies that interfere with receptor signal transduction, and strategies that trap growth factor ligands. Limited anti-tumor efficacy studies have suggested that the targeted delivery of the human pro-apoptotic molecule Granzyme B to tumor cells has significant potential for cancer treatment. Here, we review biological vascular targeting agents, and describe a unique vascular targeting agent composed of Granzyme B and the VEGF receptor ligand VEGF121. The fusion protein GrB/VEGF121 demonstrates cytotoxicity at nanomolar or sub-nanomolar levels, excellent pharmacokinetic and efficacy profiles, and has significant therapeutic potential targeting tumor vasculature.
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HDAC10 promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells through the PTPN22/ERK axis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61338-61349. [PMID: 28977867 PMCID: PMC5617427 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucially involved in many physiological and pathological processes including tumor growth, but the molecular mechanisms regulating angiogenesis are incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the functions and mechanism of histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10), a member of the HDAC II family, in regulation of angiogenesis. HDAC10 overexpression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) promoted tube formation, whereas depletion of HDAC10 from HUVECs inhibited tube formation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HDAC10 overexpression increased extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, whereas depletion of HDAC10 inhibited ERK1/2 activation. Finally, HDAC10 promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation by deacetylating the promoter of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) and inhibiting the expression of PTPN22, which is a negative regulator of ERK phosphorylation. Collectively, our results identify HDAC10 as a key regulator of angiogenesis and reveal that HDAC10 functions in this process by binding and deacetylating the PTPN22 promoter and subsequently inhibiting PTPN22 expression, which in turn increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Our studies suggest that HDAC10 is a potential target for therapeutic intervention to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Kapur S, Silverman AP, Ye AZ, Papo N, Jindal D, Blumenkranz MS, Cochran JR. Engineered ligand-based VEGFR antagonists with increased receptor binding affinity more effectively inhibit angiogenesis. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:81-91. [PMID: 28516164 PMCID: PMC5412928 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis is mediated by the coordinated action of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling axis, along with crosstalk contributed by other receptors, notably αvβ3 integrin. We build on earlier work demonstrating that point mutations can be introduced into the homodimeric VEGF ligand to convert it into an antagonist through disruption of binding to one copy of VEGFR2. This inhibitor has limited potency, however, due to loss of avidity effects from bivalent VEGFR2 binding. Here, we used yeast surface display to engineer a variant with VEGFR2 binding affinity approximately 40‐fold higher than the parental antagonist, and 14‐fold higher than the natural bivalent VEGF ligand. Increased VEGFR2 binding affinity correlated with the ability to more effectively inhibit VEGF‐mediated signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, as measured using VEGFR2 phosphorylation and Matrigel implantation assays. High affinity mutations found in this variant were then incorporated into a dual‐specific antagonist that we previously designed to simultaneously bind to and inhibit VEGFR2 and αvβ3 integrin. The resulting dual‐specific protein bound to human and murine endothelial cells with relative affinities of 120 ± 10 pM and 360 ± 50 pM, respectively, which is at least 30‐fold tighter than wild‐type VEGF (3.8 ± 0.5 nM). Finally, we demonstrated that this engineered high‐affinity dual‐specific protein could inhibit angiogenesis in a murine corneal neovascularization model. Taken together, these data indicate that protein engineering strategies can be combined to generate unique antiangiogenic candidates for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiven Kapur
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | | | - Anne Z Ye
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Niv Papo
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Darren Jindal
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Mark S Blumenkranz
- Dept. of Ophthalmology Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303.,Stanford Cancer Institute Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
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ZLM-7 exhibits anti-angiogenic effects via impaired endothelial cell function and blockade of VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19018-30. [PMID: 26967559 PMCID: PMC4951348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer. In this study, we reported that ZLM-7, a combretastain A-4 (CA-4) derivative, exhibited anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ZLM-7 induced microtubule cytoskeletal disassembly. It decreased VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation in endothelial cells, which are critical steps in angiogenesis. In vivo, ZLM-7 significantly inhibited neovascularization in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and reduced the microvessel density in tumor tissues of MCF-7 xenograft mouse model. ZLM-7 also displayed comparable antiangiogenic and anti-tumor activities associated with the lead compound CA-4, but exhibited lower toxicity compared with CA-4. The anti-angiogenic effect of ZLM-7 was exerted via blockade of VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling. ZLM-7 treatment suppressed the expression and secretion of VEGF in endothelial cells and MCF-7 cells under hypoxia. Further, ZLM-7 suppressed the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and its downstream signaling mediators including activated AKT, MEK and ERK in endothelial cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that ZLM-7 exhibits anti-angiogenic activities by impairing endothelial cell function and blocking VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling, suggesting that ZLM-7 might be a potential angiogenesis inhibitor.
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Fernández-Robredo P, Selvam S, Powner MB, Sim DA, Fruttiger M. Neuropilin 1 Involvement in Choroidal and Retinal Neovascularisation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169865. [PMID: 28107458 PMCID: PMC5249189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibiting VEGF is the gold standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is also effective in preventing retinal oedema and neovascularisation (NV) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusions (RVO). Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is a co-receptor for VEGF and many other growth factors, and therefore a possible alternative drug target in intra ocular neovascular disease. Here we assessed choroidal and retinal NV in an inducible, endothelial specific knock out model for Nrp1. METHODS Crossing Nrp1 floxed mice with Pdgfb-CreERT2 mice produced tamoxifen-inducible, endothelial specific Nrp1 knock out mice (Nrp1ΔEC) and Cre-negative, control littermates. Cre-recombinase activity was confirmed in the Ai3(RCL-EYFP) reporter strain. Animals were subjected to laser-induced CNV (532 nm) and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed immediately after laser and at day 7. Fluorescein angiography (FA) evaluated leakage and postmortem lectin staining in flat mounted RPE/choroid complexes was also used to measure CNV. Furthermore, retinal neovascularisation in the oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) model was assessed by immunohistochemistry in retinal flatmounts. RESULTS In vivo FA, OCT and post-mortem lectin staining showed a statistically significant reduction in leakage (p<0.05), CNV volume (p<0.05) and CNV area (p<0.05) in the Nrp1ΔEC mice compared to their Cre-negative littermates. Also the OIR model showed reduced retinal NV in the mutant animals compared to wild types (p<0.001). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated reduced choroidal and retinal NV in animals that lack endothelial Nrp1, confirming a role of Nrp1 in those processes. Therefore, Nrp1 may be a promising drug target for neovascular diseases in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Robredo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Senthil Selvam
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Powner
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn A. Sim
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine malignancy, has a rapid growth rate, strong aggressiveness, early metastases, and poor prognosis. Angiogenesis greatly contributes to the metastatic process of SCLC, which has a higher vascularization compared with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SCLC might constitute an ideal malignancy for assessing new antiangiogenic drugs and therapeutic strategies. Combining bevacizumab with paclitaxel has therapeutic benefits in chemoresistant, relapsed SCLC. The cisplatin–etoposide and bevacizumab combination, as the first-line treatment for extensive-stage SCLC, can improve progression-free survival (PFS), with an acceptable toxicity profile. Ziv-aflibercept combined with topotecan is promising for platinum-refractory SCLC. Chemotherapy combined with thalidomide cannot prolong survival. Maintenance sunitinib of 37.5 mg/day in extensive-stage SCLC patients following induction chemotherapy with platinum/etoposide improves median PFS by 1.6 months. Serum angiopoietin-2 concentrations and vascular endothelial growth factor levels correlate with poor prognosis. Bevacizumab, ziv-aflibercept, and sunitinib are worthy of further evaluation. Thalidomide, sorafenib, pomalidomide, and cediranib may not be suitable for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus); Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ao Z, Yu S, Qian P, Gao W, Guo R, Dong X, Xu J, Zhang R, Jiang C, Ji F, Qian G. Tumor angiogenesis of SCLC inhibited by decreased expression of FMOD via downregulating angiogenic factors of endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:539-547. [PMID: 28081464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin (FMOD), an ECM small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), was reported to promote angiogenesis not only during wound healing, but also in optical and cutaneous angiogenesis-dependent diseases. However, whether it plays important roles in tumor angiogenesis remains unclear. To explore the role of FMOD in tumor angiogenesis of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC), initially the study analyzed the relationship of FMOD expression in cancer tissues of SCLC with clinical characteristics. The analysis revealed that the positive FMOD expression was significantly associated with extensive stage of SCLC and higher vascular density. In mouse models, xenograft tumors developed with FMOD-silenced H446 cells (H446-shFMOD) exhibited slowed growth rate, decreased microvessel density, and reduced blood perfusion related to that of controls (H446-shCON). Additionally, compared with that of controls, the decreased secretion of FMOD in conditioned medium (CM) from H446-shFMOD inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of human umbilical vessel endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, the decreased secretion of FMOD downregulated the expression of VEGF, TGF-β1, FGF-2, and PDGF-B in HUVECs. The findings strongly suggested that the autocrine FMOD of cancer cells may promote tumor angiogenesis of SCLC by upregulating the expression of angiogenic factors that act in concert to facilitate the angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells as a proangiogenic factor. Therefore, silencing FMOD may be a potentially clinical therapy for repressing tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ao
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shilong Yu
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Pin Qian
- Institute of Field Internal Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Wenhong Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ruiling Guo
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, 324th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chaowen Jiang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Fuyun Ji
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Guisheng Qian
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Kim DY, Choi JA, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Efficacy and safety of aflibercept in in vitro and in vivo models of retinoblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:171. [PMID: 27814771 PMCID: PMC5097437 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the inhibitory effects of aflibercept on the growth and subretinal invasion of retinoblastoma. Methods Xenotransplantation and orthotopic mouse models were created by injecting Y-79 cells subcutaneously and intravitreally, respectively. After induction of retinoblastoma, animals were intraperitoneally injected with aflibercept (25 mg/kg body weight) or saline twice a week for 3 weeks. Tumor size was measured weekly and compared between the two groups. At 4 weeks, animals were sacrificed and an immunohistochemical examination was conducted to compare the microvascular density and degree of apoptosis between groups. In addition, the degree of choroidal invasion was also analyzed in the orthotopic xenotransplantation model. A co-culture system of Y-79 or WERI-Rb-1 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was used for in vitro experiments, and the anti-angiogenic effect of aflibercept was evaluated by analyzing cell numbers. Results In the Y-79 xenotransplantation model, aflibercept treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth at 4 weeks versus baseline compared with saline-injected mice (188.53 ± 118.53 mm3 vs. 747.87 ± 118.83 mm3, respectively, P < 0.001). Tumors isolated from aflibercept-treated mice contained fewer blood vessels (8.59 % ± 7.60 % vs. 14.91 % ± 4.53 %, respectively, P < 0.05) and an increased number of apoptotic cells (15.10 ± 9.13 vs. 4.44 ± 2.24, respectively, P < 0.05). In the orthotopic model, the degree of subretinal invasion of tumor cells was significantly reduced after aflibercept treatment (0.07 ± 0.06 vs. 0.15 ± 0.10, P < 0.05). And addition of aflibercept to co-cultures of HUVECs and Y-79, WERI-Rb-1 cells significantly reduced HUVEC proliferation. Conclusions Aflibercept reduced retinoblastoma angiogenesis in association with a significant reduction in tumor growth and invasion. These findings suggest that aflibercept could be used in an adjuvant role together with systemic chemotherapy to reduce tumor size and angiogenesis in retinoblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0451-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yoon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong A Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Tavana O, Li D, Dai C, Lopez G, Banerjee D, Kon N, Chen C, Califano A, Yamashiro DJ, Sun H, Gu W. HAUSP deubiquitinates and stabilizes N-Myc in neuroblastoma. Nat Med 2016; 22:1180-1186. [PMID: 27618649 PMCID: PMC5091299 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MYCN proto-oncogene is amplified in a number of advanced-stage human tumors, such as neuroblastomas. Similar to other members of the MYC family of oncoproteins, MYCN (also known as N-Myc) is a transcription factor, and its stability and activity are tightly controlled by ubiquitination-dependent proteasome degradation. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that N-Myc is a driver of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, therapies that directly suppress N-Myc activity in human tumors are limited. Here we have identified ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7; also known as HAUSP) as a regulator of N-Myc function in neuroblastoma. HAUSP interacts with N-Myc, and HAUSP expression induces deubiquitination and subsequent stabilization of N-Myc. Conversely, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of USP7 in neuroblastoma cancer cell lines, or genetic ablation of Usp7 in the mouse brain, destabilizes N-Myc, which leads to inhibition of N-Myc function. Notably, HAUSP is more abundant in patients with neuroblastoma who have poorer prognosis, and HAUSP expression substantially correlates with N-Myc transcriptional activity. Furthermore, small-molecule inhibitors of HAUSP's deubiquitinase activity markedly suppress the growth of MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cell lines in xenograft mouse models. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a crucial role of HAUSP in regulating N-Myc function in vivo and suggest that HAUSP inhibition is a potential therapy for MYCN-amplified tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Tavana
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Dai
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gonzalo Lopez
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debarshi Banerjee
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrea Califano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darrell J Yamashiro
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Narayanan S, Srinivas S. Incorporating VEGF-targeted therapy in advanced urothelial cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 9:33-45. [PMID: 28203296 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016667179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial carcinoma (UC) have poor prognosis coupled with few options for systemic treatment. The role of angiogenesis in the evolution of cancers has been established, and studies have shown that it plays a key role in the pathogenesis of UC. Many targeted agents have been used in phase I-II trials for the treatment of UC, with encouraging but modest results. Recently, studies combining angiogenesis inhibitors with other chemotherapeutic agents were able to achieve objective responses higher than most commonly used second-line therapies in UC. Future efforts in investigating these therapies in UC rely on identification of biomarkers and other predictors of response to anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Srinivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Stalin J, Harhouri K, Hubert L, Garrigue P, Nollet M, Essaadi A, Muller A, Foucault-Bertaud A, Bachelier R, Sabatier F, Pisano P, Peiretti F, Leroyer AS, Guillet B, Bardin N, Dignat-George F, Blot-Chabaud M. Soluble CD146 boosts therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitors through proteolytic processing of short CD146 isoform. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:240-51. [PMID: 27170199 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) constitute an endothelial progenitor fraction with a promising interest for the treatment of ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. As soluble CD146 (sCD146) is a new factor promoting angiogenesis, we examined whether sCD146 priming could improve the therapeutic potential of ECFC and defined the involved mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of sCD146 priming on regenerative properties of ECFC in vivo. In a mouse model of hindlimb ischaemia, the homing of radiolabelled cells to ischaemic tissue was assessed by SPECT-CT imaging. Soluble CD146 priming did not modify the number of engrafted ECFC but improved their survival capacity, leading to an enhanced revascularization. The mechanism of action of sCD146 on ECFC was studied in vitro. We showed that sCD146 acts in ECFC through a signalosome, located in lipid rafts, containing angiomotin, the short isoform of CD146 (shCD146), VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and presenilin-1. Soluble CD146 induced a sequential proteolytic cleavage of shCD146, with an extracellular shedding followed by an intramembrane cleavage mediated by matrix metalloprotease (MMP)/ADAM and presenilin-1, respectively. The generated intracellular part of shCD146 was directed towards the nucleus where it associated with the transcription factor CSL and modulated the transcription of genes involved in cell survival (FADD, Bcl-xl) and angiogenesis (eNOS). This effect was dependent on both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, which were rapidly phosphorylated by sCD146. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish that activation of the proteolytic processing of shCD146, in particular by sCD146, constitutes a promising pathway to improve endothelial progenitors' regenerative properties for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stalin
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Karim Harhouri
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lucas Hubert
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Garrigue
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France CERIMED (European Center of Research in Medical Imaging), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Nollet
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Amel Essaadi
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Muller
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Richard Bachelier
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France Laboratory of Culture and Cell Therapy, INSERM CIC-BT510, CHU Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Pisano
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Peiretti
- INSERM UMR-S 1062, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie S Leroyer
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France CERIMED (European Center of Research in Medical Imaging), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bardin
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marcel Blot-Chabaud
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Yan P, Gong H, Zhai X, Feng Y, Wu J, He S, Guo J, Wang X, Guo R, Xie J, Li RK. Decreasing CNPY2 Expression Diminishes Colorectal Tumor Growth and Development through Activation of p53 Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1015-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sanz-Garcia E, Saurí T, Tabernero J, Macarulla T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of aflibercept for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 11:995-1004. [PMID: 25988772 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently one of the most lethal and prevalent tumors worldwide. Prognosis in the metastatic setting remains poor despite therapeutic advances. In addition to chemotherapy, new drugs have recently been developed targeting signaling pathways involved in tumor growth, differentiation and angiogenesis. Aflibercept , a recombinant protein derived from VEGF receptors 1 and 2, also targets this angiogenesis pathway but via a different mechanism, acting as VEGF decoy, thus blocking other VEGFs. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive review of preclinical studies with aflibercept in cell lines and xenografts of different tumor types is presented. Aflibercept safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data from Phase I studies in solid tumor patients are discussed. Implications of Phase II studies and the pivotal Phase III VELOUR trial of second-line treatment in metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients evaluating aflibercept alone or combined with chemotherapy are also described. EXPERT OPINION In this challenging field, aflibercept offers a good option for oxaliplatin-refractory mCRC patients when combined with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil irrespective of prior anti-angiogenic treatment. Therapeutic management may be further advanced by characterization of patients with predictive biomarkers and molecular profiles to improve benefit with this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sanz-Garcia
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology , P. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona , Spain +34 93 274 6085 ; +34 93 274 6059 ;
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Revisiting tumor angiogenesis: vessel co-option, vessel remodeling, and cancer cell-derived vasculature formation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:10. [PMID: 26747273 PMCID: PMC4706692 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis depend on the establishment of tumor vasculature to provide oxygen, nutrients, and other essential factors. The well-known vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is crucial for
sprouting angiogenesis as well as recruitment of circulating progenitor endothelial cells to tumor vasculature, which has become therapeutic targets in clinical practice. However, the survival benefits gained from targeting VEGF signaling have been very limited, with the inevitable development of treatment resistance. In this article, we discuss the most recent findings and understanding on how solid tumors evade VEGF-targeted therapy, with a special focus on vessel co-option, vessel remodeling, and tumor cell-derived vasculature establishment. Vessel co-option may occur in tumors independently of sprouting angiogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis is not always required for tumor growth. The differences between vessel-like structure and tubule-like structure formed by tumor cells are also introduced. The exploration of the underlying mechanisms of these alternative angiogenic approaches would not only widen our knowledge of tumor angiogenesis but also provide novel therapeutic targets for better controlling cancer growth and metastasis.
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Papa A, Zaccarelli E, Caruso D, Vici P, Benedetti Panici P, Tomao F. Targeting angiogenesis in endometrial cancer - new agents for tailored treatments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:31-49. [PMID: 26560489 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometrial carcinoma represents the most frequent gynecologic tumor in developed countries. The majority of women presents with low-grade tumors but a significant subset of women experience recurrence and do not survive their disease. Patients with stage III/ IV or recurrent endometrial cancer have a poor prognosis. Identification of active and tolerable new targeted agents versus specific molecular targets is a priority objective. Angiogenesis is a complex process that plays a crucial role in the development of many types of cancer and in particular endometrial cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight the main angiogenetic molecular pathways and the anti-angiogenic agents in Phase II clinical trials for endometrial cancer treatment. The authors focus on reports from recent years on angiogenesis inhibitors used in endometrial cancer, including anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab and aflibercept), mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) (everolimus, temsirolimus and ridaforolimus), PI3 K inhibitors (BKM120), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (brivanib, sunitinib, dovitinib and nintedanib) and thalidomide. EXPERT OPINION These anti-angiogenic drugs, while used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have presented mixed results in treating endometrial cancer patients. Challenges for the future include the identification of new pathways, early identification and overcoming resistance and the use of these molecules in combination with old and new chemotherapeutic and targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Papa
- a Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Oncology Unit , Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico , 04100 Latina , Italy
| | - Eleonora Zaccarelli
- a Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Oncology Unit , Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico , 04100 Latina , Italy
| | - Davide Caruso
- a Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Oncology Unit , Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico , 04100 Latina , Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- b Division of Medical Oncology B , Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , 00144 Rome , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- c Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urologic Sciences , "Sapienza" University of Rome , 00186 Rome , Italy
| | - Federica Tomao
- c Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Urologic Sciences , "Sapienza" University of Rome , 00186 Rome , Italy
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Ghiringhelli F, Vincent J, Beltjens F, Bengrine L, Ladoire S. Fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan associated with aflibercept can induce microscopic colitis in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1263-6. [PMID: 26490656 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflibercept is a recombinant fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This molecule binds to all isoforms of VEGF-A as well as VEGF-B and placental growth factor, preventing them from activating their respective receptors. Aflibercept is used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in association with irinotecan. For reasons that remain to be elucidated, the addition of aflibercept to irinotecan-based chemotherapy increases the incidence of grade 3-4 diarrhea. We performed systematic colonic biopsies in three patients with grade 3 diarrhea after introduction of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and aflibercept treatment for mCRC. For each patient, the diarrhea necessitated treatment discontinuation. Colonoscopy showed normal colonic mucosa. However, histopathological examination of the biopsies performed in these three patients revealed typical features of microscopic colitis. All three patients were treated with budesonide and mesalazine, leading to rapid regression of clinical symptoms. Chemotherapy was reintroduced in all patients, with only mild, grade 1 diarrhea under mesalazine and budesonide treatment. These are the first observations of aflibercept-induced microscopic colitis, and support the use of specific treatment on top of anti-diarrheal treatment in case of important digestive adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Julie Vincent
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Leila Bengrine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France.
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Zhang H, Dou J, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Cheng J, Xu X, Liu W, Guan S, Chen Z, shi Y, Patel R, Vasudevan SA, Zage PE, Zhang H, Nuchtern JG, Kim ES, Fu S, Yang J. mTOR ATP-competitive inhibitor INK128 inhibits neuroblastoma growth via blocking mTORC signaling. Apoptosis 2015; 20:50-62. [PMID: 25425103 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma often develops resistance to high-dose chemotherapy. The mTOR signaling cascade is frequently deregulated in human cancers and targeting mTOR signaling sensitizes many cancer types to chemotherapy. Here, using a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines, we found that the mTOR inhibitor INK128 showed inhibitory effects on both anchorage-dependent and independent growth of neuroblastoma cells and significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (Dox) on these cell lines. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with INK128 blocked the activation of downstream mTOR signaling and enhanced Dox-induced apoptosis. Moreover, INK128 was able to overcome the established chemoresistance in the LA-N-6 cell line. Using an orthotopic neuroblastoma mouse model, we found that INK128 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, we have shown that INK128-mediated mTOR inhibition possessed substantial antitumor activity and could significantly increase the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to Dox therapy. Taken together, our results indicate that using INK128 can provide additional efficacy to current chemotherapeutic regimens and represent a new paradigm in restoring drug sensitivity in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- Labratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Rd, Nangang Dist, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
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Mirone G, Shukla A, Marfe G. Signaling mechanisms of resistance to EGFR- and Anti-Angiogenic Inhibitors cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:85-95. [PMID: 26364891 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is among four most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer death in the western world. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) are often overexpressed in colorectal cancer and are associated with inferior outcomes. More recently, further improvements in survival have occurred due to the use of novel targeted therapies such EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inibitors (EGFR-TKIs), EGFR monoclonal antibodies (EGFR-mAb), and VEGF antibodies. Despite the initial clinical efficacy of these inhibitors in such cancer, resistance invariably develops, typically within 1 to 2 years. Over the past several years, multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance have been identified, and some common themes have emerged. One is the development of resistance mutations in the drug target and another it is activation of alternative signaling of key downstream pathways despite sustained inhibition of the original drug target. In this mini-review, we summarize the concepts underlying EGFR- and VEGF-mediated resistance, the specific examples known to date, and the challenges of applying this knowledge to develop improved therapeutic strategies to prevent or overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mirone
- Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Arvind Shukla
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Plot No.50, Sector- 15, C.B.D. Belapur, Navi Mumbai, 400614, Maharastra, India
| | - Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, via De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels and is essential for the growth of all solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a regulator of angiogenesis, which is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. Its inhibition with antiangiogenic drugs is thought to improve delivery of chemotherapy through vascular normalization and disruption of tumor vasculature. Aflibercept is a recombinant fusion protein of the VEGF receptor (VEGFR)1 and VEGFR2 extracellular domains that binds to VEGF-A, VEGF-B, placental growth factor (PlGF) 1 and 2. Aflibercept has demonstrated preclinical efficacy in different tumor types and exerts its antiangiogenic effects through regression of tumor vasculature, remolding of vasculature, and inhibition of new tumor vessel growth. This review examines the effects of aflibercept on tumor vasculature and on different types of solid tumors, and explores the preclinical and clinical benefits of inclusion aflibercept into anticancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ricci
- Oncology Department, San Raffaele Institute, 60, Olgettina St., 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ronzoni
- Oncology Department, San Raffaele Institute, 60, Olgettina St., 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Fabozzi
- San Raffaele Institute, 60, Olgettina St., 20132 Milan, Italy
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Current controversies in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:659-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tabuchi S. The autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-lysophosphatidic acid receptor cascade: proposal of a novel potential therapeutic target for treating glioblastoma multiforme. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:56. [PMID: 26084470 PMCID: PMC4477515 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Its prognosis is one of the worst among all cancer types, and it is considered a fatal malignancy, incurable with conventional therapeutic strategies. As the bioactive multifunctional lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is well recognized to be involved in the tumorigenesis of cancers by acting on G-protein-coupled receptors, LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists and LPA synthesis inhibitors have been proposed as promising drugs for cancer treatment. Six LPARs, named LPA1-6, are currently recognized. Among them, LPA1 is the dominant LPAR in the CNS and is highly expressed in GBM in combination with the overexpression of autotaxin (ATX), the enzyme (a phosphodiesterase, which is a potent cell motility-stimulating factor) that produces LPA.Invasion is a defining hallmark of GBM. LPA is significantly related to cell adhesion, cell motility, and invasion through the Rho family GTPases Rho and Rac. LPA1 is responsible for LPA-driven cell motility, which is attenuated by LPA4. GBM is among the most vascular human tumors. Although anti-angiogenic therapy (through the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) was established, sufficient results have not been obtained because of the increased invasiveness triggered by anti-angiogenesis. As both ATX and LPA play a significant role in angiogenesis, similar to VEGF, inhibition of the ATX/LPA axis may be beneficial as a two-pronged therapy that includes anti-angiogenic and anti-invasion therapy. Conventional approaches to GBM are predominantly directed at cell proliferation. Recurrent tumors regrow from cells that have invaded brain tissues and are less proliferative, and are thus quite resistant to conventional drugs and radiation, which preferentially kill rapidly proliferating cells. A novel approach that targets this invasive subpopulation of GBM cells may improve the prognosis of GBM. Patients with GBM that contacts the subventricular zone (SVZ) have decreased survival. A putative source of GBM cells is the SVZ, the largest area of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. GBM stem cells in the SVZ that are positive for the neural stem cell surface antigen CD133 are highly tumorigenic and enriched in recurrent GBM. LPA1 expression appears to be increased in these cells. Here, the author reviews research on the ATX/LPAR axis, focusing on GBM and an ATX/LPAR-targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaharu Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, 730 Ezu, Tottori, 680-0901, Japan.
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Mohammadi M, Chen P. Effect of microvascular distribution and its density on interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors: A computational model. Microvasc Res 2015; 101:26-32. [PMID: 26093178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors with different microvascular densities (MVD) have been shown to have different outcomes in clinical studies. Other studies have demonstrated the significant correlation between high MVD, elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and metastasis in cancers. Elevated IFP in solid tumors prevents drug macromolecules reaching most cancerous cells. To overcome this barrier, antiangiogenesis drugs can reduce MVD within the tumor and lower IFP. A quantitative approach is essential to compute how much reduction in MVD is required for a specific tumor to reach a desired amount of IFP for drug delivery purposes. Here we provide a computational framework to investigate how IFP is affected by the tumor size, the MVD, and location of vessels within the tumor. A general physiologically relevant tumor type with a heterogenous vascular structure surrounded by normal tissue is utilized. Then the continuity equation, Darcy's law, and Starling's equation are applied in the continuum mechanics model, which can calculate IFP for different cases of solid tumors. High MVD causes IFP elevation in solid tumors, and IFP distribution correlates with microvascular distribution within tumor tissue. However, for tumors with constant MVD but different microvascular structures, the average values of IFP were found to be the same. Moreover, for a constant MVD and vascular distribution, an increase in tumor size leads to increased IFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Jeong HS, Jones D, Liao S, Wattson DA, Cui CH, Duda DG, Willett CG, Jain RK, Padera TP. Investigation of the Lack of Angiogenesis in the Formation of Lymph Node Metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv155. [PMID: 26063793 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, antiangiogenic therapy has failed to improve overall survival in cancer patients when used in the adjuvant setting (local-regional disease with no detectable systemic metastasis). The presence of lymph node metastases worsens prognosis, however their reliance on angiogenesis for growth has not been reported. METHODS Here, we introduce a novel chronic lymph node window (CLNW) model to facilitate new discoveries in the growth and spread of lymph node metastases. We use the CLNW in multiple models of spontaneous lymphatic metastases in mice to study the vasculature of metastatic lymph nodes (n = 9-12). We further test our results in patient samples (n = 20 colon cancer patients; n = 20 head and neck cancer patients). Finally, we test the ability of antiangiogenic therapy to inhibit metastatic growth in the CLNW. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Using the CLNW, we reveal the surprising lack of sprouting angiogenesis during metastatic growth, despite the presence of hypoxia in some lesions. Treatment with two different antiangiogenic therapies showed no effect on the growth or vascular density of lymph node metastases (day 10: untreated mean = 1.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7% to 1.7%; control mean = 0.7%, 95% CI = 0.1% to 1.3%; DC101 mean = 0.4%, 95% CI = 0.0% to 3.3%; sunitinib mean = 0.5%, 95% CI = 0.0% to 1.0%, analysis of variance P = .34). We confirmed these findings in clinical specimens, including the lack of reduction in blood vessel density in lymph node metastases in patients treated with bevacizumab (no bevacizumab group mean = 257 vessels/mm(2), 95% CI = 149 to 365 vessels/mm(2); bevacizumab group mean = 327 vessels/mm(2), 95% CI = 140 to 514 vessels/mm(2), P = .78). CONCLUSION We provide preclinical and clinical evidence that sprouting angiogenesis does not occur during the growth of lymph node metastases, and thus reveals a new mechanism of treatment resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in adjuvant settings. The targets of clinically approved angiogenesis inhibitors are not active during early cancer progression in the lymph node, suggesting that inhibitors of sprouting angiogenesis as a class will not be effective in treating lymph node metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sin Jeong
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Dennis Jones
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Shan Liao
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Daniel A Wattson
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Cheryl H Cui
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Christopher G Willett
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL)
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HSJ, DJ, SL, DAW, CC, DGD, RKJ, TPP); Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (HSJ); Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (CGW).Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (SL).
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