1
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Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P. Environmental iodine as a natural iodine intake in humans and environmental pollution index: a scientometric and updated mini review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:3600-3614. [PMID: 38317354 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2312546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although almost a third of the world's population is exposed to iodine deficiency (ID), and supplementation programs such as enriching table salt have been carried out or are being carried out at the global and national level, in many regions of the world, people are facing an increase in iodine intake, which is mainly due to the presence of large amounts of iodine in water, soil, agricultural products, or high consumption of seafood. Published articles were indexed in the Scopus database (from 2000 to 1 April 2023) were reviewed and analyzed by VOSviewer software. The results showed the growing interest of researchers over the last 20 years in environmental iodine intake. The results of this study can have a significant impact on the planning and policy-making of relevant officials and communities to supply the needed iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Hoseinzadeh
- Environmental Health Engineering, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Parisa Taha
- Nutrition Department, District Health Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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2
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Ning A, Shen J, Zhao B, Wang S, Cai R, Jiang J, Yan C, Fu X, Zhang Y, Li J, Ouyang D, Sun Y, Saiz-Lopez A, Francisco JS, Zhang X. Overlooked significance of iodic acid in new particle formation in the continental atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404595121. [PMID: 39047040 PMCID: PMC11295062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404595121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) substantially affects the global radiation balance and climate. Iodic acid (IA) is a key marine NPF driver that recently has also been detected inland. However, its impact on continental particle nucleation remains unclear. Here, we provide molecular-level evidence that IA greatly facilitates clustering of two typical land-based nucleating precursors: dimethylamine (DMA) and sulfuric acid (SA), thereby enhancing particle nucleation. Incorporating this mechanism into an atmospheric chemical transport model, we show that IA-induced enhancement could realize an increase of over 20% in the SA-DMA nucleation rate in iodine-rich regions of China. With declining anthropogenic pollution driven by carbon neutrality and clean air policies in China, IA could enhance nucleation rates by 1.5 to 50 times by 2060. Our results demonstrate the overlooked key role of IA in continental NPF nucleation and highlight the necessity for considering synergistic SA-IA-DMA nucleation in atmospheric modeling for correct representation of the climatic impacts of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Science, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Daiwei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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3
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Smyth PPA, O’Dowd CD. Climate changes affecting global iodine status. Eur Thyroid J 2024; 13:e230200. [PMID: 38471306 PMCID: PMC11046319 DOI: 10.1530/etj-23-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming is now universally acknowledged as being responsible for dramatic climate changes with rising sea levels, unprecedented temperatures, resulting fires and threatened widespread species loss. While these effects are extremely damaging, threatening the future of life on our planet, one unexpected and paradoxically beneficial consequence could be a significant contribution to global iodine supply. Climate change and associated global warming are not the primary causes of increased iodine supply, which results from the reaction of ozone (O3) arising from both natural and anthropogenic pollution sources with iodide (I-) present in the oceans and in seaweeds (macro- and microalgae) in coastal waters, producing gaseous iodine (I2). The reaction serves as negative feedback, serving a dual purpose, both diminishing ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere and thereby increasing I2. The potential of this I2 to significantly contribute to human iodine intake is examined in the context of I2 released in a seaweed-abundant coastal area. The bioavailability of the generated I2 offers a long-term possibility of increasing global iodine status and thereby promoting thyroidal health. It is hoped that highlighting possible changes in iodine bioavailability might encourage the health community to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter PA Smyth
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin D O’Dowd
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, University of Galway, Ireland
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4
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Chen H, Liu P, Wang Q, Huang R, Sarwar G. Impact and pathway of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in coastal city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta region in China. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 15:10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979. [PMID: 39026942 PMCID: PMC11254322 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl radical (OH), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), ozone (O3), and nitrate radical (NO3)) in the troposphere and subsequently affecting air quality. However, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in coastal areas in China is poorly characterized. In this study, we use the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality) model with full halogen chemistry and process analysis to assess the influences and pathways of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, a typical coastal city cluster in China. Halogens cause the annual OH radical increase by up to 16.4% and NO3 decrease by up to 45.3%. O3 increases by 2.0% in the YRD but decreases by 3.3% in marine environment. Halogen induced changes in atmospheric oxidants lead to a general increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity by 5.1% (maximum 48.4%). The production rate of OH (POH) in the YRD is enhanced by anthropogenic chlorine through both increased HO2 pathway and hypohalous acid photolysis pathway, while POH over ocean is enhanced by oceanic halogens through converting HO2 into hypohalous acid. Anthropogenic chlorine enhances both O3 and NO3 production (PNO3) rates through influencing their precursors while oceanic halogens reduce PNO3 and directly destroy ozone. Iodine contributed most (on average of 91% in oceanic halogens) in reducing production rates of oxidants. Thus, halogen emissions and potential effects of halogens on air quality need to be considered in air quality policies and regulations in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - RuiZhu Huang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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5
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Fan Y, Xu H, Hou X, Zhou W, Zhang L, Chen N. Isotopic Evidence Unveils Fossil Fuels Contribution to Atmospheric Iodine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20773-20780. [PMID: 37906162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a crucial nutrient for public health, and its presence in the terrestrial atmosphere is a key factor in determining the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. While oceanic iodine emissions decrease at lower sea surface temperatures, the primary contributors to atmospheric iodine can vary from oceanic sources in the summer to other sources in winter. However, the specific sources and their respective contributions have remained unexplored. Fortunately, the atomic ratio of 129I to 127I significantly differs between nuclear activity and fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which formed millions to billions of years ago. This distinction makes 129I a valuable tool for identifying iodine sources. In our study, we analyzed iodine isotopes and incorporated additional indicators such as element content in PM2.5 samples. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that in winter inland areas, fuel oil, alongside coal combustion, is a significant source of atmospheric iodine. This research enhances our comprehension of the impact of human activities on iodine levels in the environment. This understanding is crucial not only for addressing iodine deficiency-related health concerns but also for comprehending stratospheric ozone depletion, a phenomenon closely associated with atmospheric iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Fan
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
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6
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Smyth PPA, O'Dowd CD. Letter to the Editor: The Potential Impact of the Climate Crisis on Global Iodine Status. Thyroid 2023; 33:997-998. [PMID: 37262005 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P A Smyth
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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7
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Saiz-Lopez A, Fernandez RP, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fu X, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S, Mahajan AS, Gómez Martín JC, Iglesias-Suarez F, Hossaini R, Plane JMC, Myhre G, Lamarque JF. Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate. Nature 2023; 618:967-973. [PMID: 37380694 PMCID: PMC10307623 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere1-3. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times4-6, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere7,8. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth's radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (-0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (-0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by -0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18-31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth's climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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8
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The gas-phase formation mechanism of iodic acid as an atmospheric aerosol source. Nat Chem 2023; 15:129-135. [PMID: 36376388 PMCID: PMC9836935 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is a reactive trace element in atmospheric chemistry that destroys ozone and nucleates particles. Iodine emissions have tripled since 1950 and are projected to keep increasing with rising O3 surface concentrations. Although iodic acid (HIO3) is widespread and forms particles more efficiently than sulfuric acid, its gas-phase formation mechanism remains unresolved. Here, in CLOUD atmospheric simulation chamber experiments that generate iodine radicals at atmospherically relevant rates, we show that iodooxy hypoiodite, IOIO, is efficiently converted into HIO3 via reactions (R1) IOIO + O3 → IOIO4 and (R2) IOIO4 + H2O → HIO3 + HOI + (1)O2. The laboratory-derived reaction rate coefficients are corroborated by theory and shown to explain field observations of daytime HIO3 in the remote lower free troposphere. The mechanism provides a missing link between iodine sources and particle formation. Because particulate iodate is readily reduced, recycling iodine back into the gas phase, our results suggest a catalytic role of iodine in aerosol formation.
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9
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Tang B, Li Z. Mechanisms of Reactions between HOI and HY (Y = Cl, Br, I) on a Water Nanodroplet Surface. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8028-8036. [PMID: 36260343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iodine chemistry has a broad range of implications for atmospheric processes including new particle formation. Hypoiodous acid (HOI) is a major iodine reservoir species. Its heterogeneous recycling in marine aerosols influences the lifetime of ozone in the troposphere. One important step of such recycling is the reaction between HOI and HY (Y = Cl, Br, I). In this article, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and quantum chemistry to investigate these reactions at the surface of atmospheric aerosols. Di-halogen (XY) can be formed in a picosecond time scale, with the formation of a loop structure connected by hydrogen and halogen bonds. The photolysis of XY at the surface of an aerosol is faster than in the gas phase. In addition to the formation of di-halogen, a new pathway to forming a [H2O···I···OH2]+ complex by the direct or indirect proton transition is identified. Results presented in this study deepen our understanding of the faster iodine-heterogeneous recycling at the surface of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
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10
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Zhang R, Xie HB, Ma F, Chen J, Iyer S, Simon M, Heinritzi M, Shen J, Tham YJ, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Curtius J, Sipilä M, Kulmala M, He XC. Critical Role of Iodous Acid in Neutral Iodine Oxoacid Nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14166-14177. [PMID: 36126141 PMCID: PMC9536010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of neutral iodine particles has recently been found to involve both iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2). However, the precise role of HIO2 in iodine oxoacid nucleation remains unclear. Herein, we probe such a role by investigating the cluster formation mechanisms and kinetics of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n (m = 0-4, n = 0-4) clusters with quantum chemical calculations and atmospheric cluster dynamics modeling. When compared with HIO3, we find that HIO2 binds more strongly with HIO3 and also more strongly with HIO2. After accounting for ambient vapor concentrations, the fastest nucleation rate is predicted for mixed HIO3-HIO2 clusters rather than for pure HIO3 or HIO2 ones. Our calculations reveal that the strong binding results from HIO2 exhibiting a base behavior (accepting a proton from HIO3) and forming stronger halogen bonds. Moreover, the binding energies of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n clusters show a far more tolerant choice of growth paths when compared with the strict stoichiometry required for sulfuric acid-base nucleation. Our predicted cluster formation rates and dimer concentrations are acceptably consistent with those measured by the Cosmic Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment. This study suggests that HIO2 could facilitate the nucleation of other acids beyond HIO3 in regions where base vapors such as ammonia or amines are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- . Phone: +86-411-84707251
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School
of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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11
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Thiry Y, Tanaka T, Bueno M, Pisarek P, Roulier M, Gallard H, Legout A, Nicolas M. Recycling and persistence of iodine 127 and 129 in forested environments: A modelling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154901. [PMID: 35364144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the source and behaviour of 129I compared to 127I isotopes have been described for a variety of surface environments, but little is known about the cycling rates of each isotope in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a compartment model of the iodine cycle in a forest ecosystem, with a labile and non-labile pool to simplify the complex fate of iodine in the forest floor and soil. Simulations were performed using atmospheric 127I and 129I inputs for sites differing in climate, vegetation, and soil. In general, considering dry deposition in addition to wet deposition improved model simulations. Model results support the view that soil is the sink for atmospheric iodine deposited in forest ecosystems, while tree vegetation has little influence on long-term iodine budgets. Modelling also showed that iodine cycling reaches equilibrium after a period of about 5000 years, mainly due to a gradual incorporation of iodine into the bulk stabilised soil organic matter. At steady state, this pool of non-labile iodine in soil can retain about 20% of total deposition with a mean residence time of 900 years, while the labile iodine pool is renewed after 90 years. The proportions of modern anthropogenic 129I in each modelled pool reflect those of stable 127I at least several decades after input to the forest; this result explains why isotopic disequilibrium is common in field data analysis. Volatilisation plays a central role in regulating iodine storage in soil and, therefore, its residence time, while drainage is a minor export pathway, except at some calcareous sites. Dynamic modelling has been particularly helpful for gaining insight into the long-term response of iodine partitioning to continuous, single or even varying deposition. Our modelling study suggested that better estimates of dry deposition of atmospheric iodine, weathering of parent rock, and volatilisation of the deposited iodine from soil and vegetation will be required for reliable predictions of iodine cycling in specific forests, because these processes remain insufficiently explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Paulina Pisarek
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France; Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Marine Roulier
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France; Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- IC2MP UMR 7285, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Legout
- INRAE Grand Est, UR 1138, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, F-54280 Nancy, France
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12
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Gómez Martín JC, Lewis TR, James AD, Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC. Insights into the Chemistry of Iodine New Particle Formation: The Role of Iodine Oxides and the Source of Iodic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9240-9253. [PMID: 35604404 PMCID: PMC9164234 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Iodine chemistry
is an important driver of new particle formation
in the marine and polar boundary layers. There are, however, conflicting
views about how iodine gas-to-particle conversion proceeds. Laboratory
studies indicate that the photooxidation of iodine produces iodine
oxides (IxOy), which are well-known particle precursors. By contrast, nitrate
anion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) observations in
field and environmental chamber studies have been interpreted as evidence
of a dominant role of iodic acid (HIO3) in iodine-driven
particle formation. Here, we report flow tube laboratory experiments
that solve these discrepancies by showing that both IxOy and HIO3 are involved in atmospheric new particle formation. I2Oy molecules (y = 2,
3, and 4) react with nitrate core ions to generate mass spectra similar
to those obtained by CIMS, including the iodate anion. Iodine pentoxide
(I2O5) produced by photolysis of higher-order
IxOy is hydrolyzed,
likely by the water dimer, to yield HIO3, which also contributes
to the iodate anion signal. We estimate that ∼50% of the iodate
anion signals observed by nitrate CIMS under atmospheric water vapor
concentrations originate from I2Oy. Under such conditions, iodine-containing clusters and particles
are formed by aggregation of I2Oy and HIO3, while under dry laboratory conditions,
particle formation is driven exclusively by I2Oy. An updated mechanism for iodine gas-to-particle
conversion is provided. Furthermore, we propose that a key iodine
reservoir species such as iodine nitrate, which we observe as a product
of the reaction between iodine oxides and the nitrate anion, can also
be detected by CIMS in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Lewis
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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13
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Fang M, Zhao X, Liu Y, Shao Y, Chen N, Luo M, Zhang L, Liu Q, Ma L, Xu D, Hou X. Occurrence, evolution and degradation of heavy haze events in Beijing traced by iodine-127 and iodine-129 in aerosols. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110864119. [PMID: 35131938 PMCID: PMC8851550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110864119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chlorine and bromine in Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion is well known. However, the contribution of iodine to the ozone hole chemistry has not been assessed, mainly due to the negligible amounts of iodine previously reported to enter the stratosphere. New measurements demonstrate that the injection of iodine to the lower stratosphere is higher than previously assumed. Based on these observations, our modeling work shows that iodine chemistry can enhance spring ozone loss at the lower part of the Antarctic ozone hole, and even dominate the halogen-mediated ozone loss during summer. Iodine can also alter, by several days, the timing of the seasonal formation and closure of the ozone hole. The catalytic depletion of Antarctic stratospheric ozone is linked to anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-depleting efficiency, the contribution of ocean-emitted iodine to ozone hole chemistry has not been evaluated, due to the negligible iodine levels previously reported to reach the stratosphere. Based on the recently observed range (0.77 ± 0.1 parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) of stratospheric iodine injection, we use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to assess the role of iodine in the formation and recent past evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole. Our 1980–2015 simulations indicate that iodine can significantly impact the lower part of the Antarctic ozone hole, contributing, on average, 10% of the lower stratospheric ozone loss during spring (up to 4.2% of the total stratospheric column). We find that the inclusion of iodine advances the beginning and delays the closure stages of the ozone hole by 3 d to 5 d, increasing its area and mass deficit by 11% and 20%, respectively. Despite being present in much smaller amounts, and due to faster gas-phase photochemical reactivation, iodine can dominate (∼73%) the halogen-mediated lower stratospheric ozone loss during summer and early fall, when the heterogeneous reactivation of inorganic chlorine and bromine reservoirs is reduced. The stratospheric ozone destruction caused by 0.77 pptv of iodine over Antarctica is equivalent to that of 3.1 (4.6) pptv of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons during spring (rest of sunlit period). The relative contribution of iodine to future stratospheric ozone loss is likely to increase as anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions decline following the Montreal Protocol.
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15
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Corella JP, Maffezzoli N, Spolaor A, Vallelonga P, Cuevas CA, Scoto F, Müller J, Vinther B, Kjær HA, Cozzi G, Edwards R, Barbante C, Saiz-Lopez A. Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:88. [PMID: 35013214 PMCID: PMC8748508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Corella
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIEMAT, Environmental Department, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Niccolo Maffezzoli
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Scoto
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Juliane Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
- MARUM Research Faculty, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bo Vinther
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Helle A Kjær
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ross Edwards
- Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Koenig TK, Volkamer R, Apel EC, Bresch JF, Cuevas CA, Dix B, Eloranta EW, Fernandez RP, Hall SR, Hornbrook RS, Pierce RB, Reeves JM, Saiz-Lopez A, Ullmann K. Ozone depletion due to dust release of iodine in the free troposphere. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6544. [PMID: 34936464 PMCID: PMC8694599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an atmospheric trace element emitted from oceans that efficiently destroys ozone (O3). Low O3 in airborne dust layers is frequently observed but poorly understood. We show that dust is a source of gas-phase iodine, indicated by aircraft observations of iodine monoxide (IO) radicals inside lofted dust layers from the Atacama and Sechura Deserts that are up to a factor of 10 enhanced over background. Gas-phase iodine photochemistry, commensurate with observed IO, is needed to explain the low O3 inside these dust layers (below 15 ppbv; up to 75% depleted). The added dust iodine can explain decreases in O3 of 8% regionally and affects surface air quality. Our data suggest that iodate reduction to form volatile iodine species is a missing process in the geochemical iodine cycle and presents an unrecognized aeolian source of iodine. Atmospheric iodine has tripled since 1950 and affects ozone layer recovery and particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore K. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James F. Bresch
- Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Dix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Edwin W. Eloranta
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council (ICB-CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R. Bradley Pierce
- The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), Madison, WI, USA
| | - J. Michael Reeves
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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17
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Abstract
Recycling of reactive iodine from heterogeneous processes on sea-salt aerosol was hypothesized over two decades ago to play an important role in the atmospheric cleansing capacity. However, the understanding of this mechanism has been limited to laboratory studies and has not been confirmed in the atmosphere until now. We present atmospheric measurement of gas-phase iodine interhalogen species and show that their production via heterogeneous processing on marine aerosols is remarkably fast. These observations reveal that the atmospheric recycling of atomic iodine through photolysis of iodine interhalogen species is more efficient than previously thought, which is ultimately expected to lead to higher ozone loss and faster new particle formation in the marine environment. Reactive iodine plays a key role in determining the oxidation capacity, or cleansing capacity, of the atmosphere in addition to being implicated in the formation of new particles in the marine boundary layer. The postulation that heterogeneous cycling of reactive iodine on aerosols may significantly influence the lifetime of ozone in the troposphere not only remains poorly understood but also heretofore has never been observed or quantified in the field. Here, we report direct ambient observations of hypoiodous acid (HOI) and heterogeneous recycling of interhalogen product species (i.e., iodine monochloride [ICl] and iodine monobromide [IBr]) in a midlatitude coastal environment. Significant levels of ICl and IBr with mean daily maxima of 4.3 and 3.0 parts per trillion by volume (1-min average), respectively, have been observed throughout the campaign. We show that the heterogeneous reaction of HOI on marine aerosol and subsequent production of iodine interhalogens are much faster than previously thought. These results indicate that the fast formation of iodine interhalogens, together with their rapid photolysis, results in more efficient recycling of atomic iodine than currently considered in models. Photolysis of the observed ICl and IBr leads to a 32% increase in the daytime average of atomic iodine production rate, thereby enhancing the average daytime iodine-catalyzed ozone loss rate by 10 to 20%. Our findings provide direct field evidence that the autocatalytic mechanism of iodine release from marine aerosol is important in the atmosphere and can have significant impacts on atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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18
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Abstract
BACKGOUND Even a minor iodine deficiency can result in adverse thyroidal health consequences while excess iodine intake can also result in thyroid function disorders. One source of iodine is seaweed which as a foodstuff is enjoying an increasing profile in Western countries. Apart from its potential involvement in thyroidal health, gaseous iodine released from seaweeds plays a significant role in influencing coastal climate through cloud formation. SUMMARY Sources of dietary iodine, its assessment, recommended dietary intake, and consequences of iodine excess are outlined. The benefits and possible dangers of dietary intake of iodine-rich seaweed are described. Studies linking seaweed intake to breast cancer prevalence are discussed as is the role of gaseous iodine released from seaweeds influencing weather patterns and contributing to iodine intake in coastal populations. KEY MESSAGES Universal salt iodization remains the optimum method of achieving optimum iodine status. Promoting increased dietary iodine intake is recommended in young women, in early pregnancy, and in vegan and vegetarian diets. Even where iodine intake is enhanced, regular assessment of iodine status is necessary. Caution against consumption of brown seaweeds (kelps) is required as even small amounts can have antithyroid actions while product labelling may be insufficient. Gaseous iodine produced from seaweeds can have a significant effect on cloud formation and associated global warming/cooling. Increased overall iodine deposition through rainfall and apparent uptake in populations dwelling in seaweed-rich coastal regions may provide a partial natural remedy to global iodine deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P.A. Smyth
- *Peter P.A. Smyth, 8 Fairlawns Saval Park Road Dalkey, Co Dublin A96FX09 (Ireland),
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19
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Carpenter LJ, Chance RJ, Sherwen T, Adams TJ, Ball SM, Evans MJ, Hepach H, Hollis LDJ, Hughes C, Jickells TD, Mahajan A, Stevens DP, Tinel L, Wadley MR. Marine iodine emissions in a changing world. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20200824. [PMID: 35153549 PMCID: PMC8300602 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system. The importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine in the diet being linked to goitre, cretinism and neonatal death. Research over the last few decades has shown that iodine has significant impacts on tropospheric photochemistry, ultimately impacting climate by reducing the radiative forcing of ozone (O3) and air quality by reducing extreme O3 concentrations in polluted regions. Iodine is naturally present in the ocean, predominantly as aqueous iodide and iodate. The rapid reaction of sea-surface iodide with O3 is believed to be the largest single source of gaseous iodine to the atmosphere. Due to increased anthropogenic O3, this release of iodine is believed to have increased dramatically over the twentieth century, by as much as a factor of 3. Uncertainties in the marine iodine distribution and global cycle are, however, major constraints in the effective prediction of how the emissions of iodine and its biogeochemical cycle may change in the future or have changed in the past. Here, we present a synthesis of recent results by our team and others which bring a fresh perspective to understanding the global iodine biogeochemical cycle. In particular, we suggest that future climate-induced oceanographic changes could result in a significant change in aqueous iodide concentrations in the surface ocean, with implications for atmospheric air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rosie J Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Thomas J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Stephen M Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mat J Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Helmke Hepach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, UK
| | | | - Claire Hughes
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Timothy D Jickells
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Anoop Mahajan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - David P Stevens
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Liselotte Tinel
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Martin R Wadley
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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20
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He XC, Tham YJ, Dada L, Wang M, Finkenzeller H, Stolzenburg D, Iyer S, Simon M, Kürten A, Shen J, Rörup B, Rissanen M, Schobesberger S, Baalbaki R, Wang DS, Koenig TK, Jokinen T, Sarnela N, Beck LJ, Almeida J, Amanatidis S, Amorim A, Ataei F, Baccarini A, Bertozzi B, Bianchi F, Brilke S, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chiu R, Chu B, Dias A, Ding A, Dommen J, Duplissy J, El Haddad I, Gonzalez Carracedo L, Granzin M, Hansel A, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Kemppainen D, Kim C, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kvashin A, Laitinen T, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lehtipalo K, Leiminger M, Li Z, Makhmutov V, Manninen HE, Marie G, Marten R, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Möhler O, Müller T, Nie W, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Ranjithkumar A, Saiz-Lopez A, Salma I, Scholz W, Schuchmann S, Schulze B, Steiner G, Stozhkov Y, Tauber C, Tomé A, Thakur RC, Väisänen O, Vazquez-Pufleau M, Wagner AC, Wang Y, Weber SK, Winkler PM, Wu Y, Xiao M, Yan C, Ye Q, Ylisirniö A, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zha Q, Zhou P, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Kurtén T, Donahue NM, Volkamer R, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Sipilä M. Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 2021; 371:589-595. [PMID: 33542130 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Iodic acid (HIO3) is known to form aerosol particles in coastal marine regions, but predicted nucleation and growth rates are lacking. Using the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we find that the nucleation rates of HIO3 particles are rapid, even exceeding sulfuric acid-ammonia rates under similar conditions. We also find that ion-induced nucleation involves IO3 - and the sequential addition of HIO3 and that it proceeds at the kinetic limit below +10°C. In contrast, neutral nucleation involves the repeated sequential addition of iodous acid (HIO2) followed by HIO3, showing that HIO2 plays a key stabilizing role. Freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of HIO3, which drives rapid particle growth at the kinetic limit. Our measurements indicate that iodine oxoacid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa J Beck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Almeida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophia Brilke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Randall Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - António Dias
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Aleksander Kvashin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Totti Laitinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Leiminger
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Schuchmann
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andrea C Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arttu Ylisirniö
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Tinel L, Adams TJ, Hollis LDJ, Bridger AJM, Chance RJ, Ward MW, Ball SM, Carpenter LJ. Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13228-13237. [PMID: 32975119 PMCID: PMC7586339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of organic compounds on iodine (I2) emissions from the O3 + I- reaction at the sea surface was investigated in laboratory and modeling studies using artificial solutions, natural subsurface seawater (SSW), and, for the first time, samples of the surface microlayer (SML). Gas-phase I2 was measured directly above the surface of liquid samples using broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. I2 emissions were consistently lower for artificial seawater (AS) than buffered potassium iodide (KI) solutions. Natural seawater samples showed the strongest reduction of I2 emissions compared to artificial solutions with equivalent [I-], and the reduction was more pronounced over SML than SSW. Emissions of volatile organic iodine (VOI) were highest from SML samples but remained a negligible fraction (<1%) of the total iodine flux. Therefore, reduced iodine emissions from natural seawater cannot be explained by chemical losses of I2 or hypoiodous acid (HOI), leading to VOI. An interfacial model explains this reduction by increased solubility of the I2 product in the organic-rich interfacial layer of seawater. Our results highlight the importance of using environmentally representative concentrations in studies of the O3 + I- reaction and demonstrate the influence the SML exerts on emissions of iodine and potentially other volatile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Tinel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Adams
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
- Ricardo
Energy & Environment, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, U.K.
| | | | | | - Rosie J. Chance
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Martyn W. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Ball
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
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22
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A gas-to-particle conversion mechanism helps to explain atmospheric particle formation through clustering of iodine oxides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4521. [PMID: 32908140 PMCID: PMC7481236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Emitted from the oceans, iodine-bearing molecules are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and a source of new atmospheric aerosol particles of potentially global significance. However, its inclusion in atmospheric models is hindered by a lack of understanding of the first steps of the photochemical gas-to-particle conversion mechanism. Our laboratory results show that under a high humidity and low HOx regime, the recently proposed nucleating molecule (iodic acid, HOIO2) does not form rapidly enough, and gas-to-particle conversion proceeds by clustering of iodine oxides (IxOy), albeit at slower rates than under dryer conditions. Moreover, we show experimentally that gas-phase HOIO2 is not necessary for the formation of HOIO2-containing particles. These insights help to explain new particle formation in the relatively dry polar regions and, more generally, provide for the first time a thermochemically feasible molecular mechanism from ocean iodine emissions to atmospheric particles that is currently missing in model calculations of aerosol radiative forcing. “How iodine-bearing molecules contribute to atmospheric aerosol formation is not well understood. Here, the authors provide a new gas-to-particle conversion mechanism and show that clustering of iodine oxides is an essential component of this process while previously proposed iodic acid does not play a large role.”
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23
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Li Q, Badia A, Wang T, Sarwar G, Fu X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Fung J, Cuevas CA, Wang S, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019JD032058. [PMID: 32523860 PMCID: PMC7286431 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd032058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O3, a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly-emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions of bromine and iodine, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission of chlorine. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re-assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alba Badia
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jimmy Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez ()
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24
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Abstract
Oceanic emissions of iodine destroy ozone, modify oxidative capacity, and can form new particles in the troposphere. However, the impact of iodine in the stratosphere is highly uncertain due to the lack of previous quantitative measurements. Here, we report quantitative measurements of iodine monoxide radicals and particulate iodine (Iy,part) from aircraft in the stratosphere. These measurements support that 0.77 ± 0.10 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) total inorganic iodine (Iy) is injected to the stratosphere. These high Iy amounts are indicative of active iodine recycling on ice in the upper troposphere (UT), support the upper end of recent Iy estimates (0 to 0.8 pptv) by the World Meteorological Organization, and are incompatible with zero stratospheric iodine injection. Gas-phase iodine (Iy,gas) in the UT (0.67 ± 0.09 pptv) converts to Iy,part sharply near the tropopause. In the stratosphere, IO radicals remain detectable (0.06 ± 0.03 pptv), indicating persistent Iy,part recycling back to Iy,gas as a result of active multiphase chemistry. At the observed levels, iodine is responsible for 32% of the halogen-induced ozone loss (bromine 40%, chlorine 28%), due primarily to previously unconsidered heterogeneous chemistry. Anthropogenic (pollution) ozone has increased iodine emissions since preindustrial times (ca. factor of 3 since 1950) and could be partly responsible for the continued decrease of ozone in the lower stratosphere. Increasing iodine emissions have implications for ozone radiative forcing and possibly new particle formation near the tropopause.
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25
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Zhao X, Hou X, Zhou W. Atmospheric Iodine ( 127I and 129I) Record in Spruce Tree Rings in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8706-8714. [PMID: 31306582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric iodine isotopes have a significant impact on climate change and human health. However, the sources, transport pathways, and transfer processes of atmospheric iodine are still not well understood. Tree rings of spruce collected from the east edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were analyzed for iodine isotopes (127I and 129I). The results show that the levels and temporal variation of atmospheric iodine were well recorded in the spruce tree rings, and stable iodine concentrations in tree rings increased three times from 1960 to 2015, reflecting the increased releases of iodine to the atmosphere in the past decades due to human activities. The anthropogenic 129I in the tree rings represents the record of the human nuclear activities in the past 55 years. The sources and the transport pathways of radioactive substances could be extracted from the 129I recorded in the tree rings in the Qinghai-Tibet region. They are fallout from the global nuclear weapons tests in 1961-1962, releases of the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in 1964-1980 transported through the tropospheric northwest wind, the releases of the Chernobyl accident dispersed through westerlies, and the continuous air releases before 1997 and the re-emission of marine discharges from the European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants transported through westerlies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center , Institute of Earth Environment, CAS , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Risø Campus , Technical University of Denmark , Frederiksborgvej 399 , Roskilde 4000 , Denmark
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center , Institute of Earth Environment, CAS , Xi'an 710061 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Risø Campus , Technical University of Denmark , Frederiksborgvej 399 , Roskilde 4000 , Denmark
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266100 , China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center , Institute of Earth Environment, CAS , Xi'an 710061 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266100 , China
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26
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Yeung LY, Murray LT, Martinerie P, Witrant E, Hu H, Banerjee A, Orsi A, Chappellaz J. Isotopic constraint on the twentieth-century increase in tropospheric ozone. Nature 2019; 570:224-227. [PMID: 31190014 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a key component of air pollution and an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas1. During the twentieth century, the proliferation of the internal combustion engine, rapid industrialization and land-use change led to a global-scale increase in O3 concentrations2,3; however, the magnitude of this increase is uncertain. Atmospheric chemistry models typically predict4-7 an increase in the tropospheric O3 burden of between 25 and 50 per cent since 1900, whereas direct measurements made in the late nineteenth century indicate that surface O3 mixing ratios increased by up to 300 per cent8-10 over that time period. However, the accuracy and diagnostic power of these measurements remains controversial2. Here we use a record of the clumped-isotope composition of molecular oxygen (18O18O in O2) trapped in polar firn and ice from 1590 to 2016 AD, as well as atmospheric chemistry model simulations, to constrain changes in tropospheric O3 concentrations. We find that during the second half of the twentieth century, the proportion of 18O18O in O2 decreased by 0.03 ± 0.02 parts per thousand (95 per cent confidence interval) below its 1590-1958 AD mean, which implies that tropospheric O3 increased by less than 40 per cent during that time. These results corroborate model predictions of global-scale increases in surface pollution and vegetative stress caused by increasing anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors4,5,11. We also estimate that the radiative forcing of tropospheric O3 since 1850 AD is probably less than +0.4 watts per square metre, consistent with results from recent climate modelling studies12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Y Yeung
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Lee T Murray
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Martinerie
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Witrant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Image Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-Lab), Grenoble, France
| | - Huanting Hu
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,School of Oceanology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Asmita Banerjee
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anaïs Orsi
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Chappellaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Grenoble, France
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